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Encyclopedia > History of Arizona
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Flag of Arizona
History of Arizona
European Colonization
Spanish Period
Mexican Period
Territorial Period
  The Depression and World Wars  

The first Native Americans arrived in Arizona between 16,000 BC and 10,000 BCE, while the history of Arizona as recorded by Europeans began when Marcos de Niza, a Franciscan, explored the area in 1539. Coronado's expedition entered the area in 1540–1542 during its search for Cíbola. Padre Eusebio Francisco Kino developed a chain of missions and taught the Indians Christianity in Pimería Alta (now southern Arizona and northern Sonora) in the 1690s and early 1700s. Spain founded fortified towns (presidios) at Tubac in 1752 and Tucson in 1775. Image File history File links Flag_of_Arizona. ... The Columbian Exchange The Columbian Exchange affected Native American culture in Arizona substantially. ... Although the Spanish did not yet have towns for themselves, in the late 1600s colonists began steadily entering the region, attracted by the recent discovery of deposits of silver around the Arizonac mining camp. ... In 1821, Mexico won its independence from Spain after a decade of war. ... Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... yousuckbuttIn 1912, women in Arizona gained the right to vote, and in 1917, World War I brought an economic boom to Arizona. ... This article is about the people indigenous to the United States. ... Official language(s) English Spoken language(s) English 74. ... The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe, Africa and Asia. ... This was left by Marcos de Niza in 1539 at what is now Phoenix South_Mountain_Park Marcos de Niza (c. ... The Order of Friars Minor and other Franciscan movements are disciples of Saint Francis of Assisi. ... Coronado Sets Out to the North, by Frederic Remington, 1861-1909 Francisco Vázquez de Coronado (ca. ... Quivira and Cíbola are two of the fantastic Seven Cities of Gold existing only in a myth that originated around the year 1150 when the Moors conquered Mérida, Spain. ... Bronze by Suzanne Silvercruys. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      Christianity is... An area of 18th century New Spain, the Pimería Alta (upper land of the Pimas) encompassed modern southern Arizona in the United States and northern Sonora in Mexico. ... Sonora is a state in northwestern Mexico, bordering the states of Chihuahua to the east, Sinaloa to the south, and Baja California to the northwest. ... Tubac is a census-designated place located in Santa Cruz County, Arizona. ... Nickname: Location in Pima County and the state of Arizona Coordinates: , Country State Counties Pima Government  - Mayor Bob Walkup (R) Area  - City  195. ...


All of present-day Arizona became part of the Mexican State of Vieja California upon the Mexican assertion of independence from Spain in 1821. The United States took possession of most of Arizona at the end of the Mexican-American War in 1848. In 1853, the land below the Gila River was acquired from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase. Arizona was administered as part of the Territory of New Mexico until it was organized into a separate territory on February 24, 1863. Combatants United States Mexico Commanders Zachary Taylor Winfield Scott Stephen W. Kearney Antonio López de Santa Anna Mariano Arista Pedro de Ampudia José Mariá Flores Strength 78,790 soldiers 25,000–40,000 soldiers Casualties KIA: 1733 Total dead: 13,271 Wounded: 4,152 AWOL: 9,200+ 25,000... The Gila River, a tributary of the Colorado, is shown highlighted on a map of the United States The Gila River (Oodham [Pima]: Hila Akimel) is a tributary of the Colorado River, 630 mile (1,014 km) long, in the southwestern United States. ... The Gadsden Purchase (shown with present-day state boundaries and cities) The Gadsden Purchase (known as Venta de La Mesilla in Mexico) is a 45,535 mi² (76,770 km²) region of what is today southern Arizona and New Mexico that was purchased by the United States from Mexico in... is the 55th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1863 (MDCCCLXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...


Arizona was admitted into the Union—officially becoming a U.S. state—on February 14, 1912. The order which the original 13 states ratified the constitution, then the order that the others were admitted to the union This is a list of U.S. states by date of statehood, that is, the date when each U.S. state joined the Union. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  US Government Portal      A U.S. state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of... is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...


