NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Hindko language

Hindko (هندکو /Hindkoŭ/), also Hindku, Hinko,^[2] or Lahnda^[3] , لَیہندا) is an ancient Indo-Aryan language spoken in North Western Pakistan, especially in Hazara and Peshawar.^[4]^[5] The literal meaning of the word "Hindko" is "Mountains of the Indus". The word "Hind" is the Persianised reference to the regions associated with the Indus River immediately to the east of Persia and "Ko" means mountains^[6]. The word Hindko has also been interpreted to mean the language of India.^[7] The term is also found in Greek references to the mountainous region in eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan as Καύκασος Ινδικός (Caucasus Indicus). The language is spoken in the areas of the North West Frontier Province (including Hazara), Punjab (including Attock), and Azad Kashmir by an estimated 2.2 to 4 million people.^[1] The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) (Urdu: Å›imÄl maÄ¡ribÄ« sarhadÄ« sÅ«ba Ø´Ù…Ø§Ù„ Ù…ØºØ±Ø¨ÛŒ Ø³Ø±ØØ¯ÛŒ ØµÙˆØ¨Û) is the smallest of the four main provinces of Pakistan. ... This article is about the Pakistani province. ... This article is about the area administered by Pakistan. ... This article is about the area administered by India. ... , This article is about the Indian state of Punjab. ... Map of South Asia (see note on Kashmir). ... A language family is a group of languages related by descent from a common proto-language. ... For other uses, see Indo-European. ... The Indo-Iranian language group constitutes the easternmost extant branch of the Indo-European family of languages. ... The Indo-Aryan languages (within the context of Indo-European studies also Indic[1]) are a branch of the Indo-European language family. ... The Indo-Aryan languages (within the context of Indo-European studies also Indic[1]) are a branch of the Indo-European language family. ... Lahnda languages or West Panjabi dialects is a group of Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages. ... Writing systems of the world today. ... Chalipa panel, Mir Emad. ... ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family. ... ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages. ... ISO 639-3 is an international standard for language codes. ... Image File history File links Example. ... The Brahmic family is a family of abugidas (writing systems) used in South Asia, Southeast Asia, Tibet, Mongolia, Manchuria, descended from the BrÄhmÄ« script of Mauryan India. ... The Indo-Aryan languages form a subgroup of the Indo-Iranian languages, thus belonging to the Indo-European family of languages. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... â€¹ The template below (Citations missing) is being considered for deletion. ... For other uses of this term see: Persia (disambiguation) The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). ... Caucasus Indicus is the Greek name for the Hindu Kush mountain range. ... North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) is geographically the smallest of the four provinces of Pakistan. ... The Hazara region is located in NWFP, Pakistan. ... This article is about the geographical region. ... This article is about the area administered by Pakistan. ...

There is no generic name for these people because they belong to diverse ethnicities and tend to identify themselves by the larger families or castes. However the people of the largest group in the districts of Haripur, Abbottabad and Mansehra are sometimes recognised collectively as Hazarawal, named after the defunct Hazara Division that comprised of these districts. In Peshawar city they are referred to as "Kharay" meaning City-dwellers or Hindkowans. now. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

History and Origin

During the pre-Buddhist era in present day Pakistan, the language of the masses was refined by the ancient grammarian Pāṇini, who set the rules of a structurally rigorous language called Sanskrit which was used principally for scriptures (analogous to Latin in the Western world). Meanwhile, the vernacular language of the masses, Prakrit developed into many tongues and dialects which spread over the northern parts of South Asia. Hindko is believed to be closely related to Prakrit. Due to the geographic isolation of the regions, it has undergone very little grammatical corruption, but has borrowed considerable vocabulary from its neighbours, in particular Pashto. It shows close affinity to Punjabi and the Lahnda sub-group of Indo-Aryan tongues and can be sub-divided into a northern and southern dialect (the southern dialect spoken in Pakistani Punjab shows some similarity with Siraiki as opposed to Punjabi). This language is very similar to the Mirpuri dialect of Potohari and Hindko and Mirpuri speakers can understand each other very well. Indian postage stamp depicting (2004), with the implication that he used (à¤ªà¤¾à¤£à¤¿à¤¨à¤¿; IPA ) was an ancient Indian grammarian from Gandhara (traditionally 520â€“460 BC, but estimates range from the 7th to 4th centuries BC). ... Sanskrit ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... For other uses, see Latins and Latin (disambiguation). ... Prakrit (also spelt Pracrit) (Sanskrit: , original, natural, artless, normal, ordinary, usual, i. ... Map of South Asia (see note on Kashmir). ... Prakrit (also spelt Pracrit) (Sanskrit: , original, natural, artless, normal, ordinary, usual, i. ... Pashto (پښتو; also known as Afghan, Pushto, Pashto, Pashtoe, Pashtu, and Pukhto) is the language spoken by the ethnic Afghan otherwise known as the Pashtun people who inhabit Afghanistan and the Western provinces of Pakistan. ... Punjabi (also Panjabi; in GurmukhÄ«, PanjÄbÄ« in ShÄhmukhÄ«) is the language of the Punjab regions of India and Pakistan. ... Punjabi language - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... The Indo-Aryan languages (within the context of Indo-European studies also Indic[1]) are a branch of the Indo-European language family. ... Saraiki is an old language spoken in central Pakistan. ...

