Alaska in 1895 (Rand McNally).

History of Alaska
Prehistory
Russian Alaska (1733-1867)
Department of Alaska (1867-1884)
District of Alaska (1884-1912)
Alaska Territory (1912-1959)
Recent history (1959-present)
Other topics
v • d • e

The history of Alaska dates back to the end of the Upper Paleolithic Period (around 12,000 BC), when Asiatic groups crossed the Bering Land Bridge into what is now western Alaska. At the time of European contact by the Russian explorers, the area was populated by Alaska Native groups. The name "Alaska" derives from the Aleut word alaxsxaq, (an Archaic spelling being alyeska), meaning "mainland" (literally, "the object toward which the action of the sea is directed").^[1] Alaska History is a peer-reviewed academic journal of that publishes scholarship relating to the history of Alaska. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1799x1307, 595 KB) Rand McNally, The New 11 x 14 Atlas of the World (1895) This image is in the public domain in the United States. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1799x1307, 595 KB) Rand McNally, The New 11 x 14 Atlas of the World (1895) This image is in the public domain in the United States. ... Rand McNally & Company is the preeminent American publisher of maps, atlases, and globes for travel, reference, commercial, and educational uses. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Alaska. ... An Inuit woman, circa 1907 Prehistoric Alaska begins with Paleolithic peoples moving into northwestern North America sometime between 16,000 and 10,000 BCE across the Bering Land Bridge in western Alaska. ... Bering Strait, Alaskas West coast and Russias East coast // The first written accounts indicate that the first Europeans to reach Alaska came from Russia. ... The Department of Alaska was the governmental designation of Alaska from its purchase by the USA in 1867 until its organization as the District of Alaska in 1884. ... The District of Alaska was the governmental designation for Alaska from May 17, 1884 to August 24, 1912, when it became Alaska Territory. ... Alaska Territory was an organized territory of the United States from August 24, 1912 to January 3, 1959, when Alaska became the 49th state. ... Alaska history redirects here. ... The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe, Africa and Asia. ... Asian people[1] is a demonym for people from Asia. ... Nautical chart of Bering Strait, site of former land bridge between Asia and North America The Bering land bridge, also known as Beringia, was a land bridge roughly 1,000 miles (1,600 km) north to south at its greatest extent, which joined present-day Alaska and eastern Siberia at... For other uses, see Alaska (disambiguation). ... Russian colonization of the Americas proceeded in several places. ... Alaskan Natives are Aboriginal Americans who live in Alaska. ... Aleut (Unangam Tunuu) is a language of the Eskimo-Aleut language family. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...

The first European contact with Alaska occurred in the 1741, when Vitus Bering led an expedition for the Russian Navy aboard the St. Peter. After his crew returned to Russia bearing sea otter pelts judged to be the finest fur in the world, small associations of fur traders began to sail from the shores of Siberia towards the Aleutian islands. The first permanent European settlement was founded in 1784, and the Russian-America Company carried out expanded colonization program during the early to mid-1800s. Despite these efforts, the Russians never fully colonized Alaska, and the colony was never very profitable. William H. Seward, the U.S. Secretary of State, engineered the Alaskan purchase in 1867 for $7.2 million. A portrait attributed to Vitus Bering (according to modern data, his uncles portrait) Vitus Jonassen Bering (also, less correctly, Behring) (August 1681–December 19, 1741) was a Danish-born navigator in the service of the Russian Navy, a captain-komandor known among the Russian sailors as Ivan Ivanovich. ... The second Kamchatka expedition was led by Vitus Jonassen Bering after being chosen by Peter I to lead the first Kamchatka expedition. ... For other uses, see Fur (disambiguation). ... This article is about a type of political territory. ... William Henry Seward, Sr. ... The United States Secretary of State is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with foreign affairs. ... Check used to pay for Alaska The Alaska purchase from Russia by the United States occurred in 1867 at the behest of Secretary of State William Seward. ...

In the 1890s, gold rushes in Alaska and the nearby Yukon Territory brought thousands of miners and settlers to Alaska. Alaska was granted territorial status in 1912. For other meanings, see Gold rush (disambiguation) A gold rush is a period of feverish migration of workers into the area of a dramatic discovery of commercial quantities of gold. ... For other uses, see Alaska (disambiguation). ... Motto: none Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital Whitehorse Largest city Whitehorse Commissioner Jack Cable Premier Dennis Fentie (Yukon Party) Area 482,443 km² (9th)  - Land 474,391 km²  - Water 8,052 km² (1. ...

In 1942, three of the outer Aleutian Islands—Attu, Agattu and Kiska—were occupied by the Japanese and their recovery for the U. S. became a matter of national pride. The construction of military bases contributed to the population growth of some Alaskan cities. Aleutians seen from space The Aleutian Islands (possibly from Chukchi aliat, island) are a chain of more than 300 small volcanic islands forming an island arc in the Northern Pacific Ocean, occupying an area of 6,821 sq mi (17,666 km²) and extending about 1,200 mi (1,900... A military base is an isolated facility, settlement, or installation that shelters military equipment and personnel. ...

Alaska was granted statehood on January 3, 1959. is the 3rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In 1964, the massive "Good Friday Earthquake" killed 131 people and leveled several villages. Earthquake Damage, Anchorage The Good Friday Earthquake (also called the Great Alaska Earthquake) of Friday, March 27, 1964 (Good Friday, a Christian holy day associated with a historical earthquake[1]), 5:36 P.M. AST (03:36 3/27 UTC) had a magnitude of 9. ...

The 1968 discovery of oil at Prudhoe Bay and the 1977 completion of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline led to an oil boom. In 1989, the Exxon Valdez hit a reef in the Prince William Sound, spilling between 11 and 35 million US gallons (42,000 and 130,000 m³) of crude oil over 1,100 miles (1,600 km) of coastline. Today, the battle between philosophies of development and conservation is seen in the contentious debate over oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Prudhoe Bay is a census-designated place located in North Slope Borough, Alaska. ... Map of the pipeline The Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS), usually called the Alyeska Pipeline in Alaska or the Alaska Pipeline elsewhere, is a major U.S. oil pipeline connecting oil fields in northern Alaska to a sea port where the oil can be shipped to the Lower 48 states... This article is about the tank vessel Exxon Valdez. ... Prince William Sound, on the south coast of Alaska. ... The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) covers 19,049,236 acres (79,318 km²) in northeastern Alaska, in the North Slope region. ...

Prehistory

An Inupiaq woman, Nome, Alaska, c. 1907.

Main article: Prehistory of Alaska

Paleolithic families moved into northwestern North America sometime between 16,000 and 10,000 BC across the Bering Land Bridge in western Alaska.^[2] Alaska became populated by the Inuit and a variety of Native American groups. Today, early Alaskans are divided into several main groups: the Southeastern Coastal Indians (the Tlingit, Haida, and Tsimshian), the Athabascans, the Aleut, and the two groups of Eskimos, the Inupiat and the Yup'ik.^[3] Download high resolution version (531x640, 50 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Inuit Categories: U.S. history images ... Download high resolution version (531x640, 50 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Inuit Categories: U.S. history images ... The Inupiat or Iñupiaq are the Inuit people of Alaskas Northwest Arctic and North Slope boroughs and the Bering Straits region. ... Aerial view of the harbor in Nome Nome is a city located on the southern Seward Peninsula coast of Norton Sound in the Nome Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. ... An Inuit woman, circa 1907 Prehistoric Alaska begins with Paleolithic peoples moving into northwestern North America sometime between 16,000 and 10,000 BCE across the Bering Land Bridge in western Alaska. ... Nautical chart of Bering Strait, site of former land bridge between Asia and North America The Bering land bridge, also known as Beringia, was a land bridge roughly 1,000 miles (1,600 km) north to south at its greatest extent, which joined present-day Alaska and eastern Siberia at... For other uses, see Alaska (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Inuit (disambiguation). ... Indigenous peoples in the United States are distinct groups of peoples who are indigenous to what is now states or territories of the United States of America. ... A Tlingit totem pole in Ketchikan ca. ... This article is about the people. ... The Tsimshian, usually pronounced in English as // (SIM-shee-an), translated as People Inside the Skeena River, are Indigenous, or Native American and First Nation people who live around Terrace and Prince Rupert, on the north coast of British Columbia and the southernmost corner of Alaska on Annette Island. ... Areas in which Athabaskan languages and Eyak and Tlingit are traditionally spoken Athabaskan or Athabascan (also Athapascan or Athapaskan) is the name of a large group of distantly related Native American peoples, also known as the Athabasca Indians or Athapaskes, located in two main Southern and Northern groups in western... Languages English, Russian, Aleut Religions Christianity, Shamanism Related ethnic groups Inuit, Yupik The Aleuts (self-denomination: , Unangan or Unanga) are the indigenous people of the Aleutian Islands of Alaska, United States and Kamchatka Krai, Russia. ... The Inupiat or Iñupiaq are the Inuit people of Alaskas Northwest Arctic and North Slope boroughs and the Bering Straits region. ... The Yupik or, in the Central Alaskan language, Yupik, are aboriginal people who live along the coast of western Alaska, especially on the Yukon-Kuskokwim delta and along the Kuskokwim River (Central Alaskan Yupik), in southern Alaska (the Alutiiq) and in the Russian Far East and St. ...

The Coastal asians were probably the first wave of immigrants to cross the Bering Land Bridge in western Alaska, and many of them initially settled in interior Canada. The Tlingit were the most numerous of this group, claiming most of the coastal Panhandle by the time of European contact. The southern portion of Prince of Wales Island was settled by the Haidas emigrating from the Queen Charlotte Islands in Canada. The Aleuts settled the islands of the Aleutian chain approximately 10,000 years ago. Nautical chart of Bering Strait, site of former land bridge between Asia and North America The Bering land bridge, also known as Beringia, was a land bridge roughly 1,000 miles (1,600 km) north to south at its greatest extent, which joined present-day Alaska and eastern Siberia at... The Alaska Panhandle is the coast of the American state of Alaska, just west of the northern half of the Canadian province of British Columbia. ... Prince of Wales Island may refer to: Prince of Wales Island, Alaska, USA Prince of Wales Island, Nunavut, Canada Prince of Wales Island, Queensland, Australia This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Leaving Skidegate Inlet aboard BC Ferries M/V Queen of Prince Rupert The Queen Charlotte Islands or Haida Gwaii (Land of the Haida) are an archipelago off the northwest coast of British Columbia, Canada, consisting of two main islands, Graham Island in the North, and Moresby Island in the south...

Cultural and subsistence practices varied widely among Native groups, who were spread across vast geographical distances. An Inuit woman, circa 1907 Prehistoric Alaska begins with Paleolithic peoples moving into northwestern North America sometime between 16,000 and 10,000 BCE across the Bering Land Bridge in western Alaska. ...

18th century

Vitus Bering.

Image File history File links Size of this preview: 539 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1307 × 1453 pixel, file size: 274 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Ölgemälde eines unbekannten Meisters, Mitte 18. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 539 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1307 × 1453 pixel, file size: 274 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Ölgemälde eines unbekannten Meisters, Mitte 18. ...

