Hindustani Classical Music (Hindi: हिन्दुस्तानी शास्त्रीय संगीत, Urdu: ہندوستانی شاستریہ سنگیت) is the Hindustani or erstwhile North Indian style of Indian classical music. Originating in the Vedic period, it is a tradition that has been evolving from the 12th century AD, in what is now northern India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, and also Nepal and Afghanistan, and is today one of the two parts of Indian classical music, with the other one being Carnatic music, which represents the music of South India. Urdu ( , , trans. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The origins of Indian classical music can be found from the oldest of scriptures, part of the Hindu tradition, the Vedas. ... Dark green region marks the approximate extent of northern India while the regions marked as light green lies within the sphere of north Indian influence. ... The origins of Indian classical music can be found from the oldest of scriptures, part of the Hindu tradition, the Vedas. ... Carnatic music, also known as is one of the two styles of Indian classical music, the other being Hindustani music. ... The geographical south of India includes all Indian territory below the 20th parallel. ...

Characteristics

Music of Pakistan
Genres
Classical • Ghazal • Qawwali • Hamd • Pop • Filmi • Rock • Hip Hop
Media and Performance
Music awards	Lux Style Awards • MTV Awards • Indus Music Awards • The Musik Awards
Music charts	AAG 10 • The Musik Countdown
Music festivals	All Pakistan Music Conference
Music media	MTV Pakistan • Indus Music • The Musik • AAG
National anthem	Qaumi Tarana
Regional Music
Balochi • Dari • Farsi • Kashmiri • Khowar • Pastho • Punjabi • Saraiki • Sindhi • Hindko
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The tradition was born out of a cultural synthesis from several musical streams: the vedic chant tradition dating back to approximately one millennia BCE^[1], the equally ancient Persian tradition of Musiqi-e assil, and also existent folk traditions prevalent in the region. The terms North Indian Classical Music or Shāstriya Sangeet are also occasionally used. Awards Lux Style Awards, MTV Pakistan Awards, Indus Music Awards, The Musik Awards Charts MTV Pakistan Charts, AAG 10, The Musik Countdown Music Festivals All Pakistani Music Conference Media MTV Pakistan, Indus Music, The Musik, AAG TV National anthem Qaumi Tarana Regional folk styles Balochi - Punjabi - Sindhi - Pastho - Kashmiri Khowar... This article is about the poetic form. ... Qawwali (Urdu: قوٌالی, Hindi: क़वाली) is the devotional music of the Chishti Sufis of the Indian Subcontinent. ... A hamd (حمد) is a poem or song in praise of God. ... Pakistan’s first music channel, INDUS MUSIC (“IM”), is a milestone proving that Pakistani music has a lot to offer. ... Filmi pop is a term first coined by Pakistani music journalist, M Ali Tim in 1990 but made famous by the countrys most influential pop critic, Nadeem F. Paracha to define the common practice among Pakistani and Indian pop artisits to fuse traditional subcontinental film music with the more... Pakistani rock music in has become very popular not only in Pakistan but across South Asia. ... Lux Style Awards is the only award ceremony in Pakistan, that covers all areas of entertainment and fashion. ... MTVs official logo MTV (Music Television) Pakistan or IM-MTV Asia is the Pakistani subsidiary of MTV, a cable television network headquartered in New York. ... Indus Media Group (IMG) is Pakistani company broadcasting a mix of free-to-air news and entertainment channels via satellite. ... The Musik is a 24-hour Urdu-English music channel from Pakistan. ... The Musik is a 24-hour Urdu-English music channel from Pakistan. ... MTVs official logo MTV (Music Television) Pakistan or IM-MTV Asia is the Pakistani subsidiary of MTV, a cable television network headquartered in New York. ... Indus Media Group (IMG) is Pakistani company broadcasting a mix of free-to-air news and entertainment channels via satellite. ... The Musik is a 24-hour Urdu-English music channel from Pakistan. ... Geo TV or GEO Television is a Pakistani television network founded by Mir Shakil ur Rehman in [[May 2002]. GEO TV belongs to Independent Media Corporation, owner of the JANG Group of Newspapers. ... Flag of Pakistan The Qaumi Tarana (Urdu: , QaumÄ« Tarāna National Anthem, from Persian Tarāna-e Qowm) is the national anthem of Pakistan. ... The term Dari derives from Fârsi-e Darbâri which means Persian of the (royal) courts. It developed at the royal courts of the Samanids (980 AD) in Central Asia and became the major language of Persia. ... Farsi may refer to: The name of the the Persian language among native speakers Farsi Island, an Iranian island in the Persian Gulf The Jafari Shia Tajiks of Central Asia Salman al-Farsi, one of the prophet Muhammads companions Al-Farisi (1260-1320), Persian mathematician and physicist Jalaleddin Farsi... The historic region of Kashmir, an area disputed by India and Pakistan, encompasses the modern regions of Kashmir, Ladakh and Jammu. ... Khowar is classified as a Dardic language. ... ... The Vedas are part of the Hindu Shruti; these religious scriptures form part of the core of the Brahminical and Vedic traditions within Hinduism and are the inspirational, metaphysical and mythological foundation for later Vedanta, Yoga, Tantra and even Bhakti forms of Hinduism. ... Moosiqi Asil or Persian music is the traditional and indigenous music of Persia and Persian-speaking countries: musiqi, the science and art of music, and moosiqi, the sound and performance of music (Sakata 1983). ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ...

It is traditional for performers who have reached a distinguished level of achievement to be awarded titles of respect; Hindus are usually referred to as Pandit and Muslims as Ustad. An interesting aspect of Hindustani music going back to sufi times is the tradition of religious neutrality: Muslim ustads singing Hindu bhajans, or vice versa. There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... Sufism (Arabic تصوف taṣawwuf) is a system of esoteric philosophy commonly associated with Islam. ... Swami Haridas teaching Tansen in the presence of Mughal Emperor Akbar. ...

Around the 12th century, Hindustani classical music diverged from the principle which eventually came to be identified as Carnatic classical music. The central notions in both these systems is that of a melodic mode or raga, sung to a rhythmic cycle or tala. The tradition dates back to the ancient Samaveda, (lit. sāma=ritual chant), which deals with the norms for chanting of srutis or hymns such as the Rig Veda. These principles were refined in the Natyashastra by Bharata (2nd-3d c. CE) and the Dattilam (probably 3d-4th c. AD)^[2]. Purandara Dasa—the Great Father (pitamaha) of Carnatic music Muthuswami Dikshitar, Thyagaraja and Syama Sastri—the trinity of Carnatic music Carnatic music or Karnatak music (Sanskrit कर्णाटक सङ्गीतं) is the classical music of South India, as opposed to the classical music of North India, called Hindustani music. ... This article is about modes as used in music. ... Raga (rāg /राग (Hindi), raga (anglicised from rāgaḥ/रागः (Sanskrit)) or rāgam /ராகம் (Tamil)) are the melodic modes used in Indian classical music. ... Tala may refer to: Samoan tala, the monetary unit of Samoa. ... The Samaveda (Sanskrit: सामवेद, sāmaveda, a tatpurusha compound of ritual chant + knowledge ), is third in the usual order of enumeration of the four Vedas, the ancient core Hindu scriptures. ... For information on Princess Sruti of Nepal see Princess Shruti. ... The Rig Veda ऋग्वेद (Sanskrit ṛc praise + veda knowledge) is the earliest of the four Hindu religious scriptures known as the Vedas. ... Natya Shastra is the classic Indian text of theater, acting, dance, music, and gesture. ... Bharata भरत (Sanskrit lit. ... The Dattilam ascribed to Dattila Muni, is one of the earliest texts on music in India. ...

In medieval times, many of the melodic systems were fused with ideas from Persian music, particularly through the influence of sufi composers like Amir Khusro, and later in the Moghul courts. Noted composers such as Tansen flourished, along with religious groups like the Vaishnavites. After the 16th century, the singing styles diversified into different gharanas patronized in different princely courts. Around 1900, Pandit Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande consolidated the musical structures of Hindustani classical music into a number of thaats. In the 20th century, Hindustani classical music has become popular across the world through the influence of artistes like Ravi Shankar, Ali Akbar Khan and many others. Sufism (Arabic تصوف taṣawwuf) is a system of esoteric philosophy commonly associated with Islam. ... Abul Hasan YamÄ«n al-DÄ«n Khusrow (Persian: , Devanagari: अबुल हसन यमीनुददीन ख़ुसरो) (1253-1325 CE), better known as AmÄ«r Khusrow DehlawÄ«, was the greatest Persian-writing poet of medieval India one of the iconic figures in the cultural history of the Indian subcontinent. ... The Mughal Empire (alternative spelling Mogul, which is the origin of the word Mogul) of India was founded by Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last of the Delhi Sultans at the First Battle of Panipat. ... Tansen (possibly imaginary likeness created much later) Miyan Tansen (1493 or 1506 – 1586 or 1589) is considered among the greatest composer musicians in Hindustani classical music. ... Vaishnavites are followers of Vaishnavism in which Vishnu or His avatars are worshipped as the supreme God. ... For the 1961 Hindi film, see Gharana. ... Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande Pandit Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande (August 10, 1860 – September 19, 1936) was an Indian classical musician widely acclaimed to have brought in a renaissance in Indian music. ... A thaat is a musical mode in Hindustani music which always has seven notes (excluding the repeated tonic) and is considered the basis for the system of organizing and classifying ragas in North Indian classical music. ... For other persons named Ravi Shankar, see Ravi Shankar (disambiguation). ... Ustad Ali Akbar Khan (Bengali: ) is a North Indian classical musician of the Maihar gharana who plays the sarod. ...

