For the Syrian city called Hierapolis Bambyce, see Manbij.

Hierapolis-Pamukkale*
UNESCO World Heritage Site
State Party	Turkey
Type	Mixed
Criteria	iii, iv, vii
Reference	485
Region†	Europe and North America
Inscription history
Inscription	1988  (12th Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. † Region as classified by UNESCO.

Hierapolis

Hierapolis (Pamukkale)

Hierapolis (Greek: Ἱεράπολις 'holy city') was the ancient city on top of the famous Pamukkale hot springs located in south-western Turkey near Denizli. The theatre Hierapolis Bambyce or Mabug (Arabic Manbij or Mumbij) is not to be confused with the better known Hierapolis on top of the Pamukkale hot springs in western Turkey near Denizli, listed as a World Heritage Site. ... Hot springs of Pamukkale The reflection of the limestone in a hot spring at Pamukkale The town of Pamukkale, at the foot of the hot springs. ... A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 State... As of 2006, there are a total of 830 World Heritage Sites located in 138 State Parties. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Turkey. ... A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 State... This is a list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Europe. ... A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 State... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 320 pixelsFull resolution (3323 × 1331 pixel, file size: 41 KB, MIME type: image/png) Карта Турции в нужной проекции для Шаблон:ПозКарта, обрезанная ровно по линиям градусов (25° - 45° в.д., 43° - 35° с.ш.). Map of Turkey, in the equirectangular projection (equidistant cylindrical projection, or plate carrée). ... Image File history File links Red_pog2. ... Hot springs of Pamukkale The reflection of the limestone in a hot spring at Pamukkale The town of Pamukkale, at the foot of the hot springs. ... Hot springs of Pamukkale The reflection of the limestone in a hot spring at Pamukkale The town of Pamukkale, at the foot of the hot springs. ... Location of Denizli Coordinates: , Country Region Province Denizli Government  - Mayor Nihat Zeybekçi (Justice and Development Party)  - Governor Dr. Hasan Canpolat Elevation 354 m (1,161 ft) Population [1]  - City 275,480  - Urban 400,719 Time zone EET (UTC+2)  - Summer (DST) EEST (UTC+3) Postal code Area code(s...

Hierapolis is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. As the hot springs of Pamukkale were used as a spa since the 2nd century B.C., people came to soothe their ailings here. Many of them retired and died here. The large necropolis is filled with sarcophagi. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established in 1945. ... A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 State... Hot springs of Pamukkale The reflection of the limestone in a hot spring at Pamukkale The town of Pamukkale, at the foot of the hot springs. ... For the record label, see Necropolis Records. ... The Etruscan Sarcophagus of the Spouses, at the National Etruscan Museum. ...

The great baths were constructed with huge stone blocks without the use of cement, and consisted of various closed or open sections linked together. There are deep niches in the inner section of the bath, library, gymnasium and other closed or open locations. The complex, which was constructed in the 2nd century, constitutes a good example of vault-type architecture. The complex is now an archaeological museum. The 2nd century is the period from 101 - 200 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. ...

History

There are only a few historical facts known about the origin of the city. No traces of the presence of Hittites or Persians have yet been found. However it was customary to build a temple on the site of such a natural phenomenon. The Phrygians built a temple dedicated to Hieron probably in the first half of the third century BC. This temple would later form the centre of Hierapolis. It was already used by the citizens of the nearby town Laodiceia, a city built by Antiochus II Theos in 261-253 BC. Relief of Suppiluliuma II, last known king of the Hittite Empire The Hittites were an ancient people from Kaneš who spoke an Indo-European language, and established a kingdom centered at Hattusa (Hittite URU) in north-central Anatolia from the 18th century BC. In the 14th century BC, the Hittite... Look up Persian in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... In antiquity, Phrygia (Greek: ) was a kingdom in the west central part of the Anatolia. ... Laodicea on the Lycus was the ancient metropolis of Phrygia Pacatiana, built on the river Lycus, in the Roman province of Asia Minor near the modern city of Denizli, Turkey. ... Coin of Antiochus II. The Greek inscription reads ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΥ (of king Antiochus). ...

