Scene from southern Anatolia

The History of Anatolia covers the civilizations, and states established in and around the Anatolia, a peninsula of Western Asia. It is also often called by the Latin name of Asia Minor. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Anatolia and Europe Anatolia (Turkish: from Greek: Ανατολία - Anatolia) is a peninsula of Western Asia which forms the greater part of the Asian portion of Turkey, as opposed to the European portion (Thrace, or traditionally Rumelia). ... A peninsula in Croatia A peninsula is a piece of land that is bordered on three or more sides by water. ... This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ...

Neolithic

Because of its strategic location at the intersection of Asia and Europe, Anatolia has been a cradle for several civilizations since prehistoric ages, with Neolithic settlements such as Çatalhöyük (Pottery Neolithic), Çayönü (Pre-Pottery Neolithic A to pottery Neolithic), Nevali Cori (Pre-Pottery Neolithic B), Hacilar (Pottery Neolithic), Göbekli Tepe (Pre-Pottery Neolithic A) and Mersin. The settlement of Troy starts in the Neolithic and continues forward into the Iron Age. For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Central New York City. ... Prehistory (Greek words προ = before and ιστορία = history) is the period of human history prior to the advent of writing (which marks the beginning of recorded history). ... An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools. ... Excavations at the South Area of Çatal Höyük Çatalhöyük (also Çatal Höyük and Çatal Hüyük, or any of the three without diacritics; çatal is Turkish for fork, höyük for mound) was a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic settlement in southern... Çayönü is a Neolithic settlement in southern Turkey, forty kiloemtres north-west of Diyabarkir, at the foot of the Taurus mountains. ... The Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (short PPNA) represents the early neolithic in the Levantine and upper Mesopotamian region of the Fertile Crescent. ... Nevali Cori is an early Neolithic settlement in the upper Euphrates valley, eastern Turkey, around 490 m high. ... Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) is a division of the Neolithic developed by Dame Kathleen Kenyon during her archaeological excavations at Jericho in the southern Levant region. ... Hacilar is a Neolithic settlement in south western Turkey, 25 km southwest of present day Burdur. ... Göbekli Tepe is an early Neolithic site in southeastern Turkey. ... The Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (short PPNA) represents the early neolithic in the Levantine and upper Mesopotamian region of the Fertile Crescent. ... This article is about the city of Mersin, see Mersin Province, (named İçel province until 2002), for information about the surrounding area. ... For other uses of Troy or Ilion, see Troy (disambiguation) and Ilion (disambiguation). ...

Bronze Age

Location of Hayasa-Azzi Armenian tribes.

Troy, Hittite Empire, Hayasa-Azzi, Colchians, Hattians, Kaskas Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... For other uses of Troy or Ilion, see Troy (disambiguation) and Ilion (disambiguation). ... Hittites is the conventional English-language term for an ancient people who spoke an Indo-European language and established a kingdom centered in Hattusa (the modern village of Boğazköy in todayss north-central Turkey), through most of the second millennium BC. The Hittite kingdom, which at... Hayasa-Azzi or Azzi-Hayasa was a confederation formed between the Kingdoms of Hayasa located South of Trabzon and Azzi, located North of the Euphrates and to the South of Hayasa. ... Colchians were the residents of Colchis, the westernmost part of the Republic of Georgia, bordering the Euxinus Pontus (Black Sea). ... The Hattians were an ancient people who inhabited the land of Hatti in Asia Minor in the 3rd to 2nd millennia BC. They spoke a non-Indo-European language of uncertain affiliation called Hattic (now believed by some to be related to the Northwest Caucasian language group). ... The Kaskas (also Kaskians or Gasgas) are an ancient people of Anatolia, known from Hittite sources. ...

Through recorded history, Anatolians have spoken both Indo-European and Semitic languages, as well as many languages of uncertain affiliation. In fact, given the antiquity of the Indo-European Hittite and Luwian languages, some scholars have proposed Anatolia as the hypothetical center from which the Indo-European languages have radiated. Other authors have proposed an Anatolian origin for the Etruscans of ancient Italy. For other uses, see Indo-European. ... 14th century BC diplomatic letter in Akkadian, found in Tell Amarna. ... Hittite is the extinct language once spoken by the Hittites, a people who created an empire centered on ancient Hattusas (modern BoÄŸazkale) in north-central Anatolia (modern Turkey). ... Luwian (sometimes spelled Luwiyan) is an Anatolian language known in three forms: (1) Cuneiform Luwian, (2) Hieroglyphic-Luwian and (3), the somewhat later Lycian. ... The Etruscan civilization existed in Etruria and the Po valley in the northern part of what is now Italy, prior to the formation of the Roman Republic. ...