Indian classical music has 7 basic notes, Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni, with five interspersed half-notes, resulting in a 12-note scale. Unlike the 12-note scale in Western music, the base frequency of the scale is not fixed, and intertonal gaps (temper) may also vary; however, with the gradual replacement of the sarangi by the harmonium, an equal tempered scale is increasingly used. The performance is set to a melodic pattern called a raga (also spelled as raag) characterized in part by specific ascent (Arohana) and descent (Avarohana) sequences, which may not be identical. Other characteristics include King (Vadi) and Queen (Samavadi) notes and characteristic phrases (Pakad). In addition each raga has its natural register (Ambit) and glissando (Meend) rules, as well as features specific to different styles and compositions within the raga structure. Performances are usually marked by considerable improvisation within these norms. In music theory, the term interval describes the difference in pitch between two notes. ... Anant Kunte playing the sarangi (2007) The Sarangi (Sarangi [सारंगी] is a bowed string instrument of , Nepal. ... This article is about the musical instrument. ... Equal temperament is a scheme of musical tuning in which the octave is divided into a series of equal steps (equal frequency ratios). ... Raga (rāg /राग (Hindi), raga (anglicised from rāgaḥ/रागः (Sanskrit)) or rāgam /ராகம் (Tamil)) are the melodic modes used in Indian classical music. ... An Arohana, in the context of North Indian classical music, the ascending scale of notes in a raga. ... An avrohana, in the context of North Indian classical music, is the descending scale of notes in a raga. ... In Indian classical music, the sub-dominant note of a raga. ... In Hindustani music, a pakad is a generally-accepted musical phrase (or set of phrases) thought to encapsulate the essence of a particular raga. ... Glissando (plural: glissandi) is a musical term that refers to either a continuous sliding from one pitch to another (a true glissando), or an incidental scale played while moving from one melodic note to another (an effective glissando). ... In Hindustani music meend refers to the bending or deflecting of pitches. ...

History

Music was first formalized in India in connection with preserving the sruti texts, primarily the four vedas, which are seen as apaurasheya (lit. un-created by man). Not only was the text important, but also the manner in which they had been enunciated by the immortals. Prosody and chanting were thus of great importance, and were enshrined in the two vedangas (bodies of knowledge) called Shiksha (pronunciation, chants) and Chhandas (prosody); these remained a key part of the brahminic educational system till modern times. The formal aspects of the chant are delineated in the Samaveda, with certain aspects, e.g. the relation of chanting to meditation, elaborated in the Chandogya Upanishad (ca. 8th c. BC). Priests involved in these ritual chants were called Samans and a number of ancient musical instruments such as the conch (shankh), lute (veena), flute (bansuri), trumpets and horns were associated with this and later practices of ritual singing. For other uses, see Music (disambiguation). ... For information on Princess Sruti of Nepal see Princess Shruti. ... The Vedas are part of the Hindu Shruti; these religious scriptures form part of the core of the Brahminical and Vedic traditions within Hinduism and are the inspirational, metaphysical and mythological foundation for later Vedanta, Yoga, Tantra and even Bhakti forms of Hinduism. ... The Vedanga (IAST , member of the Veda) are six auxiliary disciplines for the understanding and tradition of the Vedas. ... For the Yiddish slang word, see Shiksa. ... The Samaveda (Sanskrit: सामवेद, sāmaveda, a tatpurusha compound of ritual chant + knowledge ), is third in the usual order of enumeration of the four Vedas, the ancient core Hindu scriptures. ... The Chandogya Upanishad is one of the main ten Upanishads of Hinduism. ... Species Strombus gigas Strombus luhuanus Strombus pugilis Strombus tricornis Strombus canarium Strombus dolomena Strombus gibberulus Strombus conomurex Strombus lentigo Strombus doxander Strombus urceus Strombus fragilis Strombus gallus Strombus dentatus Strombus marginatus Strombus raninus Strombus buvonius A conch (pronounced in the U.S.A. as konk or conch, IPA: or ) [1... A portrait of Veena Dhanammal, legendary Veena player Veena (Telugu: వీణ, Kannada: ವೀಣ-veena,ವೀಣೆ-veene, Tamil: வீணை-veene, வீணா-vina, Malayalam: വീണ) is a plucked stringed instrument used in Carnatic music. ... The bansuri (Hindi: ) is a transverse alto flute of India, made of a single length of bamboo with six or seven open finger holes. ...

Maharajah Swathi Thirunal of Travancore Kingdom, South India, was a prolific composer of Hindustani and Carnatic songs

Sri Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma(April 16, 1813 - December 25, 1846) was a South Indian king of the state of Travancore, in India. ... Flag for former princely state of Travancore For the suburb of Travancore in Melbourne, Australia, see Travancore, Victoria. ...

Sanskritic Tradition

The Samaveda outlined the ritual chants for singing the verses of the Rigveda, particularly for offerings of Soma. It proposed a tonal structure consisting of seven notes, which were named, in descending order, as Krusht, Pratham, Dwitiya, Tritiya, Chaturth, Mandra and Atiswār. These refer to the notes of a flute, which was the only fixed frequency instrument. This is why the second note is called pratham (lit. first, i.e. note when only first hole is closed). The Samaveda (Sanskrit: सामवेद, sāmaveda, a tatpurusha compound of ritual chant + knowledge ), is third in the usual order of enumeration of the four Vedas, the ancient core Hindu scriptures. ... This article is about the Vedic plant and ritual. ...

Music is dealt with extensively in the Valmiki Ramayana; Narada is an accomplished musician, as is Ravana; Saraswati with her veena is the goddess of music. Gandharvas are presented as spirits who are musical masters, and the gandharva style looks to music primarily for pleasure, accompanied by the soma rasa. In the Vishnudharmottara Purana, the Naga king Ashvatara asks to know the svaras from Saraswati. For the television series by Ramanand Sagar, see Ramayan (TV series). ... Narada (Sanskrit: नारद, nārada) is the Hindu divine sage, who is an enduring chanter of the names Hari and Narayana which other names for Vishnu, considered to be the supreme God by Vaishnavites and many other Hindus. ... A depiction of Ravana, Hindu rakshasa King of Lanka In Hinduism, Ravana (Devanagari: रावण, Telugu: రావణాసురుడు IAST ; sometimes transliterated as Raavana or Ravan or Revana) is the principal antagonist of Rama in the Hindu epic, the Ramayana. ... For the Vedic river, see Saraswati River. ... A portrait of Veena Dhanammal, legendary Veena player Veena (Telugu: వీణ, Kannada: ವೀಣ-veena,ವೀಣೆ-veene, Tamil: வீணை-veene, வீணா-vina, Malayalam: വീണ) is a plucked stringed instrument used in Carnatic music. ... // In Hinduism, the Gandharvas (Sanskrit: गंधर्व, gandharva) are male nature spirits, husbands of the Apsarases. ... This article is about the Vedic plant and ritual. ... The Vishnudharmottara Purana is a Hindu text dedicated to the arts. ... It has been suggested that Sargam be merged into this article or section. ...

The most important text on music in the ancient canon is Bharata's Natya Shastra, composed around the 3rd c. CE. The Natya Shastra deals with the different modes of music, dance, and drama, and also the emotional responses (rasa) they are expected to evoke. The scale is described in terms of 22 micro-tones, which can be combined in clusters of 4, 3, or two to form an octave. Bharata Muni was an ancient Indian writer whose life has been dated differently from the 5th century BCE to the 2nd century Ad. ... The Natya Shastra or Nātyaśāstra is the principal work of dramatic theory in the Sanskrit drama of classical India. ... This article should be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ...

While the term raga is articulated in the Natya Shastra (where its meaning is more literal, colour, as in the mood), it finds a clearer expression in what is called jati in the Dattilam, a text composed shortly after or around the same time as Natya Shastra. The Dattilam is focused on gandharva music, and discusses scales (swara), defining a tonal framework called grama in terms of 22 micro-tonal intervals (sruti^[3]) comprising one octave. It also discusses various arrangements of the notes (murchhana), the permutations and combinations of note-sequences (tanas), and alankara or elaboration. Dattilam categorizes melodic structure into 18 groups called jati, which are the fundamental melodic structures similar to the raga. The names of the jatis reflect regional origins, e.g. andhri, oudichya. Raga (rāg /राग (Hindi), raga (anglicised from rāgaḥ/रागः (Sanskrit)) or rāgam /ராகம் (Tamil)) are the melodic modes used in Indian classical music. ... The Dattilam ascribed to Dattila Muni, is one of the earliest texts on music in India. ... The notes, or swaras, of Indian music are Shadjam, Rishabham, Gandharam, Madhyamam, Panchamam, Dhaivatam and Nishadam. ... Raga (rāg /राग (Hindi), raga (anglicised from rāgaḥ/रागः (Sanskrit)) or rāgam /ராகம் (Tamil)) are the melodic modes used in Indian classical music. ...

