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Introduction

The astronomical time cycles mentioned in ancient Hindu astronomical and Puranic texts are remarkably similar to each other. Old Indian measures are still in use today, primarily for religious purposes in Hinduism and Jainism. They also are employed in the teachings of Surat Shabda Yoga. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Hinduism is a religious tradition[1] that originated in the Indian subcontinent. ... Jain and Jaina redirect here. ... // Surat Shabd Yoga or Surat Shabda Yoga is a form of spiritual practice that is followed in the Sant Mat and many other spiritual traditions. ...

The Hindu cosmological time cycles are described in verses 11–23 of Chapter 1, Surya Siddhanta ^[1]: This article aims at providing a thorough (but not verse by verse) exposition of most important topics of and problems related to Surya Siddhanta and its comparison with ancient and modern astronomy, together with its use in astrology. ...

"(Verse 11). That which begins with respirations (prāna) is called real; that which begins with atoms(truti) is unreal. Six respirations make a vinādi, sixty of these a nādi.

(12). And sixty nādis make a sidereal day and night. Of thirty of these sidereal days is composed a month; a civil (sāvana) month consists of as many sunrises.

(13). A lunar month, of as many lunar days (tithi); a solar (sāura) month is determined by the entrance of the sun into a sign of the zodiac; twelve months make a year. This is called a day of the gods.

(14). The day and night of the gods and of the demons are mutually opposed to one another. Six times sixty of them are a year of the gods, and likewise of the demons.

(15). Twelve thousand of these divine years are denominated a Quadruple Age(caturyuga); of ten thousand times four hundred and thirty-two solar years

(16) is composed that Quadruple Age(caturyuga), with its dawn and twilight. The difference of the Golden (krtayuga) and the other Ages (yugas), as measured by the difference in the number of the feet of Virtue in each, is as follows :

(17). The tenth part of a (Quadruple) Age (caturyuga), multiplied successively by four, three, two, and one, gives the length of the Golden (krta) and the other yugas: the sixth part of each belongs to its dawn and twilight.

(18). One and seventy caturyugas make a Patriarchate (manvantara or Patriarchal Age of one manu); at its end is a twilight which has the number of years of a Golden Age (krtayuga), and which is a deluge (pralaya). Manvantara (Sanskrit). ...

(19). In an Aeon (kalpa) are reckoned fourteen such Patriarchs (manus) with their respective twilights; at the commencement of the Aeon (kalpa) is a fifteenth dawn, having the length of a Golden Age (krtayuga).

(20). The kalpa, thus composed of a thousand caturyugas, and which brings about the destruction of all that exist (bhoo), is a day of Brahma; his night is of the same length.

(21). His extreme age is a hundred, according to this valuation of a day and a night. The half of his life is past; of the remainder, this is the first kalpa.

(22). And of this kalpa, six Patriarchs (manus) are past, with their respective twilights; and of the Patriarch Manu son of Vivasvant, twenty-seven Ages (caturyugas) are past;

(23). Of the present, the twenty-eighth, Age (caturyuga), this Golden Age (krtayuga) is past; from this point,reckoning up the time, one should compute together the whole number."

Time

The Hindu metrics of time (Kālm Vavahara) can be summarized as below.

Hindu units of time on a logarithmic scale.

Image File history File links HinduMeasurements. ... Image File history File links HinduMeasurements. ... A logarithmic scale is a scale of measurement that uses the logarithm of a physical quantity instead of the quantity itself. ...

Sidereal metrics

• a paramanu (परमाणु) is the normal interval of blinking in humans, or approximately 4 seconds
• a vighati (विघटि) is 6 paramaanus, or approximately 24 seconds
• a ghadiya (घटि) is 60 vighatis, or approximately 24 minutes
• a muhurta is equal to 2 ghadiyas, or approximately 48 minutes
• a nakshatra ahoratram (नक्षत्र अहोरत्रम्) or sidereal day is exactly equal to 30 muhurtas (Note: A day is considered to begin and end at sunrise, not midnight.)

