Within Lutheranism, the term "high church" is sometimes used to describe those traditions and congregations that distinguish more strongly between formal religious phenomena — "holy" or "sacred" roles, facilities, ideas, institutions and accoutrements — and their "everyday" counterparts. Expressions of this theology might include an emphasis on pastoral authority over the laity; a formalized worship style that physically and functionally separates the congregation from the altar, clergy, and elements used in the communion service; or even the frequent use of the term holy (e.g., holy Scripture, the holy ministry) to differentiate that which is considered sacrosanct. Style of worship may be one element of "high church" theology, but it is not the sole indicator of such beliefs. Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestant Christianity which follows the teachings of the sixteenth-century reformer Martin Luther. ...

High Church Lutheranism is also used to describe Evangelical Catholicism, a form of Lutheranism that emphasizes worship practices and doctrine that are similar to those of the high church movement within Anglicanism, and therefore also to those of the Roman Catholic Church. Among "low church" or pietistic Lutherans, Evangelical Catholicism is seen as a violation of Reformation ideals, and is sometimes referred to pejoratively as the "home to Rome" movement. The terms catholic evangelical and evangelical catholic combine two descriptive words that often seem contradictory to post-Reformational ears. ... High Church relates to ecclesiology and liturgy in Christian theology and practice. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      Anglicanism is the term used to encapsulate... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      The Roman Catholic Church or Catholic... Pietism was a movement within Lutheranism, lasting from the late-17th century to the mid-18th century. ... The Protestant Reformation was a movement which began in the 16th century as a series of attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church, but ended in division and the establishment of new institutions, most importantly Lutheranism, Reformed churches, and Anabaptists. ...

Background

The terms High Church and Low Church do not originally belong to the Lutheran tradition. These terms are of Anglican origin and have historically been applied to particular liturgical and theological factions within Anglicanism. The theological differences within Lutheranism have not been nearly so marked as those within Anglicanism; Lutherans have historically been unified in the doctrine expressed in the Book of Concord. However, within Lutheranism there began quite early to be polarities created by influences from the Reformed tradition, leading to so-called "Crypto-Calvinism". The Pietist movement in the 17th century also moved the Lutheran church further in a direction that would be considered "low church" by Anglican standards. Pietism and rationalism led to the simplification or elimination of certain ceremonial elements, such as the use of vestments, in the era of Lutheran orthodoxy. Unlike in the Church of England however, there has usually not been much iconoclasm in Lutheran churches and church buildings have often remained richly furnished. [1][2]. High Church relates to ecclesiology and liturgy in Christian theology and practice. ... Low church is a term of distinction in the Church of England or other Anglican churches, initially designed to be pejorative. ... The Book of Concord or Concordia is a compilation of the major theological documents of early Lutheranism. ... The Reformed churches are a group of Protestant denominations historically related by a similar Zwinglian or Calvinist system of doctrine but organizationally independent. ... Crypto-Calvinism is a term for inner-Protestant, indeed inner-Lutheran, theological fights during the decades just after the death of Martin Luther. ... Lutheran orthodoxy was era in history of Lutheranism, which began 1580 from Book of Concord and ended to Age of Enlightenment. ... The Church of England is the officially established Christian church[1] in England, and acts as the mother and senior branch of the worldwide Anglican Communion, as well as a founding member of the Porvoo Communion. ... Statues in the Cathedral of Saint Martin, Utrecht, attacked in Reformation iconoclasm in the 16th century. ...

William Augustus Mühlenberg, father of the Ritualist movement in the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, was originally Lutheran and came from a Lutheran family.[3] William Augustus Mühlenberg (1796-1877) was an American philanthropist and Protestant Episcopal clergyman, father of the Ritualist movement in Episcopal Church in the United States of America [1], great-grandson of Henry Muhlenberg and grandson of Frederick Muhlenberg, born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on 16 September 1796. ... Image of a thurible in a stained glass window, St. ... The Episcopal Churchs Cathedral Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul in Washington, D.C. is often referred to as the National Cathedral. The Episcopal Church in the United States of America is the Province of the Anglican Communion in the United States and several other nations, including dioceses...

In the 20th century the Anglican terms "High Church" and "Low Church" began sometimes to be used to describe modern differences within the Lutheran tradition. However, this terminology is not so characteristic to Lutheran identity like it is to Anglican tradition [4].

