This article is part of the series History of Australia

Chronological

Australia before 1901

Australia since 1901

Timeline

Topical

Exploration

Constitution

Federation

Military

States and Territories

Tasmania

Victoria

Western Australia

Cities

Adelaide

Canberra

Melbourne

Sydney

Adelaide is the capital city of the Australian state of South Australia. It is a coastal city on the Southern Ocean founded in 1836. Image File history File links The coat of arms of Australia. ... The History of Australia has been divided into two periods: before and after it became a dominion of the British Empire in 1901. ... // Prehistory and aboriginal legends Humans first arrived in Australia through Indonesia and New Guinea, either by paddling canoes across the Timor Sea or by crossing a land bridge across what is now Torres Strait, between New Guinea and Australia. ... // Federation Main article: Federation of Australia. ... This is a timeline of Australian history. ... Some of the major explorations conducted in Australia. ... It has been suggested that Australian federalism be merged into this article or section. ... The history of Tasmania begins in prehistory where it is believed that the island was joined to the mainland until the end of the most recent ice age approximately 10 000 years ago. ... This article describes the history of Victoria. ... Pre-European settlement The human history of Western Australia started when Australias first inhabitants arrived on the northwest coast about 55,000 years ago. ... The History of Canberra details Canberras development from before white settlement to the first planning by the Chicago architect Walter Burley Griffin and subsequent development of the city to the present day. ... Melbourne, now the capital city of the state of Victoria in Australia, was founded in 1835. ... This is a history of the city of Sydney. ... Adelaide skyline as seen from Victoria Square The Adelaide CBD as seen from the Mount Lofty Ranges Adelaide is the capital city of the Australian state of South Australia. ... Motto: United for the Common Wealth Nickname: Festival State Other Australian states and territories Capital Adelaide Government Governor Premier Const. ... 1836 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

Aboriginal settlement

Humans first arrived in Australia through Indonesia and New Guinea, either by paddling canoes across the Timor Sea or by crossing a land bridge across what is now Torres Strait, between New Guinea and Australia. Estimates of the date vary considerably: the best current guess is about 53,000 years ago, but much room for debate remains.

Evidence for human activity in South Australia dates back as far as 20,000 years ago with flint mining activity and rock art in the Koonalda Cave on the Nullarbor Plain. In addition wooden spears and tools were made in an area now covered in peat bog in the South East. Kangaroo Island was inhabited long before the island was cut off by rising sea levels. Motto: United for the Common Wealth Nickname: Festival State Other Australian states and territories Capital Adelaide Government Governor Premier Const. ... Pebble beach made up of flint nodules eroded out of the nearby chalk cliffs, Cape Arkona, Rügen Flint (or flintstone) is a hard, sedimentary cryptocrystalline silica rock with a glassy appearance. ... NASA - Visible Earth, Nullarbor. ... Peat in Lewis, Scotland Peat is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetable matter. ... Look up Bog in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Virgin boreal acid bogs at Browns Lake Bog, Ohio. ... Kangaroo Island is Australias third largest island - after Tasmania and Melville Island. ... Measurement of recent sea level rise from 23 long tide gauge records in geologically stable environments Changes in sea level since the end of the last glacial episode Sea level rise is an increase in sea level. ...

The Adelaide plains were inhabited by the Kaurna people at the time European contact was made, their territory extending from what is now Cape Jervis to Port Broughton. "Yerta" (an area of land) were the responsibility of Kaurna adults who inherited the land and had an intimate knowledge of its resources and features. The Kaurna led a nomadic existence within the Yerta confines in large family groups of around 30. The area where the City of Adelaide now stands was called "Tandanya" which translates as "place of the Red Kangaroo". Kaurna numbers were greatly reduced by the spread of smallpox transported downstream by the Murray River. There were at least two devestating epidemics of smallpox prior to European settlement. When European settlers arrived in 1836 the Kaurna in the Adelaide Plains area numbered around 300. Kaurna refers to the indigenous or aboriginal people and language of the Adelaide Plains of South Australia. ... Cape Jervis is a town at the southwestern tip of Fleurieu Peninsula in South Australia at 35°36′ S 138°06′ E, approximately 108 km south of Adelaide. ... The Port Broughton hotel Port Broughton (33°35′ S 137°56′ E, pop. ... Smallpox (also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera) is a highly contagious disease unique to humans. ... The Adelaide Plains (34°30′ S 138°30′ E) is the area in South Australia between the Mount Lofty Ranges on the east and the Gulf Saint Vincent on the west. ...