An alternate system described in the Vishnu Purana Time measurement section of the Vishnu Purana Book I Chapter III is as follows: With regards to time, an interval is the duration between two events or occurrences of similar events. ... Example of a blinking eye (slow-motion) Blinking is the rapid closing and opening of the eyelid. ... This article is about the unit of time. ... In certain sects of Hinduism, Muhurta is the selection of an auspicious date and time for performing a work. ... This article is about the unit of time, angle and right ascension. ... On a prograde planet like the Earth, the sidereal day is shorter than the solar day. ... A typical sunrise, in New Zealand A sunrise through clouds over Oakland, California. ... For other uses, see Midnight (disambiguation) Midnight, literally the middle of the night, is a time arbitrarily designated to determine the end of a day and the beginning of the next in some, mainly Western, cultures. ... The Vishnu Purana is one of the oldest of the Puranas (dating to maybe the 5th century), containing some 23,000 shlokas, presented as a dialogue between Parasara with his disciple Maitreya. ...

• 10 twinklings of the eye = 1 Kásht́há
• 35 Kásht́hás = 1 Kalá
• 20 Kalás = 1 Muhúrtta
• 10 Muhúrttas = 1 day (24 hours)
• 50 days = 1 month
• 6 months = 1 Ayana
• 2 Ayanas = 1 year or one day (day + night) of the gods

Small units of time used in the Vedas

• a trasarenu is the combination of 6 celestial atoms.
• a truti is the time needed to integrate 3 trasarenus, or 1/1687.5th of a second.
• a vedha is 100 trutis.
• a lava is 3 vedhas.[1]
• a nimesha is 3 lavas, or a blink.
• a kshanas is 3 nimeshas.
• a kashthas is 5 kshanas, or about 8 seconds.
• a laghu is 15 kashthas, or about 2 minutes.[2]
• 15 laghus make one nadika, which is also called a danda. This equals the time before water overflows in a six-pala-weight [fourteen ounce] pot of copper, in which a hole is bored with a gold probe weighing four masha and measuring four fingers long. The pot is then placed on water for calculation.
• 2 dandas make one muhurta.
• 6 or 7 muhurtas make one yamah, or 1/4th of a day or night.[3]
• 4 praharas or 4 yamas are in each day or each night.[4]

In certain sects of Hinduism, Muhurta is the selection of an auspicious date and time for performing a work. ...

Lunar metrics

• a tithi (also spelled thithi ) or lunar day is defined as the time it takes for the longitudinal angle between the moon and the sun to increase by 12°. Tithis begin at varying times of day and vary in duration from approximately 19 to approximately 26 hours.
• a paksa (also paksha) or lunar fortnight consists of 15 tithis
• a masa or lunar month (approximately 29.5 days) is divided into 2 pakshas: the one between new moon and full moon (waxing) is called gaura (bright) or shukla paksha; the one between full moon and new moon (waning) krishna (dark) paksha [5]
• a ritu (or season) is 2 masa
• an ayanam is 3 rituhs
• a year is 2 Aayanas [6]

In vedic timekeeping, a tithi (also spelled thithi) is a lunar day, or the time it takes for the longitudinal angle between the moon and the sun to increase by 12°. Tithis begin at varying times of day and vary in duration from approximately 19 to approximately 26 hours. ... In space exploration, a lunar day is the period of time it takes for the Moon to complete one full rotation on its axis. ... Longitude is the east-west geographic coordinate measurement most commonly utilized in cartography and global navigation. ... This article is about angles in geometry. ... This article is about Earths moon. ... Sol redirects here. ... This article describes the unit of angle. ... The hour (symbol: h) is a unit of time. ... In lunar calendars, a lunar month is the time between two successive similar syzygies (new moons or full moons). ... The lunar phase depends on the Moons position in orbit around Earth. ... For other uses, see Full Moon. ... A year (from Old English gÄ“r) is the time between two recurrences of an event related to the orbit of the Earth around the Sun. ...