Speakers [Hindkoon Nation]

The largest geographically contiguous group of Hindko speakers [Hindkoon Nation] is concentrated in the districts of state Abbottabad, Haripur, Mansehra, Attock, Muzaffarabad and Kaghan valley of Pakistan, while there are a substantial number of geographically isolated speakers of Hindko Language in cities like Peshawar, Mardan, Dera Ismail Khan and Kohat. People here tend to associate themselves with the larger families instead of a language (or caste as it used to be called). The Qureshi(Arabians), for example, have a great history of bravery and are known as lords of the Hazara Division. Other tribes are Awan, Tanoli, Tareen, Swati, Jadoon, Abbasi, Karlal, Tahirkheli etc. People who speak Hindko Language are referred to by some academics as Punjabi Pathans probably because of the many Pashtun tribes, for example Jadoons,Tanolis and Tahirkhelis, who settled in places like Hazara, adopted Hindko Language and its Culture as their first language and gained political power in these areas during the British rule, and also because of many ethnic Pushtun people who speak Hinkdo Language as their first language in Peshawar and Kohat. The Hindko speaking people as a whole Hindkoon Nation living in major cities Peshawar, Kohat, Mardan are bilingual in Pashto and Hindko Languages. Similarly a few Pashto speaking people in districts like Abbottabad and Mansehra (especially in Agror Valley and northern Tanawal) have become bilingual in both Pashto and Hindko Languages. Abbottabad (Urdu/Hindko: Ø§ÛŒØ¨Ù¹ Ø¢Ø¨Ø§Ø¯) is the principal city of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. ... (Urdu: Ù¾Ø´Ø§ÙˆØ±; Pashto: Ù¾ÚšÙˆØ±) literally means City on the Frontier in Persian and is known as Pekhawar in Pashto. ... Location of Mardan District (highlighted in yellow) within the North West Frontier Province of Pakistan. ... Dera Ismail Khan (Urdu: ÚˆÛŒØ±Û Ø§Ø³Ù…Ø§Ø¹ÛŒÙ„ Ø®Ø§Ù†) is a city in North West Frontier Province, Pakistan. ... Kohat (Urdu: Ú©ÙˆÛØ§Ù¹) is a medium sized town in North West Frontier Province of Pakistan. ... Awan (Urdu: Ø§Ø¹ÙˆØ§Ù†), a South Asian Zamindar tribe, putatively of Arab origin, living predominantly in western and central parts of Punjab, Pakistan. ... Tanolis are a Pashtun tribe They claim to have migrated from a place called Tanubal River in Afghanistan Some Tanoli tribes still live in Gardaiz and Ghazni (both cities of Afghanistan). ... Tareen (Pashto: ØªØ±ÛŒÙ†) is a prominent Pashtun tribe residing in Pakistan and Afghanistan. ... For the language spoken in Swaziland, see Swati language. ... The Jadoon is a Pashtun tribe. ... Abbasi (Arabic:Ø¹Ø¨Ø§Ø³ÛŒ) is a prominent Muslim family name. ... Karlal (also known as Kardal, Karaal, Karhral, or Kiraal) is a tribe found in the Abbottabad and Haripur districts of the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. ... The Tahir Khel (also Tar Khel, Tahirkheli, Tarkheli) are a Pashtun sub-group of the Utman Khel tribe, and are originally from the Hazara region of the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. ... The Tanolies (also spelt Tanauli, Tanawali) are a prominent and famous Muslim tribe residing mainly in the Amb, Hazara district of NWFP Pakistan. ... The Tahir Khel (also Tar Khel, Tahirkheli, Tarkheli) are a Pashtun sub-group of the Utman Khel tribe, and are originally from the Hazara region of the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. ... Hindko is an ancient language spoken in the Indian subcontinent. ...

The NWFP Imperial Gazetteer (1905) refers to the language as Hindko. More than one interpretation has been offered for the term Hindko. Some associate it with Hind or Hindustan (as the word may have been used during the medieval Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent), others with the Indus River which is of course the etymological source of all these terms. Farigh Bukhari and South Asian language expert and historian Christopher Shackle believe that Hindko was a generic term applied to the Indo-Aryan dialect continuum in the north west frontier territories and adjacent district of Attock in the Punjab province to differentiate it from Pashto. Map of South Asia (see note) This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia. ... â€¹ The template below (Citations missing) is being considered for deletion. ... This article is about the Pakistani province. ...

Linguists classify the language into the Indic subgroup of Indo-European languages and consider it to be one of the Indo-Iranian languages of the area. An estimated 2.4 per cent of the total population of Pakistan speak Hindko as their mother tongue, with more rural than urban households reporting Hindko as their household language. Indo-Iranian can refer to: The Indo-Iranian languages The prehistoric Indo-Iranian people, see Aryan This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

Madre Hindko and Sitara e Hindko [Star of Hindkoon Nation]

On the one hand Mohtarama Riffat Akbar of Mansehra is called Madre Hindko a title given to her against by Hindkoon Nation for her valuable services rendered for promoting this language. Riffat Akbar is an MPA from Mansehra and well known among Hindkoon Nation not only in Hazara Division but also in Peshawar, Kohat, D.I.Khan and other cities of Pakistan. On the other hand in a huge public and literary gathering a prominent and well known Poet and Prose Writer of Hindko Language and so many Public Awards holder Mr. Sabir Hussain Imdaad was titled as Sitara e Hindko [the Star of the Hindkoon Nation] by all of the Literary Societies, Promotors and Groups of the Hindko Language e.g. Hindko Literary Society Peshawar, Idara e Faroagh e Hindko [Regd] Peshawar Pakistan, Bazm e Bahar e Adab [Regd] Peshawar Pakistan, Gandhara Hindko Board Peshawar Paksitan, Bazm e Yaaran e Sukhan, Peshawar Pakistan and all Members of the Pakistan Writers Guild. Mr. Sabir Hussain Imdaad was awarded GOLD MEDALS in 1992 and 1997 for his two Poetry Books. So many Governmental Awards and Certificates of Merit were also honoured to Mr. Sabir Hussain Imdaad by the Government of Pakistan during his 29 years service and especially during India-Pakistan War in 1965 he was awarded TAMGHA E JANG for recognizing his performance.