European interest

Aboriginal Family Travelling by W.A. Cawthorne

Matthew Flinders was given the brief to explore the southern coast of the Australian continent and to find an entrance to an inland sea if it existed. In 1802 he named Mount Lofty but recorded little of the area which is now Adelaide. Charles Sturt 28 years later exploring the Murray River was impressed with what he briefly saw, later writing: Download high resolution version (1132x775, 363 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: History of Adelaide ... Download high resolution version (1132x775, 363 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: History of Adelaide ... Matthew Flinders (16 March 1774 - 19 July 1814) was one of the most accomplished navigators and chartmakers of his age. ... 1802 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Mount Lofty Summit Looking towards Mount Lofty Summit, with Mount Lofty Hotel in the foreground and Gulf St. ... Charles Sturt c. ... A branch of the Murray in its middle reaches, near Howlong, New South Wales. ...

"Hurried ....as my view of it was, my eye never fell on a country of more promising aspect, or more favourable position, than that which occupies the space between the lake (Lake Alexandrina) and the ranges of the St. Vincent Gulf, and, continuing northerly from Mount Barker stretches away, without any visible boundary". Lake Alexandrina is a lake in South Australia, Australia. ... Gulf St. ... Mount Barker is a town in the Mount Lofty Ranges, 40 kilometres from Adelaide, South Australia at 35°04′ S 138°51′ E. Mount Barker was founded in 1834. ...

Captain Collet Barker, sent by New South Wales Governor Ralph Darling conducted a more thorough survey of the area in 1831, as recommended by Sturt. After swimming the mouth of the Murray River, Barker was killed by natives who may have had contact with sealers and escaped convicts in the region. Despite this his more detailed survey led Sturt to conclude in his 1833 report: Collet Barker (1784-30 April 1831), military officer and explorer, explored areas of South Australia. ... Motto: Orta Recens Quam Pura Nites (Newly Risen, How Brightly You Shine) Nickname: First State, Premier State Other Australian states and territories Capital Sydney Government Governor Premier Const. ... General Sir Ralph Darling, GCH (1775 - Brighton, 2 April 1858) was a British colonial Governor and the seventh Governor of New South Wales (from 19 December 1825 to 22 October 1831). ... 1831 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Murray Mouth (35°33′ S 138°53′ E) - the point at which Australias River Murray meets the Indian Ocean (Southern Ocean according to Australian maps). ... 1833 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

"It would appear that a spot has at last been found upon the south coast of New Holland to which the colonists might venture with every prospect of success ....All who have ever landed upon the eastern shore of the St. Vincent's Gulf agree as to the richness of its soil and the abundance of its pastures." New Holland could refer to several things: Several former Dutch colonies were known as New Holland: northeast coast Brazil, capital Mauritsstad (now Recife), see Dutch West India Company. ...

Sturt's report impressed a group in Britain who wanted to wanted to create a colony based on free settlement rather than convict labour. Leading the group were Edward Gibbon Wakefield and Robert Gouger. In 1829 an imprisoned Wakefield wrote a series of letters about systematic colonisation which were published in a daily newspaper. He suggested that instead of granting free land to settlers as had happened in other colonies, land should be sold. The money could then fund the emigration of free settlers to the colony who were responsible and skilled workers rather than paupers and convicts. Edward Gibbon Wakefield (1796 - May 16, 1862) was the driving force behind much of the early colonization of New Zealand. ... 1829 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