High church movements

The roots of 20th century Lutheran high church movements are in neo-Lutheranism, confessional Lutheranism, Anglo-Catholicism and the Liturgical Movement. These Lutheran high church movements have been much less significant than, for example, Anglo-Catholicism within the Church of England. High church Lutheranism has often been, especially in Scandinavian churches, a theologically orthodox revival movement at least among clergy, with a strong ecclesiology, standing in opposition to State church and "Folk church" ideologies. In this respect there are resemblances to the Oxford Movement in Anglicanism. Often it has been marginalized and resisted by advocates of liberal theology and pietism. High Church movements have in some cases, especially in Scandinavia, fallen into crisis because of the issue of ordination of women. Still they have influenced in the long run whole church bodies and in some cases have developed also liberal forms. In Europe a certain amount of high church interest has been based on aesthetic interest in paraments and vestments, without any theological argumentation, as well as purely historical interest inspired by mediaeval church buildings and the pre-Reformation history of some Lutheran state churches, without any consequences in worship. Neo-Lutheranism was a 19th century revival movement within Lutheranism, which began as a reaction against Pietism. ... Confessional Lutheran is a name used by certain Lutheran Christians to designate themselves as those who accept the doctrines taught in the Book of Concord of 1580 (the Lutheran confessional documents) in their entirety, because they believe them to be completely faithful to the teachings of the Bible. ... The terms Anglo-Catholic and Anglo-Catholicism describe people, groups, ideas, customs and practices within Anglicanism that emphasise continuity with Catholic tradition. ... The Liturgical Movement is a movement of scholarship and the reform of worship within the Roman Catholic Church which has taken place over the last century and a half and which has affected many Reformed Churches including the Church of England and other Churches of the Anglican Communion. ... The Church of England is the officially established Christian church[1] in England, and acts as the mother and senior branch of the worldwide Anglican Communion, as well as a founding member of the Porvoo Communion. ... It has been suggested that Great Awakening be merged into this article or section. ... In Christian theology, ecclesiology is the study of doctrine pertaining to the Church itself as a community or organic entity, and with the understanding of what the church is —ie. ... See also civil religion. ... The Oxford Movement was a loose affiliation of High Church Anglicans, most of them members of the University of Oxford, who sought to demonstrate that the Church of England was a direct descendant of the Christian church established by the Apostles. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      Liberal Christianity, sometimes called... Pietism was a movement within Lutheranism, lasting from the late-17th century to the mid-18th century. ... In general religious use, ordination is the process by which one is consecrated (set apart for the undivided administration of various religious rites). ... A Parament; (from Late Latin paramentum, adornment, parare, to prepare, equip), a term applied by ancient writers to the hangings or ornaments of a room of state. ... Vestments are liturgical garments and articles associated primarily with the Christian religions, especially the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Anglican Churches. ...

Sweden

Historically the most remarkable Lutheran high church movement by its extension and influence to the whole church body is in the Church of Sweden, originally influenced by Anglo-Catholicism from the Church of England at the beginning of 20th century. The first still existing (and now the biggest) high church order is Societas Sanctae Birgittae. The movement was spread intensively through the activity of Fr. Gunnar Rosendal, the hymn writer and retreat director Fr. Olov Hartman and Fr. Jan Redin. The more subtle high church influence of Bishop Bo Giertz has been remarkable especially among Pietists. The early high church movement caused the emergence of retreat centers, more frequent celebration of mass, and lively historical-critical study of Holy Scriptures. The ordination of women clergy began in 1958, and caused a split within the earlier Swedish high church party. One branch with liberal leanings accepted this step, another didn't. Today one of the leading figures of the movement is Bishop Bertil Gärtner. The nucleus of the high church movement is arbetsgemenskapen Kyrklig Förnyelse (Swedish Church Union) and numerous religious societies and communities. Bishop Lennart Koskinen with some young people. ... Societas Sanctæ Birgittæ (SSB) is a High Church Lutheran devotional society for priests and lay, men and women in Church of Sweden to venerate Saint Birgitta and like her to serve the Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church in Sweden. ... Gunnar Rosendal, born 4 April 1897 in Grevie parish, died 26 December 1988 in Kristianstad, was a Swedish Lutheran priest, Doctor of Theology and parish priest of Osby. ... Bo Harald Giertz, born 31 August 1905 Räpplinge in Öland, died 12 July 1998 in Gothenburg, a Swedish Confessional Lutheran bishop, Christian novelist. ... Pietism was a movement, in the Lutheran Church, lasting from the late-17th century to the mid-18th Century. ... Bertil Gärtner, born 13 December 1924, a Swedish Lutheran bishop of Gothenburg 1970-1991, earlier professor of New Testament´s exegesis at Princeton University, United States. ... Arbetsgemenskapen Kyrklig Förnyelse (aKF) (Swedish Church Union) is the umbrella organisation of Lutheran High Church movement in Church of Sweden. ...