European discovery

Main article: Russian Alaska

The first European contact with Alaska came as a part of the 1733-1743 second Kamchatka expedition, after the St. Peter (captained by Dane Vitus Bering) and the St. Paul (captained by his deputy, Russian Alexei Chirikov) set sail from Russia in June 1741. On July 15, Chirikov sighted land, probably the west side of Prince of Wales Island in Southeast Alaska.^[4] He sent a group of men ashore in a long boat, making them the first Europeans to land on the northwestern coast of North America. Bering and his crew sighted Mt. St. Elias. Chirikov and Bering's crew returned to Russia in 1742, carrying word of the expedition. The sea otter pelts they brought, soon judged to be the finest fur in the world, would spark Russian settlement in Alaska. Bering Strait, Alaskas West coast and Russias East coast // The first written accounts indicate that the first Europeans to reach Alaska came from Russia. ... The second Kamchatka expedition was led by Vitus Jonassen Bering after being chosen by Peter I to lead the first Kamchatka expedition. ... A portrait attributed to Vitus Bering (according to modern data, his uncles portrait) Vitus Jonassen Bering (also, less correctly, Behring) (August 1681–December 19, 1741) was a Danish-born navigator in the service of the Russian Navy, a captain-komandor known among the Russian sailors as Ivan Ivanovich. ... Aleksei Ilyich Chirikov (Russian: Алексей Ильич Чириков) (1703 – November, 1748) was a Russian navigator and captain who charted some of the Aleutian Islands and was deputy to Vitus Bering during the Kamchatka expeditions. ... is the 196th day of the year (197th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Prince of Wales Island is one of the islands of the Alexander Archipelago in the Alaska Panhandle. ... The European peoples are the various nations and ethnic groups of Europe. ... North American redirects here. ... Mount Saint Elias is the second highest mountain in both the United States and Canada, being situated on the Alaska and Yukon border. ... For other uses, see Fur (disambiguation). ...

Early Russian settlement

Alexandr Baranov, "Lord of Alaska."

Main article: Russian Alaska

After the second Kamchatka expedition, small associations of fur traders began to sail from the shores of Siberia towards the Aleutian islands. As the runs from Siberia to America became longer expeditions, the crews established hunting and trading posts. By the late 1790s, these had become permanent settlements. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 496 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (899 × 1086 pixel, file size: 241 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) See. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 496 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (899 × 1086 pixel, file size: 241 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) See. ... Bering Strait, Alaskas West coast and Russias East coast // The first written accounts indicate that the first Europeans to reach Alaska came from Russia. ...

On some islands and parts of the Alaska Peninsula, groups of traders had been capable of relatively peaceful coexistence with the local inhabitants. Other groups could not manage the tensions and perpetrated exactions. Hostages were taken, individuals were enslaved, families were split up, and other individuals were forced to leave their villages and settle elsewhere. Over the years, the situation became catastrophic. Eighty percent of the Aleut population was destroyed by Old World diseases, against which they had no immunity, during the first two generations of Russian contact.^[5] For other uses, see Hostage (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Old World (disambiguation). ... In medicine, infectious disease or communicable disease is disease caused by a biological agent (e. ... Immunity may refer to: Immunity (medical), a state of having sufficient biological defenses to avoid infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion, and is related to the functions of the immune system Immunity (legal), conferring a status on a person or body that makes that person or body free from...

Though the colony was never very profitable, most Russian traders were determined to keep the land. In 1784, Grigory Ivanovich Shelikhov arrived in Three Saints Bay on Kodiak Island.^[6] Shelikov established Russian dominance on the island by killing hundreds of indigenous Koniag, then founded the first permanent Russian settlement in Alaska on the island's Three Saints Bay. This article is about a type of political territory. ... Grigory Ivanovich Shelikhov (Shelekhov) (Шелихов (Шелехов), Григорий Иванович in Russian; English spelling varies from Shelekov to Shelikof)(1747 — 7. ... Kodiak Island is a large island on the south coast of the U.S. state of Alaska, separated from the Alaska mainland by the Shelikof Strait. ...

Russian Orthodox church in present-day Sitka.

In 1790, Shelikhov hired Alexandr Baranov to manage his Alaskan fur enterprise. Baranov moved the colony to what is now the city of Kodiak. In 1795, Baranov, concerned by the sight of non-Russian Europeans trading with the Natives in southeast Alaska, established Mikhailovsk near present-day Sitka. Though he bought the land from the Tlingits, Tlingits from a neighboring settlement later attacked and destroyed Mikhailovsk. After Baranov retaliated, razing the Tlingit village, he built the settlement of New Archangel. It became the capital of Russian America and today is the city of Sitka. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,600 × 1,200 pixels, file size: 711 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) The content of this image was reviewed by KenWalker and afterwards uploaded by FlickrLickr. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,600 × 1,200 pixels, file size: 711 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) The content of this image was reviewed by KenWalker and afterwards uploaded by FlickrLickr. ... Alexandr Andreevich Baranov (Александр Андреевич Баранов in Russian), sometimes spelled Aleksander or Alexander and Baranof, was born in 1746 in Kargopol, in the Arkhangelsk province of Russia. ... View of Kodiak from Pillar Mountain Street of Kodiak in 1965 Kodiak is a city on Kodiak Island in Kodiak Island Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. ... Sitka City and Borough is a borough located on the west side of Baranof Island in the Alexander Archipelago of the Pacific Ocean, in the state of Alaska. ... Sitka City and Borough is a borough located on the west side of Baranof Island in the Alexander Archipelago of the Pacific Ocean, in the state of Alaska. ...

Missionary activity

The Russian Orthodox religion (with its rituals and sacred texts, translated into Aleut at a very early stage) had been informally introduced, in the 1740s-1780s, by the fur traders. During his settlement of Three Saints Bay in 1784, Shelikov introduced the first resident missionaries and clergymen. This missionary activity would continue into the 1800s, ultimately becoming the most visible trace of the Russian colonial period in contemporary Alaska. The Russian Orthodox Church (Русская Православная церковь) is that body of Christians who are united under the Patriarch of Moscow, who in turn is in communion with the other patriarchs of the Eastern Orthodox Church. ...

Spain's attempts at colonization

Main article: Attempted Spanish colonization of Alaska

Spanish contact in British Columbia and Alaska.

Spanish claims to Alaska dated to the papal bull of 1493, which allocated to the Spanish the right to colonize the west coast of North America. When rival countries, including Britain and Russia, began to show interest in Alaska in the late 18th century, King Charles III of Spain sent a number of expeditions to re-assert Spanish claims to the northern Pacific Coast of North America, including Alaska. Captain Juan Francisco Bodega y Quadra, circa 1785. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 785 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1280 × 978 pixel, file size: 118 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 785 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1280 × 978 pixel, file size: 118 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Inter caetera (Among other [works]) was a papal bull issued by Pope Alexander VI on May 4, 1493, which granted to Spain (the Crowns of Castile and Aragon) all lands to the west and south of a pole-of-pole line 100 leagues (418 km) west and south of any... Charles III of Spain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... North American redirects here. ...

In 1775, Bruno de Hezeta led an expedition designed to solidify Spanish claims to the northern Pacific. One of the expedition's two ships, the Señora, ultimately reached 59°N latitude, entering Sitka Sound near the present-day town of Sitka, Alaska. There, the Spaniards performed numerous "acts of sovereignty," naming and claiming Puerto de Bucareli (Bucareli Sound), Puerto de los Remedios, and Mount San Jacinto, renamed Mount Edgecumbe by British explorer James Cook three years later. Bruno de Heceta (Hezeta) y Dudagoitia (1744-1807) was a Spanish explorer of the Pacific Northwest. ... This article is about the geographical term. ... Sitka Sound with Mount Verstovia in the foreground. ... Nickname: First City of Alaska Coordinates: Borough City and Borough of Sitka Founded 1799 Incorporated December 2, 1971 Mayor Marko Dapcevich Area    - City 12,461. ... “Sovereign” redirects here. ... Bucareli Sound is situated in Alaska. ... For other mountains named Edgecumbe, see Mount Edgecumbe. ... This article is about the British explorer. ...

In 1790, Spanish explorer Salvador Fidalgo led an expedition that included visits to the sites of today's Cordova, Alaska and Valdez, Alaska, where acts of sovereignty were performed. Fidalgo went as far as today's Kodiak Island, visiting the small Russian settlement there. Fidalgo then went to the Russian settlement at Alexandrovsk (today's English Bay or Nanwalek, Alaska), southwest of today's Anchorage on the Kenai Peninsula, where again, Fidalgo re-asserted the Spanish claim to the area by conducting a formal ceremony of sovereignty.^[7] Salvador Fidalgo was a Spanish explorer who commanded an exploring expedition for Spain to Alaska and the Pacific Northwest during the late 1700s. ... Kodiak Island is a large island on the south coast of the U.S. state of Alaska, separated from the Alaska mainland by the Shelikof Strait. ... Nanwalek is an unincorporated community and census-designated place located in Kenai Peninsula Borough, Alaska. ... This article is about the city in the U.S. state of Alaska. ... The Kenai Peninsula in Alaska The Kenai Peninsula is a large peninsula jutting from the southern coast of Alaska in the United States. ...

In 1791, Alessandro Malaspina undertook an around-the-world scientific expedition, with orders to locate the Northwest Passage and search for gold, precious stones, and any American, British, or Russian settlements along the northwest coast. He surveyed the Alaska coast to the Prince William Sound. At Yakutat Bay, the expedition made contact with the Tlingit. Alessandro Malaspina (also found as Alexandro and Alejandro) (1754 - 1810) was a Spanish naval officer and explorer. ... For other uses, see Northwest Passage (disambiguation). ... GOLD refers to one of the following: GOLD (IEEE) is an IEEE program designed to garner more student members at the university level (Graduates of the Last Decade). ... A Tlingit totem pole in Ketchikan ca. ...

In the end, the North Pacific rivalry proved to be too difficult for Spain, which withdrew from the contest and transferred its claims in the region to the United States in the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819. Today, Spain's Alaskan legacy endures as little more than a few place names, among these the Malaspina Glacier and the town of Valdez. Map showing results of the Adams-Onís Treaty. ... The Malaspina Glacier is so large that it can only seen in its entirety from space; this 1994 photo from STS-66, on a rare clear day, is of an area about 100 km (60 mi) across. ... Valdez (IPA: ) is a city in Valdez-Cordova Census Area in the U.S. state of Alaska. ...

Britain's presence

British settlements in Alaska consisted of a few scattered trading outposts, with most settlers arriving by sea. Captain James Cook, midway through his third and final voyage of exploration in 1778, sailed along the west coast of North America aboard the HMS Resolution, mapping the coast from the state of California all the way to the Bering Strait. During the trip, he discovered what came to be known as Cook Inlet (named in honor of Cook in 1794 by George Vancouver, who had served under his command) in Alaska. The Bering Strait proved to be impassable, although the Resolution and its companion ship HMS Discovery made several attempts to sail through it. The ships left the straits to return to Hawaii in 1779. This article is about the British explorer. ... North American redirects here. ... Resolution and Adventure with fishing craft in Matavai Bay by William Hodges, painted 1776, shows the two ships at anchor in Tahiti in August 1773. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Satellite photo of the Bering Strait Photo across the Bering Strait Nautical chart of the Bering Strait The Bering Strait (Russian: ) is a sea strait between Cape Dezhnev, Russia, the easternmost point (169°43 W) of the Asian continent and Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska, the westernmost point (168°05... Cook Inlet, showing Knik and Turnagain Arms The Cook Inlet or Nuti Inlet is a large inlet of the Gulf of Alaska in south-central Alaska. ... Captain George Vancouver RN (June 22, 1757 – May 12, 1798) was an officer of the British Royal Navy, best known for his exploration of North America, including the Pacific coast along the modern day Canadian province of British Columbia and the American states of Alaska, Washington and Oregon. ... HMS Discovery was the name of a number of vessels in the Royal Navy. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ...