1835 advertisement

Gouger promoted Wakefield's ideas and organised societies of interested people to carry out his scheme. In 1834 the South Australian Association persuaded British Parliament to pass the South Australian Colonisation act, succeeding where two previous organisations had failed. Wakefield wanted the colony's capital to be called Wellington after the "Iron Duke" but King William IV preferred it to be named after his consort, Queen Adelaide. The British government appointed a Board of Commissioners from people nominated by the association, with task of organising the new colony and meeting the condition of selling at least £35,00 worth of land. The province and its capital were named, planned, advertised and largely sold before a single settler had set foot in their new home. File links The following pages link to this file: History of Adelaide ... File links The following pages link to this file: History of Adelaide ... 1834 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Wellington (Te Whanganui-a-Tara or Poneke) is the capital city of New Zealand and the countrys second-largest urban area. ... The Most Noble Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, KG, GCB, PC, FRS (1 May 1769–14 September 1852) was an Anglo-Irish soldier and statesman, widely considered one of the leading military and political figures of the 19th century. ... William IV (William Henry dEste) (21 August 1765–20 June 1837) was King of the United Kingdom and of Hanover from 26 June 1830 until his death. ... A consort is somebodys spouse, usually a royalty. ... Queen Adelaide ( 13 August 1792 - 2 December 1849 ) as was the Queen consort of King William IV of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. ...

Free passage was given to "suitable" labourers, generally men and women under 30 years of age who were healthy and of good character, who had to carry out a promise of working for wages until they have saved enough to buy land of their own and employ others, a process taking at least 3 or 4 years. Land sales were encouraged by granting one acre (4,000 m²) of town land in Adelaide for every 80 acres (324,000 m²) of rural land sold. The largest buyer of land was the South Australia Company headed by George Fife Angas, which bought enough land for South Australia to proceed and continued to influence the colony's future development. With the government's conditions met, King William IV signed the Letters Patents and the first settlers and officials set sail in early 1836. Letters Patent by Queen Victoria creating the office of Governor-General of Australia Letters patent are a type of legal document which is an open letter issued by a monarch or government granting a right, monopoly, title, or status to someone or some entity such as a corporation. ...

European settlement

Colonel William Light

In February 1836 the John Prairie and the Duke of York set sail for South Australia. They were followed in March by the Cygnet and Lady Mary Pelham, in April by the Emma, in May by the Rapid (carrying Colonel Light) and then by the Africaine (carrying Robert Gouger) and Tam o' Shanter. Most took supplies and settlers to Kangaroo Island on the present day site of Kingscote to await official decisions on the location and administration of the new colony. By the time the Duke of York had arrived at Kangaroo Island the Buffalo (carrying Governor John Hindmarsh) was on its way. William Light portrait This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... William Light portrait This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Colonel William Light Colonel William Light (1786 - 1839) was born in Kuala Kedah, Malaya in 1786, an illegitimate son of Captain Francis Light, the Governor of Penang, and Martina Rozells, the so-called Princess of Kedah of mixed Siamese-Portuguese descent. ... February is the second month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... April is the fourth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of four with the length of 30 days. ... Captain John Hindmarsh, KH, RN was the first Governor of South Australia, from 28 December 1836 to 16 July 1838. ...

Surveyor Colonel William Light rejected alternative locations for the new settlement such as Kangaroo Island, Port Lincoln and the south coast. The site required a harbour, arable land, fresh water, ready internal and external communications, building materials and drainage. Most of the settlers were brought from Kangaroo Island to Holdfast Bay with Governor Hindmarsh arriving in December 1836. Light had to work quickly as the settlers were eager to take possession of the land they had purchased prior and grew impatient waiting. The Port River was sighted and deemed a suitable harbour, however there was no fresh water available nearby. The River Torrens was discovered and Light and his team set about planning the city's location and layout. Surveyor at work Surveying is the art and science of accurately determining the position of points and the distances between them. ... Colonel William Light Colonel William Light (1786 - 1839) was born in Kuala Kedah, Malaya in 1786, an illegitimate son of Captain Francis Light, the Governor of Penang, and Martina Rozells, the so-called Princess of Kedah of mixed Siamese-Portuguese descent. ... Port Lincoln is a town at the southern extremity of the Eyre Peninsula, which is a wheat growing area of South Australia. ... A harbor (or harbour) or haven is a place where ships may shelter from the weather or are stored. ... In geography, arable land (from Latin arare, to plough ) is a form of agricultural land use, meaning land that can be (and is) used for growing crops. ... For the village on the Isle of Wight, see Freshwater, Isle of Wight. ... The term communications is used in a number of disciplines: Communications, also known as communication studies is the academic discipline which studies communication. ... Building material is any material which is used for a construction purpose. ... Drainage is the natural or artifical removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given area. ... Glenelg is a suburb of Adelaide, the capital city of South Australia. ... December is the twelfth and last month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... Port River is a river that runs through Port Adelaide, a part of the capital of South Australia, Adelaide. ... Categories: Australia geography stubs | Adelaide ...