Phoenix was the site of a German and Italian prisoner of war camp during World War II. The site was purchased after the war by the Maytag family and is currently the Phoenix Zoo. Also located in the state were the War Relocation Authority's second- and third-largest Japanese American internment camps, Poston and Gila River. Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... The Phoenix Zoo, opened in 1962, is the largest non-profit zoo in the United States. ... The War Relocation Authority (WRA) was U.S. civilian agency responsible for the relocation and internment of Japanese Americans during World War II. The WRA was created by President Roosevelt on March 18, 1942 with Executive Order 9102 and officially ceased to exist June 30, 1946. ... Jerome War Relocation Center in Jerome, Arkansas Japanese people heading off to an internment camp. ... painting of the Poston War Relocation Center painted by Japanese American, Tom Tanaka while interned The Poston Relocation Center, located in Yuma County (now in La Paz County) of Arizona, was the largest of the internment camps operated by the War Relocation Authority during World War II. Actually composed of... The Gila River War Relocation Center was an internment camp built by the War Relocation Authority (WRA) for internment of Japanese Americans during the Second World War. ...

Contents

Prehistory

The Paleo-Indians and Archaic peoples

According to the best archaeological and geological evidence available, Paleolithic, mammoth-hunting families moved into northwestern North America sometime between 16,000 BC and 10,000 BC. In central Alaska, they found their passage blocked by a huge sheet of ice until a temporary recession in the last ice age that opened up an ice-free corridor through northwestern Canada, allowing bands to fan out throughout the rest of the continent. The earliest undisputed evidence of humans in the southwestern United States is a set of fluted spear points from the Paleolithic.[1] Some scientists have proposed that small bands of women, men and children wandered across the deserts of southwestern Arizona and northwestern Mexico 10,000 to 20,000 years earlier than the mammoth hunters. // The Paleolithic is a prehistoric era distinguished by the development of stone tools. ... This article is about the genus Mammuthus. ... North America North America is a continent[1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ... Official language(s) None[1] Spoken language(s) English 85. ... Variations in CO2, temperature and dust from the Vostok ice core over the last 400 000 years For the animated movie, see Ice Age (movie). ... Regional definitions vary from source to source. ... For other uses, see Spear (disambiguation) and Spears (disambiguation). ...


In the opinion of geoscientist Paul Martin, these bands,[2] armed with Clovis points (named for the site near Clovis, New Mexico where the first point was found), encountered mammoths, camels, ground sloths, and horses. As these species had never faced sophisticated big-game hunters before, the result was the "Pleistocene overkill", the rapid and systematic slaughter of nearly all the species of large ice-age mammals in North America by 8000 BC. In a sense, the hunters who pursued the mammoths may have represented the first of Arizona's many cycles of boom and bust, in which a single resource is relentlessly exploited until that resource has been depleted or destroyed. Examples of Clovis points. ... Clovis, New Mexico is a small city in Curry County, New Mexico, United States, with a population of approximately 32,700 (2000 census). ... For other uses, see Camel (disambiguation). ... Families Rathymotheriidae Ameghino, 1904 Scelidotheriidae Ameghino, 1889 Mylodontidae Gill, 1872 Orophodontidae Ameghino, 1895 Megalonychidae Gervais, 1855 Megatheriidae Gray, 1821 Ground sloths are a diverse group of extinct edentate (Superorder Xenarthra) mammals that are believed to be relatives of tree sloths and three-toed sloths. ... Binomial name Equus caballus Linnaeus, 1758 The horse (Equus caballus, sometimes seen as a subspecies of the Wild Horse, Equus ferus caballus) is a large odd-toed ungulate mammal, one of ten modern species of the genus Equus. ... The Pleistocene epoch (IPA: ) on the geologic timescale is the period from 1,808,000 to 11,550 years BP. The Pleistocene epoch had been intended to cover the worlds recent period of repeated glaciations. ... In economics, the term boom and bust refers to the movement of an economy through economic cycles. ...