Cook's expedition spurred the British to increase their sailings along the northwest coast, following in the wake of the Spanish. Three Alaska-based posts, funded by the Hudson's Bay Company, operated at Fort Yukon, on the Stikine River, and in Wrangell (the only Alaskan town to have been the subject of British, Russian, and American rule) throughout the early 1800s. Hbc redirects here. ... Fort Yukon is a city located in Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska. ... Location map of the Stikine River The Stikine River (sti-KEEN) is a river, approximately 335 mi (539 km) long, in northwestern British Columbia in Canada and southeastern Alaska in the United States. ... Totem poles at the Shakes house Wrangell is a city in Wrangell-Petersburg Census Area, Alaska, United States. ...

19th century

Later Russian settlement and the Russian-American Company (1799-1867)

1860 map of Russian America.

Main article: Russian Alaska

In 1799, Shelikhov's son-in-law, Nikolay Petrovich Rezanov, acquired a monopoly on the American fur trade from Czar Paul I and formed the Russian-American Company. As part of the deal, the Tsar expected the company to establish new settlements in Alaska and carry out an expanded colonization program. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (732x831, 197 KB) Summary In this 1860 map, Russian America (Alaska) was to the west of British America (Canada). ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (732x831, 197 KB) Summary In this 1860 map, Russian America (Alaska) was to the west of British America (Canada). ... Bering Strait, Alaskas West coast and Russias East coast // The first written accounts indicate that the first Europeans to reach Alaska came from Russia. ... A portrait of Nikolai Rezanov painted around the turn of the 19th century, artist unknown. ... Paul I of Russia (Russian: ; Pavel Petrovich) (October 1, 1754-March 23, 1801) was the Emperor of Russia between 1796 and 1801. ... The Russian-American Company was a semi-official colonial trading company started by Grigory Shelikhov and Nikolai Rezanov and chartered by tsar Paul I in 1799. ... Tsar (Bulgarian, Serbian and Macedonian цар, Russian  , in scientific transliteration respectively car and car ), occasionally spelled Czar or Tzar and sometimes Csar or Zar in English, is a Slavonic term designating certain monarchs. ...

By 1804, Alexandr Baranov, now manager of the Russian–American Company, had consolidated the company's hold on the American fur trade following his victory over the local Tlingit clan at the Battle of Sitka. Despite these efforts, the Russians never fully colonized Alaska. The Russian monopoly on trade was also being weakened by the Hudson's Bay Company, which set up a post on the southern edge of Russian America in 1833. The Battle of Sitka (1804) was the last major armed conflict between Europeans and Alaskan Natives, and was initiated in response to the destruction of a Russian trading post two years prior. ... Hbc redirects here. ...

American hunters and trappers, who encroached on territory claimed by Russians, were also becoming a force. An 1812 settlement giving Americans the right to the fur trade only below 55°N latitude was widely ignored, and the Russians' hold on Alaska weakened further. Bird trapping, tacuinum sanitatis casanatensis (XIV century) The activity of animal trapping has two separate but related meanings. ... An Alberta fur trader in the 1890s. ...

The Russian-American Company suffered because of 1821 amendments to its charter, and eventually it entered into an agreement with the Hudson's Bay Company that allowed the British to sail through Russian territory. It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ...

At the height of Russian America, the Russian population reached 700.

Although the mid–1800s were not a good time for Russians in Alaska, conditions improved for the coastal Alaska Natives who had survived contact. The Tlingits were never conquered and continued to wage war on the Russians into the 1850s. The Aleuts, though faced with a decreasing population in the 1840s, ultimately rebounded. For other uses, see War (disambiguation). ...

Alaska purchase

Cheque used to pay for Alaska.

Main article: Alaska purchase

Financial difficulties in Russia, the desire to keep Alaska out of British hands, and the low profits of trade with Alaskan settlements all contributed to Russia's willingness to sell its possessions in North America. At the instigation of U.S. Secretary of State William Seward, the United States Senate approved the purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7,200,000. (approximately $90,750,000 in 2005 dollars, adjusted for inflation) on 9 April 1867. This purchase was popularly known in the U.S. as "Seward's Folly", or "Seward's Icebox", and was unpopular at the time, though the later discovery of gold and oil would show it to be a worthy one. Check used to pay for Alaska The Alaska purchase from Russia by the United States occurred in 1867 at the behest of Secretary of State William Seward. ... The United States Secretary of State is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with foreign affairs. ... William Henry Seward, Sr. ... Type Upper House President of the Senate Richard B. Cheney, R since January 20, 2001 President pro tempore Robert C. Byrd, D since January 4, 2007 Members 100 Political groups Democratic Party Republican Party Last elections November 7, 2006 Meeting place Senate Chamber United States Capitol Washington, DC United States... Check used to pay for Alaska The Alaska purchase from Russia by the United States occurred in 1867 at the behest of Secretary of State William Seward. ... is the 99th day of the year (100th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1867 (MDCCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

After Russian America was sold to the U.S., all the holdings of the Russian–American Company were liquidated.

The Department of Alaska (1867-1884)

Main article: Department of Alaska

The United States flag was raised on 18 October 1867 (now called Alaska Day). Coincident with the ownership change, the de facto International Date Line was moved westward, and Alaska changed from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar. Therefore, for residents, Friday, October 6, 1867 was followed by Friday, October 18, 1867—two Fridays in a row because of the date line shift. The Department of Alaska was the governmental designation of Alaska from its purchase by the USA in 1867 until its organization as the District of Alaska in 1884. ... is the 291st day of the year (292nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Alaska Day, October 18, is the anniversary of the formal transfer of Alaska from the ownership of Russia to the United States. ... “Date line” redirects here. ... The Julian calendar was a reform of the Roman calendar which was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC and came into force in 45 BC (709 ab urbe condita). ... For the calendar of religious holidays and periods, see liturgical year. ... is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1867 (MDCCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 291st day of the year (292nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1867 (MDCCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

During the Department era, from 1867 to 1884, Alaska was variously under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Army (until 1877), the United States Department of the Treasury (from 1877 until 1879) and the U.S. Navy (from 1879 until 1884). The Army is the branch of the United States armed forces which has primary responsibility for land-based military operations. ... The U.S. Treasury building today. ... The United States Navy (USN) is the branch of the United States armed forces responsible for naval operations. ...

When Alaska was first purchased, most of its land remained unexplored. In 1865, Western Union laid a telegraph line across Alaska to the Bering Strait where it would connect, under water, with an Asian line. It also conducted the first scientific studies of the region and produced the first map of the entire Yukon River. The Alaska Commercial Company and the military also contributed to the growing exploration of Alaska in the last decades of the 1800s, building trading posts along the Interior's many rivers. Western Union (NYSE: WU) is a financial services and communications company based in the United States. ... Telegraphy (from the Greek words tele = far away and grapho = write) is the long distance transmission of written messages without physical transport of letters, originally over wire. ... The Yukon River is a major watercourse of northwestern North America. ... The Alaska Commercial Company was a company that operated retail stores in United States. ...

Yo he amado a Natalie Knoke desde que tenia 5 años. Este año 2008 empeze a entrale un cacho y con el tiempo ella y yo vamos a ser novios.

District of Alaska (1884-1912)

Main article: District of Alaska

Miners and prospectors climb the Chilkoot Trail during the Klondike Gold Rush.

In 1884, the region was organized and the name was changed from the Department of Alaska to the District of Alaska. At the time, legislators in Washington, D.C., were occupied with post-Civil War reconstruction issues, and had little time to dedicate to Alaska. In 1896, the discovery of gold in Yukon Territory in neighboring Canada, brought many thousands of miners and new settlers to Alaska, and very quickly ended the nation's four year economic depression. Although it was uncertain whether gold would also be found in Alaska, Alaska greatly profited because it was along the easiest transportation route to the Yukon goldfields. Numerous new cities, such as Skagway, Alaska, owe their existence to a gold rush in Canada. No history of Alaska would be complete without mention of Soapy Smith, the crime boss confidence man who operated the largest criminal empire in gold rush era Alaska, until he was shot down by vigilantes. Today, he is known as "Alaska's Outlaw." The District of Alaska was the governmental designation for Alaska from May 17, 1884 to August 24, 1912, when it became Alaska Territory. ... Image File history File links Miners_climb_Chilkoot. ... Image File history File links Miners_climb_Chilkoot. ... For other uses, see Washington, D.C. (disambiguation). ... Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Commanders Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties 110,000 killed in action, 360,000 total dead, 275,200 wounded 93,000 killed in action, 258,000 total... Routes to the Klondike. ... Broadway Avenue, Skagway, May 2007. ... Jefferson Randolph (Soapy) Smith II (1860-July 8, 1898) was an American con artist and gangster who had a major hand in the organized criminal operations of Denver, Colorado, Creede, Colorado, and Skagway, Alaska from 1879 to 1898. ...

In 1899, gold was found in Alaska itself in Nome, and several towns subsequently began to be built, such as Fairbanks and Ruby. In 1902, the Alaska Railroad began to be built, which would connect from Seward to Fairbanks by 1914, though Alaska still does not have a railroad connecting it to the lower 48 states today. Still, an overland route was built, cutting transportation times to the contiguous states by days. The industries of copper mining, fishing, and canning began to become popular in the early 1900s, with 10 canneries in some major towns. Nome refers to several things: The town of Nome, Norway The town of Nome, Alaska, USA Nome Census Area, Alaska, USA A subnational division (see Nome (subnational division): in Greece (see Nome (Greece)) in Ancient Egypt (see Nome (Egypt)) In mathematics, the Nome (mathematics). ... Fairbanks redirects here. ... Ruby is a city in Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska, United States. ... The Alaska Railroad (AAR reporting marks ARR) is a Class II railroad that extends from Seward, in the south of the state of Alaska, in the United States, to Fairbanks, in the interior of that state. ... The Seward boat harbor Seward is a city in Kenai Peninsula Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. ... The most commonly present source of copper ore is chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), which accounts for about 50% of copper production. ... For the computer security term, see Phishing. ... For other uses, see Canning (disambiguation). ...

In 1903, a boundary dispute with Canada was finally resolved. Blue is the border as was claimed by the United States, red is the border as was claimed by Canada and the United Kingdom. ...