Germany

In Germany, the high church movement is much smaller than in Sweden. Because of several unions between Lutheran and Reformed churches since the Prussian Union, resulting in the simple spread of Calvinist concepts from the Reformed Churches by "osmosis," Lutheranism has been often influenced by quite Reformed context. The high church movement within the Evangelical Church in Germany has been much less influential than in Sweden and perhaps less integrated to the state Lutheran tradition. Still the movement is strongly involved in ecumenism and the Liturgical Movement. The Lutheran movement is a group of denominations of Protestant Christianity by the original definition. ... The Reformed churches are a group of Protestant denominations historically related by a similar Zwinglian or Calvinist system of doctrine but organizationally independent. ... The Prussian Union (Evangelical Christian Church) was the merger of the Lutheran Church and the Reformed Church in Prussia, by a series of decrees by King Frederick William III. These decrees were the culmination of the efforts of his predecessors to unify these two churches after John Sigismund declared his... The Reformed churches are a group of Protestant denominations historically related by a similar Zwinglian or Calvinist system of doctrine but organizationally independent. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      Ecumenism (also oecumenism, Å“cumenism... The Liturgical Movement is a movement of scholarship and the reform of worship within the Roman Catholic Church which has taken place over the last century and a half and which has affected many Reformed Churches including the Church of England and other Churches of the Anglican Communion. ...

The case is much different in the Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Germany. This church is a confessional Lutheran church in full "pulpit and altar fellowship" (full communion) with the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod. Because of the confessional Lutheran direction, there is a high church movement in that Church. ^{[1] [2]} The Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church (German: Selbständige Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche, or SELK) is a confessional Lutheran church body of Germany which is in fellowship with the Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod of North America, and a member of the International Lutheran Council (ILC). ... Confessional Lutheran is a name used by certain Lutheran Christians to designate themselves as those who accept the doctrines taught in the Book of Concord of 1580 (the Lutheran confessional documents) in their entirety, because they believe them to be completely faithful to the teachings of the Bible. ... Official cross symbol of the Missouri Synod The Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod (LCMS) is the second-largest Lutheran body in the United States. ...

The German high church movement began in Reformation Jubilee 1917, inspired by publication of Stimuli et Clavi, 95 theses by Heinrich Hansen. This resulted in the founding of Hochkirchliche Vereinigung Augsburgischen Bekenntnisses (High Church Society of the Augsburg Confession) the following year. Subsequently other high church associations and societies also arose, distinguished from other Lutheran bodies by restored apostolic succession (mostly through Hochkirchliche St. Johannes-Bruderschaft, which is part of the HVAB, along with the Evangelische Franziskaner-Tertiaren. Other associations are Bund für evangelisch-katholische Einheit (Federation for Evangelical-Catholic Unity), including St. Jakobus- Bruderschaft), Arbeitsgemeinschaft Kirchliche Erneuerung in der Evang.-Luth. Kirche in Bayern (Working Group for Church Renewal in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Bavaria), St. Athanasius-Bruderschaft, Hochkirchlicher Apostolat St. Ansgar, Kommunität St. Michael in Cottbus and several religious communities. The Protestant Reformation was a movement which began in the 16th century as a series of attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church, but ended in division and the establishment of new institutions, most importantly Lutheranism, Reformed churches, and Anabaptists. ... Stimuli et clavi i. ... Heinrich Hansen, a Lutheran theologian, father of the Lutheran High Church movement in Germany. ... Hochkirchliche Vereinigung Augsburgischen Bekenntnisses (High Church Union of the Augsburg Confession) is a Lutheran High Church organisation in Germany. ... In Christianity, the doctrine of Apostolic Succession (or the belief that the Church is apostolic) maintains that the Christian Church today is the spiritual successor to the original body of believers in Christ, composed of the Apostles. ... Cottbus (Sorbian: ChoÅ›ebuz, archaic German: Kottbus) is a city in Brandenburg, Germany, situated around 125 km southeast of Berlin on the Spree river. ...