Music also finds mention in a number of texts from the Gupta period; Kalidasa mentions several kinds of veena (Parivadini, Vipanchi), as well as percussion instruments (Mridang), the flute (Vamshi) and conch (Shankha). Music also finds mention in Buddhist and Jaina texts from the earliest periods of the Christian era. Silver coin of the Gupta King Kumara Gupta I (414-455). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Buddhism is a Dharmic religion and philosophy[1] with between 230 to 500 million adherents worldwide. ... Jaina Solo (b. ...

Narada's Sangita Makarandha treatise circa 1100 CE is the earliest text where rules similar to the current Hindustani classical music can be found. Narada actually names and classifies the system in its earlier form before the advent of changes as a result of Persian influences. Jayadeva's Gita Govinda from the 12th century was perhaps the earliest musical composition presently known sung in the classical tradition called Ashtapadi music. Narada (Sanskrit: नारद, nārada) is the Hindu divine sage, who is an enduring chanter of the names Hari and Narayana which other names for Vishnu, considered to be the supreme God by Vaishnavites and many other Hindus. ... Narada (Sanskrit: नारद, nārada) is the Hindu divine sage, who is an enduring chanter of the names Hari and Narayana which other names for Vishnu, considered to be the supreme God by Vaishnavites and many other Hindus. ... Jayadeva is considered one of the greatest Sanskrit poets of all times. ... The Gita Govinda or the Song of the Shri Krishna is a work composed in the 12th century by Jayadeva Goswami. ...

In the 13th century, Sharngadeva composed the Sangita Ratnakara, which has names such as the turushka todi (Turkish todi), revealing an influx of ideas from the Islamic influx. This text is the last to be mentioned by both the Carnatic and the Hindustani traditions, and is often thought to date the divergence between the two. SANGITHA RATNAKARA : This is the most authoritative and important work on music. ...

Medieval Period: Persian influence

The advent of Islamic rule under the Delhi Sultanate and later the Mughal Empire over northern India caused considerable cultural interchange. Increasingly, musicians received patronage in the courts of the new rulers, who in their turn, started taking increasing interest in local music forms. The initial generations may have been rooted in a cultural traditions outside India, gradually, they adopted many aspects from their kingdoms which retained the traditional Hindu culture. This helped spur the fusion of Hindu and Muslim ideas to bring forth new forms of musical synthesis like qawwali and khayal. The Delhi Sultanate (دلی سلطنت), or Sulthanath-e-Hind (سلطنتِ ہند) / Sulthanath-e-Dilli (سلطنتِ دلی) refers to the various Muslim dynasties that ruled in India from 1210 to 1526. ... Mughal Empire at its greatest extent in 1700 Capital Lahore, Delhi, Agra , Kabul, Lucknow and Bhopal Language(s) Persian (initially also Chagatai; later also Urdu) Government Absolute Monarchy , Unitary Government with a federal structure Emperor  - 1526-1530 Babur  - 1530–1539 and after restoration 1555–1556 Humayun  - 1556–1605 Akbar  - 1605... Qawwali (Urdu: قوٌالی, Hindi: क़वाली) is the devotional music of the Chishti Sufis of the Indian Subcontinent. ... Khyal is the modern genre of classical singing in North India; its name comes from an Arabic word meaning imagination. Like all Indian classical music, khyal is modal, with a single melodic line and no harmonic parts. ...

The most influential musician from the Delhi Sultanate period was Amir Khusrau (1253-1325), sometimes called the father of modern Hindustani classical music^[4]. A prolific composer in Persian, Turkish, Arabic, as well as Braj Bhasha, he is credited with systematizing many aspects of Hindustani music, and also introducing the ragas Zeelaf and Sarparda. He created the genre of the qawwali, which fuses Persian melody and beat on a dhrupad like structure. A number of instruments (such as the sitar) were also introduced in his time. The Delhi Sultanate (دلی سلطنت), or Sulthanath-e-Hind (سلطنتِ ہند) / Sulthanath-e-Dilli (سلطنتِ دلی) refers to the various Muslim dynasties that ruled in India from 1210 to 1526. ... Abul Hasan Yaminuddin Khusrau (1253-1325 AD), better known as Amir Khusro Dehlavi, is one of Indias greatest poets. ... Farsi redirects here. ... Arabic can mean: From or related to Arabia From or related to the Arabs The Arabic language; see also Arabic grammar The Arabic alphabet, used for expressing the languages of Arabic, Persian, Malay ( Jawi), Kurdish, Panjabi, Pashto, Sindhi and Urdu, among others. ... Braj Bhasha is language spoken in India by more than 42,000 people. ... Qawwali (Urdu: قوٌالی, Hindi: क़वाली) is the devotional music of the Chishti Sufis of the Indian Subcontinent. ... Diagram of some sitar parts. ...

Amir Khusrau is sometimes credited with the origins of the khayal form, but the record of his compositions do not appear to support this. The compositions by the court musician Niyamat Khan (Sadarang) in the court of Muhammad Shah 'Rangiley' bear a closer affinity to the modern khyal, and suggests that while khyal already existed in some form, 'Sadarang' may have been the father of modern day khyal. Khyal is the modern genre of classical singing in North India; its name comes from an Arabic word meaning imagination. Like all Indian classical music, khyal is modal, with a single melodic line and no harmonic parts. ... Muhammad Shah (1702 – 1748) was a Mughal emperor of India between 1719 and 1748. ...

Much of the musical forms innovated by these pioneers merged with the Hindu tradition, composed in the popular language of the people (as opposed to Sanskrit) in the work of composers like Kabir or Nanak. This can be seen as part of a larger Bhakti tradition, (strongly related to the Vaishnavite movement) which remained influential across several centuries; notable figures include Jayadeva (11th century), Vidyapati (1375 AD), Chandidas (14th-15th century), and Meerabai (1555-1603 AD). A painting of Kabir KabÄ«r (also KabÄ«ra) (Hindi: कबीर, GurmukhÄ«: ਕਬੀਰ, Urdu: ) (1440—1518[1]) (born in 1398 according to some accounts[1][2]) was a mystic poet or poet sants of India, whose literature has greatly influenced the Bhakti as well as Sufi movements of India. ... Guru Nanak (गुरु नानक) (20 October 1469 - 7 May 1539), the founder of Sikhism and the first of the ten Gurus of the Sikhs, was born in the village of Talwandi, now called Nankana Sahib, near Lahore in present-day Pakistan. ... Bhakti (DevanāgarÄ«: भक्ति) is a word of Sanskrit origin meaning devotion and also the path of devotion itself, as in Bhakti-Yoga. ... Vaishnavites are followers of Vaishnavism in which Vishnu or His avatars are worshipped as the supreme God. ... Jayadeva is considered one of the greatest Sanskrit poets of all times. ... Vidyapati (1352? – 1448?) was born in the village of Bisapi, Madhubani district, Bihar state, India. ... Chandidas (Bangla: চন্ডীদাস) (born 1408 CE) refers to (possibly more than one) medieval poet of Bengal. ... Meera (1498 - 1547) was a Rajput princess who lived in the north Indian state of Rajasthan. ...

As the Mughal Empire came into closer contact with Hindus, especially under Jalal ud-Din Akbar, music and dance also flourished. Particularly, the legendary musician Tansen is recognized as having introduced a number of innovations, ragas as well as particular compositions. Legend has it that upon his rendition of a night-time raga in the morning, the entire city fell under a hush and clouds gathered in the sky, or that he could light fires by singing raga Deepak, which is supposed to be composed of notes in high octaves. This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Tansen (possibly imaginary likeness created much later) Miyan Tansen (1493 or 1506 – 1586 or 1589) is considered among the greatest composer musicians in Hindustani classical music. ...

At the royal house of Gwalior, Raja Mansingh Tomar (1486-1516 AD) also participated in the shift from Sanskrit to the local idiom (Hindi) as the language for classical songs. He himself penned several volumes of compositions on religious and secular themes, and was also responsible for the major compilation, the Mankutuhal (book of curiosity), which outlined the major forms of music prevalent at the time. In particular, the musical form known as dhrupad saw considerable development in his court and remained a strong point of the Gwalior gharana for many centuries. , Gwalior   is a city in Madhya Pradesh in India. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

After the dissolution of the Mughal empire, the patronage of music continued in smaller princely kingdoms like Lucknow, Patiala, Banaras, giving rise to the diversity of styles that is today known as gharanas. Many musician families obtained large grants of land which made them self sufficient, at least for a few generations (e.g. the Sham Chaurasia gharana). Meanwhile the Bhakti and Sufi traditions continued to develop, and interact with the different gharanas and groups. , Lucknow ( , Hindi: लखनऊ, Urdu: لکھنؤ, ) is the capital city of Uttar Pradesh, the most populous state of India. ... , Patiala   (Punjabi: ਪਟਿਆਲਾ) is a city in the Punjab state of India. ... Benares (also known as Banaras, Kashi, Kasi and Varanasi (वाराणसी)) is a Hindu holy city on the banks of the river Ganga or Ganges in the modern north Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. ... For the 1961 Hindi film, see Gharana. ... Bhakti (DevanāgarÄ«: भक्ति) is a word of Sanskrit origin meaning devotion and also the path of devotion itself, as in Bhakti-Yoga. ... Sufism (Arabic تصوف taṣawwuf) is a system of esoteric philosophy commonly associated with Islam. ...