Poets and Prose Writers

There are several researchers, poets and prose writers of the HINDKO LANGUAGE e.g. the prominent and world-wide famous Poet Mr. Sabir Hussain Imdaad who has written so many Poetry books for example KHORAY SUCH [poetry], SUCH DA SEHR [poetry], SUCH DAY DEEWAY [poetry] and the fourth poetry [harfian] book which is regarding soofiism namely SEEN - SUCH is underprint], Mr. Sabir Hussain Imdaad has also written so many prose books and Research Articles his prose books are HINDKO ZUBAAN TAY US DA RASMULKHAT, HINDKO ZUBAAN TAY US DA MAAKHIZ AND MAZLOOM HUSSAIN, and also one Haider Zaman Haider who has written so many books and also translated Holy Quran in Hidko language. Mr. Sabir Hussain Imdaad belongs to Peshawar, North West Frontier Province, Pakistan and Mr. Haider Zaman Haider belongs to Hazara North West Frontier Province of Pakistan. Dr. Syed Mehboob is also a famous writer, researcher and columnist belongs to Hindko speaking area and settled in Karachi. He also wrote many stories and essays in the Hindko language. M/s Raza Hamadani, Farigh Bokhari, Khatir Khaznavi, Jaitindar Billo, Dr. Prof. Zahoor Ahmed Awan, Ashraaf Hussain Ahmed, Prof. Ashraf Bokhari, Ehsaan Rana, Prof. Soofi Abdul Rashid, Mashkoor Sabiri, Abdul Hameed Goraaya. Dr. Prof. Sabir Aafaqi, Sheen Shaukat, Ajab Khan Naqashbandi, Naz Sethi, Prof. Yaya Malak, Hassam Hurr, Aurangzeb Ghaznavi, Muhammad Hussain Zia, Saher Mustafaie, Malak Abdul Ghafoor, Nazeer Hussain Kasailvi, Z.I. Ather, Aslam Tariq and Sajid Sarhadi are also famous and renouned Poets and Prose Writers of Hindko Language and are Award Holders.

Demographics

The speakers of Hindko live primarily in six districts: Mansehra, Abbottabad, Haripur, Peshawar, Nowshera and Kohat in NWFP, Attock and Rawalpindi in Punjab and parts of Azad Kashmir including Muzaffarabad; Jonathan Addleton states that "Hindko is the linguistic majority in the NWFP, represented in nearly one-fifth of the province's total households." (NWFP referring to North-West Frontier Province.) In Abbottabad District 98 per cent of households reported speaking Hindko, in Mansehra District 77 per cent, in Peshawar District 27 per cent, and in Kohat District 10 per cent (1986). Testing of inherent intelligibility among Hindko dialects through the use of recorded tests has shown that there is a northern (Hazara) dialect group and a southern group. The southern dialects are more widely understood throughout the dialect network than are the northern dialects. The dialects of rural Peshawar and Talagang are the most widely understood of the dialects tested. The dialect of Balakot is the least widely understood. Batgram, Mansehra Mansehra (Urdu: Ù…Ø§Ù†Ø³ÛØ±Û ) is a district in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan that contains the town of Mansehra, and the Kaghan Valley area, a popular tourist destination in Pakistan. ... Abbottabad (Urdu: Ø§ÛŒØ¨Ù¹ Ø¢Ø¨Ø§Ø¯ ) is a district in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. ... Haripur (Urdu: ÛØ±ÛŒ Ù¾ÙˆØ±) is a district in Hazara Division in the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) of Pakistan that contains the city of Haripur, located on the bank of a stream called Dor. ... Peshawar District is a district in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan that contains the city of Peshawar, the capital of the province. ... Nowshera (Urdu: Ù†ÙˆØ´ÛØ±Û) is a district in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan that contains the town of Nowshera. ... Kohat distrct is located in NWFP province of Pakistan. ... Akbars Fort at Attock Attock (Urdu: Ø§Ù¹Ú©) is a city located in the northern border of the Punjab province of Pakistan, and also a border district on the river Indus. ... (Urdu: Ø±Ø§ÙˆÙ„Ù¾Ù†ÚˆÛŒ RÄwalpindÄ«) is a city in the Potwar Plateau near Pakistans capital city of Islamabad, in the province of Punjab. ... This article is about the Pakistani province. ... This article is about the area administered by Pakistan. ... Muzaffarabad (Urdu: Ù…Ø¸ÙØ±Ø¢Ø¨Ø§Ø¯, is the capital of the State of Azad Kashmir, located in the north of the state, which is the Pakistani-controlled part of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. ... The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) (Urdu: Å›imÄl maÄ¡ribÄ« sarhadÄ« sÅ«ba Ø´Ù…Ø§Ù„ Ù…ØºØ±Ø¨ÛŒ Ø³Ø±ØØ¯ÛŒ ØµÙˆØ¨Û) is the smallest of the four main provinces of Pakistan. ...