Archaeologists call the 7,000 years between the disappearance of big-game hunters and the emergence of pottery-making societies, in the 2nd century AD, the Archaic period. Most Archaic groups survived by becoming generalists rather than specialists, foraging in seasonal movements across the mountains, deserts and plateaus. They did not abandon hunting, but they depended to a much greater degree upon wild plant foods and small game. Their tools became more varied, with grinding and chopping implements becoming more common, a sign that seeds, fruits and greens constituted a greater proportion of their diet. Unfired green ware pottery on a traditional drying rack at Conner Prairie living history museum. ... The Archaic period in southeastern North America lasted from roughly 8000 to 1000 BC, and was followed by the Woodland period. ... Foraging just means looking for food (or, metaphorically, anything else). ... This article is about arid terrain. ... For other uses, see Plateau (disambiguation). ... A ripe red jalapeño cut open to show the seeds For other uses, see Seed (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Fruit (disambiguation). ...

The Ancestral Puebloans, or Anasazi, were a prehistoric Native American civilization centered around the present-day Four Corners area of the Southwest United States.
The Ancestral Puebloans, or Anasazi, were a prehistoric Native American civilization centered around the present-day Four Corners area of the Southwest United States.

Climate changes drove the transition from big-game hunting. When the first big-game hunters entered Arizona, the forests were as much as 3,000 feet lower than they are today. In the Sonoran Desert, piñon, juniper and oak woodlands extended as far as 1,800 feet down slopes, the elevation of lower slopes of Camelback Mountain in Phoenix. Desert grasslands studded with Joshua trees, beargrass and yucca carpeted valleys below. The great ponderosa pine forests of the Colorado Plateau did not exist. Instead, the Mogollon Rim supported vast stands of mixed conifers such as Douglas fir, blue spruce and Rocky Mountain juniper—the trees characteristic of higher altitudes today. The giant saguaro, the plant that symbolizes Arizona in many people's minds, had largely taken refuge in present-day Mexico. Image File history File links Mesaverde_cliffpalace_20030914. ... Image File history File links Mesaverde_cliffpalace_20030914. ... This article is about a community of trees. ... Map of the Mojave and Sonoran deserts. ... Species Section Cembroides     Pinus cembroides     Pinus orizabensis     Pinus johannis     Pinus culminicola     Pinus remota     Pinus edulis     Pinus monophylla     Pinus quadrifolia Section Rzedowskiae     Pinus rzedowskii     Pinus pinceana     Pinus maximartinezii Section Nelsoniae     Pinus nelsonii The pinyon pines (or piñon pines), are a group of pines, which grow in the southwestern United States... Species Junipers are coniferous plants in the genus Juniperus of the cypress family Cupressaceae. ... Species See List of Quercus species The term oak can be used as part of the common name of any of several hundred species of trees and shrubs in the genus Quercus (from Latin oak tree), and some related genera, notably Cyclobalanopsis and Lithocarpus. ... Camelback Mountain is a mountain of 2704 foot elevation in Phoenix, Arizona. ... Nickname: Location in Maricopa County and the state of Arizona Coordinates: , Country State Counties Maricopa Incorporated February 25, 1881 Government  - Type Council-Manager  - Mayor Phil Gordon (D) Area  - City  515. ... Binomial name Yucca brevifolia Schott ex Torr. ... Binomial name Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt. ... Species many, see text Yucca filamentosa in New Zealand Yucca decipiens in Zacatecas, Mexico Joshua Trees growing in the Mojave Desert. ... Binomial name Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa) is a widespread and very variable pine native to western North America. ... The Colorado Plateau, also called the Colorado Plateaus Province, is a physiographic region of the Intermontane Plateaus, roughly centered on the Four Corners region of the southwestern United States. ... The Mogollon Rim is a topographical and geological feature running across Arizona, extending approximately 400 miles (650 km) from northern Yavapai County eastward to the Mogollon Mountains in southwest New Mexico. ... Orders & Families Cordaitales † Pinales   Pinaceae - Pine family   Araucariaceae - Araucaria family   Podocarpaceae - Yellow-wood family   Sciadopityaceae - Umbrella-pine family   Cupressaceae - Cypress family   Cephalotaxaceae - Plum-yew family   Taxaceae - Yew family Vojnovskyales † Voltziales † The conifers, division Pinophyta, are one of 13 or 14 division level taxa within the Kingdom Plantae. ... Species See text Douglas-fir is the common name applied to coniferous trees of the genus Pseudotsuga in the family Pinaceae. ... Binomial name Picea pungens Engelm. ... Binomial name Juniperus scopulorum Sarg. ... Binomial name Carnegiea gigantea Britton & Rose Synonyms Cereus giganteus Engelm. ...