Modern era

In the 20th century, the power of the maharajahs and nawabs declined, and so did their patronage. With the expulsion of Wajid Ali Shah to Calcutta after 1857, the Lucknavi musical tradition came to influence the music of renaissance Bengal, giving rise to the tradition of Ragpradhan gan around the turn of the century. 1. ... Nawab (Urdu: نواب ) was originally the subadar (provincial governor) or viceroy of a subah (province) or region of the Mughal empire. ... Wajid Ali Shah (نواب واجد على شاه) (official name ) (1822-1887) was the tenth and last nawab of the princely kingdom of Awadh (Oudh) in present day Uttar Pradesh in India. ... This article is on Calcutta/Kolkata, the city. ... For other uses, see Bengal (disambiguation). ...

In the early 20th century, Pandit Vishnu Digambar Paluskar emerged as an extremely talented musician and organizer (despite having been blinded at age 12). His books on music, as well as the Gandharva Mahavidyalaya music school that he opened in Lahore in 1901 helped foster a movement away from the closed gharana system. Vishnu Digambar Paluskar Pandit Vishnu Digambar Paluskar (August 18, 1872 – August 21, 1931) was an Indian classical musician. ...   (Urdu: لاہور, Punjabi: لہور, pronounced ) is the capital of the Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. ...

Paluskar's contemporary (and occasional rival) 'Chaturpandit' Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande recognized the many rifts that had appeared in the structure of Indian classical music. He undertook extensive research visits to a large number of gharanas, Hindustani as well as Carnatic, collecting and comparing compositions. Between 1909 and 1932, he brought out the monumental Hindustani Sangeetha Padhathi (4 vols)^[5], which suggested a transcription for Indian music and described the many traditions in this notation. Finally, it consolidated the many musical forms of Hindustani Classical music into a number of thaats, a system that had been proposed in the Carnatic tradition in the 17th century. The ragas as we know them today were consolidated in this landmark work, although there are some inconsistencies and ambiguities in Bhatkande's system. Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande Pandit Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande (August 10, 1860 – September 19, 1936) was an Indian classical musician widely acclaimed to have brought in a renaissance in Indian music. ... A thaat is a musical mode in Hindustani music which always has seven notes (excluding the repeated tonic) and is considered the basis for the system of organizing and classifying ragas in North Indian classical music. ...

In modern times, the government-run All India Radio, Bangladesh Betar and Radio Pakistan helped to bring the artists in front of the public, countering the loss of the patronage system. The first star was Gauhar Jan, whose career was born out of Fred Gaisberg's first recordings of Indian music in 1902. With the advance of films and other public media, musicians started to make their living through public performances. With exposure to Western music, some of these melodies also started merging with classical forms, especially in the stream of popular music. A number of Gurukuls, such as that of Alauddin Khan at Maihar, flourished. In more modern times, corporate support has also been forthcoming (e.g. the ITC Sangeet Research Academy). For the electronica band, see All India Radio (band). ... Logo of Bangladesh Betar Bangladesh Betar (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ বেতার) is the state-owned radio broadcasting organisation of Bangladesh. ... Radio Pakistan is the official international broadcasting station of Pakistan. ... Gauhar Jan is an Indian singer and dancer from Calcutta. ... Fred Gaisberg was hired by the United States Gramophone Company in April 1893 to begin recording talented singers. ... A Gurukul (Guru refers to teacher or master; Kul refers to his domain, from the Sanskrit word kula, meaning extended family. ... Maihar is a town in Madhya Pradesh state of central India. ...

Principles of Hindustani music

The rhythmic organization is based on rhythmic patterns called Taal. The melodic foundations are "melodic modes", or "Parent Scales", known as Thaats, under which most ragas can be classified based on the notes they use. In Indian classical music, Tala (tāl (Hindi), tāla (anglicised from talam; in Sanskrit), literally a clap, is a rhythmical pattern that determines the rhythmical structure of a composition. ... A thaat is a musical mode in Hindustani music which always has seven notes (excluding the repeated tonic) and is considered the basis for the system of organizing and classifying ragas in North Indian classical music. ... Raga (rāg /राग (Hindi), raga (anglicised from rāgaḥ/रागः (Sanskrit)) or rāgam /ராகம் (Tamil)) are the melodic modes used in Indian classical music. ...

Thaats - and so Ragas - may consist of up to seven scale degrees, or swara. Hindustani musicians name these pitches using a system called Sargam, the equivalent of Western movable do solfege: The notes, or swaras, of Indian music are Shadjam, Rishabham, Gandharam, Madhyamam, Panchamam, Dhaivatam and Nishadam. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Swara. ... Sol-fa redirects here. ...

• Sa (Shadaj) = Do
• Re (Rishab) = Re
• Ga (Gandhar) = Mi
• Ma (Madhyam) = Fa
• Pa (Pancham) = So
• Dha (Dhaiwat) = La
• Ni (Nishad) = Ti
• Sa (Shadaj) = Do

Both systems repeat at the octave. The difference between sargam and solfege is that re, ga, ma, dha, and ni can refer to either "Natural" (Shuddha) or altered "Flat" (Komal) or "Sharp" (Tivra) versions of their respective scale degrees. As with movable do solfege, the notes are heard relative to an arbitrary tonic that varies from performance to performance, rather than to fixed frequencies, as on a xylophone.

The fine intonational differences between different instances of the same swara are sometimes called śruti. The three primary registers of Indian classical music are Mandra, Madhya and Tara. Since the octave location is not fixed, it is also possible to use provenances in mid-register (such as Mandra-Madhya or Madhya-Tara) for certain ragas. A typical rendition of Hindustani raga involves two stages: The Å›ruti (Sanskrit thing heard, sound) is the smallest interval of the tuning system of Indian classical music. ...

• Alap: a rhythmically free improvisation on the rules for the raga in order to give life to the raga and shape out its characteristics. The alap is followed by the jod and jhala in instrumental music.

• Bandish or Gat: a fixed, melodic composition set in a specific raga, performed with rhythmic accompaniment by a tabla or pakhavaj. There are different ways of systematizing the parts of a composition. For example:
  • Sthaayi: The initial, Rondo phrase or line of a fixed, melodic composition.
  • Antara: The first body phrase or line of a fixed, melodic composition.
  • Sanchaari: The third body phrase or line of a fixed, melodic composition, seen more typically in Dhrupad Bandishes
  • Aabhog: The fourth and concluding body phrase or line of a fixed, melodic composition, seen more typically in Dhrupad Bandishes.

  There are three variations of Bandish, regarding tempo:

  • Vilambit Bandish: A slow and steady melodic composition, usually in Largo to Adagio speeds.
  • Madhyalaya Bandish: A medium tempo melodic competition, usually set in Andante to Allegretto speeds.
  • Drut Bandish: A fast tempo melodic composition, usually set to Allegretto speed, and onwards.

GAT or Gat can have multiple meanings. ... The tabla (Hindi: तब्ला, tablā, Urdu: تبلہ) is a popular Indian percussion instrument used in the classical, popular and religious music of the Indian subcontinent and in Hindustani classical music. ... a rondo is played between episode which are played by non solo people Rondo, and its French equivalent rondeau, is a word that has been used in music in a number of ways, most often in reference to a musical form, but also in reference to a character-type that... ANTARA is the official news agency of the government of Indonesia. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Vilambit (Hindi ) (also called vilambit laya) is an introductory slow tempo, or laya, used in the performance of a vocal raga in Hindustani classical music. ...

Vocal music

Hindustani classical music is primarily vocal-centric, insofar as the musical forms were designed primarily for vocal performance, and many instruments were designed and evaluated as to how well they emulate the human voice.

Types of compositions

The major vocal forms-cum-styles associated with Hindustani classical music are Dhrupad, Khayal, and Tarana. Other forms include Dhamar, Trivat, Chaiti, Kajari, Tappa, Tap-Khayal, Ashtapadis, Thumri, Dadra, Ghazal and Bhajan. Of these, some forms fall within the crossover to folk or Semi-Classical or Light Classical music, as they often do not adhere to the rigorous rules and regulations of 'pure' Classical Music. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Khyal is the modern genre of classical singing in North India; its name comes from an Arabic word meaning imagination. Like all Indian classical music, khyal is modal, with a single melodic line and no harmonic parts. ... Tarana is a type of composition in Hindustani classical vocal music in which certain syllables are used in a medium-paced (madhyalay) or fast (drut lay) rendition. ... A dhrupad set to the 14-beat time signature dhamar tal is called a dhamar. ... Ashtapadi (Gitagovinda) rhymns are regular compositions of music in India. ... Thumri is a common genre of semiclassical Indian music from the North. ... Dadra and Nagar Haveli is a Union Territory in western India. ... This article is about the poetic form. ... Swami Haridas teaching Tansen in the presence of Mughal Emperor Akbar. ...

Dhrupad

Dhrupad is a yet older style of singing, traditionally performed by male singers. It is performed with a tanpura and a Pakhawaj as instrumental accompaniments. The lyrics, which sometimes were in Sanskrit centuries ago, are presently often sung in Brajbhasha, a medieval form of Hindi that was spoken in the Mathura area. The Rudra Veena, an ancient string instrument, is used in instrumental music in the style of Dhrupad. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The tambura is a musical instrument used in various places around the world. ... The Pakhavaj, also called Mardal, Pakuaj, Pakhvaj or Mardala, is an ancient Indian barrel shaped percussion instrument which is similar to the mridangam. ... Brij Bhasha, also called Braj Bhasha, Braj Bhakha, or Daihaati Zabaan (country tongue), is a Central Indo-Aryan language closely related to Hindi. ... Ustad Asad Ali Khan,Pandit Hindraj Divekar,Ustad Shamsuddin Faridi Desai and Ustad Bahauddin Dagar(Dagar Veena-a variation of the traditional Rudra Veena) are the surviving exponents of the instrument in India. ...