By the turn of the 20th century, commercial fishing was gaining a foothold in the Aleutian Islands. Packing houses salted cod and herring, and salmon canneries were opened. Another traditional occupation, whaling, continued with no regard for over-hunting. They pushed the bowhead whales to the edge of extinction for the oil in their tissue. The Aleuts soon suffered severe problems due to the depletion of the fur seals and sea otters which they needed for survival. As well as requiring the flesh for food, they also used the skins to cover their boats, without which they could not hunt. The Americans also expanded into the Interior and Arctic Alaska, exploiting the furbearers, fish, and other game on which Natives depended. COD may refer to many different topics, including: Cash on delivery Completion of discharge, shipping College of DuPage, a public Junior College with campuses in the suburbs of Chicago Call of Duty (series), a series of computer games Canadian Oxford Dictionary Carrier onboard delivery Catastrophic optical damage, a failure mode... Species Clupea alba Clupea bentincki Clupea caspiopontica Clupea chrysotaenia Clupea elongata Clupea halec Clupea harengus Clupea inermis Clupea leachii Clupea lineolata Clupea minima Clupea mirabilis Clupea pallasii Clupea sardinacaroli Clupea sulcata Herrings are small, oily fish of the genus Clupea found in the shallow, temperate waters of the North Atlantic... Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 Bowhead whale range The Bowhead Whale (Balaena mysticetus), also known as Greenland Right Whale or Arctic Whale, is a baleen whale of the right whale family Balaenidae. ... Families Odobenidae Otariidae Phocidae Pinnipeds (fin-feet, lit. ... Binomial name Enhydra lutris (Linnaeus, 1758) The Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris) is a large otter native to the North Pacific, from northern Japan and Kamchatka west across the Aleutian Islands south to California. ...

20th century

Alaska Territory (1912-1959)

Main article: Alaska Territory

When Congress passed the Second Organic Act in 1912, Alaska was reorganized, and renamed the Territory of Alaska.^[8] By 1916, its population was about 58,000. James Wickersham, a Delegate to Congress, introduced Alaska's first statehood bill, but it failed due to the small population and lack of interest from Alaskans. Even President Warren G. Harding's visit in 1923 could not create widespread interest in statehood. Under the conditions of the Second Organic Act, Alaska had been split into four divisions. The most populous of the divisions, whose capital was Juneau, wondered if it could become a separate state from the other three. Government control was a primary concern, with the territory having 52 federal agencies governing it. Alaska Territory was an organized territory of the United States from August 24, 1912 to January 3, 1959, when Alaska became the 49th state. ... Alaska Territory was an organized territory of the United States from August 24, 1912 to January 3, 1959, when Alaska became the 49th state. ... James Wickersham (1857-1939) was a district judge for Alaska, appointed by President McKinley to the Third Judicial District in 1900. ... Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2, 1865 – August 2, 1923) was an American politician and the 29th President of the United States, from 1921 to 1923. ...

Then, in 1920, the Jones Act required U.S.-flagged vessels to be built in the United States, owned by U.S. citizens, and documented under the laws of the United States. All goods entering or leaving Alaska had to be transported by American carriers and shipped to Seattle prior to further shipment, making Alaska dependent on Washington. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the provision of the Constitution saying one state should not hold sway over another's commerce did not apply because Alaska was only a territory. The prices Seattle shipping businesses charged began to rise to take advantage of the situation. This situation created an atmosphere of enmity among Alaskans who watched the wealth being generated by their labors flowing into the hands of Seattle business holdings. For the 1916 law the concerned the Philippines, see Jones Act (Philippine Islands) The Merchant Marine Act of 1920 (commonly known as the Jones Act) is a United States Federal statute that requires U.S.-flagged vessels to be built in the United States, owned by U.S. citizens, and... City nickname Emerald City City bird Great Blue Heron City flower Dahlia City mottos The City of Flowers The City of Goodwill City song Seattle, the Peerless City Mayor Greg Nickels County King County Area   - Total   - Land   - Water   - % water 369. ...

The Depression caused prices of fish and copper, which were vital to Alaska's economy at the time, to decline. Wages were dropped and the workforce decreased by more than half. In 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt thought Americans from agricultural areas could be transferred to Alaska's Matanuska-Susitna Valley for a fresh chance at agricultural self-sustainment. Colonists were largely from northern states, such as Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota under the belief that only those who grew up with climates similar to that of Alaska's could handle settler life there. The United Congo Improvement Association asked the president to settle 400 African-American farmers in Alaska, saying that the territory would offer full political rights, but racial prejudice and the belief that only those from northern states would make suitable colonists caused the proposal to fail. The Great Depression was a global economic slump that began in 1929 and bottomed in 1933. ... FDR redirects here. ... Matanuska-Susitna Valley shown shaded in red north of Anchorage Matanuska-Susitna Valley (known locally as the Mat-Su Valley) is an area in south central Alaska south of the Alaska Range north and northeast of Anchorage. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Capital Saint Paul Largest city Minneapolis Largest metro area Minneapolis-St. ... Languages Predominantly American English Religions Protestantism (chiefly Baptist and Methodist); Roman Catholicism; Islam Related ethnic groups Sub-Saharan Africans and other African groups, some with Native American groups. ...

The exploration and settlement of Alaska would not have been possible without the development of the aircraft, which allowed for the influx of settlers into the state's interior, and rapid transportation of people and supplies throughout. However, due to the unfavorable weather conditions of the state, and high ratio of pilots-to-population, over 1700 aircraft wreck sites are scattered throughout its domain. Numerous wrecks also trace their origins to the military build-up of the state during both World War II and the Cold War. Aviation archaeology, also known as aerospace archaeology or wreck chasing, is a hobby actively practiced throughout the world by both outdoor recreationists and academics in pursuit of finding, documenting, recovering, and preserving sites important in aviation history. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ...

• See also History of aviation in Alaska

Main article: History of Alaska Aviation has occupied a unique position in Alaska since it was first introduced. ...

World War II

Main article: Battle of the Aleutian Islands

Buildings burning after the first enemy attack on Dutch Harbor, June 3, 1942.

During World War II, three of the outer Aleutian Islands—Attu, Agattu and Kiska—were invaded and occupied by the Japanese troops. They were the only part of the continental territory of the United States to be occupied by the enemy during the war. Their recovery became a matter of national pride. Combatants United States, Canada Empire of Japan Commanders Thomas C. Kinkaid (navy), Francis W. Rockwell (landings), Albert E. Brown (army), Simon Bolivar Buckner, Jr. ... Image File history File links Aleu2_Dutch_Harbor. ... Image File history File links Aleu2_Dutch_Harbor. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Aleutians seen from space The Aleutian Islands (possibly from Chukchi aliat, island) are a chain of more than 300 small volcanic islands forming an island arc in the Northern Pacific Ocean, occupying an area of 6,821 sq mi (17,666 km²) and extending about 1,200 mi (1,900...

On June 3, 1942, the Japanese launched an air attack on Dutch Harbor, a U.S. naval base on Unalaska Island, but were repelled by U.S. forces.^[9] A few days later, the Japanese landed on the islands of Kiska and Attu, where they overwhelmed Attu villagers. The villagers were taken to Japan, where they were interned for the remainder of the war. Aleuts from the Pribilofs and Aleutian villages were evacuated by the United States to Southeast Alaska. is the 154th day of the year (155th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Unalaska is a town on Unalaska Island in the Aleutian Islands. ... Unalaska is an island in the Fox Islands group in the middle of the Aleutian Islands southwest of Alaska, at . ... Map of Kiska Kiska is an island in the Rat Islands group of the Aleutian Islands of Alaska located at 52. ... Attu Island Attu is the westernmost and largest island in the Near Islands group of the Aleutian Islands of Alaska, making it the westernmost point of land relative to Alaska and the United States. ...

Attu was regained in May 1943 after two weeks of intense fighting and 3,929 American casualties.^{[10][verification needed]} The U.S. then turned its attention to the other occupied island, Kiska. From June through August, tons of bombs were dropped on the tiny island, though the Japanese ultimately escaped via transport ships. After the war, the Native Attuans who had survived their internment were resettled to Atka by the federal government, which considered their home villages too remote to defend. United States Government redirects here. ...

In 1942, during World War II the Alaska–Canada Military Highway was completed, in part to form an overland supply route to America's Russian allies on the other side of the Bering Strait.^{[citation needed]} Running from Great Falls, Montana, to Fairbanks, the road was the first stable link between Alaska and the rest of America. The construction of military bases, such as the Adak base, contributed to the population growth of some Alaskan cities. Anchorage almost doubled in size, from 4,200 people in 1940 to 8,000 in 1945. Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Map of Alaska Highway (in red) The Alaska Highway, also the Alaskan Highway, Alaska-Canadian Highway, and the Alcan Highway, runs from Dawson Creek, British Columbia to Fairbanks, Alaska, via Whitehorse, Yukon. ... Nickname: Location of Great Falls, Montana Coordinates: , Country State County Cascade Government  - Mayor Dona Stebbins Area  - Total 19. ... A military base is an isolated facility, settlement, or installation that shelters military equipment and personnel. ... Adak Island is an island near the western extent of the Andreanof Islands group of the Aleutian Islands in Alaska. ... This article is about the city in the U.S. state of Alaska. ...

Statehood

President Eisenhower Alaska Statehood Monument in Anchorage.

By the turn of the 20th century, a movement pushing for Alaska statehood began, but in the contiguous 48 states, legislators were worried that Alaska's population was too sparse, distant, and isolated, and its economy was too unstable for it to be a worthwhile addition to the United States.^{[11][verification needed]} World War II and the Japanese invasion highlighted Alaska's strategic importance, and the issue of statehood was taken more seriously, but it was the discovery of oil at Swanson River on the Kenai Peninsula that dispelled the image of Alaska as a weak, dependent region. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the Alaska Statehood Act into United States law on 7 July 1958, which paved the way for Alaska's admission into the Union on January 3, 1959. Juneau, the territorial capital, continued as state capital, and William A. Egan was sworn in as the first governor. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 423 × 599 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,180 × 1,670 pixels, file size: 577 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 423 × 599 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,180 × 1,670 pixels, file size: 577 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Dwight David Eisenhower, born David Dwight Eisenhower (October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969), nicknamed Ike, was a five-star General in the United States Army and U.S. politician, who served as the thirty-fourth President of the United States (1953–1961). ... This article is about the city in the U.S. state of Alaska. ... This article discusses states as sovereign political entities. ... A legislator (or lawmaker) is a person who writes and passes laws, especially someone who is a member of a legislature. ... Synthetic motor oil being poured. ... The Swanson River is a river on the Kenai Peninsula of south central Alaska. ... The Kenai Peninsula in Alaska The Kenai Peninsula is a large peninsula jutting from the southern coast of Alaska in the United States. ... Dwight David Eisenhower, born David Dwight Eisenhower (October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969), nicknamed Ike, was a five-star General in the United States Army and U.S. politician, who served as the thirty-fourth President of the United States (1953–1961). ... The Alaska Statehood Act, signed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on July 7, 1958, allowing Alaska to enter the Union on January 3, 1959. ... The law of the United States is derived from the common law of England, which was in force at the time of the Revolutionary War. ... is the 188th day of the year (189th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Jan. ... is the 3rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Not to be confused with capitol. ... William Allen Egan (October 8, 1914–May 6, 1984) was an American Democratic politician. ... For other uses, see Governor (disambiguation). ...