Light favoured a location along the Torrens valley between the coast and hills free of floodwaters. Governor Hindmarsh upon arrival initially approved, but changed his mind thinking that the site should instead be two miles closer to the harbour (an area unsuitable due to flooding). Other colonists thought Port Lincoln or Encounter Bay would be better sites. A public meeting of landholders was called on 10 February 1837, where a vote was held resulting in 218 to 127 in Light's favour, settling the issue for the meantime. February 10 is the 41st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1837 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

The survey was completed on 11 March 1837. Light's plan carefully fitted the topography: the Torrens Valley was kept as parklands and town acres were planned on higher land to the north and south. Adelaide was divided into two districts with North Adelaide comprising of 342 acre (1.4 km²) blocks and (South) Adelaide of 700 blocks, surrounded by 2,300 acres (9 km²) set aside as parklands for recreation and public functions. The grid pattern of Adelaide featured a central square (Victoria Square) and four smaller squares (Hindmarsh, Hurtle, Light and Whitmore), North Adelaide featured Wellington Square. Space for public buildings such as Government House, government stores, botanical gardens, hospital, cemetery and an aboriginal reserve were included within the parklands. 11 March is the 70th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (71st in Leap year). ... 1837 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Surface of the Earth Topography, a term in geography, has come to refer to the lay of the land, or the physiogeographic characteristics of land in terms of elevation, slope, and orientation. ... An Australian park A park is any of a number of geographic features. ... Victoria Square is a public square located in the centre of Adelaide, the capital city of South Australia. ... Government House is the name usually given to the residence of Governors-General, Governors and Lieutenant-Governors in the Commonwealth and the former British Empire. ... Inside the United States Botanic Garden Botanical gardens grow a wide variety of plants both for scientific purposes and for the enjoyment and education of visitors. ... A physician visiting the sick in a hospital. ... Graves at Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, New York A cemetery or graveyard is a place (usually an enclosed area of land) in which dead bodies are buried. ...

First years

Hindmarsh

Governor John Hindmarsh

Colonists who had already purchased land before departing were given first choice on 23 March 1837, and the remaining areas were auctioned for between 2 and 14 guineas. Within a few weeks many of the same areas were selling for between 80 and 100 pounds which was seen as a healthy sign. With the town survey completed, Light's poorly paid and ill-equipped surveying team were expected to begin a survey of at least 405 km² of rural land. Light's deputy, George Kingston was sent back to London in October 1837 to ask for more staff and equipment to speed up the process, and to have the troublesome Hindmarsh recalled. Light, who was slowly succumbing to tuberculosis, managed to complete 243 km² by December 1837, by which time the population had increased to around 2,500. When Kingston returned in June 1838, 605.7 km² had been completed. Light's requests however were denied, instead he could change from the trigonometrical surveys to a faster (but inferior) "running" survey, or hand control over to Kingston and confine himself to coastal surveys. Light resigned in protest. Hindmarsh was to be replaced, and left Adelaide on board the Alligator on 14 July 1838. Download high resolution version (643x943, 172 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: History of Adelaide John Hindmarsh ... Download high resolution version (643x943, 172 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: History of Adelaide John Hindmarsh ... Captain John Hindmarsh, KH, RN was the first Governor of South Australia, from 28 December 1836 to 16 July 1838. ... March 23 is the 82nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (83rd in Leap years). ... The pound sterling, which strictly speaking refers to basic currency unit of sterling, now the pound, is the currency of the United Kingdom (UK). ... -- Canderson7 15:48, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC) Categories: Possible copyright violations ... Tuberculous lungs show up on an X-ray image Tuberculosis is an infection with the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs (pulmonary TB) but can also affect the central nervous system (meningitis), lymphatic system, circulatory system (miliary TB), genitourinary system, bones and joints. ... 1838 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Trigonometry (from the Greek trigonon = three angles and metro = measure) is a branch of mathematics dealing with angles, triangles and trigonometric functions such as sine, cosine and tangent. ... July 14 is the 195th day (196th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 170 days remaining. ...