Dhrupad music is primarily devotional in theme and content. It contains recitals in praise of particular deities. Dhrupad compositions begin with a relatively long and acyclic Alap, where the syllables of the following mantra is recited:

"Om Anant tam Taran Tarini Twam Hari Om Narayan, Anant Hari Om Narayan".

The alap gradually unfolds into more rhythmic Jod and Jhala sections. This is followed by a rendition of Bandish, with the pakhawaj as an accompaniment. The greatest of Indian musicians, Tansen sung in the Dhrupad style. A lighter form of Dhrupad, called Dhamar, is sung primarily during the festival of Holi. Tansen (possibly imaginary likeness created much later) Miyan Tansen (1493 or 1506 – 1586 or 1589) is considered among the greatest composer musicians in Hindustani classical music. ... A dhrupad set to the 14-beat time signature dhamar tal is called a dhamar. ...

Dhrupad was the main form of northern Indian classical music until two centuries ago, but has since then given way to the somewhat less austere, khyal, a more free-form style of singing. Since losing its main patrons among the royalty in Indian princely states, Dhrupad ran the risk of becoming extinct in the first half of the twentieth century. Fortunately, the efforts by a few proponents from the Dagar family have led to its revival and eventual popularization in India and in the West. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Khyal is the modern genre of classical singing in North India; its name comes from an Arabic word meaning imagination. Like all Indian classical music, khyal is modal, with a single melodic line and no harmonic parts. ...

Some of the best known vocalists who sing in the Dhrupad style are the members of the Dagar lineage, including the late Senior Dagar brothers, i.e. Us. Nasir Moinuddin Dagar and Us. Nasir Aminuddin Dagar, the late Junior Dagar brothers, i.e. Us. Nasir Zahiruddin and Us. Nasir Faiyazuddin Dagar, Us. Wasifuddin Dagar, Us. Fariduddin Dagar, Us. Sayeeduddin Dagar. Other leading exponents include the Gundecha Brothers (i.e. Ramakant and Umakant Gundecha), Dr. Ritwik Sanyal and Pt. Uday Bhawalkar, who have received training from some of the Dagars. Leading vocalists outside the Dagar lineage include the Mallik family. Bishnupur Gharana based in West Bengal is a key school that has been propagating this style of singing since the Mughal times. Ustad Faiyaz Wasifuddin Dagar is considered to be one of the foremost Dhrupad singers in India today. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Dr. Ritwik Sanyal is one of the foremost virtuosos of the north Indian vocal classical style, Dhrupad and a reader and former head of the faculty of vocal music at Benaras Hindu University. ... , West Bengal (Bengali: পশ্চিমবঙ্গ Poshchim Bônggo IPA: ) is a state in eastern India. ... Mughal Empire at its greatest extent in 1700 Capital Lahore, Delhi, Agra , Kabul, Lucknow and Bhopal Language(s) Persian (initially also Chagatai; later also Urdu) Government Absolute Monarchy , Unitary Government with a federal structure Emperor  - 1526-1530 Babur  - 1530–1539 and after restoration 1555–1556 Humayun  - 1556–1605 Akbar  - 1605...

Khayal

Khayal is a form of vocal music in Hindustani music, adopted from medieval Persian music and based on Dhrupad music. Khayal, literally meaning "Thought" in Hindi/Urdu originally from Arabic, Khyal, is special as it is based on improvising and expressing emotion. A Khayal is a 2 to 8 lined lyric set to tune. The lyric is of an emotional account possibly from poetic observation. Khayals are also more popularly depicting emotional significance between two lovers, a situation evoking intense feeling, or situations of ethological significance in Hinduism and Islam. Khyal is the modern genre of classical singing in North India; its name comes from an Arabic word meaning imagination. Like all Indian classical music, khyal is modal, with a single melodic line and no harmonic parts. ... Khyal is the modern genre of classical singing in North India; its name comes from an Arabic word meaning imagination. Like all Indian classical music, khyal is modal, with a single melodic line and no harmonic parts. ... Vocal music is music performed by one or more singers, with or without non-vocal instrumental accompaniment, in which singing provides the main focus of the piece. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Urdu ( , , trans. ...

Th importance of the Khayal's content is for the singer to depict, through music in the set raga, the emotional significance of the Khayal. The singer improvises and finds inspiration within the raga to depict the Khayal. Raga (rāg /राग (Hindi), raga (anglicised from rāgaḥ/रागः (Sanskrit)) or rāgam /ராகம் (Tamil)) are the melodic modes used in Indian classical music. ... Raga (rāg /राग (Hindi), raga (anglicised from rāgaḥ/रागः (Sanskrit)) or rāgam /ராகம் (Tamil)) are the melodic modes used in Indian classical music. ...

The origination of Khayal is controversial, yet it is accepted that this style was based on Dhrupad gayaki and influenced by Persian music. Many argue that Amir Khusrau created the style in the late 16th century. This form was popularized by Mughal Emperor Mohammad Shah, through his court musicians. Some well-known composers of this period were Sadarang, Adarang, and Manrang. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Abul Hasan Yaminuddin Khusrau (1253-1325 AD), better known as Amir Khusro Dehlavi, is one of Indias greatest poets. ... The following list of Indian monarchs is one of several Wikipedia lists of incumbents. ... See Mohammad Shah Qajar for the Ruler of Persia Muhammad Shah (1702 - 1748) was a Mughal emperor of India between 1719 and 1748. ... Sadarang (1670-1748) was the pen name of the Hindustani musical composer and artist Niyamat Khan [1]. He was born in 1670 and died in 1748, and was active in the eighteenth century. ...

 "Kaisku Marwa Jaayal Hamaraa More darawa nayan ghar kan warahe, Mohammad Shah ke Sadarangile, Prem Piya la Chapate Apne, Huntara Tana Mana Waarune" - Mohammad Shah 

This Khayal bandish in raga Bibhas was popularized by D.V. Paluskar. It is interesting how this bandish mentions three names—Mohammad Shah, Sadarang, and Prem Piya. Khyal is the modern genre of classical singing in North India; its name comes from an Arabic word meaning imagination. Like all Indian classical music, khyal is modal, with a single melodic line and no harmonic parts. ... Raga (rāg /राग (Hindi), raga (anglicised from rāgaḥ/रागः (Sanskrit)) or rāgam /ராகம் (Tamil)) are the melodic modes used in Indian classical music. ...

Later performers include D. V. Paluskar, Amir Khan, Faiyaz Khan, Vinayak Rao Patwardhan, Pt. Shankar Rao Vyas, Narayanrao Vyas, Nazakat Ali and Salamat Ali Khan, Eknath Sarolkar, Kashinath Pant Marathe, Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, Smt. Kesarbai Kerkar, Mogubai Kurdikar, Krishnarao Shankar Pandit, Balabhau Umdekar Kundalguru, Gajananrao Joshi, Ram Marathe, Ratnakar Pai, Kumar Gandharva, Jitendra Abhisheki, A. Kanan, Basavaraj Rajaguru and Mallikarjun Mansur. Amir Khan can refer to the following people: Boxer - Official site www. ... Ustad Faiyaz Khan is the most well known exponent of Agra Gharana. ... Ustad Bade Ghulam Ali Khan (b. ... Hindustani vocalist Surashri Kesarbai Kerkar (b. ... Image:Http://www. ... Kumar Gandharva (real name Shivaputra Siddramayya Kamkali) was born April 8, 1924 in Dharwad (Karnataka, India). ... Shri Jitendra Abhisheki (Born: 21 September, 1929 Died: 7 November, 1998) was a performer of classical, semi-classical, and devotional music in Maharashtra, India. ... Mallikarjun Mansur (1901-1992) was one of greatest examples of the Jaipur-Atrauli Gharana of Hindusthani Khayal singing. ...