Alaska has no counties, as do other states in the United States. Instead, it is divided into 16 boroughs and one "unorganized borough" made up of all land not within any borough. Boroughs have organized area-wide governments, but within the unorganized borough, where there is no such government, services are provided by the state. The unorganized borough is divided into artificially-created census areas by the United States Census Bureau for statistical purposes only. United States of America, showing states, divided into counties. ... Map of Alaska boroughs and census areas The U.S. state of Alaska does not have counties in the sense of counties in the rest of the country. ... Map of Alaska boroughs and census areas The Unorganized Borough is that part of Alaska not contained in any of its 16 organized boroughs. ... Map of Alaska boroughs and census areas The U.S. state of Alaska does not have counties in the sense of counties in the rest of the country. ... The United States Census Bureau (officially Bureau of the Census as defined in Title ) is a part of the United States Department of Commerce. ...

The "Good Friday Earthquake"

Main article: Good Friday Earthquake

Earthquake damage in Anchorage

On March 27, 1964 the "Good Friday Earthquake" struck South-central Alaska, churning the earth for four minutes with a magnitude of 9.2. The earthquake was one of the most powerful ever recorded and killed 131 people.^[12] Most of them were drowned by the tsunamis that tore apart the towns of Valdez and Chenega. Throughout the Prince William Sound region, towns and ports were destroyed and land was uplifted or shoved downward. The uplift destroyed salmon streams, as the fish could no longer jump the various newly created barriers to reach their spawning grounds. Ports at Valdez and Cordova were beyond repair, and the fires destroyed what the mudslides had not. At Valdez, an Alaska Steamship Company ship was lifted by a huge wave over the docks and out to sea, but most hands survived. At Turnagain Arm, off Cook Inlet, the incoming water destroyed trees and caused cabins to sink into the mud. On Kodiak, a tidal wave wiped out the villages of Afognak, Old Harbor, and Kaguyak and damaged other communities, while Seward lost its harbor. Despite the extent of the catastrophe, Alaskans rebuilt many of the communities. Earthquake Damage, Anchorage The Good Friday Earthquake (also called the Great Alaska Earthquake) of Friday, March 27, 1964 (Good Friday, a Christian holy day associated with a historical earthquake[1]), 5:36 P.M. AST (03:36 3/27 UTC) had a magnitude of 9. ... Download high resolution version (1000x770, 166 KB)Damage to Fourth Avenue, Anchorage, Alaska, caused by the Good Friday Earthquake. ... Download high resolution version (1000x770, 166 KB)Damage to Fourth Avenue, Anchorage, Alaska, caused by the Good Friday Earthquake. ... is the 86th day of the year (87th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also Nintendo emulator: 1964 (emulator). ... Earthquake Damage, Anchorage The Good Friday Earthquake (also called the Great Alaska Earthquake) of Friday, March 27, 1964 (Good Friday, a Christian holy day associated with a historical earthquake[1]), 5:36 P.M. AST (03:36 3/27 UTC) had a magnitude of 9. ... This article is about the natural seismic phenomenon. ... The tsunami that struck Malé in the Maldives on December 26, 2004. ... Prince William Sound, on the south coast of Alaska. ... Cook Inlet, showing Knik and Turnagain Arms The Cook Inlet or Nuti Inlet is a large inlet of the Gulf of Alaska in south-central Alaska. ... Afognak is an island 5 km (3 miles) from Kodiak Island in Alaska. ... For other uses, see Harbor (disambiguation). ...

1968 to present: oil and land politics

Oil discovery, ANSCA, and the Trans-Alaska Pipeline

The 1968 discovery of oil on the North Slope's Prudhoe Bay--which would turn out to have the most recoverable oil of any field in the United States-- would change Alaska's political landscape for decades. ... Prudhoe Bay is a census-designated place located in North Slope Borough, Alaska. ...

This discovery catapulted the issue of Native land ownership into the headlines.^[13] In the mid-1960s, Alaska Natives from many tribal groups had united in an effort to gain title to lands wrested from them by Europeans, but the government had responded slowly before the Prudhoe Bay discovery. The government finally took action when permitting for a pipeline crossing the state, necessary to get Alaskan oil to market, was stalled pending the settlement of Native land claims. This page deals with property as ownership rights. ...

In 1971, with major petroleum dollars on the line, the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act was signed into law by Richard Nixon. Under the Act, Natives relinquished aboriginal claims to their lands in exchange for access to 44 million acres (180,000 km²) of land and payment of $963 million.^[14] The settlement was divided among regional, urban, and village corporations, which managed their funds with varying degrees of success. The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act was signed into law on December 18, 1971, and the largest land claims settlement in United States history was concluded. ... Nixon redirects here. ...

Map of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline.

Though a pipeline from the North Slope to the nearest ice-free port, almost 800 miles (1,300 km) to the south, was the only way to get Alaska's oil to market, significant engineering challenges lay ahead. Between the North Slope and Valdez, there were active fault lines, three mountain ranges, miles of unstable, boggy ground underlain with frost, and migration paths of caribou and moose. The Trans-Alaska Pipeline was ultimately completed in 1977 at a total cost of $8 billion. Download high resolution version (958x1083, 588 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (958x1083, 588 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... A warm water port is a port where the water does not freeze (rendering it unusable) in the winter. ... “km” redirects here. ... Map of the pipeline The Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS), usually called the Alyeska Pipeline in Alaska or the Alaska Pipeline elsewhere, is a major U.S. oil pipeline connecting oil fields in northern Alaska to a sea port where the oil can be shipped to the Lower 48 states...

The pipeline allowed an oil bonanza to take shape. Per capita incomes rose throughout the state, with virtually every community benefiting. State leaders were determined that this boom would not end like the fur and gold booms, in an economic bust as soon as the resource had disappeared. In 1976, the state's constitution was amended to establish the Alaska Permanent Fund, in which a quarter of all mineral lease proceeds is invested. Income from the fund is used to pay annual dividends to all residents who qualify, to increase the fund's principal as a hedge against inflation, and to provide funds for the state legislature.^{[citation needed]} Since 1993, the fund has produced more money than the Prudhoe Bay oil fields, whose production is diminishing. In March 2005, the fund's value was over $30 billion. The Alaska Permanent Fund was established by a constitutional amendment in 1976 to invest proceeds from the sale of minerals, especially oil through the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, for the benefit of current and future Alaskans. ... 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Environmentalism, the Exxon-Valdez, and ANWR

Oil production was not the only economic value of Alaska's land, however. In the second half of the 20th century, Alaska discovered tourism as an important source of revenue. Tourism became popular after World War II, when men stationed in the region returned home praising its natural splendor. The Alcan Highway, built during the war, and the Alaska Marine Highway System, completed in 1963, made the state more accessible than before. Tourism became increasingly important in Alaska, and today over 1.4 million people visit the state each year. Tourist redirects here. ... The Alaska Highway, also Alaskan Highway, Alaska-Canadian Highway, Al-Can Highway, runs from Dawson Creek, British Columbia to Fairbanks, Alaska, via Whitehorse, Yukon. ... The Alaska Marine Highway System is the state-run Alaskan ferry system that has been operating year-round since 1963. ...

With tourism more vital to the economy, environmentalism also rose in importance. The Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) of 1980 added 53.7 million acres (217,000 km²) to the National Wildlife Refuge system, parts of 25 rivers to the National Wild and Scenic Rivers system, 3.3 million acres (13,000 km²) to National Forest lands, and 43.6 million acres (176,000 km²) to National Park land. Because of the Act, Alaska now contains two-thirds of all American national parklands. Today, more than half of Alaskan land is owned by the Federal Government. The historic Blue Marble photograph, which helped bring environmentalism to the public eye. ... The Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) was an American law passed in 1980 by U.S. Congress and signed by President Jimmy Carter on December 2, 1980. ... National Wildlife Refuge is a designation for certain protected areas of the United States managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. ... National Wild and Scenic River is a designation for certain protected areas in the United States. ... U.S. National Forests are protected forests and woodland areas in the United States. ... The National Park Service (NPS) is the United States federal agency that manages all National Parks, many National Monuments, and other conservation and historical properties with various title designations. ... United States Government redirects here. ...

Oil pooled on rocks on the shore of Prince William Sound after the oil spill.

The possible environmental repercussions of oil production became clear in the Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989. On March 24, the tanker Exxon Valdez ran aground in Prince William Sound, releasing 11 million gallons of crude oil into the water, spreading along 1,100 miles (1,800 km) of shoreline.^[15] According to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, at least 300,000 sea birds, 2,000 otters, and other marine animals died because of the spill. Exxon spent US$2 billion on cleaning up in the first year alone. Exxon, working with state and federal agencies, continued its cleanup into the early 1990s. Government studies show that the oil and the cleaning process itself did long-term harm to the ecology of the Sound, interfering with the reproduction of birds and animals in ways that still aren't fully understood. Prince William Sound seems to have recuperated, but scientists still dispute the extent of the recovery. In a civil settlement, Exxon agreed to pay $900 million in ten annual payments, plus an additional $100 million for newly discovered damages. In a class action suit against Exxon, a jury awarded punitive damages of US$5 billion, but as of 2007 no money has been disbursed and appellate litigation continues. Beginning 3 days after the vessel grounded, a storm pushed large quantities of fresh oil onto the rocky shores of many of the beaches in the Knight Island chain. ... Beginning 3 days after the vessel grounded, a storm pushed large quantities of fresh oil onto the rocky shores of many of the beaches in the Knight Island chain. ... The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill occurred in Prince William Sound, Alaska, on 24 March 1989. ... is the 83rd day of the year (84th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the tank vessel Exxon Valdez. ... Prince William Sound, on the south coast of Alaska. ... The USFWS logo The United States Fish and Wildlife Service is a unit of the United States Department of the Interior that is dedicated to managing and preserving wildlife. ... A beach after an oil spill An oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment due to human activity, and is a form of pollution. ...

Today, the tension between preservation and development is seen in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) drilling controversy. The question of whether to allow drilling for oil in ANWR has been a political football for every sitting American president since Jimmy Carter. Studies performed by the US Geological Survey have shown that the "1002 area" of ANWR, located just east of Prudhoe Bay, contains large deposits of crude oil.^[16][17] Traditionally, Alaskan residents, trade unions, and business interests have supported drilling in the refuge, while environmental groups and many within the Democratic Party have traditionally opposed it. Among native Alaskan tribes, support is mixed. In the 1990s and 2000s, votes about the status of the refuge occurred repeatedly in the U.S. House and Senate, but as of 2007 efforts to allow drilling have always been ultimately thwarted by filibusters, amendments, or vetoes. Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Map The question of whether or not to allow drilling for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) has been a political football for every sitting American president since Jimmy Carter. ... An oil well is a term for any perforation through the Earths surface designed to find and release both petroleum oil and gas hydrocarbons. ... The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) covers 19,049,236 acres (79,318 km²) in northeastern Alaska, in the North Slope region. ... President Harrison political cartoon: What can I do when both parties insist on kicking? Political Football was also the name of a documentary about the rugby union 1971 Springbok tour to Australia. ... For other persons named Jimmy Carter, see Jimmy Carter (disambiguation). ... The United States Geological Survey (USGS) is a scientific agency of the United States government. ... The 1002 area is a 1,500,000 acre (6,070 km²) area on the coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge specified by the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980. ... Prudhoe Bay is a census-designated place located in North Slope Borough, Alaska. ... Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Sarnia, Ontario Petroleum (from Greek petra – rock and elaion – oil or Latin oleum – oil ) or crude oil is a thick, dark brown or greenish liquid. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  Politics Portal      Further information: Politics of the United States#Organization of American political parties The Democratic...