Iron Age

Neo-Hittite, Urartu, Achaemenid dynasty, The Neo-Assyrian Empire in the 9th to 7th centuries BC The so-called Neo-Hittite or post-Hittite states were Luwian-speaking political entities of Iron Age Syria that arose after the collapse of the Hittite Empire around 1180 BC and lasted until roughly 700 BC, the time of... Urartu at its greatest extent 743 BC Urartu (Biainili in Urartian) was an ancient kingdom in the mountainous plateau between Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, and Caucasus mountains, later known as the Armenian Highland, and it centered around Lake Van (present-day eastern Turkey). ... The Persepolis Ruins The Achaemenid dynasty (Old Persian:Hakamanishiya, Persian: هخامنشیان) - was a dynasty in the ancient Persian Empire. ...

Peoples who have settled in or conquered Anatolia during the Iron Age include the Phrygians, Lydians, Mushki, Cimmerians, Armenians, Persians, Tabals, Greeks, Lycians, Ionians, Cappadocians, Assyrians, Carians, Sea Peoples, Phoenicians, Jews, Romans In antiquity, Phrygia (Greek: ) was a kingdom in the west central part of the Anatolian Highland, part of modern Turkey. ... Lydia (Greek ) is a historic region of western Anatolia, congruent with Turkeys modern provinces of Ä°zmir and Manisa. ... The Mushki (MuÅ¡ki) were an Iron Age people of Anatolia, known from and Assyrian sources. ... The Cimmerians were an ancient people of Iranian origin, who lived in the south of modern-day Ukraine (Crimea and northern Black sea coast) and Russia (Black Sea coast and Caucasus), at least in the 8th and 7th century BC. Little is known about them, but they were mentioned in... The Persians of Iran (officially named Persia by West until 1935 while still referred to as Persia by some) are an Iranian people who speak Persian (locally named Fârsi by native speakers) and often refer to themselves as ethnic Iranians as well. ... Tabal (Bib. ... The word Lycian can mean: The Lycian language From or related to Lycia This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The Ionians were one of the three main ancient Greek ethno-linguistic groups, linked by their use of the Ionic dialect of the Greek language. ... Cappadocia in 188 BC In ancient geography, Cappadocia was an extensive inland district of Asia Minor (modern Turkey). ... For other uses, see Assyria (disambiguation). ... The Carians (Greek Καρες Kares, or Καρικοι Karikoi) were the eponymous inhabitants of Caria. ... The Budgie People is the term used for a confederacy of seafaring raiders who sailed into the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, caused political unrest, and attempted to enter or control Egyptian territory during the late 19th dynasty, and especially during Year 8 of Ramesses III of the 20th Dynasty. ... Phoenicia was an ancient civilization in the north of ancient Canaan, with its heartland along the coastal plain of what is now Lebanon and Syria. ... For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ...

Hellenism

• Hellenistic civilization
• Seleucid Empire
• Roman Asia
• Roman Greece
• Galatia
• Armenian Kingdom

The term Hellenistic (derived from Héllēn, the Greeks traditional self-described ethnic name) was established by the German historian Johann Gustav Droysen to refer to the spreading of Greek culture over the non-Greek people that were conquered by Alexander the Great. ... The Seleucid Empire was a Hellenistic successor state of Alexander the Greats dominion. ... Roman conquest of Asia minor The Roman province of Asia was an administrative unit added to the late Republic. ... Roman Greece is the period of Greek history following the Roman victory over the Corinthians at the Battle of Corinth in 146 BC until the reestablishment of the city of Byzantium and the naming of the city by Emperor Constantine I as the capital of the Roman Empire (as Nova... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (sometimes referred to as Armenia Minor) was a state formed in the Middle Ages by Armenian refugees fleeing the Seljuk invasion of Armenia. ...