Other organisations, such as Berneuchen Movement and Kirchliche Arbeit Alpirsbach are regarded as part of the Liturgical Movement, although the former is theologically high church and in co-operation with High Church associations and religious fraternities. Kirchliche Arbeit Alpirsbach is one of the organisations of the protestant Liturgical Movement in Germany and was previously called Alpirsbach Circle. ... The Liturgical Movement is a movement of scholarship and the reform of worship within the Roman Catholic Church which has taken place over the last century and a half and which has affected many Reformed Churches including the Church of England and other Churches of the Anglican Communion. ...

North America

Portions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada have "high church" emphases, but tend to be theologically liberal, liturgically modern, and in favour of the ordination of women. Society of the Holy Trinity is largest high church society in North America. Theologically it is moderate and relatively conservative in ecumenical openness. The most ornate liturgy is to be found in a few parishes of the Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod which celebrate Solemn High Mass with ceremonial similar to that found in Anglo-Catholic parishes [5] [6]. The devotional guild the Society of St. Polycarp was also founded within the LCMS [7]. The most important high church journal is Lutheran Forum, published by American Lutheran Publicity Bureau (ALPB). This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada (ELCIC) (French: Eglise Evangelique Lutherienne au Canada) is Canadas largest Lutheran denomination, with 182,077 baptized members in 624 congregations. ... The Society of the Holy Trinity (Societas Trinitatis Sanctae - STS) is a High Church Lutheran religious order of pastors from six or seven denominations adhering to a common Rule of Life. ... LCMS redirects here. ...

Like some previously mentioned German religious clerical fraternities, in the United States the Evangelical Catholic Church and in recent years the Evangelical Community Church-Lutheran, Lutheran Orthodox Church and several other small, biblically and theologically conservative high church Evangelical Catholic Lutheran Churches have succeeded in restoring the historic Apostolic Succession from Old Catholic Churches. Additionally, they have moved from decentralized, democratic Congregational to highly centralized episcopal polity, worship using the liturgies of the Roman Catholic Church exclusively, and are actively working toward visible, corporate reunion with the Roman Catholic Church. However, as is the case among Anglicans, "high church" movements have proven to be more attractive to the clergy than to the laity. The Evangelical Catholic Church is a small Lutheran body that appears Catholic in its liturgy, but accepts the Augsburg Confession. ... The Evangelical Community Church-Lutheran (ECCL) is a small Church in the Lutheran Evangelical Catholic tradition. ... The Lutheran Orthodox Church is a very small Lutheran Church in valid Apostolic Succession. ... The terms catholic evangelical and evangelical catholic combine two descriptive words that often seem contradictory to post-Reformational ears. ... In Christianity, the doctrine of Apostolic Succession (or the belief that the Church is apostolic) maintains that the Christian Church today is the spiritual successor to the original body of believers in Christ, composed of the Apostles. ... The Old Catholic Church is a community of Christian churches. ... Congregational churches are Protestant Christian churches practicing congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation indepedently and autonomously runs its own affairs. ... It has been suggested that episcopal be merged into this article or section. ... Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given religion. ... In religious organizations, the laity comprises all lay persons collectively. ...

Other Countries

The Church of Norway is generally very pietistic and high church movement is more isolated and much smaller than in Sweden. It has been represented by Ordo Crucis [8] and Bønne- og arbeidsfellesskapet Kirkelig Fornyelse. Country church in Sogn, Norway The Church of Norway (Den norske kirke) also known as the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Norway is the state church of Norway, to which 86% of Norwegians belong. ...

In Church of Denmark high church movement is in margin and especially unpopular in public opinion. It has been represented by Sct. Ansgar Broderskab [9]. Praying of the Daily office has been promoted by Teologisk Oratorium [10] (most well known member having been Regin Prenter) and by Selskabet dansk Tidegærd. Church in Holte The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Denmark (the church of Denmark or the peoples church of Denmark) (Danish:Den Danske Folkekirke) is a state church and is the largest Christian church in Denmark. ... The Liturgy of the Hours is usually recited in full in monastic communities. ...

Church of Iceland and Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland has also had high church groups and interest among both clergy and laity. The National Church of Iceland, or Þjóðkirkjan, formally called the Evangelical Lutheran Church, is the state church in Iceland. ... The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland is the Lutheran national church of Finland (The Finnish Orthodox Church is also recognized as a state church). ... Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given religion. ... In religious organizations, the laity comprises all lay persons collectively. ...