In most Hindko-speaking areas, speakers of Pashto live in the same or neighbouring communities (although this is less true in Abbottabad and Kaghan Valley than elsewhere). In the mixed areas, many people speak both languages. The relationship between Hindko and Pashto is not one of stable bilingualism. In the northeast, Hindko is the dominant language both in terms of domain of usage and in terms of the number of speakers, whereas in the southwest, Pashto seems to be advancing in those same areas.

The Gandhara Hindko Board has published the first dictionary of the language and its launching ceremony was held on March 16, 2003. According to a press release, Sultan Sakoon, a prominent Hindku poet, has compiled the dictionary. For other uses, see Dictionary (disambiguation). ...

Literature and writers

Idara e Faroghe Hindko [Regd.] Peshawar Pakistan is rendering valuable services to promote the Hindko Language. Riffat Sawatti and Aurangzeb Ghaznavi are the heart and soul of this Organization. A monthly Magazine name Faroogh is also published regularly from Peshawar under supervision of Aurangzeb Ghaznavi. In Karachi Dr.Syed Mehboob is also working for the promotion of Hundko language. Dr. Syed Mehboob is a researcher, educationist, columnist, story writer and author. ...

References

1974: Phonlogy of Verbal Phrase in Hindko,Dr Elahi Bkahsh Akhtar Awan published by Idara-e-Farogh-e-Hindko Peshawar in 1992. 2004: Hindko Sautiyat,Dr E.B.A. Awan, published by Gandhara Hindko Board Peshawar in 2004. 2005: Hindko Land a thesis presented by Dr E.B.A. Awan at the World Hindko Conference at Peshawar in 2005. Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 143rd day of the year (144th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also

This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Hindki (Hindi: à¤¹à¤¿à¤¨à¥à¤¦à¤•à¥€, Pashtu: ÛÙÙ†Ø¯Ú©ÛŒ) is the name given to the Hindus, Sikhs, and Buddhists who inhabit Afghanistan. ... Hindko is an ancient language spoken in the Indian subcontinent. ...