Tropical metrics

• a yaama (याम) is 7½ Ghatis (घटि)
• 8 yaamas 1 half of the day(either day or night)
• an ahoratram is a tropical day (Note: A day is considered to begin and end at sunrise, not midnight.)

A typical sunrise, in New Zealand A sunrise through clouds over Oakland, California. ... For other uses, see Midnight (disambiguation) Midnight, literally the middle of the night, is a time arbitrarily designated to determine the end of a day and the beginning of the next in some, mainly Western, cultures. ...

Reckoning of time among other entities

Reckoning of time amongst the pitr (ancestors).

• 1 human year = 1 day of the pitrs
• 30 days of the pitrs = 1 month of the pitrs
• 12 months of the pitrs = 1 year of the pitrs
• The lifespan of the pitrs is 100 years of the pitrs (= 36,000 human years)

Reckoning of time amongst the Devas.

• 1 human year = 1 day of the Devas.
• 30 days of the Devas = 1 month of the Devas.
• 12 months of the Devas = 1 year of the Devas = 1 divine year.
• The lifespan of the Devas is 100 years of the Devas (= 36,000 human years)

The Vishnu Purana Time measurement section of the Vishnu Purana Book I Chapter III explains the above as follows: For the concept in software engineering, see user-friendliness. ... The Vishnu Purana is one of the oldest of the Puranas (dating to maybe the 5th century), containing some 23,000 shlokas, presented as a dialogue between Parasara with his disciple Maitreya. ...

• 2 Ayanas (six month periods, see above) = 1 human year or 1 day of the devas
• 4,000 + 400 + 400 = 4,800 divine years = 1 Krita Yuga
• 3,000 + 300 + 300 = 3,600 divine years = 1 Tretá Yuga
• 2,000 + 200 + 200 = 2,400 divine years = 1 Dwápara Yuga
• 1,000 + 100 + 100 = 1,200 divine years = 1 Kali Yuga
• 12,000 divine year = 4 Yugas = 1 Mahayuga(also called divine yuga)

Reckoning of time for Brahma.

• 1000 Mahayugas = 1 kalpa = 1 day (day only) of Brahma (4.32 billion human years; coincidentally, the astronomical age of the Sun is about the same).

(Two kalpas constitute a day and night of Brahma) Sol redirects here. ...

• 30 days of Brahma = 1 month of Brahma (2.592 billion human years)
• 12 months of Brahma = 1 year of Brahma (3.1104 trillion human years)
• 50 years of Brahma = 1 Pararddha
• 2 parardhas = 100 years of Brahma = 1 Para = 1 Mahakalpa (the lifespan of Brahma)(311.04 trillion human years)

One day of Brahma is divided into 10,000 parts called charanas. The charanas are divided as follows:

[7] Solar year The period of time required for the earth to make one complete revolution around the sun, measured from one vernal equinox to the next. ... The Satya Yuga (Devanagari: सत्य युग), also called Sat Yuga, Krta Yuga and Krita Yuga in Hinduism, is the Yuga (Age or Era) of Truth, when humankind is governed by gods, and every manifestation or work is close to the purest ideal and mankind will allow intrinsic goodness to rule supreme. ... The Treta Yuga is the second out of four yugas, or ages of man, in the religion of Hinduism, following the Satya Yuga of perfect morality and preceding the Dvapara Yuga. ... Dwapar Yuga is the third out of four yugas, or ages, in the religion of Hinduism. ... Kali Yuga is also the title of a book by Roland Charles Wagner. ...

The cycle repeats itself so altogether there are 1,000 cycles of mahayugas in one day of Brahma.