Temperatures rose, and the seasonal distribution of precipitation began to change, causing major changes in the vegetation as well. The Clovis people were stalking mammoths and other ice-age species in southeastern Arizona at a time when many streams were drying up, forcing animals to concentrate around streams and seeps. The growing aridity of the region therefore coincided with the arrival of hunters who specialized in the pursuit of large mammals. It is possible that climate and humans acted together to bring an end to these species. Vegetation is a general term for the plant life of a region; it refers to the ground cover provided by plants, and is, by far, the most abundant biotic element of the biosphere. ... Subclasses & Infraclasses Subclass †Allotheria* Subclass Prototheria Subclass Theria Infraclass †Trituberculata Infraclass Metatheria Infraclass Eutheria Mammals (class Mammalia) are warm-blooded, vertebrate animals characterized by the presence of sweat glands, including those that produce milk, and by the presence of: hair, three middle ear bones used in hearing, and a neocortex...


Arizona grew even more arid after the last ice age came to an end. Summers grew wetter, but warmer, so rainfall evaporated quicker. Winters became considerably drier, making less moisture available to plants. In southern Arizona, woodlands gave way to desert grasslands, and desert grasslands gave way to desert scrub. Important Sonoran Desert species like saguaro and brittlebush began to recolonize the region from the south, while ponderosa forests and piñon-juniper-oak woodlands climbed back onto the Colorado Plateau. By 2000 BC, the modern plant communities of Arizona had been established and a modern climate prevailed. Variations in CO2, temperature and dust from the Vostok ice core over the last 400 000 years For the animated movie, see Ice Age (movie). ... Map of the Mojave and Sonoran deserts. ... Binomial name Encelia farinosa Torr. ...


The early Archaic peoples of Arizona survived these changes by adapting to the cycles of plants rather than trying to change them. In the woodlands, they gathered acorns in July and August, and piñon nuts and juniper berries in November. In the desert, they picked the leaves of annual plants like chenopodium (goosefoot) and amaranth (pigweed). They also roasted agave in rock-lined pits each spring, and collected cactus fruit and harvested mesquite pods in the summer. Because of their dependence on scattered and seasonal resources, Archaic groups did not occupy permanent settlements. Instead, they wandered from camp to camp in search of water and wild foods. For other uses, see Acorn (disambiguation). ... Species See text Chenopodium is a genus of about 150 species of flowering plants in the family Amaranthaceae, known generically as the Goosefoots. ... For other uses, see Amaranth (disambiguation). ... Species see text. ... Genera See Taxonomy of the Cactaceae A cactus (plural cacti, cactuses or cactus)SEE REBECCA I WAS RIGHT is any member of the succulent plant family Cactaceae, native to the Americas. ... Species Many; see text. ...


Their tools reflected their economy: ground stones (manos and metates) were used for grinding seeds into flour, scrapers for working hide and wood, and projectile points, smaller and cruder than the earlier Clovis and Folsom points, for hunting large and small game. The varying proportions of such tools at different sites suggest that people moved back and forth between different environmental zones to exploit their particular resources. Archaic peoples fashioned artifacts that demonstrated their capacity for wonder and their quest for supernatural power. Intaglios 10 to 100 feet in length appeared on both sides of the Colorado River in southeastern California and southwestern Arizona. Many of them were of stylized rattlesnakes, thunderbirds, phalli, and human forms. In archaeology, ground stone is a category of stone tool formed by the grinding of a coarse-grained tool stone, either purposefully or incidentally. ... A projectile is any object sent through space by the application of a force. ... Folsom points are a distinct form of chipped stone projectile points associated with the Folsom Tradition of North America. ... In archaeology, an artifact or artefact is any object made or modified by a human culture, and often one later recovered by some archaeological endeavor. ... Intaglio is a term from art applied to burial mounds which refers to a design cut into a hard surface. ... The Colorado River from the bottom of Marble Canyon, in the Upper Grand Canyon Colorado River in the Grand Canyon from Desert View The Colorado River from Laughlin Horseshoe Bend is a horseshoe-shaped meander of the Colorado River located near the town of Page, Arizona The Colorado River is... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Largest metro area Greater Los Angeles Area  Ranked 3rd  - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 770 miles (1,240 km)  - % water 4. ... Species 27 species; see list of rattlesnake species and subspecies. ... Depiction of a Thunderbird on a Totem Pole The mythological Thunderbird is a mythical creature common to Indigenous spirituality in North America . ... This article is about the symbol of the erect penis. ...