References

External links

The Indo-Iranian language group constitutes the easternmost extant branch of the Indo-European family of languages. ... The Indo-Aryan languages (within the context of Indo-European studies also Indic[1]) are a branch of the Indo-European language family. ... Sanskrit ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... Vedic Sanskrit is the language of the Vedas, which are the earliest sacred texts of India,. The Vedas were first passed down orally and therefore have no known date. ... Sanskrit ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... Some theonyms, proper names and other terminology of the Mitanni exhibit an Indo-Aryan superstrate, suggesting that an Indo-Aryan elite imposed itself over the Hurrian population in the course of the Indo-Aryan expansion. ... The Middle Indo-Aryan (Middle Indic) languages are the medieval dialects of the Indo-Aryan languages, the descendants of the Old Indo-Aryan dialects such as Sanskrit, and the predecessors of the medieval languages such as Apabhramsha or Abahatta, which eventually evolved into the contemporary Indo-Aryan languages, including Hindustani... Abahatta is a stage in the evolution of the Eastern group of Indo-Aryan languages such as Bangla, Maithili, Oriya. ... The term Apabhramsha refers to the dialects of North India before the rise of modern North Indian languages. ... Any of the three main dialects of Prakrit, used extensively in Sanskrit literature. ... Magadhi Prakrit is of one of the three Dramatic Prakrits, the written languages of Ancient India after the decline of Sanskrit as an official language. ... Maharashtri is a language of medieval India, descended from Sanskrit, and spoken in what is now Maharashtra and other parts of India. ... A Dramatic Prakrit, Sauraseni was the chief language of northern medieval India, evolving into the Hindi language complex and Punjabi. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... GÄndhÄrÄ« was a north-western prakrit spoken in GÄndhÄra. ... Jain Prakrit is a term loosely used for the language of the Jain canon. ... Paisaci, also known as Paisachi, or Paishachi, is an extinct language of classical India, its existence as a medium of debate and literary expression is recorded in various Theravada Buddhist sources, and mentioned in Prakrit and Sanskrit grammars of antiquity. ... For other uses, see Pali (disambiguation). ... Prakrit (also spelt Pracrit) (Sanskrit: , original, natural, artless, normal, ordinary, usual, i. ... The Indo-Aryan languages include some 210 (SIL estimate) languages and dialects spoken by about many people in Asia; this language family is a part of the Indo-Iranian language family. ... Hindustani redirects here. ... Dhanwar also known as Rai (ISO/DIS 639-3: dhw) is a language spoken in parts of Nepal and Sikkim mainly by the Rai community. ... Hindi as defined by the 1991 Indian census includes linguistically disparate Indo-Aryan dialects. ... Awadhi is an Indian language, often considered a dialect of Hindi, spoken in the Awadh (Oudh) region of Uttar Pradesh. ... Bagheli is a language of the Baghelkhand region of central India. ... Bambaiyya Hindi, Mumbaiyya, or Bombay Hindi (Hindi: à¤¬à¤‚à¤¬à¤¯à¥à¤¯à¤¾ à¤¹à¤¿à¤‚à¤¦à¥€) is a vernacular form of Hindi spoken primarily in Mumbai (Bombay, formerly). ... Brij Bhasha (or Braj Bhasha) is a language spoken in India by more than 42,000 people in the undefined region of Brij Bhoomi, which was a political state in the era of the Mahabharata wars. ... Bundeli is a Western Hindi language (often considered a dialect of Hindi) spoken in the Bundelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh and Jhansi in Uttar Pradesh. ... Chhattisgarhi is a language of India. ... Indian Indentured labourers were initially brought to Fiji from many districts of eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. ... Haryanvi is a combination of dialects mainly spoken by natives in Haryana (North Indian State), Haryanvi is not classified as a language and has lots of similarities with Hindi, and has planty of Urdu words in it. ... Kannauji language (à¤•à¤¨à¥à¤¨à¥Œà¤œà¥€) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in parts of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. ... Sansiboli is a highly endangered dialect of Rajasthani language of Indo-Aryan family. ... Sadhukaddi, a popular language of medieval India, is a vernacular dialect of Hindi/ Hindustani which is a mix of Hindi (Khariboli), Braj Bhasha, Awadhi, Bhojpuri and Rajasthani, hence it is also commonly called a Panchmail Khichadi. ... Urdu ( , , trans. ... Dakhni (Hindi: à¤¦à¤•à¥à¤–à¤¿à¤¨à¥€ ), also known as Dakkhani, Deccani (Urdu: Ø¯Ú©Ù†ÛŒ), is a dialect of the Urdu language, was spoken in the Deccan region of southern India, centered on the cities of Hyderabad, Bangalore, and Chennai. ... Rekhta is the highly Persianized form of Urdu, a language that combines Arabic, Persian, and Hindi. ... Angika (Dev. ... Assamese ( ) (IPA: ) is a language spoken in the state of Assam in northeast India. ... Bangla redirects here. ... The dialects of the Bengali language are part of the Eastern Indo-Aryan language group of the Indo-European language family. ... Chittagonian is an Indo-European language spoken by the people of Chittagong in Bangladesh and the much of the southeast of the country. ... Sylheti (native name à¦¸à¦¿à¦²à¦Ÿà§€ SilÃ´Å£i; Bengali name à¦¸à¦¿à¦²à§‡à¦Ÿà§€ SileÅ£i) is the language of Sylhet proper, the north-eastern region of Bangladesh and southern districts of Assam around Silchar. ... Bhojpuri is a popular regional language spoken in northeastern India in the western part of state of Bihar, the northwestern part of Jharkhand, and the Purvanchal region of Uttar Pradesh, as well as an adjoining area of southern plains of Nepal. ... The Bishnupriya Manipuri language (BPM) (à¦‡à¦®à¦¾à¦° à¦ à¦¾à¦°/à¦¬à¦¿à¦·à§à¦£à§à¦ªà§à¦°à¦¿à¦¯à¦¼à¦¾ à¦®à¦£à¦¿à¦ªà§à¦°à§€) is an Indo-Aryan language. ... The Chakma language (Changma Vaj or Changma Kodha) is an Indo-European language spoken in southeastern Bangladesh and neighboring areas of India. ... Halbi is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about 500,000 individuals across the central part of India. ... Hajong is an Indo-Aryan language with Tibeto-Burman roots spoken by about 19,000 ethnic Hajong in the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh and West Bengal in India and the Mymensingh District in Bangladesh. ... The Magadhi language (also known as Magahi) is a language of