Adelaide in 1839, looking south-east from North Terrace

The first sheep and other livestock in South Australia were brought in from Tasmania. Sheep were overlanded from New South Wales from 1838, with the wool industry forming the basis of South Australia's economy for the first few years. Vast tracts of land were leased by "Squatters" until required for agriculture. Once the land was surveyed it was put up for sale and the Squatters had to buy their runs or move on. Most bought their land when it came up for sale, disadvantaging farmers who had a hard time finding good and unoccupied land. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1460x1156, 384 KB)Adelaide, North Terrace 1839, looking south-east. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1460x1156, 384 KB)Adelaide, North Terrace 1839, looking south-east. ... 1839 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... North Terrace, Adelaide - Cultural Precinct North Terrace is a street in Adelaide, the capital city of South Australia. ... Binomial name Ovis aries Linnaeus, 1758 A sheep is any of several woolly ruminant quadrupeds, but most commonly the Domestic Sheep (Ovis aries), which probably descends from the wild moufflon of south-central and south-west Asia. ... Sheep are commonly bred as livestock. ... Motto: Ubertas et Fidelitas (Fertility and Faithfulness) Nickname: The Apple Isle Other Australian states and territories Capital Hobart Government Governor Premier Const. ... 1838 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... This article or section should include material from Tenancy agreement A lease is a contract conveying from one person (the lessor) to another person (the lessee) the right to use and control some article of property for a specified period of time (the term), without conveying ownership, in exchange for...

Farms took longer to establish than sheep runs and were expensive to set up. Despite this by 1860 wheat farms ranged from Encounter Bay in the south to Clare in the north. 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... Species T. boeoticum T. durum T. monococcum T. spelta References:   ITIS 42236 2002-09-22 Wheat (Triticum spp. ... Encounter Bay is located on the south coast of Australia. ... The Clare township The Clare Valley is one of Australias oldest and most famous wine regions, and also one of the most scenic, presenting visitors with a series of small intimate valleys and magnificent views Settlers from England, Ireland and Poland first moved into the region during the 1840...

The city's centre was intended to develop around Victoria Square, with Grote Street and King William Road which intersect the city planned extra wide to allow for future development. Development concentrated around Rundle and Hindley Streets, two of the narrowest streets on the city plan due to their proximity to the water supply and Port Road. Many empty blocks remained until the late 1800's. Victoria Square is the name of several public squares around the world. ...

Gawler

Governor George Gawler

Adelaide's second Governor was Colonel George Gawler who arrived on October 1838 to a situation of almost no public finances, underpaid officials and 4000 immigrants still living in makeshift accommodation. He was allowed a maximum of £12,000 expenditure a year, with an additional £5,000 credit for emergencies, but was given the impression by the Colonial Office back in London that self-sufficiency of the colony was of minor importance and that government support should be relied upon. Gawler's first goal was to address delays over rural settlement and agriculture. He persuaded Sturt in New South Wales to come over to work as surveyor-general, overseeing the surveys himself in the meantime. He appointed more colonial officials with higher wages, set up a police force and took part in explorations of the surrounding terrain. A governor's house, jail, police barracks, hospital, and customs house and wharf at Port Adelaide were built, as well as houses for public officials and missionaries, and outstations for police and surveyors. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (703x1076, 106 KB)George Gawler. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (703x1076, 106 KB)George Gawler. ... George Gawler Lieutenant Colonel George Gawler, KH (21 July 1795–7 May 1869) was the second governor of South Australia. ... George Gawler Lieutenant Colonel George Gawler, KH (21 July 1795–7 May 1869) was the second governor of South Australia. ... The Secretary of State for the Colonies or Colonial Secretary was the British Cabinet official in charge of managing the various British colonies. ... For the band, see The Police. ... Port Adelaide (34°50′ S 138°30′ E) is a suburb of Adelaide that lies about 14 kilometres Northwest of the Adelaide Central Business District. ...