The introduction of agriculture

For most of the Archaic period, people were not able to transform their natural environment in any fundamental way. Many archaeologists assumed that the Archaic cultures of Arizona were dead ends. They believed groups outside the region, particularly Mesoamerica, introduced major innovations like agriculture into the Southwest. According to this model, maize first put down Southwestern roots in the highlands of western New Mexico and eastern Arizona, the pre-Hispanic cultural area known as the Mogollon. Archaic populations there began growing a small and primitive variety of maize at places like Bat Cave as early as 3500 BCE. From there, maize spread slowly to more arid and lowland areas, such as the Sonoran Desert. This article is about the natural environment. ... This article is about the culture area. ... This article is about the maize plant. ... Capital Santa Fe Largest city Albuquerque Area  Ranked 5th  - Total 121,665 sq mi (315,194 km²)  - Width 342 miles (550 km)  - Length 370 miles (595 km)  - % water 0. ... The Mogollon (IPA pronunciation: ) is the name applied to one of the four major prehistoric archaeological culture areas of the American Southwest and Northern Mexico. ...


During the 1980s, these early maize dates were challenged by a refinement in radiocarbon dating using the accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) technique. Accelerator dates reveal that the first corn from Bat Cave and other highland sites appeared around 1000 BCE, 2,500 years later than previously thought. A number of sites excavated in southern Arizona demonstrate that Archaic farmers were cultivating maize in the Tucson Basin at around the same time as well. At the Milagro site along Tanque Verde Creek, for example, a Late Archaic population built pit houses, dug bell-shaped storage pits, and planted maize around 850 BCE. Archaic groups, then, were already beginning to make the transition from food gatherers to food producers around 3,000 years ago. They also possessed many of the cultural features that accompany semisedentary agricultural life: storage facilities, more permanent dwellings, larger settlements, and even cemeteries. Radiocarbon dating is a radiometric dating method that uses the naturally occurring isotope carbon-14 (14C) to determine the age of carbonaceous materials up to about 60,000 years. ... Mass spectrometry (also known as mass spectroscopy (deprecated)[1] or informally, mass-spec and MS) is an analytical technique used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of ions. ... A dugout or dug-out is a shelter dug out of the ground. ... Castle Ashby Graveyard Northamptonshire A cemetery is a place in which dead bodies and cremated remains are buried. ...


Despite the early advent of farming, late Archaic groups still exercised little control over their natural environment. Furthermore, wild food resources remained important components of their diet even after the invention of pottery and the development of irrigation. The introduction of agriculture never resulted in the complete abandonment of hunting and foraging, even in the largest of Archaic societies. During the 1st millennium CE, at least three major cultures flourished in the Southwest: the Anasazi, the Hohokam, and the Mogollon. These three cultures are well known for their architecture and pottery. Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing crops. ... In the Gregorian calendar, the 1st millennium is the period of one thousand years that commenced with the year 1 Anno Domini. ... Ancient Pueblo People, or Ancestral Puebloans is the preferred term for the group of peoples often known as Anasazi who are the ancestors of the modern Pueblo peoples. ... Hohokam is the name applied to one of the four major prehistoric archaeological traditions of the American Southwest. ... The Mogollon (IPA pronunciation: ) is the name applied to one of the four major prehistoric archaeological culture areas of the American Southwest and Northern Mexico. ... This article is about building architecture. ...


European colonization

Main article: European colonization of Arizona The Columbian Exchange The Columbian Exchange affected Native American culture in Arizona substantially. ...

The Coronado Expedition, 1540–1542.
The Coronado Expedition, 1540–1542.