India. ... Maithili (à¤®à¥ˆà¤¥à¤¿à¤²à¥€ MaithilÄ«) is a language of the family of Indo-Aryan languages, which are part of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages. ... Majhi (ISO/DIS 639-3: mjz) is a language spoken in parts of Nepal and Sikkim. ... Mal Paharia, is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about 60,000 of 111,000 ethnic Mal Paharia in the states of Jharkhand and West Bengal in India and possibly in Bangladesh. ... Nahari is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about 100 people in 1961 in the states of Chhattisgarh and Orissa in India. ... This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Rajbangsiis an Indo-European; Indic langauge spoken in India by over 3,000,000 people according to the 1991 census, the actual number of speakers may vary due to acculturation into the more predominant Hindustani (Hindi/Urdu) languages or by how many people were reach for the survery and furthermore... Rohingya is a language spoken by the Rohingya Muslim people of Arakan (Rakhine), Burma (Myanmar). ... Sadri is a Bihari language spoken in India and Bangladesh. ... Selected ethnic groups of Nepal; Bhotia, Sherpa, Thakali Gurung Kiranti, Rai, Limbu Newari Pahari Tamang Pahari (or Pahaari) is a general terms for a range of dialects spoken across the Himalayan range, not limited to a single country in the subcontinent. ... The Garhwali are a people of the hilly Garhwal Division of Uttarakhand. ... Variously used to signify the people or the local dialect of Kumaon, a region in the Indian Himalayas. ... Nepali (Khaskura) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in Nepal, Bhutan, and some parts of India and Myanmar (Burma). ... The Pothohari language otherwise known as Mirpuri or Potwari is an Indo-European language spoken from the Potwar district around Rawalpindi, Pakistan to the Indian-Kashmiri border in the Mirpur district in Azad Jammu Kashmir. ... Derawali is an Indo-European language spoken in western parts of Punjab, Pakistan; it is a dialect of Saraiki (western Punjabi) language. ... Areas in India and Pakistan where Dogri and related dialects are spoken Dogri (à¤¡à¥‹à¤—à¤°à¥€ or ÚˆÙˆÚ¯Ø±Ù‰) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about two million people in India and Pakistan, chiefly in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir, but also in northern Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, other parts of Kashmir, and... The Kangri language is spoken in northern India, predominantly in the Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh, by the Kangri people. ... Kachhi (also spelled, Cutchi or Kachchhi) is an Indo-Aryan Language spoken in the Kutch region of the Indian state of Gujarat, with approximately 866,000 speakers. ... Punjabi redirects here. ... Lahnda languages or West Panjabi dialects is a group of Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages. ... ... SindhÄ« (Ø³Ù†ÚŒÙŠ, à¤¸à¤¿à¤¨à¥à¤§à¥€) is the language of the Sindh region of South Asia, which is now a province of Pakistan. ... Dhivehi or Divehi is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about 300,000 people in the Republic of Maldives where it is the official language of the country and in the island of Minicoy (Maliku) in neighbouring India where it is known as Mahl. ... Konkani language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator Konkani (DevanÄgarÄ«: à¤•à¥‹à¤‚à¤•à¤£à¥€, Roman: Konknni, Kannada: à²•à³Šà²‚à²•à²£à²¿, Malayalam: à´•àµŠà´‚à´•à´£àµ€, IAST: ) is a language of India, and belongs to the Indo-European family of languages. ... Mahal (Þ‰Þ¦Þ€Þ¦ÞÞ°) or Mahl, also known locally as Maliku Bas, is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the people of Minicoy Island (Maliku), in the Union Territory of Lakshadweep, India. ... Marathi (à¤®à¤°à¤¾à¤ à¥€ ) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Marathi people of western India. ... Sinhalese or Sinhala (à·ƒà·’à¶‚à·„à¶½, ISO 15919: , pronounced ], earlier referred to as Singhalese) is the mother tongue of the Sinhalese, the largest ethnic group of Sri Lanka. ... The Bhil languages are a group of Central Indo-Aryan languages spoken by some 6 million Bhils in western, central, and by small numbers, even in far eastern, India. ... Bhili is a Central Indo_Aryan language spoken in west_central India, in the region east of Ahmadabad. ... Gamit language is spoken in the area of the surat and mostly spoken by the gamit caste. ... Punkmorten 15:55, 9 February 2006 (UTC) Category: ... Gujarati (àª—à«àªœàª°àª¾àª¤à«€ GujÇŽrÄtÄ«; also known as Gujerati, Gujarathi, Guzratee, and Guujaratee[3]) is an Indo-Aryan language descending from Sanskrit, and part of the greater Indo-European language family. ... Kalto or Nahali is a language isolate spoken in west-central India (in Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra) by around 5,000 people. ... Rajasthani (à¤°à¤¾à¤œà¤¸à¥à¤¥à¤¾à¤¨à¥€) is a language of the Indo-Aryan languages family. ... Bagri à¤¬à¤¾à¤—à¤¡à¤¼à¥€ is a dialect of Rajasthani language of the Indo-Aryan family. ... Goaria is the language used in Rajasthan. ... Gojri also known as Gujari is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Gujjars of Northern Pakistan and India. ... Jaipuri language (à¤œà¤¯à¤ªà¥à¤°à¥€) refers to the dialect of the Rajasthani languages spoken in the Indian state of Rajasthan, in and around the Jaipur region. ... Malvi is an Indo-European language with over a million speakers spoken in Malwa. ... The Marwari language (also variously Marvari, Marwadi, Marvadi) is spoken in the Indian state of Rajasthan, but is also found in the neighboring state of Gujarat and in Eastern Pakistan. ... Mewari is a popular language spoken in the Mewar region of Rajasthan. ... This language, also known as Thari or Dhati, was spoken in parts of Pakistan. ... This article is about the language spoken by Roma people. ... Saurashtra, more correctly, Sauraá¹£á¹ri or Sauraá¹£á¹ram or Sourashtra, also known as Palkar, Sowrashtra, Saurashtram, is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in parts of the Southern Indian State of Tamil Nadu. ... The Median language was a Western Iranian language, classified as North-Western with Parthian, Baluchi, Kurdish and others. ... See Aryan Language or Old Persian For more information visit: *[Ancient Iranian Languages & Literature The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies (CAIS) ... Avestan is an Eastern Old Iranian language that was used to compose the sacred hymns and canon of the