Academic Theology

Through ecumenism high church ideas have been accepted more widely in academic theology. E.g. recent ecumenical Luther research, like Mannermaa School has has began to see Luther as a Catholic teacher. Especially American high church Lutherans often use the term Evangelical Catholic (first used by Swedish archbishop Natan Söderblom) instead of high church, because it is felt to be more theologically precise. From high church Lutheranism there has been less move to Roman Catholicism than from Anglo-Catholicism. However there are some well known Lutheran theologians, who have become Roman Catholic, like Richard John Neuhaus and Reinhard Hütter, or Eastern Orthodox like Jaroslav Pelikan [11]. Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      Ecumenism (also oecumenism, Å“cumenism... Martin Luther (November 10, 1483 – February 18, 1546) was a German monk,[1] priest, professor, theologian, and church reformer. ... The terms catholic evangelical and evangelical catholic combine two descriptive words that often seem contradictory to post-Reformational ears. ... Reverend Father Richard John Neuhaus (born May 21, 1936) is a prominent Canadian Catholic priest and writer in the United States. ... Reinhard Hütter or Reinhard Hutter is a formerly Lutheran, now Catholic, theologian who is currently an Associate Professor of Christian Theology at Duke Divinity School in Durham, NC. In December of 2005, Hütter was received into the Roman Catholic Communion. ... Eastern Orthodoxy (also called Greek Orthodoxy and Russian Orthodoxy) is a Christian tradition which represents the majority of Eastern Christianity. ... Jaroslav Jan Pelikan (17 December 1923 – 13 May 2006) was one of the worlds leading scholars in the history of Christianity and medieval intellectual history. ...

Theology and spirituality

High Church Lutheranism stresses aspects of the confession of the church, sacraments, ordained ministry, liturgy and continuity of the church, all of which are traditional Lutheran theology, but have been neglected due to Pietism and the Age of Enlightenment. Sometimes there is an emphasis on Apostolic Succession, ecumenism and, e.g. Mariology. The classical manifesto of Scandinavian high church revival program is "Kyrklig förnyelse" by Gunnar Rosendal (1935). In its beginning German high church movement was inspired by 95 theses "Stimuli et Clavi" by pastor Heinrich Hansen (1917). In Christian belief and practice, a sacrament is a rite that mediates divine grace, constituting a sacred mystery. ... A liturgy is the customary public worship of a religious group, according to their particular traditions. ... Pietism was a movement within Lutheranism, lasting from the late-17th century to the mid-18th century. ... The Age of Enlightenment (French: ; German: ) was an eighteenth-century movement in European and American philosophy, or the longer period including the Age of Reason. ... In Christianity, the doctrine of Apostolic Succession (or the belief that the Church is apostolic) maintains that the Christian Church today is the spiritual successor to the original body of believers in Christ, composed of the Apostles. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      Ecumenism (also oecumenism, Å“cumenism... Mariology is the area of Christian theology concerned with Mary, the Mother of Jesus. ... It is proposed that this article be deleted, because of the following concern: Does not appear to satisfy the notability guidelines of WP:BOOK. Pastordavid 16:19, 23 July 2007 (UTC) If you can address this concern by improving, copyediting, sourcing, renaming or merging the page, please edit this page... Gunnar Rosendal, born 4 April 1897 in Grevie parish, died 26 December 1988 in Kristianstad, was a Swedish Lutheran priest, Doctor of Theology and parish priest of Osby. ... Stimuli et clavi i. ... Heinrich Hansen, a Lutheran theologian, father of the Lutheran High Church movement in Germany. ...