Although the first European visitors to Arizona may have come in 1528, the most influential expeditions in early Spanish Arizona were those of Marcos de Niza and Francisco Vásquez de Coronado.[3] The accounts of the early Spanish explorers of large mythical cities like Cíbola and large mineral deposits of copper and silver would attract settlers and miners to the region in later years. These explorations led to the Columbian Exchange in Arizona, and widespread epidemics of smallpox among the Native Americans. Native-American history of early European Arizonan exploration is hard to find, but the O'odham calendar stick is a traditional way of recording notable events, including droughts, invasions, floods that could be used as a source. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1230x532, 135 KB) The Coronado Expedition 1540-1542. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1230x532, 135 KB) The Coronado Expedition 1540-1542. ... This was left by Marcos de Niza in 1539 at what is now Phoenix South_Mountain_Park Marcos de Niza (c. ... Coronado Sets Out to the North, by Frederic Remington, 1861-1909 Francisco Vázquez de Coronado (ca. ... For the real places of this name, see Cibola, Arizona and Cibola County, New Mexico. ... For other uses, see Copper (disambiguation). ... Inca-era terraces on Taquile are used to grow traditional Andean staples, such as quinua and potatoes, alongside wheat, a European import. ... Smallpox (also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera) is a contagious disease unique to humans. ... A page from the Hindu calendar 1871-72. ...


Early Franciscans and Jesuits in Arizona also set up numerous missions around the area to convert the Native Americans, such as San Xavier del Bac. The missionary Eusebio Kino around the Pimería Alta, exchanging gifts and catechizing the natives, who were then used as scouts for keeping track of events on the frontier. In 1680, the Pueblo Revolt drove Spaniards temporarily from northern New Mexico, but the area was reconquered in 1694. The Order of Friars Minor and other Franciscan movements are disciples of Saint Francis of Assisi. ... Seal of the Society of Jesus. ... San Xavier del Bac (Papago Va:k) is a historic Spanish mission about 10 miles (16 km) south of downtown Tucson, Arizona on the Tohono Oodham Reservation. ... Bronze by Suzanne Silvercruys. ... 1680-The Pueblo Revolt, by George Chacón, Taos Mural Project The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 or Popés Rebellion was an uprising of many pueblos of the Pueblo people against Spanish colonists in the New Spain province of New Mexico. ... Capital Santa Fe Largest city Albuquerque Area  Ranked 5th  - Total 121,665 sq mi (315,194 km²)  - Width 342 miles (550 km)  - Length 370 miles (595 km)  - % water 0. ...


Spanish Arizona

Main article: Spanish Arizona Although the Spanish did not yet have towns for themselves, in the late 1600s colonists began steadily entering the region, attracted by the recent discovery of deposits of silver around the Arizonac mining camp. ...

A group of Apaches.
A group of Apaches.

Although the Spanish did not yet have towns for themselves, in the late 17th century, colonists began steadily entering the region, attracted by the recent discovery of deposits of silver around the Arizonac mining camp. Most of the colonists left after Juan Bautista de Anza announced it had merely been buried treasure; however, several stayed and became subsistence farmers. During the mid-18th century, the pioneers of Arizona tried to expand their territory northward, but were prevented from doing so by the Tohono O'odham and Apache Native Americans, who had begun raiding their villages for livestock. Group of Apaches Source: NPS This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Group of Apaches Source: NPS This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Ronda, Spain Main street in Bastrop, Texas, United States, a small town A town is a community of people ranging from a few hundred to several thousands, although it may be applied loosely even to huge metropolitan areas. ... Look up Region in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Juan Bautista de Anza Juan Bautista de Anza Bezerra Nieto (July 1736 - December 19, 1788) was a Novo-Spanish explorer for the Spanish Empire. ... Buried treasure is an important part of the popular beliefs surrounding pirates. ... A family of Russian settlers in the Caucasus region, ca. ... Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... The Tohono Oodham are a Native American tribe formerly known as the Papago who reside primarily in the Sonoran Desert of the southwest United States and northwest Mexico. ... For other uses, see Apache (disambiguation). ... Masouleh village, Gilan Province, Iran. ... Sheep are commonly bred as livestock. ...


In 1765, the Bourbon Reforms began, with Charles III of Spain doing a major rearranging of the presidios on the northern frontier. The Jesuits were expelled from the area, and the Franciscans took their place at their missions. In the 1780s and 1790s, the Spanish began a plan of setting up Apache peace camps and providing the Apache with rations so that they would not attack, allowing the Spanish to expand northward. Charles III of Spain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... A frontier is a political and geographical term referring to areas near or beyond a boundary, or of a different nature. ... Since the Lausanne Congress of 1974, a widely-accepted definition of a Christian mission has been to form a viable indigenous church-planting movement. ...