Zoroastrian Avesta. ... It has been suggested that Moribund language be merged into this article or section. ... The Scythian languages form a North Eastern branch of the Iranian language family and comprise the distinctive languages[1] spoken by the Scythian (Sarmatian and Saka) tribes of nomadic pastoralists in Scythia (Central Asia, Pontic-Caspian steppe) between the 8th century BC and the 5th century AD. Up to the... It has been suggested that Moribund language be merged into this article or section. ... The Iranian languages are a part of the Indo-European language family with estimated 150-200 million native speakers. ... It has been suggested that Moribund language be merged into this article or section. ... Pahlavi is a term that refers: (1) to a script used in Iran derived from the Aramaic script, and (2) more broadly, to Middle Persian, the Middle Iranian language written in this script. ... Proto-Indo-European Indo-European studies The Bactrian language is an extinct language which was spoken in the Central Asian region of Bactria, also called Tocharistan, in northern Afghanistan. ... It has been suggested that Moribund language be merged into this article or section. ... Chorasmian, also known as Khwarezmian or Khwarazmian, is the name of an extinct northeastern Iranian language closely related to Sogdian. ... It has been suggested that Moribund language be merged into this article or section. ... The Ethnolinguistic patchwork of the modern Caucasus - CIA map Ossetic or Ossetian (Ossetic: or , Persian: Ø§ÙˆØ³ÙØªÛŒ) is an Iranian language spoken in Ossetia, a region on the slopes of the Caucasus mountains on the borders of Russia and Georgia. ... It has been suggested that Moribund language be merged into this article or section. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Scythian languages form a North Eastern branch of the Iranian language family and comprise the distinctive languages[1] spoken by the Scythian (Sarmatian and Saka) tribes of nomadic pastoralists in Scythia (Central Asia, Pontic-Caspian steppe) between the 8th century BC and the 5th century AD. Up to the... The Sogdian language is a Middle Iranian language spoken in Sogdiana (Zarafshan River Valley) in the modern day republics of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan (chief cities: Samarkand, Panjikent, Ferghana). ... Azari, also spelled Adari, Adhari or (Ancient) Azeri, is the name used for the Iranian language which was spoken in Azerbaijan before it was replaced by the modern Azeri or Azerbaijani language, which is of Turkic language. ... It has been suggested that Moribund language be merged into this article or section. ... Balochi, a north-western Iranian language, is the principal language of Balochistan. ... Bashkardi or Bashagerdi is a southwestern Iranian language spoken in the southeast of Iran in the provinces of Kerman, Sistan and Baluchestan, and Hormozgan. ... Dialects of Central Iran is a Northwestern Iranian language spoken in Central Iran. ... The main Zoroastrian fire temple in Yazd, Iran. ... ... For other uses see Gorani. ... Harzani (correct form: harzandi) is a modern Northwestern Iranian language spoken in the north of the Iranian province of East Azarbaijan, around the village of Harzand. ... Juhuri, Juwri or JudÃ¦o-Tat is the traditional language of the Juhurim or Mountain Jews of the eastern Caucasus Mountains, especially Dagestan. ... Kumzari is an Iranian language spoken by the members of the Shihuh tribe in the Kumzar coast of Musandam Peninsula, northern Oman. ... The Kurdish language (Kurdish: KurdÃ® or Ú©ÙˆØ±Ø¯ÛŒ) is a term used for a range of different dialects of a language spoken by Kurds. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... SoranÃ® (Ø³Û†Ø±Ø§Ù†ÛŒ) is a group of Central Kurdish dialects and as such is part of the Iranian languages. ... Laki is an Iranian language/dialect (of GurÃ¢ni) of the north-western branch spoken in the central Zagros region of Iran (Luristan province) by the Lak people. ... Luri is a dialect of Persian language. ... Luri is a southwestern Iranian language and is mainly spoken by the Lurs and Bakhtiari people in the Iranian provinces of Lorestan, Ilam, Chahar Mahaal and Bakhtiari, Kohkiluyeh and Buyer Ahmad and parts of Khuzestan and Hamadan. ... Mazandarani or Tabari (Also known as: Mazeniki, Taperki) is an Iranian language of the northwestern branch. ... Burki is a tribe living in the Kanigurram valley of South Waziristan agency, on the frontier borders of Pakistan. ... Sengiseri is a language spoken in the Semnan province of Iran mainly in the Sangsar (Mahdi Shehr) town and in a several surrounding villages. ... Burki is a tribe living in the Kanigurram valley of South Waziristan agency, on the frontier borders of Pakistan. ... Farsi redirects here. ... Aimaq is a dialect of the Persian language of Afghanistan spoken in West of the Hazara, central northwest Afghanistan, eastern Iran, and Tajikistan. ... Bukhori, also known as Bukharic or Bukharan, is an Indo-Iranian language. ... Dari (Persian: ) is the official name for the Persian language spoken in Afghanistan[1] and is a synonymous term for Parsi]. // There are different opinions about the origin of the word Dari. ... Dehwari is a Northwestern Iranian language spoken by over 20,000 people in Balochistan, Pakistan. ... Dzhidi, or JudÃ¦o-Persian, is the Jewish language spoken by the Jews living in Iran. ... Hazaragi is a dialect of the Persian language, with a significant deviation from it to be on the borderline of being a separate language. ... Farsi redirects here. ... Judeo-Shirazi is a dialect form of the Persian language. ... Tajik or Tadjik (Ñ‚Ð¾Ò·Ð¸ÐºÓ£, ØªØ§Ø¬ÛŒÚ©ÛŒ, tojikÃ) is a descendant of the Persian language spoken in Central Asia. ... Semnani is one of north western Iranian languages, it is very similar to Mazandarani because they are from the same family which was known as tabari languages. ... Talysh (also Talishi, Taleshi or Talyshi) are an Iranian people who speak one of the Northwestern Iranian languages. ... Tajik or Tadjik (Ñ‚Ð¾Ò·Ð¸ÐºÓ£, ØªØ§Ø¬ÛŒÚ©ÛŒ, tojikÃ) is a descendant of the Persian language spoken in Central Asia. ... The Tat language or Tati is a Western Iranian language spoken by the Tat ethnic group in The Republic of Azerbaijan and Russia. ... Tat language or Tati (Persian: â€Ž ) is a group of northwestern Iranian dialects which are closely related to Talysh language. ... Zazaki (Zazaish) is a language spoken by Zazas in eastern Anatolia (Turkey). ... The map of