High church spirituality is characteristicly more theocentric than pietism, rationalistic Lutheranism, or Lutheran existentialism. In addition to the Theology of the Cross there is usually emphasis on Christus Victor, which makes Easter even more important than Good Friday. Theocentricism makes salvation history and the cycle of the church year important, from point of view of incarnation. These theological aspects have often also created need to give evangelical interpretation to the sacrifice of the Mass in order to give more theocentric view to Real presence. E.g. in Sweden there has been discovered Laurentius Petri´s theology on the sacrifice of the Mass [12] [13]. In high church Lutheran spirituality Mass is the centre of faith, because it includes the whole salvation history and all central doctrines. Often the praying of the Divine office is also characteristic to high church Lutheran spirituality. Confession as a sacrament is an ordinary but sometimes rare part of Lutheran tradition and is not considered unique to "high church". A small number of high church Lutheran Churches reaffirm Melanchthon's wider use of the word "sacrament" (in the Apology and in Loci Communes) by considering Holy Matrimony, Unction, Confirmation, and Holy Orders to be Sacraments. This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The Theology of the Cross (Theologia Crucis) is a term used by Martin Luther in the sermon on the Two Kinds of Righteousness and which refers to a theology which places trust in Gods unmerited grace given for Christs sake instead of ones own righteous acts as... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      Easter, the Sunday of... Good Friday is the Friday before Easter (Easter always falls on a Sunday). ... The liturgical year, also known as the Christian year, consists of the cycle of liturgical seasons in some Christian churches which determines when Feasts, Memorials, Commemorations, and Solemnities are to be observed and which portions of Scripture are to be read. ... Look up incarnation, incarnate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A Medieval Low Mass by a bishop. ... The Real Presence is the term various Christian traditions use to express their belief that, in the Eucharist, Jesus the Christ is really (and not merely symbolically, figuratively or by his power) present in what was previously just bread and wine. ... Laurentius Petri Nericus (Örebro 1499 – October 27, 1573), originally Lars Persson, was a Swedish clergyman and the first Evangelical Lutheran Archbishop of Sweden. ... Canonical hours are ancient divisions of time (also called offices), developed by the Christian Church, serving as increments between prayers. ... Modern confessional in the Church of the Holy Name, Dunedin, New Zealand. ... In the Christian faith, marriage is viewed as a lifelong union of a man and a woman before God. ... Anointing of the Sick is one of the sacraments of the Roman Catholic Church, the the Anglican / Episcopal Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Oriental Orthodox Churches, and is also administered in some Protestant Churches. ... See Reform Judaism article about its Confirmation ceremony. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      Catholic deacon candidates prostrate...

Liturgical practices

Formal liturgy based on western Catholic Mass either as a communion or ante-communion service, including more or less chanting, the use of crucifixes, silver chalices, hosts and in communion service often vestments has always been characteristic to Lutheran worship. Especially use of hosts has been important way to show belief on Real presence. The return of the sign of the cross, eucharistic prayer and regular use of vestments in all church are results of liturgical movement, but things like the mixed chalice, altar servers, Gospel processions, a complete eucharistic prayer of consecration with epiclesis rather than the Words of Institution alone (depending on service book) and especially incense are regarded as "high church". Also elevation and genuflection are often regarded among more Protestant-minded Lutherans as Roman Catholic practices, although Martin Luther himself used elevation^[3] and it was part of early Lutheranism. In Scandinavian Lutheran churches the use of bells during elevation was even occasionally practiced until the 18th century, to underline the centrality of the Words of Institution in the consecration. Adoration of the Blessed Sacrament during the Mass (a word normally used at least in Swedish and Finnish Lutheranism without any high church associations) is a Lutheran practice^[4], but unlike in Anglo-Catholicism, except among the most high church of the North American Lutheran Churches like the Evangelical Community Church-Lutheran, the Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament is not often practised even in High Church Lutheranism. Sometimes high church groups in Sweden and Germany have published their own private missals. A Medieval Low Mass by a bishop. ... The Missa Sicca (Latin: dry Mass) was a common form of devotion used in the medieval Roman Catholic Church for funerals or marriages in the afternoon, when a real Mass could not be said. ... Broadly speaking, plainsong is the name given to the body of traditional songs used in the liturgies of the Catholic Church. ... The Crucifix, a cross with corpus, a symbol used in Catholicism in contrast with some other Christian communions, which use only a cross. ... Chalice For other uses, see Chalice A chalice (from Latin calix, cup) is a goblet intended to hold drink. ... Vestments are liturgical garments and articles associated primarily with the Christian religions, especially the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Anglican Churches. ... The Real Presence is the term various Christian traditions use to express their belief that, in the Eucharist, Jesus the Christ is really (and not merely symbolically, figuratively or by his power) present in what was previously just bread and wine. ... The Sign of the Cross is a ceremonial hand motion made by the vast majority of the worlds Christians. ... Then-Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (now Benedict XVI) presiding at the 2005 Easter Vigil Mass. ... The Liturgical Movement is a movement of scholarship and the reform of worship within the Roman Catholic Church which has taken place over the last century and a half and which has affected many Reformed Churches including the Church of England and other Churches of the Anglican Communion. ... An altar server is a lay assistant to a member of the clergy during a religious service. ... To consecrate an inanimate object is to dedicate it in a ritual to a special purpose, usually religious. ... In Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Assyrian Church of the East, Roman Catholic, Anglican, Old Catholic, United Methodist, and Lutheran churches, the epiclesis (also sometimes spelled epiklesis, since it is a transliterated Greek word) is that part of the prayer of consecration of the Eucharistic elements (bread and wine) by which... The words of institution are the words of Jesus Christ as recorded in the New Testament used in some forms of Christian liturgy to consecrate the Eucharist. ... Incense is a preparation of aromatic organic materials, intended to release fragrant smoke when burned. ... Ceremony of elevating the consecrated elements of bread and wine in the celebration of Mass; the term usually refers to elevation after consecration of each element. ... Look up Genuflection in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Martin Luther (November 10, 1483 – February 18, 1546) was a German monk,[1] priest, professor, theologian, and church reformer. ... In the Roman Catholic Church, an altar bell is a small bell placed on the credence or in some other convenient place on the epistle side of the altar. ... The words of institution are the words of Jesus Christ as recorded in the New Testament used in some forms of Christian liturgy to consecrate the Eucharist. ... To consecrate an inanimate object is to dedicate it in a ritual to a special purpose, usually religious. ... Eucharistic adoration is a practice in the Roman Catholic and in Anglican Churches, in which the Blessed Sacrament is exposed to and adored by the faithful. ... The Blessed Sacrament is displayed in a procession at the 2005 Southeastern Eucharistic Congress. ... A Medieval Low Mass by a bishop. ... The terms Anglo-Catholic and Anglo-Catholicism describe people, groups, ideas, customs and practices within Anglicanism that emphasise continuity with Catholic tradition. ... The Evangelical Community Church-Lutheran (ECCL) is a small Church in the Lutheran Evangelical Catholic tradition. ... A benediction is a short invocation for divine help, blessing and guidance, usually at the end of church worship service. ... The Blessed Sacrament is displayed in a procession at the 2005 Southeastern Eucharistic Congress. ... Missal, in the Roman Catholic Church, is a liturgical book containing all instructions and texts necessary for the celebration of Masses throughout the year. ...