Coin of Eumenes II

Hierapolis was founded as a thermal spa early in the second century BC and given by the Romans to Eumenes II, king of Pergamon in 190 BC. The city was named after the name of the existing temple, or possibly to honour Hiera, wife of Telephos — son of Heracles by a Mysian princess Auge - the mythical founder of the Attalid dynasty. The city was expanded with proceeds from the booty from the Battle of Magnesia in 190 BC, where Antiochus the Great was defeated by Eumenes II who had sided with the Romans. Thus Hierapolis became part of the Pergamon kingdom. This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Coin of Eumenes II Eumenes II of Pergamon (ruled 197 - 158 BC) was king of Pergamon and a member of the Attalid dynasty. ... View of the reconstructed Temple of Trajan at Pergamon Sketched reconstruction of ancient Pergamon Pergamon or Pergamum (Greek: Πέργαμος, modern day Bergama in Turkey, ) was an ancient Greek city, in Mysia, north-western Anatolia, 16 miles from the Aegean Sea, located on a promontory on the north side of the river... A Greek mythological figure, Telephus referred to two different people. ... Alcides redirects here. ... In Greek mythology, Auge was a princess of Tegea who married Telephus. ... The Attalid dynasty was a Hellenistic dynasty that ruled the city of Pergamon after the death of Lysimachus, a general of Alexander the Great. ... Combatants Roman Republic Seleucid Empire Commanders Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus Scipio Africanus Eumenes II of Pergamum Antiochus III the Great Strength 50. ... Silver coin of Antiochus III Antiochus III the Great, (ruled 223 - 187 BC), younger son of Seleucus II Callinicus, became ruler of the Seleucid kingdom as a youth of about eighteen in 223 BC. (His traditional designation, the Great, stems from a misconception of Megas Basileus (Great king), the traditional...

Hierapolis became a healing centre where doctors used the hot thermal springs as a treatment for their patients. The city began issuing bronze coins in the second century BC. These coins give the name Hieropolis (town of the temple Hieron). This name eventually changed into Hierapolis (Holy city). ^[1]

In 133 BC, when Attalus III the last Attalid king of Pergamon died, he bequeathed his kingdom to the Rome. Hierapolis thus became part of the Roman province of Asia. The Hellenistic city was slowly transformed into a Roman town. Attalus III was the last Attalid king of Pergamon, ruling from 138 BC to 133 BC. He succeeded Attalus II, although their relationship, if any, is unknown. ...

In the year 17 A.D., during the rule of emperor Tiberius, an earthquake destroyed the city. In 60 AD, during the rule of emperor Nero, an even more severe earthquake left the city completely in ruins. Afterwards the city was rebuilt in Roman style with the financial support from the emperor. It was during this period that the city attained its present form. The theatre was built in 129 AD when emperor Hadrian visited the town. It was renovated under Septimus Severus (193-211). When emperor Caracalla visited the town in 215 he bestowed on the city the much coveted title of Neocoros, according the city certain privileges and the right of sanctuary. For other persons named Tiberius, see Tiberius (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Nero (disambiguation). ... Publius Aelius Traianus Hadrianus (January 24, 76 –– July 10, 138), known as Hadrian in English, was emperor of Rome from 117 A.D. to 138 A.D., as well as a Stoic and Epicurean philosopher. ... Caracalla (April 4, 186 – April 8, 217) was Roman Emperor from 211 – 217. ... Ajax prepares to violate the sanctuary of Athena by abducting Cassandra by force: red-figure vase, c. ...

This was the "golden age" of Hierapolis. Thousands of people came to town to benefit from the medicinal properties of the hot springs. New building projects were started : two Roman baths, a gymnasium, several temples, a main street with a colonnade and a fountain at the hot spring. Hierapolis became one of the most prominent cities in the field of the arts, philosophy and trade in the Roman empire. The town grew to 100,000 inhabitants and became wealthy. According to the geographer Stephanus of Byzantium, the city was given its name because of the large number of temples it contained (again a sign of wealth). Pompeii gymnasium, seen from the top of the stadium wall. ... Stephanus Byzantinus (Stephanus of Byzantium), the author of a geographical dictionary entitled Εθνικα (Ethnica), of which, apart from some fragments, we possess only the meagre epitome of one Hermolaus. ...