Notable historical figures

• Clarence L. Andrews customs official and an information officer, recognized authority on the history and culture of the Alaskan territory in early 1900's, photographer, author
• Alexandr Baranov (1746-1819) trader, public official, Russia
• Edward Lewis "Bob" Bartlett (1904–1968) was the territorial delegate to the US Congress from 1944 to 1958, and was elected as the first senior U.S. Senator in 1958 and re-elected to a full 6-year term in 1960 and again in 1966. There are streets, buildings, a high school and even the first state ferry, named for him.
• Benny Benson, designed state flag at age 13, Chignik
• Vitus Bering (1681-1741) explorer
• Charles E. Bunnell educator
• Jimmy Doolittle (1896-1993) (James Harold "Jimmy" Doolittle) served with great distinction as a general in the United States Army Air Forces during the Second World War, earning the Medal of Honor as the commander of the Doolittle Raid.
• Wyatt Earp (1848-1929) lived in Alaska from 1897 to 1901; he built the Dexter Saloon in Nome, Alaska with C.E. Hoxsie.
• William A. Egan (1914-1984) served two years as an "Alaska-Tennessee Plan" Senator in Washington D.C. prior to becoming the first Governor of Alaska, and remains the only Alaskan Governor to serve three terms.
• Carl Ben Eielson pioneer pilot
• Vic Fischer emeritus professor and one of two remaining signers of the Alaska Constitution
• Henry Ernest Gruening (1886–1974) was appointed Governor of the Territory of Alaska in 1939, and served in that position for fourteen years. He was elected to the United States Senate in 1958 and re-elected in 1962 and served until 1969. One of two Senators who voted against Tonkin Gulf Resolution at beginning of the heaviest period of the Vietnam War.
• Jay Hammond (1922–2005) was Governor during the building of the Alaska Pipeline and established the Alaska Permanent Fund, providing Alaskans with essentially free money. He is regarded as somewhat of a hero because of this. He was also governor during passage of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act and effectively served to moderate associated issues within the state among disparate interest groups ranging from conservationists to natives to pro-development interests.
• B. Frank Heintzleman territorial governor
• Saint Herman of Alaska (1756-1837) Russian missionary, first Eastern Orthodox saint in North America.
• Walter Hickel former governor
• Sheldon Jackson (1834-1909) an American missionary and educator, the first federal superintendent of public instruction for Alaska, and bearer of the first reindeer to Alaska from Siberia. The Sheldon Jackson Museum and College are located in Sitka.
• Joseph Juneau (1836–1899) and Richard Harris (1833-1907), prospectors and founders of what is now Alaska's capital city, Juneau.
• Austin Eugene "Cap" Lathrop industrialist
• Ray Mala (1906-1952) is the first Native American movie star and the only film star the state of Alaska has yet to produce. He starred in MGM's Oscar-winning classic Eskimo/Mala the Magnificent filmed entirely on location in Alaska. His son Dr. Ted Mala became the first Alaska native male to become a Doctor. Dr. Mala served on Governor Walter J. Hickel's cabinet (1990) as Commissioner of Health and Social Services.
• Eva McGown (1883-1972), Fairbanks hostess and chorister
• John Muir (1838-1914), naturalist, explorer, and conservationist who detailed his amazing journeys in Alaska Territory and was instrumental, through his friendship with President Theodore Roosevelt, in protecting substantial area of forest wilderness and wildlife preserves in Alaska.
• William Oefelein (b. 1965) Alaska's first astronaut. His first mission, STS-116. Commander Oefelein received his commission as an Ensign in the United States Navy from Aviation Officer Candidate School in Pensacola, Florida in 1988.
• Sarah Palin (b. 1964) Alaska's youngest Governor and first female Governor
• Elizabeth Peratrovich (1911-1958) a Native (Tlingit) Alaskan who fought for equality of Native Alaskans and is honored with "Elizabeth Peratrovich Day."
• George Sharrock (1910–2005) moved to the territory before statehood, eventually elected as the mayor of Anchorage and served during the Good Friday Earthquake in March 1964. This was the most devastating earthquake to hit Alaska and it sunk beach property, damaged roads and destroyed buildings all over the south central area. Sharrock, sometimes called the "earthquake mayor," led the city's rebuilding effort over six months.
• Soapy Smith, Jefferson Randolph Smith, "Alaska's Outlaw." The infamous confidence man and early settler, who ran the goldrush town of Skagway, Alaska, 1897-98.
• Fran Ulmer was the first woman elected to statewide office—she became Lieutenant Governor in 1994.
• Saint Innocent of Alaska (1797-1879) First Russian Orthodox bishop in North America
• Joe Vogler (1913-1993) founder of the Alaskan Independence Party
• Noel Wien (1899-1977) aviation pioneer, founder of Wien Air Alaska, first to make a round trip between Alaska and Asia.
• Ferdinand von Wrangell (1797-1870) explorer, president of the Russian-American Company in 1840-1849.

Alexandr Andreevich Baranov (Александр Андреевич Баранов in Russian), sometimes spelled Aleksander or Alexander and Baranof, was born in 1746 in Kargopol, in the Arkhangelsk province of Russia. ... Bronze by Felix W. de Weldon. ... Type Upper House President of the Senate Richard B. Cheney, R since January 20, 2001 President pro tempore Robert C. Byrd, D since January 4, 2007 Members 100 Political groups Democratic Party Republican Party Last elections November 7, 2006 Meeting place Senate Chamber United States Capitol Washington, DC United States... Bartlett High School is a high school in Anchorage, Alaska. ... John Bell Benson (1913-1972) was born in Chignik, Alaska. ... A portrait attributed to Vitus Bering (according to modern data, his uncles portrait) Vitus Jonassen Bering (also, less correctly, Behring) (August 1681–December 19, 1741) was a Danish-born navigator in the service of the Russian Navy, a captain-komandor known among the Russian sailors as Ivan Ivanovich. ... General James Harold Jimmy Doolittle, Sc. ... Combatants  United States  Japan Commanders James H. Doolittle Hideki Tojo Strength 16 B-25 Mitchells Unknown number of troops and homeland defense Casualties 3 dead, 8 POWs (4 died in captivity); 5 interned in USSR all 16 B-25s About 50 dead, 400 injured Lt. ... Wyatt Berry Stapp Earp (March 19, 1848–January 13, 1929) was an American farmer, teamster, sometime buffalo hunter, officer of the law in various Western frontier towns, gambler, saloon-keeper, and miner. ... William Allen Egan (October 8, 1914–May 6, 1984) was an American Democratic politician. ... Carl Ben Eielson (1897 - 1929) was an aviator and explorer. ... Bronze by George Anthonisen. ... Alaska Territory was an organized territory of the United States from August 24, 1912 to January 3, 1959, when Alaska became the 49th state. ... Chart showing the US Navy’s interpretation of the events of the first part of the Gulf of Tonkin incident The Gulf of Tonkin Incident was originally presented as a pair of battles initiated by North Vietnamese gunboats without provocation against two U.S. destroyers, that took place in August... Combatants Republic of Vietnam United States Republic of Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand The Philippines National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam Democratic Republic of Vietnam People’s Republic of China Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea Strength US 1,000,000 South Korea 300,000 Australia 48,000... Jay Sterner Hammond (born July 21, 1922) is an American Republican politician who was the Governor of Alaska from 1974 to 1982. ... Map of the pipeline The Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS), sometimes called the Alyeska Pipeline or Alaska Pipeline, is a major US oil pipeline connecting oil fields in northern Alaska to a sea port where the oil can be shipped to the Lower 48 states for refining. ... The Alaska Permanent Fund was established by a constitutional amendment in 1976 to invest proceeds from the sale of minerals, especially oil through the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, for the benefit of current and future Alaskans. ... The Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) was an American law passed in 1980 by U.S. Congress and signed by President Jimmy Carter on December 2, 1980. ... Benjamin Franklin Frank Heintzleman (December 3, 1888–June 24, 1963) was an American Republican politician who was the Governor of Alaska Territory from 1953 to 1957. ... Eastern Orthodoxy (also called Greek Orthodoxy and Russian Orthodoxy) is a Christian tradition which represents the majority of Eastern Christianity. ... Categories: People stubs | 1919 births | Governors of Alaska | U.S. Secretaries of the Interior ... Sheldon Jackson was an early missionary and political leader in Alaska during the late 1880s and early 1900s. ... Sheldon Jackson Museum is a museum located on the campus of Sheldon Jackson College in Sitka, Alaska. ... Sheldon Jackson College (SJC) is a small private college located on Baranof Island in Sitka, Alaska, United States. ... Joseph Juneau Joseph Juneau (1836 - 1899) was a miner and prospector from Canada who was born in Saint-Paul-LHermite, in Québec. ... Richard T. Harris Richard Tighe Harris (October 31, 1833 – October 11, 1907) was a Canadian miner and prospector. ... Austin Eugene Cap Lathrop (1865-1950) was an industrialist and outspoken opponent of Alaska statehood. ... Ray Mala (1906-1952) is the First Native American Movie Star and is the most prolific film star that the State of Alaska has thus far produced. ... MGM logo Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer or MGM, is a large media company, involved primarily in the production and distribution of cinema and television programs. ... Academy Award The Academy Awards, popularly known as the Oscars, are the most prominent and most watched film awards ceremony in the world. ... Categories: People stubs | 1919 births | Governors of Alaska | U.S. Secretaries of the Interior ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Fairbanks is a city located in Fairbanks North Star Borough, Alaska, United States. ... A choir or chorus is a musical ensemble of singers. ... For other persons named John Muir, see John Muir (disambiguation). ... For other persons named Theodore Roosevelt, see Theodore Roosevelt (disambiguation). ... William Anthony Bill Oefelein (IPA pronunciation: oÊŠfÉ›laɪn,) (born March 29, 1965) is an American Naval officer and former NASA astronaut. ... STS-116 was a flight of the Space Shuttle Discovery to the International Space Station (ISS). ... Sarah Heath Palin (born February 11, 1964) is the current Governor of Alaska. ... Elizabeth Wanamaker Peratrovich (b. ... A Tlingit totem pole in Ketchikan ca. ... George Sharrock (1910-2005) was Mayor of Anchorage from 1961-1964. ... Earthquake Damage, Anchorage The Good Friday Earthquake (also called the Great Alaska Earthquake) of Friday, March 27, 1964 (Good Friday, a Christian holy day associated with a historical earthquake[1]), 5:36 P.M. AST (03:36 3/27 UTC) had a magnitude of 9. ... Jefferson Randolph (Soapy) Smith II (1860-July 8, 1898) was an American con artist and gangster who had a major hand in the organized criminal operations of Denver, Colorado, Creede, Colorado, and Skagway, Alaska from 1879 to 1898. ... Broadway Avenue, Skagway, May 2007. ... Fran Ulmer was the first woman elected as Lieutenant Governor of the state of Alaska. ... Saint Innocent of Alaska was a Russian Orthodox priest, bishop, archbishop and Metropolitan of Moscow and all Russia. ... The Russian Orthodox Church (Русская Православная церковь) is that body of Christians who are united under the Patriarch of Moscow, who in turn is in communion with the other patriarchs of the Eastern Orthodox Church. ... Joe Vogler (1913-1993) was the founder of the Alaskan Independence Party and active in politics, regularly running for public office in Alaska for many years. ... Noel Wien (1899–1977) was a pioneer aviator in the U.S. state of Alaska and founder of Wien Air Alaska, Alaskas first airline. ... Wien Air Alaska was formed from Northern Consolidated Airlines and Wien Alaska Airways. ... Baron Ferdinand Petrovich von Wrangell (1794 - 1870) was a Russian explorer. ...