The land boom eased after 1839, cash and credit were scarce, explorations indicated limited good land, and British speculators became interested in New Zealand. In 1840 there were crop failures in the other Australian colonies, upon which Adelaide was still reliant upon for food, and the cost of living increased rapidly. Gawler increased public expenditure to stave off economic collapse, which resulted in bankruptcy and later on, changes to the way the colony was run. Over £200,000 in bills had been amassed and the land fund in London had been exhausted. The British Parliament approved a £155,000 loan (later made a gift) to bailout the colony. A head had to roll and Captain George Grey was sent to replace Galwer. Despite having been recalled Governor Gawler put Adelaide on a firm footing, making South Australia agriculturally self-sufficient, building infrastructure and restoring public confidence. An abstract business cycle The business cycle or economic cycle refers to the ups and downs seen somewhat simultaneously in most parts of an economy. ... Speculation involves the buying, holding, and selling of stocks, commodities, futures, currencies, collectibles, real estate, or any valuable thing to profit from fluctuations in its price as opposed to buying it for use or for income ( via dividends, rent etc). ... 1840 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Bankruptcy is a legally declared inability or impairment of ability of an individual or organization to pay their creditors. ... George Edward Grey Statue of Sir George Grey in Albert Park, Auckland Sir George Edward Grey KCB (April 14, 1812 - September 19, 1898 ) was a soldier, explorer, Governor of South Australia, twice Governor of New Zealand, Governor of Cape Colony (South Africa), Premier of New Zealand and a writer. ... For the book by Walter Lippmann, see Public Opinion. ...

Grey

Governor George Grey

Grey, 29 at the time, issued news of Galwer's recollection himself on the government house steps on 15 May 1841. He slashed public expenditure, bringing public opinion against him (which Grey ignored). Silver was discovered at Glen Osmond the same year, which lifted spirits and spurred on discoveries of other finds in the Mount Lofty Ranges. Copper was discovered near Kapunda in 1842. In 1845 even larger deposits of copper were discovered at Burra which brought wealth to the Adelaide shopkeepers who invested in the mine. With a series of good harvests and expanding agriculture, Adelaide exported meat, wool, wine, fruit and wheat. John Ridley invented a reaping machine in 1843 which changed farming methods throughout South Australia and the nation at large. By 1943, 93 km² of land was growing wheat (contrasted with 0.08 km² in 1838). South Australia was on its way to becoming the "granary of Australia". From a low point in 1842 when 642 out of 1,915 houses were abandoned and there was talk of abandoning the settlement, Adelaide was a bustling city when Grey left to govern New Zealand in 1845. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (559x1064, 159 KB)George Edward Grey. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (559x1064, 159 KB)George Edward Grey. ... George Edward Grey Statue of Sir George Grey in Albert Park, Auckland Sir George Edward Grey KCB (April 14, 1812 - September 19, 1898 ) was a soldier, explorer, Governor of South Australia, twice Governor of New Zealand, Governor of Cape Colony (South Africa), Premier of New Zealand and a writer. ... General Name, Symbol, Number silver, Ag, 47 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 5, d Appearance lustrous white metal Atomic mass 107. ... Mount Lofty Summit The Mount Lofty Ranges are the range of mountains to the east of Adelaide in South Australia. ... General Name, Symbol, Number copper, Cu, 29 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 4, d Appearance copper, metallic Atomic mass 63. ... Statue of Map Kernow The historic Kapunda copper mine Kapunda is a town in South Australia, established when copper was found and began to be mined. ... Burra (33°40′ S 138°56′ E) is a town in the mid-north of South Australia. ... This article is about gathering crops. ... John Ridley is a film director, actor, and writer. ... The reaper was a horse-drawn farm implement invented by Cyrus McCormick in 1831 to cut small grain crops. ... 1843 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

Later developments

Gold discoveries in Victoria in 1851 brought a severe labour shortage which was created by the exodus of workers leaving to seek their fortunes on the goldfields. High demand for South Australian wheat was created however. The situation improved when prospectors returned with their gold finds. What is the price of the digging fee? The Victorian gold rush was a period in the history of Victoria in Australia between approximately 1851 and the early 1860s. ... Motto: Peace and Prosperity Nickname: Garden State Other Australian states and territories Capital Melbourne Government Governor Premier Const. ... A condition whereby there are not enough qualified candidates (employees) to fill needed jobs. ...