Antiochus the Great had sent 2,000 Jewish families to Lydia and Phrygia from Babylon and Mesopotamia, later joined by Jews from Palestine. There grew a Jewish congregation in Hierapolis with their own more or less independent organizations. It is estimated that the Jewish population in the region was as high as 50,000 in 62 BC. ^[2] Several sarcophagi in the necropolis attest of their presence. For the record label, see Necropolis Records. ...

Through the influence of Paul the Apostle a Christian church was founded here while he was at Ephesus.^[3] Philip the Apostle spent the last years of his life here with his three daughters.^[4] In 80 AD he was martyred by crucifixion and was buried here. His daughters remained active as prophetesses in the region. The Martyrium was built on the spot where the apostle was crucified. St. ... For the town in the southern United States, see Ephesus, Georgia. ... For other uses, see Saint Philip. ...

The city was visited for the last time by an Roman emperor in 370 by emperor Valens during his campaign against the Sassanid king Shapur II. Solidus minted by Valens in 376. ... Sassanid Empire at its greatest extent The Sassanid dynasty (also Sassanian) was the name given to the kings of Persia during the era of the second Persian Empire, from 224 until 651, when the last Sassanid shah, Yazdegerd III, lost a 14-year struggle to drive out the Umayyad Caliphate... Shapur II was king of Persia (310 - 379). ...

During the 4th century the Christians filled the Plutonium (a sacred cave, see below) with stones, thus giving evidence that the paganism had been entirely supplanted by the Christian faith. In 531 the Byzantine emperor Justinian raised the bishop of Hierapolis to the rank of metropolitan. The town was made a see of Phrygia Pacatiana. ^[5] The Roman baths were transformed to a Christian basilica. During the Byzantine period the city continued to flourish and also remained an important centre for Christianity.

In the early 7th century, the town was devastated by Persian armies and again by a destructive earthquake. Afterwards came a slow recovery.

In the 12th century, the area came under the control of the Seljuk sultanate of Konya. Seljuk Prince with Mongoloid features. ... Konya (Ottoman Turkish: ; also Koniah, Konieh, Konia, and Qunia; historically also known as Iconium (Latin), Greek: Ikónion) is a city in Turkey, on the central plateau of Anatolia. ...

In the year 1190 crusaders under Frederick Barbarossa fought with the Byzantines and conquered the town of Philip the Apostle. Frederick in a 13th century Chronicle Frederick I (German: Friedrich I. von Hohenstaufen)(1122 – June 10, 1190), also known as Friedrich Barbarossa (Frederick Redbeard) was elected king of Germany on March 4, 1152 and crowned Holy Roman Emperor on June 18, 1155. ... For other uses, see Saint Philip. ...

About thirty years later, the town was abandoned and the Seljuks built a castle in the 1220s. Seljuk Prince with Mongoloid features. ...

The city was abandoned in the late 1300s.

In the year 1534, another earthquake toppled the remains of the ancient city. The ruins were slowly covered with a thick layer of limestone.

Hierapolis was first excavated by the German archaeologist Carl Humann (1839-1896) during the months June to July 1887. His excavation notes were published in his book "Altertümer von Hierapolis" in 1889. ^[6]. His excavations were rather general and included a number of drilling holes. He would gain fame for his discovery in Pergamon of the Pergamon Altar (reconstructed in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin). Carl Humann Carl Humann (born January 4, 1839 in Steele, part of today’s Essen - Germany; † April 12, 1896 in Smyrna, today Ä°zmir - Turkey) was a German engineer, architect and archaeologist. ... The front of the Pergamon Altar, as it is reconstructed in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin. ... The Pergamon Museum The Pergamon Museum (in German, Pergamonmuseum) is one of the museums on the Museum Island in Berlin. ...

Excavations began in earnest in 1957 when Italian scientists, led by Paolo Verzone, began working on the site. These studies still continue. A restoration of the site has began. For example, large columns along the main street near the gate named after Domitian, that were toppled by the earthquakes, were erected again. They also unearthed a number of houses from the Byzantine period, including an eleventh century courtyard house. Titus Flavius Domitianus (24 October 51 – 18 September 96), commonly known as Domitian, was a Roman Emperor of the gens Flavia. ...

Many statues and friezes were transported to museums in London, Berlin and Rome. In 1970 the Hierapolis Museum was built on the site of the former Roman baths.