Iranian Speking World The Bartangi language (Persian Ø¨Ø±ØªÙ†Ú¯ÛŒ) is a member of the Pamir subgroup of the Iranian languages. ... The Pamir languages are a subgroup of the Iranian languages, spoken in the Pamir Mountains, primarily along the Panj River and its tributaries in the southern Gorno-Badakhshan region of Tajikistan around the administrative center Khorog (), and the neighboring Badakhshan province and is in Pamir Area Afghanistan. ... The Munji language, also Munjani language, is a Pamir language spoken in Badakshan in Afghanistan. ... The Ethnolinguistic patchwork of the modern Caucasus - CIA map Ossetic or Ossetian (Ossetic: or , Persian: Ø§ÙˆØ³ÙØªÛŒ) is an Iranian language spoken in Ossetia, a region on the slopes of the Caucasus mountains on the borders of Russia and Georgia. ... Pashto (â€Ž, IPA: , also rendered as Pakhto, Pushto, Pukhto â€Ž, Pashtoe, Pashtu, Pushtu, Pathani or Pushtoo and also known as Afghan language[4][5]) is an Iranian language spoken by Pashtuns living in Afghanistan and Pakistan[6]. // Geographic distribution of Pashto (purple) and other Iranian languages Pashto is spoken by about 30... The Pamir languages are a subgroup of the Iranian languages, spoken in the Pamir Mountains, primarily along the Panj River and its tributaries in the southern Gorno-Badakhshan region of Tajikistan around the administrative center Khorog ( ), and the neighboring Badakhshan province and is in Pamir Area Afghanistan. ... The Ishkashimi language is one of the Pamir languages of the Southeastern Iranian language group. ... The Munji language, also Munjani language, is a Pamir language spoken in Badakshan in Afghanistan. ... The Rushani language, a Pamir language, is closely related to the Shughni language, and in fact may be classified as a dialect of it. ... Shughni is one of the Pamir languages of the Southeastern Iranian language group. ... The Sarikoli language (also Sarikul, Sariqul, SarikÃ¶li) is a member of the Pamir subgroup of the Southeastern Iranian languages spoken by Tajiks in China. ... The Wakhi Tajiki language is an Iranian language in the subbranch of Southeastern Iranian languages (see Pamir languages). ... The Yazgulyam language (also Yazgulyami, Iazgulem, Yazgulam, natively yuzdami zevÃ©g, Tajik yazgulomi) is a member of the Pamir subgroup of the Iranian languages, spoken by ca. ... The Yidgha language is a Pamir language spoken in the Upper Lutkuh Valley of Chitral, west of Garam Chishma in Pakistan. ... The Vanji language, also spelt Vanchi and VanÅ¾i, is one of the Pamir languages of the Southeastern Iranian language group. ... It has been suggested that Moribund language be merged into this article or section. ... The Waziri language is an east-iranian language spoken on the Waziristan Province of Pakistan and some of the neighboring provinces in Pakistan and Afghanstan. ... The Yaghnobi language [1] is a living Northeastern Iranian language (the only other living member being the Ossetic), and is spoken in high valley of the Yaghnob River in the Zarafshan area of Tajikistan by Yaghnobi people. ... Tangshewi is a language possibly of the Iranian family of languages. ... The Dardic languages form a subfamily of the Indo-Iranian languages. ... Dameli is a language spoken by less than 5,000 people in the remote valley of Damil-Nisar, in the Chitral District of the Northwest Frontier Province of Pakistan. ... Domaaki - also known as Dumaki or Doma - is a language spoken in parts of northern Pakistan. ... Gawar-Bati is known in Chitral as Aranduyiwar, because it is spoken in Village Arandu, which is the last village in the bottom of Chitral and is across the Kunar River from Berkot in Afghanistan. ... Kalami is a Dardic language spoken in northern Pakistan. ... Kalash or Kalasha (also known as Kalasha-mun) is an Indo-European language in the Indo-Iranian branch, further classified as a Dardic language in the Chitral Group. ... Kashmiri (à¤•à¥‰à¤¶à¥à¤°, Ú©Ù²Ø´ÙØ± Koshur) is a Dardic language spoken primarily in the valley of Kashmir, a region situated in the Jammu and Kashmir state of India. ... Khowar is classified as a Dardic Language. ... Kohistani is a Dardic language spoken in Kohistan District (Pakistan). ... Nangalami is a Dardic language and is a branch of the Indo-Iranian language group, which in turn is branch of the Indo-European language. ... Pashayi - also known as Pashai - is a language (or a group of languages) spoken in parts of southwestern Afghanistan. ... Tshina is a Dardic Language and is spoken by majority of people in Northern Areas of Pakistan. ... Shumashti - also known as Shumasht - is a language spoken in parts of western Afghanistan. ... Torwali (Turvali) language is spoken in Kohistan and Swat, North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. ... Nuristani languages form a language sub-family of the Indo-Iranian languages localized between the Iranian languages and the Indo-Aryan languages Ashkun language Kamviri language Kati language (Bashgali) Prasuni language (Wasi-Weri) Tregami language Waigali language (Kalasha-Ala) Categories: Language stubs | Indo-Iranian languages ... Askunu is a language of Afghanistan spoken by the Askunu people in the region of Pech Valley around Wama, northwest of Asadabad in Kunar province. ... Kalasha-ala or simply Kalasha is a language spoken by the Kalasha of Nuristan in a few villages in the central part of the Kunar Province of Afghanistan. ... Kamkata-viri contains the two main dialects Kata-vari and Kamviri. ... Kamviri is a dialect of the Kamkata-viri language spoken by 5,500 (or up to 10,000) of the Kom people of Afghanistan and Pakistan. ... Kata-vari is a dialect of the Kamkata-viri language spoken by the Kata in parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan. ... Mumviri is a dialect of the Kamkata-viri language spoken by perhaps 1,500 of the Mumo people of Afghanistan. ... Tregami or Trigami is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the villages of Gambir and Katar in the Nurestan Province of Afghanistan. ... Vasi-vari is a language spoken by the Vasi in a few villages in the Prasun Valley in Afghanistan. ... It has been suggested that Moribund language be merged into this article or section. ...

Contents

History and Origin GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Speakers [Hindkoon Nation]

Madre Hindko and Sitara e Hindko [Star of Hindkoon Nation]

Poets and Prose Writers

Demographics

Literature and writers

References

See also

References

External links

History and Origin