South Australians were keen to establish trade links with Victoria and New South Wales, however overland transport was too slow. A £4,000 prize was offered in 1850 by the South Australian government for the first two people to navigate the River Murray in an iron steamboat as far as its junction with the Darling River. In 1853 William Randell of Mannum and Francis Cadell of Adelaide, unintentionally making the attempt at the same time, raced each other to Swan Hill with Cadell coming in first. Motto: Orta Recens Quam Pura Nites (Newly Risen, How Brightly You Shine) Nickname: First State, Premier State Other Australian states and territories Capital Sydney Government Governor Premier Const. ... 1850 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Paddle steamers - Lucerne-Switzerland Left: original paddlewheel from a paddle steamer on the lake of Lucerne. ... The Darling River is the longest river in Australia, flowing 2,739km from northern New South Wales to its confluence with the Murray River at Wentworth, New South Wales. ... 1853 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... One of the two ferries at Mannum. ... Swan Hill is a city in the north west of Victoria, Australia. ...

South Australia became a Self-governing colony in 1856 with the ratification of a new constitution by the British parliament. Secret ballots were an innovation, and a bicameral parliament was elected on 9 march 1857, when 109,917 people lived in the province. Premier Robert Torrens devised a land title system in 1858 which adapted the principles of shipping registers, copied in the other Australian colonies and overseas in places such as Singapore. A self-governing colony is a colony with an elected legislature, in which politicians are able to make most decisions without reference to the colonial power with formal or nominal control of the colony. ... Ratification is the process of adopting an international treaty, or a constitution or other nationally binding document (such as an amendment to a constitution) by the agreement of multiple subnational entities. ... The Polling by William Hogarth (1755); Before the secret ballot was introduced voter intimidation was commonplace The secret ballot is a process in elections where the choice of the voters is kept confidential. ... In government, bicameralism is the practice of having two legislative or parliamentary chambers. ... This is a list of Premiers of South Australia. ... Sir Robert Richard Torrens (1814 – 1884) was an Australian politician and one of the earliest Premiers of South Australia. ... Torrens title is a system of land title where a register of land holdings maintained by the state guarantees indefeasible title to those included in the register. ...

Further Copper discoveries were made in 1859 at Wallaroo and in 1861 at Moonta. In 1860 the Thorndon Park reservoir was opened, finally providing an alternative water source to the turbid River Torrens. During John McDouall Stuart's 1862 expedition to the north coast of Australia he discovered 200,000 km² of grazing territory to the the west of Lake Torrens and Lake Eyre. South Australia was made responsible for the administration of the Northern Territory. In 1867 gas street lighting was implemented, the University of Adelaide was founded in 1874, the South Australian Art Gallery opened in 1881 and the Happy Valley reservoir opened in 1896. Wallaroo (33°55′ S 137°37′ E) is a port town on the western side of Yorke Peninsula in South Australia. ... Turbidity standards of 10, 100, and 1000 NTU Turbidity is a cloudiness or haziness of water (or other liquid) caused by individual particles that are too small to be seen without magnification, thus being much like smoke in air. ... John McDouall Stuart (7 September 1815 – 5 June 1866) was the most accomplished and most famous of all Australias inland explorers and led the first expedition to successfully traverse the continent from south to north. ... Lake Torrens National Park in South Australia (Australia), is located 431 km north of Adelaide. ... Composite Satellite image of Lake Eyre using shortwave infrared, near-infrared, and blue wavelengths. ... Motto: None Nickname: ? Other Australian states and territories Capital Darwin Government Administrator Chief Minister Const. ... A streetlight in front of a red sky at night A street light or street lamp, also known as a light standard or lamp standard, is a raised light on the edge of a road, turned on or lit at a certain time every night. ... The University of Adelaide The University of Adelaide (or Adelaide University) is located in Adelaide, South Australia. ...