Notable persons in the history of High Church Lutheranism

Sweden

• Bo Giertz
• Bertil Gärtner
• Gunnar Rosendal

Finland Bo Harald Giertz, born 31 August 1905 Räpplinge in Öland, died 12 July 1998 in Gothenburg, a Swedish Confessional Lutheran bishop, Christian novelist. ... Bertil Gärtner, born 13 December 1924, a Swedish Lutheran bishop of Gothenburg 1970-1991, earlier professor of New Testament´s exegesis at Princeton University, United States. ... Gunnar Rosendal, born 4 April 1897 in Grevie parish, died 26 December 1988 in Kristianstad, was a Swedish Lutheran priest, Doctor of Theology and parish priest of Osby. ...

• Toivo Harjunpää
• Martti Parvio

Germany

• Wilhelm Loehe
• Heinrich Hansen
• Friedrich Heiler
• Helmut Echternach
• Wilhelm Stählin
• Karl Bernhard Ritter

United States Photograph of Wilhelm Loehe Johann Konrad Wilhelm Löhe (often rendered Loehe) was a pastor of the Lutheran Church and is often regarded as being a founder of the deaconess movement in Lutheransim and a founding sponsor of the Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod. ... Heinrich Hansen, a Lutheran theologian, father of the Lutheran High Church movement in Germany. ... Friedrich Heiler (January 30, 1892 - April 18, 1967), German theologian and historian of religion. ...

• Arthur Carl Piepkorn
• Luther Reed
• Berthold Von Schenk

References

1. ^ Video Celebrating the lord's supper in a congration of the SELK
2. ^ Information in English of Congregation in Berlin
3. ^ Elevation (Christian Cyclopedia)
4. ^ The Sacrament of the Altar: The Sacrament Is Adorable And Extended In Time

• Kihlström, B., Högkyrkligheten i Sverige och Finland under 1900-talet. 1990
• Rosendal, G., The Catholic Movement in the Swedish Church 1950
• Drobnitzky, W: Hochkirchliche Bewegung. Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart (RGG), Dritte Auflage, III Band, 1959
• Mumm, Reinhard: Hochkirchliche Bewegung in Deutschland. Theologische Realenzyklopädie, Band XV, 1986
• Swidler, Leonard J.: The Ecumenical Vanguard: The History of the Una Sancta Movement
• Meland, Bernard E., Friedrich Heiler and the High Church Movement in Germany (JSTOR)

JSTOR®, begun in 1995, is an online system for archiving academic journals. ...