Some of the present day vocalists are Manas Chakraborty, Rashid Khan, Pandit Jasraj, Bhimsen Joshi, Gangubai Hangal, Yeshwantbua Joshi, Balasahab Poochwale, Girija Devi, Kishori Amonkar, Satyasheel Deshpande, Ustad Iqbal Ahmad Khan, Ishwarchandra Karkare, Rajshekhar Mansur, Ulhas Kashalkar, Arun Bhaduri, Malini Rajurkar, Ajoy Chakrabarty, Prabakar Karekar, Alka Deo Marulkar, Sanjeev Abhyankar, Shruti Sadolikar, Ashwini Bhide, Padma Talwalkar, Arati Ankalikar-Tikekar, Chandrashekar Swami, Venkatesh Kumar, Mashkoor Ali Khan, Subhra Guha, Parameshwar Hegde, Indrani Choudhury, Pandit Ganapathi Bhatt, Madhav Gudi, Bhawani Angiras, Smt. Shashwati Mandal Paul, Nagaraj Rao Havaldar, Somanath Mardoor, Panchakshariswamy Mattigatti, Shivanand Patil, Raghunandan Panshikar, Sandipan Samajpati, Manjiri Asanare-Kelkar, and Sanjeev Chimmalgi. Born in 1966, Rashid Khan comes from the great lineage of traditional musicians, amongst whom Ustad Mushtaq Husain Khan and Ustad Nisar Husain Khan are the well known masters, who brought fame to the Rampur-Sahaswan Gharana. ... Pandit Jasraj is a famous Indian Classical vocalist, and a foremost exponent of Hindustani classical music and Mewati Gharana. ... Pandit Bhimsen Gururaj Joshi (Born February 04, 1922) is a renowned vocalist in India, . A descendant of the Kirana Gharana (stream) of Hindustani classical music tradition, he is particularly renowned for Khayal form singing. ... Gangubhai Hangal (born on March 5, 1912) is one of the greats of the Hindustani classical music. ... Girija Devi (8th May 1920, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh) is an Indian singer and represent the Banaras Gharana of singers. ... Kishori Amonkar (born April 10, 1931) is a noted Hindustani music performer who is known for singing in the Jaipur Gharana style. ... Pandit Satyasheel Deshpande (born January 9, 1951) is an Indian musician who specializes in singing khyal. ... Pandit Ajoy Chakraborty (surname also spelled Chakrabarty, Chakravarty, Chakravorty, Chakaraborty, Chakravarthi, etc. ... Pandit Sanjeev Abhyankar (born in 1969) is a Hindustani classical music vocalist of the Mewati Gharana. ... Arati Ankalikar-Tikekar is a singer of Indian classical music. ... Sanjeev Chimmalgi is a Hindustani vocalist and a leading disciple of the master composer, musician and revered guru, the Padmabhushan Late Pandit C.R. Vyas. ...

Tappa

Tappa is a form of Indian classical vocal music whose specialty is its rolling pace based on fast, subtle, knotty construction. It originated from the folk songs of the camel riders of Punjab and developed as a form of classical music by Mian Ghulam Nabi Shori or Shori Mian (1742 - 1792), a court singer of Asaf-Ud-Dowlah, Nawab of Awadh. Among the prominent living performers of this style are Pt. Laxmanrao Kr. Pandit of Gwalior, Shamma Khurana, Pt. Manvalkar of Gwalior, Smt. Girija Devi of Benaras, Dr. Ishwarchandra R. Karkare of Gwalior, Pt. Jayant Khot of Gwalior. Asaf-Ud-Dowlah was the nawab wazir of Oudh from 1775 to 1797, and the son of Shuja-ud-Dowlah, his mother and grandmother being the begums of Oudh, whose spoliation formed one of the chief counts in the charges against Warren Hastings. ... The Nawabs of Awadh, who governed the state of Awadh in India in the 18th and 19th century, are as follows: Saadat Khan Burhan-ul-Mulk 1722-1738 Safdar Jang Mansur Khan 1738-1753 Shuja-ud-Daula 1753-1774 Asaf-ud-Daula 1774-1797 Wazir Ali (Nawab) 1797-1798 Saadat... Girija Devi (8th May 1920, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh) is an Indian singer and represent the Banaras Gharana of singers. ...

Tarana

Another vocal form, Tarana are medium-to-fast paced songs that are used to convey a mood of elation and are usually performed towards the end of a concert. They consist of a few lines of poetry with rhythmic syllables or bols set to a tune. The singer uses these few lines as a basis for fast improvisation. In some sense the tarana can be compared to the Tillana of Carnatic music, although the latter is primarily associated with dance. Tarana is a type of composition in Hindustani classical vocal music in which certain syllables are used in a medium-paced (madhyalay) or fast (drut lay) rendition. ... In music a singer or vocalist is a type of musician who sings, i. ... Tarana is a type of composition in Hindustani classical vocal music in which certain syllables are used in a medium-paced (madhyalay) or fast (drut lay) rendition. ... A bol, is a mnemonic syllable. ... Tarana is a vocal style in Indian music in which meaningless syllables are used in a very fast rendition. ... Carnatic music, also known as is one of the two styles of Indian classical music, the other being Hindustani music. ...

Thumri

Thumri is a semiclassical vocal form said to have begun with the court of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah, 1847-1856. There are three types of thumri: Punjabi, Lucknavi and Poorab ang thumri. The lyrics are typically in a proto-Hindi language called Braj bhasha and are usually romantic. Thumri is a common genre of semiclassical Indian music from the North. ... Thumri is a common genre of semiclassical Indian music from the North. ... Nawab (Urdu: نواب ) was originally the subadar (provincial governor) or viceroy of a subah (province) or region of the Mughal empire. ... Wajid Ali Shah (نواب واجد على شاه) (official name ) (1822-1887) was the tenth and last nawab of the princely kingdom of Awadh (Oudh) in present day Uttar Pradesh in India. ... Braj Bhasha is language spoken in India by more than 42,000 people. ...

Some prominent recent performers of this genre are Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, Barkat Ali Khan, Girija Devi, Siddheshwari Devi, Begum Akhtar, Shobha Gurtu and Pandit Channulal Mishra. Ustad Bade Ghulam Ali Khan (b. ... Girija Devi (8th May 1920, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh) is an Indian singer and represent the Banaras Gharana of singers. ... Siddheshwari Devi was a famous Hindustani singer from Benares, lovingly known as Maa (mother). ... Begum Akhtar was a Ghazal singer from Uttar Pradesh in India. ... Shobha Shirodkar Gurtu (1925-2004) was one of Indias most famous singers in the light classical style. ...

Ghazal

Ghazal is an originally Persian form of poetry. In the Indian sub-continent, Ghazal became the most common form of poetry in the Urdu language and was popularized by classical poets like Mir Taqi Mir, Ghalib, Zauq and Sauda amongst the North Indian literary elite. Vocal music set to this mode of poetry is popular with multiple variations across Iran, Afghanistan, Central Asia, Turkey, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. Ghazal exists in multiple variations, including folk and pop forms. This article is about the poetic form. ... Mohammed Taqi (Urdu: محمد تقی) (b. ... Mirza Asadullah Beg Khan Ghalib1 (also known as Mirza Ghalib) (December 27, 1797 - February 15, 1869) was an Indian poet who wrote in Urdu and Persian. ... This article or section contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... County Rogaland District Ryfylke Municipality NO-1135 Administrative centre Sauda Mayor (2005) Laura Seltveit (Ap) Official language form Nynorsk Area  - Total  - Land  - Percentage Ranked 195 546 km² 509 km² 0. ... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east, and from southern Russia in the north to... Folk song redirects here. ... This article is about the genre of popular music. ...

Instrumental music

Although Hindustani music clearly is focused on the vocal performance, instrumental forms have existed since ancient times. In fact, in recent decades, especially outside South Asia, instrumental Hindustani music is more popular than vocal music, perhaps because the lyrics in the latter are not comprehensible due to unfamiliarity with the language. Still, complexity of Indian classical music could not be expressed in writing. Though some western scholars did record compositions in Staff notation system, Indian musicians used the Bhatkhande system. Though more accurate, this relies on Devanagari script rather than symbols and hence is cumbersome at times. A new notation system has been proposed which uses symbols and offers instantaneous comprehension like Staff notation system. ^[6]

A number of musical instruments are associated with Hindustani classical music. The veena, a string instrument, was traditionally regarded as the most important, but few play it today and it has largely been superseded by its cousins the sitar and the sarod, both of which owe their origin to Persian influences. Other plucked/struck string instruments include the surbahar, sursringar, santoor, and various versions of the slide guitar. Among bowed instruments, the sarangi, esraj (or dilruba) and violin are popular. The bansuri (bamboo flute), shehnai, harmonium, and samvadini are important wind instruments. In the percussion ensemble, the tabla and the pakhavaj are the most popular. Various other instruments (including the Bulbul tarang and the piano) have also been used in varying degrees. A portrait of Veena Dhanammal, legendary Veena player Veena (Telugu: వీణ, Kannada: ವೀಣ-veena,ವೀಣೆ-veene, Tamil: வீணை-veene, வீணா-vina, Malayalam: വീണ) is a plucked stringed instrument used in Carnatic music. ... Diagram of some sitar parts. ... The sarod or sarode (Hindi:सरोद, Bengali: সরোদ) is a string musical instrument, used mainly in Indian classical music. ... Surbahar The surbahar (also known as bass sitar) is a plucked string instrument used in the Hindustani classical music of North India. ... The santoor is a trapezoid-shaped hammered dulcimer often made of walnut, with seventy strings. ... For the technique, see Slide (guitar technique). ... Anant Kunte playing the sarangi (2007) The Sarangi (Sarangi [सारंगी] is a bowed string instrument of , Nepal. ... The Esraj, also known sometimes as Israj, or Dilruba, is a string instrument found in two forms throughout the north, central, and east regions of India. ... The esraj (also called israj or dilruba) is a string instrument found in two forms throughout the north, central, and east regions of India. ... For the Anne Rice novel, see Violin (novel). ... The bansuri (Hindi: ) is a transverse alto flute of India, made of a single length of bamboo with six or seven open finger holes. ... For the movie refer to Shehnai (film) The shehnai is an aerophonic instrument which is thought to bring good luck, and as a result, is widely used in North India for marriages and [[processions]. This tube-like instrument gradually widens towards the lower end. ... This article is about the musical instrument. ... The tabla (Hindi: तब्ला, tablā, Urdu: تبلہ) is a popular Indian percussion instrument used in the classical, popular and religious music of the Indian subcontinent and in Hindustani classical music. ... The Pakhavaj, also called Mardal, Pakuaj, Pakhvaj or Mardala, is an ancient Indian barrel shaped percussion instrument which is similar to the mridangam. ... A bulbul tarang (or Indian banjo) is a common string instrument from India. ... Pianoforte redirects here. ...