Middle Ages

Byzantine Empire, Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, Sassanid Empire, Byzantine-Arab Wars, Seljuk Turks, Anatolian beyliks, Mongols, Ilkhanate “Byzantine” redirects here. ... The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia, 1199-1375. ... After Islamic Conquest  Modern SSR = Soviet Socialist Republic Afghanistan  Azerbaijan  Bahrain  Iran  Iraq  Tajikistan  Uzbekistan  This box:      The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty (Persian: []) is the name used for the fourth Iranian dynasty, and the second Persian Empire (226–651). ... Combatants Byzantine Empire,[1] Arab Ghassanids, Bulgarian Empire (later) Muslim Arabs (Rashidun, Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates) Syria was just the start of Arab expansion. ... The Seljuk coat of arms was a double headed eagle The Seljuk Turks (also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuq; in modern Turkish Selçuklular; in Persian سلجوقيان SaljÅ«qiyān; in Arabic سلجوق SaljÅ«q, or السلاجقة al-Salājiqa) were a major branch of the Oghuz Turks and a dynasty that ruled parts of... Anatolian beyliks (also Turkmen beyliks, Tevâif-i mülûk (in Ottoman Turkish) are small Turkish emirates or muslim principalities governed by tribal beys, which were founded in several locations of Anatolia at the end of the 13th century. ... The name Mongols (Mongolian: Mongol) specifies one or several ethnic groups. ... Khanates of Mongolian Empire: Il-Khanate, Chagatai Khanate, Empire of the Great Khan (Yuan Dynasty), Golden Horde The Ilkhanate (also spelled Il-khanate or Il Khanate) was one of the four divisions within the Mongol Empire. ...

Crusades

This article is about the medieval crusades. ... Combatants Christendom, Catholicism West European Christians, Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia Seljuks, Arabs and other Muslims The First Crusade was launched in 1095 by Pope Urban II with the dual goals of destroying the peaceful Islamic civilizations and confirming the barbaric nature of European society. ... // The Crusade of 1101 was a minor crusade of three separate movements, organized in 1100 and 1101 in the successful aftermath of the First Crusade. ... The fall of Edessa, seen here on the right of this map (c. ... The Third Crusade (1189–1192), also known as the Kings Crusade, was an attempt by European leaders to reconquer the Holy Land from Saladin. ... The Crusade of 1197 (also known as the Crusade of Henry VI or the German Crusade of 1197) was an abortive crusade launched by the Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI in response to the failure of Frederick I Barbarossas crusade in 1190. ... The Entry of the Crusaders into Constantinople (Eugène Delacroix, 1840). ... The Albigensian Crusade or Cathar Crusade (1209 - 1229) was a 20-year military campaign initiated by the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate the heresy of the Cathars of Languedoc. ... The Childrens Crusade is the name given to a variety of fictional and factual events in 1212 that combine some or all of these elements: visions by a French and/or German boy, an intention to peacefully convert Muslims to Christianity, bands of children marching to Italy, and children... Frisian crusaders confront the Tower of Damietta, Egypt. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Seventh Crusade was a crusade led by Louis IX of France from 1248 to 1254. ... The Shepherds Crusade is two separate events from the 13th and 14th century. ... The Eighth Crusade was a crusade launched by Louis IX of France, (who was by now in his mid-fifties) in 1270. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The Aragonese Crusade or Crusade of Aragón was declared by Pope Martin IV against the king of Aragón, Peter III the Great, in 1284 and 1285. ... The Alexandrian Crusade of October 1365[1] was a seaborne[2] Crusade on Alexandria led by Peter I of Cyprus. ... // Combatants Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Hungary, France, Wallachia, Holy Roman Empire Commanders Bayezid I Sigismund of Hungary, John of Nevers #, Mircea the Elder Strength About 100,000 About 100,000 estimated to be more due capabilites of the coilition (120,000-200,000) Casualties About 35,000 About 35,000... The Teutonic knights in Pskov in 1240. ... The Northern Crusades, or Baltic Crusades, were undertaken by Western Europeans against the still heathen people of North Eastern Europe around the Baltic Sea. ... Crusades First – Peoples – German – 1101 – Second – Third – Fourth – Albigensian – Childrens – Fifth – Sixth – Seventh – Shepherds – Eighth – Ninth – Aragonese – Alexandrian – Nicopolis – Northern – Hussite – Varna – Otranto Hussite Wars Nekmer - SudomÄ•Å™ – Vítkov – VyÅ¡ehrad – Nebovidy - NÄ›mecký Brod – HoÅ™ice – Ústí nad Labem – Tachov – Lipany – Grotniki The Hussite Wars, also called... The Crusade of Varna was a string of events in 1443-1444 between the Kingdom of Hungary, the Serbian Despotate, and the Ottoman Empire. ... Combatants Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Naples Kingdom of Aragon Kingdom of Hungary Commanders Gedik Ahmed Pasha Francesco Largo † Alphonso II of Naples Strength Between 18,000 and 100,000 men. ...