See also

• Evangelical catholic
• Anglo-Catholicism
• Neo-Lutheranism
• Liturgical Movement
• Anti-Catholicism
• Christian monasticism
• Laurentius Petri Gothus

The terms catholic evangelical and evangelical catholic combine two descriptive words that often seem contradictory to post-Reformational ears. ... The terms Anglo-Catholic and Anglo-Catholicism describe people, groups, ideas, customs and practices within Anglicanism that emphasise continuity with Catholic tradition. ... Neo-Lutheranism was a 19th century revival movement within Lutheranism, which began as a reaction against Pietism. ... The Liturgical Movement is a movement of scholarship and the reform of worship within the Roman Catholic Church which has taken place over the last century and a half and which has affected many Reformed Churches including the Church of England and other Churches of the Anglican Communion. ... Anti-Catholicism is discrimination, hostility or prejudice directed at Catholics or the Catholic Church. ... The Order of Friars Minor is a major mendicant movement founded by Saint Francis of Assisi. ... Laurentius Petri Gothus (dead February 12, 1579) was the the second Swedish Lutheran Archbishop of Uppsala, Sweden, 1575-1579. ...

External links

USA and Canada

• Center for Catholic and Evangelical Theology
• Communion of Lutheran Catholics - a newly formed communion
• American Lutheran Publicity Bureau
  • ALPB Discussion Forum
• Arthur Carl Piepkorn Center for Evangelical Catholicity
• Othodox Lutheran Web Page - Evangelical, Catholic, Orthodox Lutheran
  • Lutherans are not Protestants by Darel E. Paul, 2001
• Society of the Holy Trinity
• Society of St. Polycarp
• Lutheran Liturgical Prayer Brotherhood
• Lutheran Liturgical Wiki
• Is Your Church Catholic Enough? by J.P. Winsor, March 7, 2002
• Why Is the Lutheran Church a Liturgical Church? - A Confessional Anthology by David Jay Webber
• The Society for the Preservation of the Evangelical Lutheran Liturgy
• Lex Orandi Liturgical Resources
• Gottesdienst - A Quarterly Journal of the Evangelical-Lutheran Liturgy
• The Bride of Christ - The Journal of Lutheran Liturgical Renewal
• The Motley Magpie - A journal dedicated to the promotion of Lutheran ceremonia in the evangelical catholic tradition
• Saint Augustine's House Lutheran Monastery in Oxford, Michigan
• Order of the Holy Spirit - a Lutheran Religious Order
• [http://www.www.voiceoftherockiesstore.com/ ELCA member's liturgy pamphlets including hymnal and other resources for Lutheran worship.
• [http://www.voiceoftherockies.com/ ELCA member's site for hymnal and liturgy/hymn related materials
• [http://www.reclaimlutheranworship.org/ ELCA group site for Word Alone hymnal and liturgy/hymn related materials

Germany

• Berneuchener Bewegung
  • Berneuchener Dienst
  • Evangelische Michaelsbruderschaft
  • The Year of God
• Hochkirchliche Vereinigung Augsburgischen Bekenntnisses e.V.
• Kirchliche Arbeit Alpirsbach
• "Luther in Braunschweig", partly in English
• Hochkirchliche Apostolat St. Ansgar -Selbstverlag
• Evangelisch-lutherische Kommunität St. Michael
• Evangelische Gemeinschaften und Kommunitäten

Sweden

• Societas Sanctæ Birgittæ (SSB) The largest Swedish prayer society.
• arbetsgemenskapen Kyrklig Förnyelse, a sister organisation of The Church Union in Church of England
• Svensk Pastoraltidskrift, weekly theological magazine.
• Hjälmserydsstiftelsen
• Laurentiistiftelsen, student home in Lund.
• Sankt Ansgars Stiftelse, student home in Uppsala
• Gratia Dei -stiftelsen
• Östanbäck monastery in English.
• Helgeandssystrarna, Sisters of the Holy Spirit.
• Tredje Orden inom Svenska Kyrkan, Fransican third order (not really high church)
• Liturgia Semper Reformanda blog in English

The Church Union is an Anglo-Catholic advocacy group within the Church of England. ...

Norway

• Bønne-og arbeidsfellesskapet Kirkelig Fornyelse, a sister organisation of The Church Union in Church of England
• Documents of Kirkelig Fornyelse
• Formerly the webpage of the Free Synod 1991-2004 Page still maintained by remaining Church of Norway members

The Church Union is an Anglo-Catholic advocacy group within the Church of England. ...

Denmark

• Selskabet dansk Tidegærd
• Assisi-Kredsen

Other

• Evangelical Lutheran Free Church