See also

• List of Registered Historic Places in Alaska
• History of the west coast of North America
• Legal status of Alaska‎

List of Registered Historic Places in Alaska: // Aleutian Islands Adak Adak Army Base and Adak Naval Operating Station Akutan St. ... The west coast of North America consists of the modern American states of California, Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, and arguably Alaska and parts of the Yukon. ...

References

Print references

• Afonsky, Bishop Gregory (1977). A History of the Orthodox Church in Alaska, 1794-1917. St. Herman's Theological Seminary, Kodiak, AK. ASIN B0006CUQ42. 
• Andrews, C.L. (1944). The Story of Alaska. The Caxton Printers, Ltd., Caldwell, OH. 
• Black, Lydia T. (2004). Russians in Alaska 1732-1867. University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks. ISBN 1-889963-05-4. 
• Bolkhovitinov, Nikolai N., et al. (1997-1999). Istoria Russkoi Ameriki (History of Russian America). Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniia, Moscow. ISBN 5-7133-0883-9; 5-7133-0976-2; 5-7133-0987-8. 
• Borneman, Walter R. (2003). Alaska: A Narrative History. Harper-Collins, New York, NY. ISBN 0-06-050306-8. 
• Fedorova, Svetlana G., trans. & ed. by Richard A. Pierce and Alton S. Donnelly (1973). The Russian Population in Alaska and California: Late 18th Century - 1867. Limestone Press, Kingston, Ontario. ISBN 0-919642-53-5. 
• Gruening, Ernest (1966). An Alaska Reader, 1867-1967. New Amsterdam Books, New York. OCLC 480059. 
• Gruening, Ernest (1967). The Battle for Alaska Statehood. University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks. ISBN 0-912006-12-9. 
• Gruening, Ernest (1954). The State of Alaska. Random House, New York. ASIN B0006ATTII. 
• Haycox, Stephen (2002). Alaska: An American Colony. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA. ISBN 0-295-98249-7. 
• Kobtzeff, Oleg (1985). La Colonisation russe en Amérique du Nord: 18 - 19 ème siècles (Russian Colonization in North-America, 18th-19th Centuries). Department of Slavic History, University of Panthéon-Sorbonne (Paris 1), Paris, France. 
• Naske, Claus-M and Herman E. Slotnick (2003). Alaska: A History of the 49th State. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, OK. ISBN 0-8061-2099-1. 
• Nordlander, David J. (1994). For God & Tsar: A Brief History of Russian America 1741 - 1867. Alaska Natural History Association, Anchorage, AL. ISBN 0-930931-15-7. 
• Wharton, David (1991). They Don't Speak Russian in Sitka: A New Look at the History of Southern Alaska. Markgraf Publications Group, Menlo Park, CA. ISBN 0-944109-08-X. 
• (2003) Alaskan Crash Site Locater. Check-Six. ISBN 0-9765562-0-0. 

Video references

• (2004). Alaska: Big America (TV documentary). The History Channel: AAE-44069.

The Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) was founded in 1967 and originally named the Ohio College Library Center. ...

Notes

There are several popular models of migration to the New World proposed by the anthropological community. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 98th day of the year (99th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 266th day of the year (267th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 335th day of the year (336th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 221st day of the year (222nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 255th day of the year (256th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 68th day of the year (69th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 98th day of the year (99th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 236th day of the year (237th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 98th day of the year (99th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

Alaska Humanities Forum

• Alaska History & Cultural Studies Curriculum

Historical Resources From Alaska's Libraries

• Alaska Digital Archives - Collection of thousands of historical photographs, texts, audio and video recordings. Specialized browseable collections on Alaska Natives and Alaska Statehood.
• Project Jukebox - Oral histories on many topics from the University of Alaska at Fairbanks.

University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections

• John E. Thwaites Photographs Images of Southeastern Alaska from 1905-1912 including the aftermath of Aleutian chain volcanic eruptions; maritime disasters including the famous 1910 Farallon shipwreck; Aleutian Natives and Eskimos, Alaska industries and small town daily life.
• Frank H. Nowell Photographs Photographs documenting scenery, towns, businesses, mining activities, Native Americans, and Eskimos in the vicinity of Nome, Alaska from 1901-1909.
• Alaska and Western Canada Collection Images documenting Alaska and Western Canada, primarily the provinces of Yukon Territory and British Columbia depicting scenes of the Gold Rush of 1898, city street scenes, Eskimo and Native Americans of the region, hunting and fishing, and transportation.