Anatolian Beyliks

Ahlahshahs were the rulers of an Anatolian Turkish Beylik of the first period founded after the Battle of Malazgirt (Battle of Manzikert) and centered in Ahlat on the northwestern shore of the Lake Van in Eastern Anatolia. ... Alaiye (علاعية) is the Seljuk name for the modern Turkish city of Alanya, derived from the name of the Sultan `Ala ad-Din Kay-Qubad. ... Caravanserai built by the Turkish beylik of Artuklu in 1275 in Mardin (a luxury hotel today) The Artuklu dynasty was an Oghuz Turkish dynasty that ruled in Eastern Anatolia and in Northern Iraq) in the 11th and 12th centuries. ... The Anatolian Turkish Beylik of AydınoÄŸlu with its capital in Aydın (named after the dynasty) was one of the frontier principalities established by Oghuz Turkish clans after the decline of Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate. ... Flag Capital Kastamonu Language(s) Turkish Religion Muslim Government Monarchy Bey  - 1292 – ? Temür Yaman Candar  - 1461 Ahmed the Red Historical era Late Medieval  - Established 1292  - Disestablished 1461 CandaroÄŸlu Beylik (sometimes referred to as Candar, CandaroÄŸulları or Ä°sfendiyaroÄŸulları in Turkish) is an Anatolian Turkish Beylik that ruled... Çaka Bey or Çakabey was the bey of Ä°zmir (Smyrna) during the Beyliks era in Anotolia about 1081. ... ÇobanoÄŸlu (Turkish plural ÇobanoÄŸulları) was an Anatolian Turkish Beylik founded by the dynasty of the same name and controlled the region in and around the northern Central Anatolian city of Kastamonu in the 13th century, ruling as an independent entity in intervals. ... The Danishmend dynasty was a Turcoman dynasty ruling in eastern Anatolia in the 11th and 12th centuries. ... The Anatolian Turkish Beylik of Dulkadir with its capital in MaraÅŸ was one of the frontier principalities established by Oghuz Turkish clans after the decline of Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate. ... Eretna (Turkish plural; EretnaoÄŸulları) was an Anatolian Turkish Beylik that succeeded the Ilkhanid rulers in Anatolia and that ruled in a large region extending between Kayseri, Sivas and Amasya in Central Anatolia between 1328-1381. ... The Anatolian Turkish Beylik of EÅŸrefoÄŸlu with its capital in BeyÅŸehir was one of the frontier principalities established by Oghuz Turkish clans after the decline of Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate. ... The Anatolian Turkish Beylik of Germiyan with its capital in Kütahya was one of the prominent frontier principalities established by Oghuz Turkish clans after the decline of Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate. ... HamidoÄŸlu or Hamid Dynasty was one of the 14th century Anatolian Turkish Beyliks that emerged as as a consequence of the decline of the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate and ruled in the regions around EÄŸirdir and Isparta in southwestern Anatolia. ... Statue depicting Karamanogullu Mehmet Bey declaring Turkish as the official language of the state and all its institutions Beylik of Karaman or of KaramanoÄŸlu (KaramanoÄŸulları in plural), also called Karamanids was the first Turkic kingdom to accept Turkish as its official language. ... The Anatolian Turkish Beylik of Karesi with its capital in Balıkesir was one of the frontier principalities established by Oghuz Turkish clans after the decline of Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm. ... The Anatolian Turkish Beylik of Ladik (name deriving from Laodicea) with its capital in Denizli was one of the frontier principalities established by Oghuz Turkish clans after the decline of Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate. ... DivriÄŸi Great Mosque (Ulu Cami) portal Mengücek (also spelled as Mengüçlü or Mengujek) was an Anatolian Turkish Beylik of the first period, founded after the Battle of Malazgirt (Battle of Manzikert), that ruled the region around the cities of Erzincan, Kemah and DivriÄŸi in Eastern Anatolia... The Anatolian Turkish Beylik of MenteÅŸe (1260-1424), with capital in Milas in southwest Anatolia and headquartered in Beçin castle near that city, was one of the frontier principalities established by Oghuz Turkish clans after the decline of the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate. ... PervâneoÄŸlu (in Turkish plural PervâneoÄŸulları - the sons of Pervâne) was an Anatolian Turkish Beylik centered in Sinop on the Black Sea coast and controlling the immediately surrounding region in the second half of the 13th century and the beginning of the 14th (1261-1326). ... The Anatolian Turkish Beylik of RamazanoÄŸlu with its capital in Adana was one of the frontier principalities established by Oghuz Turkish clans after the decline of Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate. ... Sâhib Ata (also spelled as Sahip Atâ, Sahibata, Sahipata; Turkish plural SâhipataoÄŸulları) was an Anatolian Turkish Beylik centered in Afyonkarahisar and founded by one of the last viziers of the falling Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate, Fahreddin Ali ibn Husein, also known as Sâhib Ata. ... Saltuklu dynasty (also spelled as Saltukids or Saltuqids) were the rulers of an Anatolian Turkish Beylik of the first period founded after the Battle of Malazgirt (Battle of Manzikert) and centered in Erzurum, who ruled between 1071 to 1202. ... The Anatolian Turkish Beylik of Saruhan with its capital in Manisa was one of the frontier principalities established by Oghuz Turkish clans after the decline of Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate. ... The Anatolian Turkish Beylik of Teke with its capital in Antalya was one of the frontier principalities established by Oghuz Turkish clans after the decline of Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate. ...