• One cycle of the above four yugas is one mahayuga (4.32 million solar years)
• as is confirmed by the Gita statement "sahasra-yuga paryantam ahar-yad brahmano viduH", meaning, a day of brahma is of 1000 mahayugas. Thus a day of Brahma, kalpa, is of duration: 4.32 billion solar years. Two kalpas constitute a day and night of Brahma
• A manvantara consists of 71 mahayugas (306,720,000 solar years). Each Manvantara is ruled by a Manu.
• After each manvantara follows one Sandhi Kala of the same duration as a Krita Yuga (1,728,000 = 4 Charana). (It is said that during a Sandhi Kala, the entire earth is submerged in water.)
• A kalpa consists of a period of 1,728,000 solar years called Adi Sandhi, followed by 14 manvantaras and Sandhi Kalas.

• A day of Brahma equals

(14 times 71 mahayugas) + (15 x 4 Charanas)

= 994 mahayugas + (60 Charanas)

= 994 mahayugas + (6 x 10) Charanas

= 994 mahayugas + 6 mahayugas

= 1,000 mahayugas

Solar year The period of time required for the earth to make one complete revolution around the sun, measured from one vernal equinox to the next. ... This article concerns the Hindu creator god, Brahma. ... A kalpa is a Sanskrit word meaning an aeon, or a long period of time in Hindu and Buddhist cosmology. ...

Our current date

We are currently in the 28th kaliyuga of the first day of the 1st year of the shvetavaraha kalpa of the second parardha of Brahma in the reign of the 7th Manu, Manu Vaivasvata. This is the 51st year of the present Brahma and so about 155 trillion years have elapsed since he took over as Brahma.

The current Kali Yuga began at midnight 17 February / 18 February in 3102 BC in the proleptic Julian calendar. is the 48th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 49th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... (33rd century BC - 32nd century BC - 31st century BC - other centuries) (5th millennium BC - 4th millennium BC - 3rd millennium BC) Events Varna nekropol: The oldest gold in the world found near Varna lake. ... The proleptic Julian calendar is produced by extending the Julian calendar to dates preceding its official introduction in 45 BC. Historians since Bede have traditionally represented the years preceding AD 1 as 1 BC, 2 BC, etc. ...

See also

• Surya Siddhanta
• Indian science and technology
• Indian mathematics
• Hindu astronomy
• Vedanga Jyotisha
• Hindu calendar
• Jyotish
• Vedas
• Cosmology

This article aims at providing a thorough (but not verse by verse) exposition of most important topics of and problems related to Surya Siddhanta and its comparison with ancient and modern astronomy, together with its use in astrology. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This article is under construction. ... Hindu Astronomy is one of the ancient astronomical systems of the world. ... The Vedanga Jyotisha, is an Indian text on Jyotisha (Hindu astronomy), redacted by Lagadha (लगध). The text is foundational to the Jyotisha discipline of Vedanga, and is dated to the final centuries BCE.[1] The text describes rules for tracking the motions of the sun and the moon. ... A page from the Hindu calendar 1871-72. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Veda redirects here. ... Cosmology, from the Greek: κοσμολογία (cosmologia, κόσμος (cosmos) order + λογια (logia) discourse) is the study of the Universe in its totality, and by extension, humanitys place in it. ...

Notes

References

• Ebenezer Burgess. "Translation of the Surya-Siddhanta, a text-book of Hindu Astronomy", Journal of the American Oriental Society 6 (1860): 141–498.
• Victor J. Katz. A History of Mathematics: An Introduction, 1998.
• Dwight William Johnson. Exegesis of Hindu Cosmological Time Cycles, 2003.
• Alaska Mark. Surya Siddhanta, Chapter I with Commentary and Illustrations, 2005.

External links

• http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp037.htm Time measurement section of the Vishnu Purana Book I Chapter III
• http://www.geocities.com/profvk/gohitvip/41.html One Cosmic Day of Creator Brahma
• http://vinaymangal.googlepages.com/VedicTimeTravel.pdf Vedic Time Travel, Elaborate depiction by Vinay Mangal
• Mahaa-yuga-s

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