Some representative performers (these lists are by no means comprehensive nor are intended to be):

• Veena: Dabir Khann, Birendra Kishore Roy Chowdhury, Zia Mohiuddin Dagar, Bahauddin Dagar, Asad Ali Khan, Suvir Misra, Jeff Lewis

• Vichitra Veena: Dr. Lalmani Misra, Pt. Gopal Krishna, Dr. Gopal Shankar Misra, Radhika Budhkar

• Sitar: Imdad Khan, Enayet Khan, Wahid Khan, Ilyas Khan, Mushtaq Ali Khan, Pandit Ravi Shankar, Vilayat Khan, Nikhil Banerjee, Shujaat Khan, Manilal Nag, Purnendu Shekhar Sengupta (Kanu Babu), Rais Khan, Abdul Halim Jaffer Khan, Imrat Khan, Shahid Parvez, Indranil Bhattacharya, Santosh Banerjee, Kalyani Roy, Budhaditya Mukherjee, Sanjoy Bandopadhyay, Kartik Seshadri

• Sarod: Allauddin Khan, Brij Narayan, Hafiz Ali Khan, Radhika Mohan Moitra, Timir Baran, Ali Akbar Khan, Jatin Bhattacharya, Buddhadev Das Gupta, Vasant Rai, Sharan Rani, Dhyanesh Khan, Aashish Khan, Ustad Amjad Ali Khan, Partho Sarodi, Mukesh Sharma, Rajeev Taranath

• Surbahar: Imdad Khan, Wahid Khan, Enayet Khan, Annapurna Devi, Imrat Khan, Pushparaj Koshti

• Shehnai: Bismillah Khan, Ali Ahmed Khan

• Bansuri: Pannalal Ghosh, Nityanand Haldipur, Hariprasad Chaurasia,Ronu Majumdar, Raghunath Seth, Bari Siddiqui, Pravin Godkhindi

• Santoor: Shivkumar Sharma, Tarun Bhattachrya, Bhajan Sopori, Omprakash Chaurasiya
• Jaltarang: Dr. Ragini Trivedi, Milind Tulankar

• Sarangi: Ram Narayan, Bundu Khan, Ustad Sultan Khan, Abdul Latif Khan

• Esraj: Ashesh Bandopadhyay, Ranadhir Roy

• Violin: Parur Sundaram Iyer, V. G. Jog, Gajananrao Joshi, N. Rajam, Allaudin Khan, L. Shankar, L. Subramaniam, Kala RamnathD.H.Joglekar

• Harmonium: Gyan Prakash Ghosh, Appa Jalgaonkar, Ustad Zamir Ahmed Khan, Ustad Bhure Khan

• Samvadini: Pt. Manohar Chimote, Rajendra Vaishampayan, Pt. Jitendra Gore

• Tabla: Ahmed Jan Thirakwa, Gyan Prokash Ghosh, Shyamal Bose, Shankar Ghosh, Anindo Chaterjee, Chatur Lal, Shamta Prasad, Kanthe Maharaj, Alla Rakha, Arup Chattopadhyay, Anokhelal Misra, Keramatullah Khan, Kishen Maharaj, Zakir Hussain, Aban E. Mistry, Yogmaya Shukla, Debashis Choudhury, Samar Saha.

• Guitar, slide (modified), or mohan veena: Brij Bhushan Kabra, Vishwa Mohan Bhatt, Dr. Kamala Shankar, Debashish Bhattacharya, Nalin Mazumdar of Allahabad, Neelranjan Mukherjee of Benaras presently in Delhi.

A portrait of Veena Dhanammal, legendary Veena player Veena (Telugu: వీణ, Kannada: ವೀಣ-veena,ವೀಣೆ-veene, Tamil: வீணை-veene, வீணா-vina, Malayalam: വീണ) is a plucked stringed instrument used in Carnatic music. ... Ustad Zia Mohiuddin Dagar (1929-1990), popularly known as Z M Dagar, was of the 19th generation of Dagar family dhrupad musicians and was largely responsible for the revival of the rudra vina as a solo concert instrument. ... The Vichitra Veena is a plucked string instrument used in Hindustani music. ... Dr. Lalmani Misra M.A. Ph. ... Dr. Gopal Shankar Misra is remembered for his cryptic comment in a television interview. ... Diagram of some sitar parts. ... Imdad Miah with the surbahar, Ustad Imdad Khan (1848–1920) was a one of the greatest sitar and surbahar players the world has ever seen. ... Khan, (Ustad) Enayet (1894-1938) sitar and surbahar player, was born in Uttar Pradesh. ... Ustad Wahid Khansahab performing on the Surbahar Ustad Wahid Khan Ustad Wahid Khan was the son of the legendary Ustad Imdad Khan and younger brother of Ustad Enayat Khan. ... Pandit Ravi Shankar, Sitar Maestro © www. ... Vilayat Khan on the cover of his raga Shree CD for India Archive Music (cover photo: Lyle Wachowsky) Vilayat Khan (Bangla: বিলায়েত খাঁ Bilaeet Khã) (August 8, 1928 –March 13, 2004) was one of Indias well known sitar maestros, born in Gauripur in Mymensingh, Bengal (now in Bangladesh). ... Nikhil Banerjee Nikhil Banerjee (Bangla: নিখিল ব্যানার্জী) (14 October 1931–27 January 1986) was one of Indias most prominent sitar players of the second half of the 20th Century. ... Shujaat Husain Khan is a distinguished Indian musician and sitar player. ... Imrat Khan (Born 1936) is Indias leading surbahar (bass sitar) player, younger brother of sitar great Vilayat Khan. ... Ustad Shahid Parvez // Ustad Shahid Parvez Khan is privileged with both belonging to an illustrious musical family, and for achieving success in not only preserving the tradition but in pushing its boundaries to even greater heights of aesthetic beauty. ... Budhaditya Mukherjee (1955–) is a Hindustani classical sitar and surbahar player of the Imdadkhani (Etawah) gharana (school). ... SANJOY BANDOPADHYAY Sanjoy Bandopadhyay, one of the foremost sitar players of the current generation, is the Chair Professor [Ustad Allauddin Khan Chair]and Head at the Department of Instrumental Music of Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata [India]. After his initial training from his father Shri Peeyush Prasanna Bandopadhyay he had training... Kartik Seshadri Sitar virtuoso Kartik Seshadri is internationally acclaimed as one of India’s outstanding musicians and the foremost disciple of Pandit Ravi Shankar. ... The sarod or sarode (Hindi:सरोद, Bengali: সরোদ) is a string musical instrument, used mainly in Indian classical music. ... Allauddin Khan (Bangla: ওস্তাদ আলাউদ্দীন খান, also known as Baba Allauddin Khan) (1862–1972), was a Bengali Indian classical sarodiya and multi-instrumentalist and one of the greatest Indian music teachers of the 20th Century, father of Ali Akbar Khan and Annapurna Devi and guru to Ravi Shankar, Nikhil Banerjee, Vasant Rai, Pannalal... Ustad Ali Akbar Khan (Bengali: ) is a North Indian classical musician of the Maihar gharana who plays the sarod. ... Buddhadev Das Gupta (b. ... This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ... Aashish Khan playing a sarod. ... Ustad Amjad Ali Khan is a highly acclaimed Indian sarod player and composer. ... Surbahar The surbahar (also known as bass sitar) is a plucked string instrument used in the Hindustani classical music of North India. ... Imdad Miah with the surbahar, Ustad Imdad Khan (1848–1920) was a one of the greatest sitar and surbahar players the world has ever seen. ... Ustad Wahid Khansahab performing on the Surbahar Ustad Wahid Khan Ustad Wahid Khan was the son of the legendary Ustad Imdad Khan and younger brother of Ustad Enayat Khan. ... Khan, (Ustad) Enayet (1894-1938) sitar and surbahar player, was born in Uttar Pradesh. ... Annapurna Devi (born 1926) is a reclusive surbahar (bass sitar) player and music teacher in the North Indian classical tradition. ... Imrat Khan (Born 1936) is Indias leading surbahar (bass sitar) player, younger brother of sitar great Vilayat Khan. ... For the movie refer to Shehnai (film) The shehnai is an aerophonic instrument which is thought to bring good luck, and as a result, is widely used in North India for marriages and [[processions]. This tube-like instrument gradually widens towards the lower end. ... Ustad Bismillah Khan Sahib playing the shehnai The legendary Indian shehnai maestro Ustad Bismillah Khan Sahib is the third classical musician to be awarded the Bharat Ratna (in 2001), the highest civilian honour in India. ... The bansuri (Hindi: ) is a transverse alto flute of India, made of a single length of bamboo with six or seven open finger holes. ... Pannalal Ghosh (1911-1960), also known as Amal Jyoti Ghosh, was a Bengali Indian bānsurÄ« player and composer. ... Pandit Hariprasad Chaurasia (b. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Pravin Godhkindi ((Kannada: ಪ್ರವೀಣ್ ಗೋಡಖಂಡಿ) is a flute ( Bansuri ) player following Hindusthani style of music. ... The santoor is a trapezoid-shaped hammered dulcimer often made of walnut, with seventy strings. ... Pandit Shivkumar Sharma (born January 13, 1938) is an Indian classical musician, working in the Hindustani classical music tradition. ... The Jal Tarang (variants: Jaltarang, Jal-tarang, Jal-yantra, Jalatarangam) is an ancient musical instrument. ... Anant Kunte playing the sarangi (2007) The Sarangi (Sarangi [सारंगी] is a bowed string instrument of , Nepal. ... Ustad Sultan Khan is a renowned Indian sarangi player and singer. ... The Esraj, also known sometimes as Israj, or Dilruba, is a string instrument found in two forms throughout the north, central, and east regions of India. ... For the Anne Rice novel, see Violin (novel). ... Pandit Vishnu Govind Jog, better known as V. G. Jog (b. ... Allauddin Khan (Bangla: ওস্তাদ আলাউদ্দীন খান, also known as Baba Allauddin Khan) (1862-1972) was an Indian classical musician and one of the greatest music teachers of the twentieth century. ... Lakshminarayana Shankar (born April 26, 1950), or L. Shankar, was born in Madras, South India. ... L. Subramaniam in action at a 2003 concert in Chennai. ... This article is about the musical instrument. ... The tabla (Hindi: तब्ला, tablā, Urdu: تبلہ) is a popular Indian percussion instrument used in the classical, popular and religious music of the Indian subcontinent and in Hindustani classical music. ... Ustad Ahmed Jan Thirakwa is considered one of the greatest tabla players of the 20th century. ... Chatur Lal (born in Udaipur in 1925, died in 1965) was a tabla maestro, born into a musical family in Rajasthan, India. ... Ustad Allah Rakha (April 29, 1919 - February 3, 2000) was a master of the tabla, a classical Hindustani instrument. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Mohan veena is a stringed musical instrument used in Indian classical music. ... Pt Vishwa Mohan Bhatt playing the Hawaiian Guitar Pandit Vishwa Mohan Bhatt (b. ...