1888 German map of Adelaide

In the 1890's Australia was affected by a severe economic depression, ending a hectic era of land booms and tumultuous expansionism. Financial institutions in Melbourne and banks in Sydney closed. The national fertility rate fell and immigration was reduced to a trickle. The value of South Australia's exports nearly halved. Drought and poor harvests from 1884 compounded the problems with some families leaving for Western Australia. Adelaide was not as badly hit as the larger gold-rush cities of Sydney and Melbourne, and silver and lead discoveries at Broken Hill provided some relief. Only one year of deficit was recorded but the price paid was retrenchments and lean public spending. Wine and Copper were the only industries not to suffer a downturn. Image File history File links 1888 German map of Adelaide File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links 1888 German map of Adelaide File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... In economics, a depression is a term commonly used for a sustained downturn in the economy. ... The City of Melbournes coat of arms Melbourne is the capital and largest city of the state of Victoria, and the second largest city in Australia (after Sydney), with a population of 3,600,650 in the Melbourne metropolitan area (June 2004) and 61,670 in the City of... Sydney Harbour looking south from the vicinity of the Sydney Harbour Bridge towards the CBD skyline; the Opera House is visible in the background on the left. ... The (total) fertility rate of a population is the average number of child births per woman. ... A drought is an extended period where water availability falls below the statistical requirements for a region. ... Motto: Cygnis Insignis (Distinguished by its swans) Nickname: Wildflower State Other Australian states and territories Capital Perth Government Governor Premier Const. ... General Name, Symbol, Number lead, Pb, 82 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 6, p Appearance bluish white Atomic mass 207. ... Broken Hill is an isolated mining city and Local Government Area in the far west of outback New South Wales, Australia, with a population of 21,000. ... A budget deficit occurs when an entity (often a government) spends more money than it takes in. ... A glass of red wine Wine display at the Mt Markey Winery This article is about the beverage. ...

Electric street lighting was introduced in 1900 and electric trams were transporting passengers in 1909. 28,000 men were sent to fight in World War I. Adelaide enjoyed a post-war boom but with the return of droughts, entered the depression of the 1930's, later returning to prosperity with strong government leadership. Secondary industries helped reduce the state's dependence on primary industries. The 1933 census recorded the state population at 580,949 which was less of an increase than other states due to the state's economic limitations. Street cars in New Orleans A modern tram in the Töölö district of Helsinki, Finland For modern innovations aimed at increasing the capacity and speed of tramway systems, see light rail. ... World War I was primarily a European conflict with many facets: immense human sacrifice, stalemate trench warfare, and the use of new, devastating weapons - tanks, aircraft, machineguns, and poison gas. ... The Great Depression was a massive global economic recession (or depression) that ran from 1929 to 1939. ... The secondary sector of industry is the manufacturing sector of industry. ... The primary sector of industry generally involves the conversion of natural resources into primary products. ...

World War II brought industrial stimulus and diversification to Adelaide. 70,000 men and women enlisted and shipbuilding was expanded at Whyalla. Adelaide's transformation from an agricultural service centre to a twentieth century city was complete. World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrinations, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons like the atom bomb. ... City Plaza, Hummock Hill in the background Whyalla is a city and port located on the east coast of the Eyre Peninsula opposite Port Pirie in South Australia. ...

After the war, an assisted migration scheme brought 215,000 emigrants of all nationalities to South Australia between 1947 and 1973. Electrical goods were manufactured in former munitions factories and Holden cars were assembled in 1948. A pipeline from Mannum brought River Murray water to Adelaide in 1954 and an airport opened at West Beach in 1955. Holden Australia is an Australian car manufacturer, originally independent but now a subsidiary of General Motors. ... One of the two ferries at Mannum. ... A branch of the Murray in its middle reaches, near Howlong, New South Wales. ... West Beach is a beautiful seaside suburb of Adelaide. ...

References

• Elizabeth Kwan Living in South Australia: A Social History Volume 1:From Before 1836 to 1914 (1987)
• Kathryn Gergett and Susan Marsden Adelaide: A brief History (1996)
• Derek Whitelock Adelaide: From Colony to Jubilee (1985)

See also

• Adelaide
• Light's Vision

Adelaide skyline as seen from Victoria Square The Adelaide CBD as seen from the Mount Lofty Ranges Adelaide is the capital city of the Australian state of South Australia. ... Lights Vision, Montefiore Hill Adelaide, City of Squares Map of Adelaide The first surveyor-general of Adelaide, South Australia, Colonel William Light designed a layout and development programme for the city. ...

External link

• A History of the Kingston plan of Adelaide