After the large white limestone formations of the hot springs became famous again, in the 20th century, it turned into a tourist attraction, Cotton Castle (Pamukkale). The ancient city was rediscovered by travelers, but also partially destroyed by hotels that were built there. The new buildings were removed in recent years; however, the hot water pool of one hotel was retained, and, for a fee, it is possible to swim amongst ancient stone remains. Hot springs of Pamukkale The reflection of the limestone in a hot spring at Pamukkale The town of Pamukkale, at the foot of the hot springs. ...

Significant structures

Domitian gate

The Hellenistic city was built with street running parallel or perpendicular to the main street. This main street ran from north to south close to cliff with the travertine terraces. It was about 1.500 m long, 13.5 m wide and was bordered on both sides by an arcade. At both ends of the main street there was a monumental gate, flanked by square towers built with massive blocks of stone. The side streets were about 3 m wide. There is another gate, the Domitian gate, close to the northern city gate. This triumphal arch, flanked by circular towers, consists of three arches and was built by proconsul Frontinius.

Theatre

Theatre

The first theatre was constructed to the northeast above the northern gate, when the ancient city was destroyed by earthquake in 17 CE, during Hellenistic times. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

After the earthquake of 60 CE, a new theatre was hollowed out of the slope of the hill further to the east during the reign of emperor Titus Flavius Vespasianus with the remains and the seats of the old theatre. There were alterations during the reign of emperors Hadrian and Septimius Severus. Imperator Caesar Vespasianus Augustus (born November 17, 9, died June 23, 79), known originally as Titus Flavius Vespasianus and usually referred to in English as Vespasian, was emperor of Rome from 69 to 79. ... Publius Aelius Traianus Hadrianus (January 24, 76 –– July 10, 138), known as Hadrian in English, was emperor of Rome from 117 A.D. to 138 A.D., as well as a Stoic and Epicurean philosopher. ... Lucius Septimius Severus (or rarely Severus I) (b. ...

There is an inscription in the theatre that relates to emperor Hadrian. Emperor Septimius Severus is portrayed, together with his wife Julia Domna and his two sons Caracalla and Geta, on a relief on the scena as the god Jupiter seated on his throne. Emperor Septimius Severus also had a number of new buildings constructed in Hierapolis in gratitude for the sophist Antipater of Hierapolis, his private secretary and the tutor of his two sons. Julia Domna (170-217) was member of the Severan dynasty of the Roman Empire. ... Caracalla (April 4, 186 – April 8, 217) was Roman Emperor from 211 – 217. ... Geta can be either: Geta, Åland - a Municipality in Finland. ... A panorama of Schenna (Scena). ... For other uses, see Jupiter (disambiguation). ...

The auditorium or seating section (cavea) consists of stacked seating with a capacity of 15,000 and is separated in two by a horizontal corridor (diazoma). The lower part had originally 20 rows, and the upper part 25 rows. But only 30 rows have survived. The auditorium is divided by eight vertical passageways with steps into nine aisles. The auditorium had also an imperial box. In 352 it underwent a thorough restoration and was adapted for water shows. In Roman times the cavea were the subterranean cells in which wild animals were confined before the combats in the Roman arena or amphitheatre. ...

The proscenium (raised stage in front of the scene) consisted of two storeys with ornately decorated niches off to the sides. Several statues, reliefs (with myths of Apollo, Dionysios and Artemis) and decorative elements have been dug up by the Italian archaeological team and can be seen in the local museum. The interior of the Auditorium Building in Chicago built in 1887. ... For other uses, see Apollo (disambiguation). ... Several people in history have been known by the name Dionysius: Dionysius of Syracuse, a tyrant Dionysius the Elder, a Greek mythological figure Dionysius the Areopagite, a citizen of Corinth who was converted by Paul of Tarsus Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, identified by some with a Georgian theologist Peter the... For other uses, see Artemis (disambiguation). ...

The were four entrances (vomitoria) to the theatre, each with six statues in niches, flanked by marble columns. The Roman Empire comprises the period between the 6th century BC and the 5th century AD and hence a little more than 1000 years, if we include the pre-empire period of the Roman Republic. ...

The theatre is now under restoration. Several reliefs and statues, depicting mythological figures, have been rescued from the rubble and fragments.