Prominent performers

There have been many great exponents of Hindustani music. Some of them (in no particular order) are:

Vocalists: Girija Devi, Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, Faiyaz Khan, Amir Khan, Abdul Karim Khan, Vasantrao Deshpande, Gokulotsavji Maharaj, D. V. Paluskar, Salamat Ali Khan, Mallikarjun Mansur, Omkarnath Thakur, Gangubai Hangal, Bhimsen Joshi, Kishori Amonkar, Kumar Gandharva, Gundecha Brothers, Jasraj, Nityanand Haldipur, Shruti Sadolikar-Katkar, Rajan and Sajan Mishra, Ulhas Kashalkar, Malini Rajurkar, Prabha Atre, Dhondutai Kulkarni, Sharafat Hussain Khan Girija Devi (8th May 1920, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh) is an Indian singer and represent the Banaras Gharana of singers. ... Ustad Bade Ghulam Ali Khan (b. ... Ustad Faiyaz Khan is the most well known exponent of Agra Gharana. ... Amir Khan can refer to the following people: Boxer - Official site www. ... Ustad and disciple Pt. ... Pandit Vasantrao Deshpande (1923-1983) was Marathi Hindustani Classical Singer of Patiala Gharana. ... Mallikarjun Mansur (1901-1992) was one of greatest examples of the Jaipur-Atrauli Gharana of Hindusthani Khayal singing. ... Gangubhai Hangal (born on March 5, 1912) is one of the greats of the Hindustani classical music. ... Pandit Bhimsen Gururaj Joshi (Born February 04, 1922) is a renowned vocalist in India, . A descendant of the Kirana Gharana (stream) of Hindustani classical music tradition, he is particularly renowned for Khayal form singing. ... Kishori Amonkar (born April 10, 1931) is a noted Hindustani music performer who is known for singing in the Jaipur Gharana style. ... Kumar Gandharva (real name Shivaputra Siddramayya Kamkali) was born April 8, 1924 in Dharwad (Karnataka, India). ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Pandits Rajan and Sajan Mishra are the foremost exponents of Benaras Vocal Gharana. ... Prabha Atre (b. ...

Instrumentalists: Allauddin Khan, Vasant Rai, Vilayat Khan, Bismillah Khan, Ravi Shankar, Nikhil Banerjee, Ali Akbar Khan, Pannalal Ghosh, Hariprasad Chaurasia,Ronu Majumdar, Zakir Hussain, Shivkumar Sharma, Annapurna Devi, Vijay Raghav Rao Allauddin Khan (Bangla: ওস্তাদ আলাউদ্দীন খান, also known as Baba Allauddin Khan) (1862–1972), was a Bengali Indian classical sarodiya and multi-instrumentalist and one of the greatest Indian music teachers of the 20th Century, father of Ali Akbar Khan and Annapurna Devi and guru to Ravi Shankar, Nikhil Banerjee, Vasant Rai, Pannalal... This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ... Vilayat Khan on the cover of his raga Shree CD for India Archive Music (cover photo: Lyle Wachowsky) Vilayat Khan (Bangla: বিলায়েত খাঁ Bilaeet Khã) (August 8, 1928 –March 13, 2004) was one of Indias well known sitar maestros, born in Gauripur in Mymensingh, Bengal (now in Bangladesh). ... Ustad Bismillah Khan Sahib playing the shehnai The legendary Indian shehnai maestro Ustad Bismillah Khan Sahib is the third classical musician to be awarded the Bharat Ratna (in 2001), the highest civilian honour in India. ... Pandit Ravi Shankar, Sitar Maestro © www. ... Nikhil Banerjee Nikhil Banerjee (Bangla: নিখিল ব্যানার্জী) (14 October 1931–27 January 1986) was one of Indias most prominent sitar players of the second half of the 20th Century. ... Ustad Ali Akbar Khan (Bengali: ) is a North Indian classical musician of the Maihar gharana who plays the sarod. ... Pannalal Ghosh (1911-1960), also known as Amal Jyoti Ghosh, was a Bengali Indian bānsurī player and composer. ... Pandit Hariprasad Chaurasia (b. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Pandit Shivkumar Sharma (born January 13, 1938) is an Indian classical musician, working in the Hindustani classical music tradition. ... Annapurna Devi (born 1926) is a reclusive surbahar (bass sitar) player and music teacher in the North Indian classical tradition. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...

See also

• Indian classical music
• Carnatic music
• Maqam
• Music of Pakistan
• Raga
• Thaat
• Swara
• Tala

The origins of Indian classical music can be found from the oldest of scriptures, part of the Hindu tradition, the Vedas. ... Carnatic music, also known as is one of the two styles of Indian classical music, the other being Hindustani music. ... In Arabic music a maqaam (Arabic: ‎, Hebrew: ) is, a technique of improvisation that defines the pitches, patterns, and development of a piece of music and which is unique to Arabian art music. ... Awards Lux Style Awards, MTV Pakistan Awards, Indus Music Awards, The Musik Awards Charts MTV Pakistan Charts, AAG 10, The Musik Countdown Music Festivals All Pakistani Music Conference Media MTV Pakistan, Indus Music, The Musik, AAG TV National anthem Qaumi Tarana Regional folk styles Balochi - Punjabi - Sindhi - Pastho - Kashmiri Khowar... Raga (rāg /राग (Hindi), raga (anglicised from rāgaḥ/रागः (Sanskrit)) or rāgam /ராகம் (Tamil)) are the melodic modes used in Indian classical music. ... A thaat is a musical mode in Hindustani music which always has seven notes (excluding the repeated tonic) and is considered the basis for the system of organizing and classifying ragas in North Indian classical music. ... The notes, or swaras, of Indian music are Shadjam, Rishabham, Gandharam, Madhyamam, Panchamam, Dhaivatam and Nishadam. ... In Indian classical music, Tala (tāl (Hindi), tāla (anglicised from talam; in Sanskrit), literally a clap, is a rhythmical pattern that determines the rhythmical structure of a composition. ...

References

1. ^ Excerpts from Bharatiya Sangeet Vadya - Swar in Sam Veda
2. ^ A Study of Dattilam: A Treatise on the Sacred Music of Ancient India, 1978, p 283, Mukunda Lāṭha, Dattila
3. ^ The term sruti literally means "that which is heard". One of its senses refers to the "received" texts of the vedas, here it means notes of a scale
4. ^ MusicalNirvana - Amir Khusro Dehlavi
5. ^ Hindustani Sangeetha Padhathi (4 volumes, Marathi) (1909-1932). Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande. Sangeet Karyalaya (1990 reprint). ISBN 8185057354. Originally in Marathi, this book has been widely translated.
6. ^ "Ome Swarlipi" in an article by Dr. Ragini Trivedi in Bhāratīya Shāstrīya Sangīt: Shāstra, Shikshan Va Prayōg. (Sahitya Sangam, Allahabad: 2008)

Marathi is one of the widely spoken languages of India, and has a long literary history. ... Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande Pandit Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande (August 10, 1860 – September 19, 1936) was an Indian classical musician widely acclaimed to have brought in a renaissance in Indian music. ... Marathi is one of the widely spoken languages of India, and has a long literary history. ...

External links