• Collection of Historical Images of Alaska from 1890-1920

	v • d • e State of Alaska Juneau (capital)
Topics	Geography | Climate | Wildlife | History | People | Demographics | Transportation | Government | Music | Economy | Culture An Inuit woman, circa 1907 Prehistoric Alaska begins with Paleolithic peoples moving into northwestern North America sometime between 16,000 and 10,000 BCE across the Bering Land Bridge in western Alaska. ... Bering Strait, Alaskas West coast and Russias East coast // The first written accounts indicate that the first Europeans to reach Alaska came from Russia. ... The Department of Alaska was the governmental designation of Alaska from its purchase by the USA in 1867 until its organization as the District of Alaska in 1884. ... The District of Alaska was the governmental designation for Alaska from May 17, 1884 to August 24, 1912, when it became Alaska Territory. ... Alaska Territory was an organized territory of the United States from August 24, 1912 to January 3, 1959, when Alaska became the 49th state. ... Alaska history redirects here. ... During the 1925 serum run to Nome, also known as the Great Race of Mercy, 20 mushers and about 150 sled dogs relayed diphtheria antitoxin 674 miles (1,085 km) by dog sled across the U.S. territory of Alaska in a record-breaking five and a half days, saving... The Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) was an American law passed in 1980 by U.S. Congress and signed by President Jimmy Carter on December 2, 1980. ... The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act was signed into law on December 18, 1971, and the largest land claims settlement in United States history was concluded. ... The Alaska Statehood Act, signed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on July 7, 1958, allowing Alaska to enter the Union on January 3, 1959. ... Check used to pay for Alaska The Alaska purchase from Russia by the United States occurred in 1867 at the behest of Secretary of State William Seward. ... This is the main article of a series that covers the History of Anchorage, Alaska, USA. // Russia was well established in the 1800s. ... Combatants United States, Canada Empire of Japan Commanders Thomas C. Kinkaid (navy), Francis W. Rockwell (landings), Albert E. Brown (army), Simon Bolivar Buckner, Jr. ... The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill occurred in Prince William Sound, Alaska, on 24 March 1989. ... Earthquake Damage, Anchorage The Good Friday Earthquake (also called the Great Alaska Earthquake) of Friday, March 27, 1964 (Good Friday, a Christian holy day associated with a historical earthquake[1]), 5:36 P.M. AST (03:36 3/27 UTC) had a magnitude of 9. ... Routes to the Klondike. ... American history redirects here. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  US Government Portal      A U.S. state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of... Alabama State Flag This is the history of the State of Alabama, in the United States of America. ... The first Native Americans arrived in Arizona between 16,000 BC and 10,000 BCE, while the history of Arizona as recorded by Europeans began when Marcos de Niza, a Franciscan, explored the area in 1539. ... Arkansas was the 25th state admitted to the United States. ... A field of California golden poppies circa 1910. ... In the history of Colorado, the first inhabitants of what was to become the State of Colorado were the American Indians. ... The History of Connecticut begins as a number of unrelated colonial villages. ... The History of Delaware is the story of a small American state, in the middle of heart of the nation, and yet until recently often isolated and even invisible to outsiders. ... Five flags of Florida (not including the current State Flag of Florida). ... The history of Hawaii includes phases of early Polynesian settlement, British discovery, Euro-American and Asian immigration, the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy, a brief period of existing as a Republic, and admission to the United States as a territory and then a state. ... The History of Idaho is an examination of the human history and social activity within the state of Idaho, a geographical area in the Pacific Northwest (PNW, or PacNW) area on or near the west coast of United States and Canada. ... Official language(s) English[1] Capital Springfield Largest city Chicago Largest county {{{LargestCounty}}} Largest metro area Chicago Area  Ranked 25th in the US  - Total 57,918 sq mi (149,998 km²)  - Width 210 miles (340 km)  - Length 390 miles (629 km)  - % water 4. ... This article should appear in one or more categories. ... This is the history of the U.S. state of Iowa. ... The history of Kansas is rich with the lore of the American West. ... The history of Kentucky spans hundreds of years, and has been influenced by the states diverse geography and central location. ... The history of Louisiana is long and rich. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Great Seal of Maryland. ... Flag of Massachusetts The Commonwealth of Massachusetts was created in the late 1700s. ... The following is a timeline of the history of Michigan, USA. // Early European 1620 Étienne Brûlé and his fellow explorers from Grenoble, France, were probably the first white men to see Lake Superior. ... The history of Minnesota concerns the state of Minnesota that forms part of the United States of America. ... // Native Americans Mississippi was part of the Mississippian culture in the early part of the second millennium AD; descendant Native American tribes include the Chickasaw and Choctaw. ... This article is about the history of the U.S. state of Missouri. ... Native Americans were the first inhabitants of modern-day Montana. ... The history of the U.S. state of Nebraska dates back to its formation as a territory by the Kansas-Nebraska Act, passed by the United States Congress on May 30, 1854. ... New Hampshire is a state of the United States of America located in the countrys Northeastern region. ... The written history of New Jersey began with the exploration of the Jersey Coast by Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524, though the region had been settled for millennia by Native Americans. ... The History of New Mexico was first recorded by the Spanish who encountered Native American Pueblos when they explored the area in the 1500s. ... New York, the Empire State has been at the center of American politics, finance, industry, transportation and culture since it was created by the Dutch in the 17th century. ... History of North Carolina For the state today see North Carolina // Bibliography Surveys James Clay and Douglas Orr, eds. ... First Nations in the region 1789: Louisiana and Ruperts Land 1803: US buys Louisiana 1812: Louisiana Territory renamed Missouri Territory 1861: Dakota Territory formed 1889: North Dakota statehood North Dakota was first settled by Native Americans several thousand years ago. ... Serpent Mound, Ohio, USA Hopewell Mound, Ohio, USA 1775 Ohio is not part of the original 13 colonies, but is part of British territories 1789 U.S. constitution, present day is part of an unorganized territory. ... This article is about the History of Oklahoma. ... Official language(s) None Capital Salem Largest city Portland Area  Ranked 9th  - Total 98,466 sq mi (255,026 km²)  - Width 260 miles (420 km)  - Length 360 miles (580 km)  - % water 2. ... The History of Pennsylvania is as varied as any in the American experience and reflects the melting pot vision of the United States. ... The history of Rhode Island includes the history of Rhode Island from pre-colonial times (1636) to modern day. ... South Carolina is one of the original states of the United States of America, and its history has been remarkable for an extraordinary commitment to political independence, whether from overseas or federal control. ... The Tennessee State Capitol in Nashville has been the sight of much of the States history. ... The history of Texas (as part of the United States) began in 1845, but settlement of the region dates back to the end of the Upper Paleolithic Period, around 10,000 BC. Its history has been shaped by being part of six independent countries: Spain, France, Mexico, the Republic of... The History of Utah (IPA: ) is an examination of the human history and social activity within the state of Utah located in the western United States. ... Mount Mansfield, at 4,393 feet, is the highest elevation point in Vermont. ... The recorded History of Virginia began with settlement of the geographic region now known as the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States thousands of years ago by Native Americans. ... Washingtons current flag. ... West Virginia is the only American state formed as a direct result of the American Civil War. ... Wisconsin became a state on May 29, 1848, but the land that makes up the state has been occupied by humans for thousands of years. ... Federal districts are subdivisions of a federal system of government. ... Aerial photo of Washington, D.C. The history of Washington, D.C. is tied intrinsically to its role as the capital of the United States. ... An insular area is United States territory that is neither a part of one of the fifty states nor a part of the District of Columbia, the nations federal district. ... American Samoa is the result of the Second Samoan Civil War and an agreement made between Germany, the United States, and the United Kingdom in 1899. ... The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) is a commonwealth in political union with the United States of America at a strategic location in the West Pacific Ocean. ... Puerto Rico The history of Puerto Rico began with the settlement of the archipelago of Puerto Rico by the Ortoiroid people between 3000 and 2000 BC. Other tribes, such as the Saladoid and Arawak Indians, populated the island between 430 BC and 1000 AD. At the time of Christopher Columbus... The United States Virgin Islands, often abbreviated USVI, is a group of islands and cays in the Caribbean to the east of Puerto Rico. ... The flag of the United States is used for all of the United States Minor Outlying Islands The United States Minor Outlying Islands, a statistical designation defined by ISO 3166-1, consists of nine insular United States possessions: All of these islands are in the Pacific Ocean except Navassa Island... Baker Island is an uninhabited atoll located just north of the equator in the central Pacific Ocean at 0°13′ N, 176°31′ W, about 3,100 km (1,675 nautical miles) southwest of Honolulu. ... Orthographic projection centered over Howland Island. ... Jarvis Island (formerly also known as Bunker Island[1]) is an uninhabited 4. ... Johnston Atoll is a 2. ... Kingman Reef is a one-square-kilometer tropical coral reef located in the North Pacific Ocean, roughly half way between Hawaiian Islands and American Samoa at 6°24 N, 162°24 W. It is the northernmost of the Northern Line Islands and an unincorporated territory of the United States administered... Navassa Island map from The World Factbook Navassa Island - NASA NLT Landsat 7 (Visible Color) Satellite Image Navassa Island (La Navase in French, Lanavaz in Haitian Kreyòl) is a small, uninhabited island in the Caribbean Sea. ... Wake Island is an atoll (having a coastline of 19. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Alaska. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  US Government Portal      A U.S. state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of... For other uses, see Alaska (disambiguation). ... Bold text Location in Juneau City and Borough, Alaska Coordinates: , Country State Borough Juneau City and Borough Founded 1881 Incorporated 1890 Government  - Mayor Bruce Botelho Area  - City  3,255. ... Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, site of first U.S. capital. ... // The brown bear can be found throughout Alaska, only with the exception of the southeast region. ... Alaska Population Density Map As of 2005, Alaska has an estimated population of 663,661, which is an increase of 5,906, or 0. ... Alaska is a state of the United States. ... For other uses, see Alaska (disambiguation). ...
Regions	Aleutian Islands | Arctic Alaska | Bush Alaska | Interior | Kenai Peninsula | Mat‑Su Valley | North Slope | Southeast | Seward Peninsula | Southcentral | Southwest | Tanana Valley | Yukon‑Kuskokwim Delta This list of regions of the United States includes official (governmental) and non-official areas within the borders of the United States, not including U.S. states, the federal district of Washington, D.C. or standard subentities such as cities or counties. ... Aleutians seen from space The Aleutian Islands (possibly from Chukchi aliat, island) are a chain of more than 300 small volcanic islands forming an island arc in the Northern Pacific Ocean, occupying an area of 6,821 sq mi (17,666 km²) and extending about 1,200 mi (1,900... Arctic Alaska is a region of the U.S. state of Alaska generally referring to the northern areas on or close to the Arctic Ocean. ... This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ... Fall in Interior Alaska The interior of Alaska makes up most of the state. ... The Kenai Peninsula in Alaska The Kenai Peninsula is a large peninsula jutting from the southern coast of Alaska in the United States. ... Matanuska-Susitna Valley shown shaded in red north of Anchorage Matanuska-Susitna Valley (known locally as the Mat-Su Valley) is an area in south central Alaska south of the Alaska Range north and northeast of Anchorage. ... ... The Alaska Panhandle is the coast of the American state of Alaska, just west of the northern half of the Canadian province of British Columbia. ... The Seward Peninsula is a large peninsula in western Alaska. ... South Central Alaska consists of the portion of the U.S. state of Alaska from the shorelines and uplands of the Gulf of Alaska. ... This article or section is incomplete and may require expansion and/or cleanup. ... The Tanana Valley is the lowland region in central Alaska in the United States, on the north side of the Alaska Range where the Tanana River emerges from the mountains. ... The Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta region is a treeless tundra located in southwestern Alaska. ...
Largest cities	Anchorage | Barrow | Bethel | Dillingham | Fairbanks | Homer | Juneau | Kenai | Ketchikan | Kodiak | Kotzebue | Nome | Palmer | Petersburg | Seward | Sitka | Unalaska | Valdez | Wasilla This article is about the city in the U.S. state of Alaska. ... Barrow is a city in North Slope Borough of the U.S. state of Alaska. ... Bethel (Mamterilleq in Central Alaskan Yupik) is a city located in Bethel Census Area in the U.S. state of Alaska, 340 miles (540 km) west of Anchorage. ... Dillingham is a city located in Dillingham Census Area, Alaska. ... Fairbanks redirects here. ... Homer is a town located in Kenai Peninsula Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. ... Location in Juneau City and Borough, Alaska Coordinates: , Country State Borough Juneau City and Borough Founded 1881 Incorporated 1890 Government  - Mayor Bruce Botelho Area  - City  3,255. ... Kenai is a city in Kenai Peninsula Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. ... Ketchikan (IPA: ) is the fifth most populous city in the U.S. state of Alaska and the southeasternnmost sizable city in that state. ... View of Kodiak from Pillar Mountain Street of Kodiak in 1965 Kodiak is a city on Kodiak Island in Kodiak Island Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. ... Kotzebue is a city located in Northwest Arctic Borough, Alaska. ... Aerial view of the harbor in Nome Nome is a city located on the southern Seward Peninsula coast of Norton Sound in the Nome Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. ... Palmer depot with a narrow gauge locomotive. ... Petersburg is a city in Wrangell-Petersburg Census Area, Alaska, in the United States. ... The Seward boat harbor Seward is a city in Kenai Peninsula Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. ... Sitka redirects here. ... Aerial view of Unalaska The Russian Orthodox Church in Unalaska Unalaska is a small city on Unalaska Island and neighboring Amaknak Island in the Aleutian Islands, off the coast of the U.S. state of Alaska. ... Valdez (IPA: ) is a city in Valdez-Cordova Census Area in the U.S. state of Alaska. ... For the Sarmatian god of the same name, see Wasilla (god) Wasilla is a town in the Matanuska-Susitna Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. ...
Boroughs	Aleutians East | Anchorage | Bristol Bay | Denali | Fairbanks North Star | Haines | Juneau | Kenai Peninsula | Ketchikan Gateway | Kodiak Island | Lake and Peninsula | Matanuska‑Susitna | North Slope | Northwest Arctic | Sitka | Yakutat | Unorganized Map of Alaska boroughs and census areas The U.S. state of Alaska does not have counties in the sense of counties in the rest of the country. ... Aleutians East Borough (IPA pronunciation: ) is a 2nd class borough located in the U.S. state of Alaska. ... This article is about the city in the U.S. state of Alaska. ... Bristol Bay Borough is a borough of the U.S. state of Alaska located on Bristol Bay or Iilgayaq Bay. ... Denali Borough is a borough located in the U.S. state of Alaska and was formed in 1990. ... Fairbanks North Star Borough is a borough located in the state of Alaska, United States. ... Haines Borough is a borough located in the state of Alaska, United States. ... Location in Juneau City and Borough, Alaska Coordinates: , Country State Borough Juneau City and Borough Founded 1881 Incorporated 1890 Government  - Mayor Bruce Botelho Area  - City  3,255. ... Kenai Peninsula Borough is a borough of the U.S. state of Alaska with a population of 49,700 at the 2000 census. ... Ketchikan Gateway Borough is a borough located in the U.S. state of Alaska. ... Kodiak Island Borough is a borough located in the state of Alaska, United States. ... Lake and Peninsula Borough is a borough located in the state of Alaska, United States. ... Matanuska-Susitna Borough is a borough located in the state of Alaska, United States. ... North Slope Borough is a borough located largely in the North Slope region of the state of Alaska, USA. As of the 2000 census, the population is 7,385. ... Northwest Arctic Borough is a borough located in the state of Alaska, United States, formed on June 2, 1986. ... Sitka redirects here. ... Yakutat City and Borough (IPA: ) is a unified city-borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. ... Alaska with the Unorganized Borough highlighted in red The Unorganized Borough is that part of the U.S. state of Alaska not contained in any of its 16 organized boroughs. ...
Census Areas	Aleutians West | Bethel | Dillingham | Nome | Prince of Wales‑Outer Ketchikan | Skagway‑Hoonah‑Angoon | Southeast Fairbanks | Valdez‑Cordova | Wade Hampton | Wrangell‑Petersburg | Yukon‑Koyukuk A census tract, census area, or census district is a particular community defined for the purpose of taking a census. ... Aleutians West Census Area is a census area located in the U.S. state of Alaska. ... Bethel Census Area is a census area located in the U.S. state of Alaska. ... Dillingham Census Area is a census area located in the state of Alaska, United States. ... Nome Census Area is a census area located in the state of Alaska. ... Prince of Wales-Outer Ketchikan Census Area is a census area located in the state of Alaska. ... Skagway-Hoonah-Angoon Census Area is a census area located in the state of Alaska. ... Southeast Fairbanks Census Area is a census area located in the state of Alaska. ... Valdez-Cordova Census Area is a census area located in the state of Alaska. ... Wade Hampton Census Area is a census area located in the state of Alaska. ... Wrangell-Petersburg Census Area is a census area located in the state of Alaska. ... Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area is a census area located in the state of Alaska. ...