Temple of Apollo

A temple was raised to Apollo Lairbenos, the principal god of Hierapolis, during the Hellenistic period (as can be seen on coins from Hierapolis). ^[7]. Apollo was linked to the ancient Anatolian sungod Lairbenos and the god of oracles Kareios. But pagan worship also centered on Cybele, Artemis, Pluto and Poseidon. Now only the foundations of the Hellenistic temple remain. The temple stood within a peribolos (15 by 20m) in Doric style (a court enclosed by a wall, especially one surrounding a sacred area) . As the back of the temple was built against the hill, the peribolos was surrounded on three sides by marble Doric order columns. For other uses, see Apollo (disambiguation). ... A fountain in Madrid depicting Cybele in her chariot drawn by lions, in the Plaza de Cibeles Originally a Phrygian goddess, Cybele (Greek: Κυβέλη) was a deification of the Earth Mother who was worshipped in Anatolia from Neolithic times. ... For other uses, see Artemis (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Pluto (disambiguation). ... Neptune reigns in the city of Bristol. ... The Doric order was one of the three orders or organizational systems of Ancient Greek or classical architecture; the other two canonical orders were the Ionic and the Corinthian. ...

The new temple was reconstructed in the 3rd century in Roman fashion, but also by recycling the stone blocks from the older temple. It has a smaller area, and now only its marble floor remains. // Overview Events 212: Constitutio Antoniniana grants citizenship to all free Roman men 212-216: Baths of Caracalla 230-232: Sassanid dynasty of Persia launches a war to reconquer lost lands in the Roman east 235-284: Crisis of the Third Century shakes Roman Empire 250-538: Kofun era, the first...

The temple of Apollo has deliberately been built over an active fault passing underneath, giving rise to the cave of the Plutonium, as shown by seismological investigations ^[8] Temples dedicated to Apollo were often built over sites with geological activity, such as his most famous temple, the temple at Delphi ^[9] Old fault exposed by roadcut near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. ... For other uses, see Delphi (disambiguation). ...

When the Christian faith was introduced as the official religion in the fourth century, this temple underwent a number of destructions. Part of the peribolos was dismantled to make room for a large Nympheum.

Plutonium

Next to this temple, within the sacred area, is the oldest local sanctuary, called the Plutonium (in Greek Πλουτωνειον = "the place of Pluto") or Chronion (named after Cronus), or Charonion (named after Charon), a shrine to the god of the underworld. It is a small cave, just large enough for one person to enter through a fenced entrance, beyond which stairs go down, and from which emerges toxic carbon dioxide gas caused by underground geologic activity. Behind the 3 m² roofed chamber is a deep cleft in the rock, through which fast-flowing hot water passes releasing a sharp-smelling gas. ^[10] Because people died in the gas, people thought that the gas was sent by Pluto, god of the underworld. The Plutonium is a cave near the hot springs at Pamukkale (ancient Hierapolis) in Turkey. ... For other uses, see Pluto (disambiguation). ... Not to be confused with Chronos, the personification of time. ... Michelangelos rendition of Charon. ... Carbon dioxide (chemical formula: ) is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom. ... For other uses, see Pluto (disambiguation). ...

During the early years of the town, castrated priests of Cybele descended into the Plutonium, crawled over the floor to pockets of oxygen or held their breath. Carbon dioxide is heavier than air and so tends to settle in hollows. They then came up to show that they were immune to the gas. People believed a "miracle" had happened and that therefore the priests were infused with superior powers and had divine protection. ^[11] A fountain in Madrid depicting Cybele in her chariot drawn by lions, in the Plaza de Cibeles Originally a Phrygian goddess, Cybele (Greek: Κυβέλη) was a deification of the Earth Mother who was worshipped in Anatolia from Neolithic times. ...

An enclosed area of 2,000 m² stood in front of the entrance. It was covered by a thick layer of poisonous gas, killing everyone who dared to enter this area. The priests sold birds and other animals to the visitors, so that they could try out how deadly this enclosed area was.

Visitors could ask, on payment of large sums, questions to the oracle of Pluto. This provided a considerable source of income for the temple. This article is about prophetic oracles in various cultures. ...