Ottoman Empire

The conquest of Anatolia by Turkic peoples and the rise of the Seljuk Empire began in the 11th century.^[1] It was gradual. The complete Ottoman Empire conquest of Anatolia was finalized with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople (modern Istanbul). This article is about the various peoples speaking one of the Turkic languages. ... The Seljuk Turks (Turkish: Selçuk; Arabic: سلجوق Saljūq, السلاجقة al-Salājiqa; Persian: سلجوقيان Saljūqiyān; also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuq) were a major branch of... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 11th century was that century which lasted from 1001 to 1100. ... “Ottoman” redirects here. ... April 2 - Mehmed II begins his siege of Constantinople (Ä°stanbul). ... This article is about the city before the Fall of Constantinople (1453). ... Istanbul (Turkish: , Greek: , historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see other names) is Turkeys most populous city, and its cultural and financial center. ...

Its inhabitants espoused many religious beliefs, spanning Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In particular, many Jews emigrated from Spain and Portugal, after the expulsion of Jews and Muslims during the 1492 Spanish Reconquista.^[2][3][4] This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      Christianity is... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... Not to be confused with 1492: Conquest of Paradise. ... For other senses of this word, see Reconquista (disambiguation). ...

Anatolia remained multi-ethnic until the early 20th century (see Rise of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire). Its inhabitants were of varied ethnicities, including Turks (Turkmens, Anatolian Turks), Armenians, Kurds, Greeks, and Italians (particularly from Genoa and Venice). When the First World War devastated Anatolia, ethnic tensions culminated in the 1915 Armenian Genocide. (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999... With the rise of national states and their histories, it is very hard to find reliable sources on the Ottoman concept of a nation. ... For a specific analysis of the population of Turkey, see People of Turkey and Demographics of Turkey. ... Kurds are one of the Iranian peoples and speak Kurdish, a north-Western Iranian language related to Persian. ... For other uses, see Genoa (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Venice (disambiguation). ... Armenian Genocide photo. ...

Modern Turkey

Main article: History of the Republic of Turkey

A population exchange between Turkey and Greece as a result of the Treaty of Lausanne eliminated most Muslims in what is now Greece and most ethnic Greeks in what is now Turkey. A significant Kurdish ethnic and linguistic minority exists in the south eastern regions, while Laz people and Georgians have a significant presence in the northeast. About 80,000 Turkish citizens are of Armenian descent. Approximately 40,000 Armenians (citizens of the Republic of Armenia) came to Turkey to look for a job illegally in recent a few years.^[5] History of Turkey redirects here. ... Population transfer is a term referring to a policy by which a state forces the movement of a large group of people out of a region, invariably on the basis of ethnicity or religion. ... Borders as shaped by the treaty The Treaty of Lausanne (July 24, 1923) was a peace treaty that settle a part of the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire that reflected the consequences of the Turkish Independence War between Allies of World War I and Turkish national movement, (Grand National Assembly... Languages Kurdish Religions Predominantly Sunni Muslim also some Shia, Yazidism, Yarsan, Judaism, Christianity Related ethnic groups other Iranian peoples (Talysh Baluch Gilak Bakhtiari Persians) The Kurds are an ethnic group who consider themselves to be indigenous to a region often referred to as Kurdistan, an area which includes adjacent parts... Southeastern Anatolia Region Southeastern Anatolia Region (Turkish: Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi) // Southeastern Anatolia Region Adıyaman Province Batman Province Diyarbakır Province Gaziantep Province Kilis Province Mardin Province Şanlıurfa Province Siirt Province Şırnak Province Provinces of Turkey Categories: | ... The Laz (Lazi (ლაზი) or Lazepe (ლაზეფე) in Laz, Lazlar in Turkish, Lazi (ლაზი) or Chani (ჭანი) in Georgian) are an ethnic group who live primarily on the Black Sea coastal regions of Turkey and Georgia. ...

See also

• Timeline of Middle Eastern History

This timeline tries to compile dates of important historical events that happened in or that lead to the rise of the Middle East. ...

Notes