The Plutonium was described by several ancient writers: Strabo, Cassius Dio, and Damascius. The Greek geographer Strabo in a 16th century engraving. ... Cassius Dio Cocceianus (ca. ... Damascius, the last of the Neoplatonists, was born in Damascus about AD 480. ...

The entrance to the Plutonium was closed off during the Christian times.

The Nymphaeum

External references: [2] [3] [4] [5]

Nymphaeum

The Nymphaeum is located inside the sacred area, in front of the Apollo temple. It dates from the second century. It was a shrine of the nymphs, a monumental fountain distributing water to the houses of the city via an ingenious network of pipes. The Nymphaeum was repaired in the fifth century during the Byzantine era. The retaining wall was built with elements from the peribolos of the Apollo temple. By doing so, the early Christians cut off the view of the pagan temple. The Byzantine gate was constructed in the 6th century. In Greek mythology, a nymph is any member of a large class of female nature entities, either bound to a particular location or landform or joining the retinue of a god or goddess. ... The 6th century is the period from 501 - 600 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. ...

Now only the back wall and the two side walls remain. The walls and the niches in the walls were decorated with statues. The Italian archaeological team has excavated two statues of priestesses, which now on display at the local museum.

The Nymphaeum has a U-shaped plan on the continuation of the main colonnaded road. The stone pavement columns and other architectural remains mark a great part of the colonnaded road which ran through in a north-south direction, which has statues and shops around, underneath which passed canals. The road had a base covered with stone blocks, now kept under the pool of the Private Administration. There are two huge doors which were constructed at the end of the 1st century and left outside the city walls. The 1st century was that century that lasted from 1 to 100 according the Gregorian calendar. ...

Necropolis

Following the main colonnaded road, and passing the Thermae extra muros, an extensive necropolis extends over two kilometers on either side of the old road to Tripolis and Sardis. The necropolis extends from the Northern to the Eastern and Southern sections of the old city. Most of the tombs have been excavated. This necropolis ("city of the dead") is one of the best preserved in Turkey. Most of about the 1200 tombs were constructed with local varieties of limestone. The extent of this necropolis attest again to the importance Hierapolis had in the Antiquity. Tripoli (population 1 million, Arabic: Ţarabulus) is the capital of Libya. ... A recent view of the ceremonial court of the thermae–gymnasium complex in Sardis, dated to 211—212 AD Sardis, also Sardes (Lydian: Sfard, Greek: Σάρδεις, Persian: Sparda), modern Sart in the Manisa province of Turkey, was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Lydia, the seat of a proconsul under...

Most tombs date from the late Hellenic period, but there is also a considerable number from the Roman period and the early Christian times. People who came for medical treatment to Hierapolis in ancient times and the native people of the city buried their dead in tombs of several types according to their traditions and reflecting the social-economic importance of the people. A tomb is a small building (or vault) for the remains of the dead, with walls, a roof, and (if it is to be used for more than one corpse) a door. ...

Necropolis

The tombs and funeral monuments can be divided into four types : Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1280 × 960 pixel, file size: 579 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) necropolis July 2005 photo by Radomil talk File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1280 × 960 pixel, file size: 579 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) necropolis July 2005 photo by Radomil talk File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...

1. Simple graves for the common people
2. Sarcophagi : some raised on a substructure, others hollowed out in the rocky bottom. Many are covered with a double-pitched roof. Most are constructed in marble and are decorated with reliefs and covered with epitaphs, representing the name, the profession and praising the good deeds of the deceased. These epitaphs have rendered much information about the population. Most sarcophagi have been plundered.
3. Circular tumuli, sometimes hard to discern. These mounds have a narrow passageway leading to a vaulted chamber inside.
4. The larger family graves, sometimes monumental and resembling small temples.

The Etruscan Sarcophagus of the Spouses, at the National Etruscan Museum. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see Epitaph (disambiguation). ... A tumulus (plural tumuli, from the Latin word for mound or small hill, from the root to bulge, swell also found in ) is a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves. ...

Martyrium

The St. Philip Martyrium was constructed in the name of St. Philip, one of Christ’s twelve disciples, on top of the hill outside the northeastern section of the city walls. It dates from the fifth century. It is said that St. Philip is buried in the center of the building, but his grave has not been discovered. It didn't exist very long, since it burned down at the end of the 5th or early 6th century, as attested by fire marks on the columns. For other uses, see Saint Philip. ...

Martyrium

Already early in history there has been confusion about which Philip of Hierapolis was meant. ^[12] This confusion started with a report by Polycrates of Ephesus in his book "Church History" (Hist. eccl., III., xxxi. 3, V., xxiv. 2) ^[13] Polycrates of Ephesus was a bishop (chief pastor) in Ephesus in the late 2nd century. ...

Philip the Apostle was one of the original twelve disciples. He is said to have been martyred in Hierapolis by upside-down crucifixion (Acts of Philip) ^[14] or by being hung upside down by his ankles from a tree. For other uses, see Saint Philip. ... For other uses, see Crucifixion (disambiguation). ...

On the other hand Philip could designate Philip the Evangelist, a later disciple, who helped with administrative matters and had four virgin-prophetess daughters (Acts 6:1-7; 21:8-9). Early traditions say this Philip was martyred by hanging in Phrygia. ^[12] He is confusingly also called "Philip the Apostle". Philip the Evangelist appears several times in the Acts of the Apostles but should not be confused with Philip the Apostle. ...

Anyway, it seems a prominent person, mentioned in Acts, did die in Hierapolis. This identification of the Evangelist with the Apostle would in itself be a welcome one to the inhabitants of Hierapolis, since this would attract more pilgrims.

The Martyrium had a special design, probably by an architect of the Byzantine emperor. It has a central octagonal structure with a diameter of 20 m. under a wooden dome, covered with lead. it was surrounded with eight rectangular rooms, each accessible via three arches. Four were used as entrance to the church, the other four as chapels. The space between the eight rooms were filled with heptagonal chapels with a triangular apse. The dome above the apse was decorated with mosaics. The whole structure was surrounded with an arcade with marble columns. All walls were covered with marble panes. This article is about an architectural feature; for the astronomical term see apsis. ...

Notes

The Epistle to the Colossians is a book of the Bible New Testament. ... Pliny the Elder: an imaginative 19th Century portrait. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 272nd day of the year (273rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 272nd day of the year (273rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 272nd day of the year (273rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

References

• Dr. Cemil Toksöz - Pamukkale & Hierapolis; 1995, Eriṣ Turizm Tic Pazarlama, Denizli.
• Hierapolis
• Lycos Valley (Colossae, Laodicea, and Hierapolis)
• The Theatre at Hierapolis
• Paul Arthur - Byzantine and Turkish Hierapolis, an archaeological guide; Ege Yayinlari, Istanbul, 2006, ISBN 975-807-134-3 (online book review)

v • d • e UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Turkey Archaeological Site of Troy · Historic Areas of Istanbul · Göreme and Rock Sites of Cappadocia · Great Mosque and Hospital of Divriği · Hittite Capital of Hattusa · Hierapolis-Pamukkale · Mount Nemrut in Commagene · Safranbolu · Xanthos-Letoon Image File history File links Flag_of_Turkey. ... UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established in 1945. ... A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 State... For other uses of Troy or Ilion, see Troy (disambiguation) and Ilion (disambiguation). ... Istanbul (Turkish: , Greek: , historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see other names) is Turkeys most populous city, and its cultural and financial center. ... Göreme, located among the fairy chimneys rock formations, is a town in Cappadocia, a historical region of Turkey. ... For other uses, see Cappadocia (disambiguation). ... DivriÄŸi Great Mosque, was built in 1299 situated in the Sivas province. ... Hattusa (URUḪa-at-tu-Å¡a ; ḪattuÅ¡a) was the capital of the Hittite Empire. ... Hot springs of Pamukkale The reflection of the limestone in a hot spring at Pamukkale The town of Pamukkale, at the foot of the hot springs. ... Nemrut or Nemrud (Turkish: or Nemrut Dağı, Kurdish: , Armenian: Õ†Õ¥Õ´Ö€Õ¸Ö‚Õ© Սար) is a 2,134 meters (7000 ft. ... Traditional houses in old town Traditional house Safranbolu is a town in Turkey and a district of Karabük Province. ... In Greek mythology, Xanthos (yellow) was an alternate spelling for Xanthus. ... Letoon is known to have been one of the most important religious centers of the Lycian region in Anatolia, Turkey. ...

Coordinates: 37°56′N, 29°08′E Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...

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