For the most part, Spanish Arizona had a subsistence economy, with occasional small gold and silver mining operations. Media:Example. ...


Mexican Arizona

Main article: Mexican Arizona In 1821, Mexico won its independence from Spain after a decade of war. ...

The Gadsden Purchase (shown with present-day state boundaries and cities).
The Gadsden Purchase (shown with present-day state boundaries and cities).

In 1821, Mexico won its independence from Spain after a decade of war. The revolution had destroyed the colonial silver mining industry and had bankrupted the national treasury.[4] Along the northern frontier, funds that had supported missions, presidios and Apache peace camps nearly disappeared. As a result, Apaches once again began raiding, running off horse herds, and killing anyone caught outside presidial walls. As missions began to wither, Mexico began auctioning off more land, causing the Pimería Alta and the Apachería to shrink as territory expanded. Boundaries of the Gadsden Purchase (with modern-day state boundaries of Arizona and New Mexico and nearby modern-day cities), graphic assembled by me, adapted from public domain and GFDL sources. ... Boundaries of the Gadsden Purchase (with modern-day state boundaries of Arizona and New Mexico and nearby modern-day cities), graphic assembled by me, adapted from public domain and GFDL sources. ... Combatants Mexico Spain Commanders Miguel Hidalgo José María Morelos Vicente Guerrero Spanish colonial authorities Strength  ?  ? Casualties  ?  ? Mexican War of Independence (1810-1821), was an armed conflict between the people of Mexico and Spanish colonial authorities, which started on September 16, 1810. ... This article is about the chemical element. ... The term treasury was first used in classical times to describe the votive buildings erected to house gifts to the gods, such as the Siphnian Treasury in Delphi or the many buildings put up in Olympia, Greece by competing city-states, to impress each other during the Ancient Olympic Games. ...


American mountain men began to enter the region, looking to trap beavers for their pelts. In 1846, the ideology of Manifest Destiny and the occupation of disputed territory led the United States to initiate Mexican-American War. The U.S. occupied Mexico City and forced the newly founded Mexican Republic to give up its northern half, including the later Arizona. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) specified that the U.S. pay Mexico the sum of US$15 million in compensation.[5] In 1849, the California Gold Rush led as many as 50,000 miners through the region, leading to major booms in Arizona's population. In 1853, President James Buchanan sent James Gadsden to Mexico City to negotiate with Santa Anna, and the United States bought the remaining area of Arizona and New Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase. Liver-Eating Johnson Mountain men were trappers and explorers that roamed the Rocky Mountains from about 1810 to the early 1840s. ... This article is about the history and influence of the concept. ... Combatants United States Mexico Commanders Zachary Taylor Winfield Scott Stephen W. Kearney Antonio López de Santa Anna Mariano Arista Pedro de Ampudia José Mariá Flores Strength 78,790 soldiers 25,000–40,000 soldiers Casualties KIA: 1733 Total dead: 13,271 Wounded: 4,152 AWOL: 9,200+ 25,000... The California Gold Rush (1848–1855) began on January 24, 1848, when gold was discovered at Sutters Mill. ... James Buchanan (April 23, 1791 – June 1, 1868) was the 15th president of the United States (1857–1861). ... Lieutenant James Gadsden James Gadsden (May 15, 1788 - December 25, 1858). ... Nickname: Motto: Capital en movimiento Location of Mexico City in south central Mexico Coordinates: , Country Federal entity Boroughs The 16 delegaciones Founded c. ... Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón (February 21, 1794 – June 21, 1876), also known simply as Santa Anna, was a Mexican political leader who greatly influenced early Mexican and Spanish politics and government, first fighting against independence from Spain... The Gadsden Purchase (shown with present-day state boundaries and cities) The Gadsden Purchase (known as Venta de La Mesilla in Mexico) is a 45,535 mi² (76,770 km²) region of what is today southern Arizona and New Mexico that was purchased by the United States from Mexico in...


American Arizona Territory

Main article: Arizona Territory Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ...

Arizona Territory in 1866
Arizona Territory in 1866

On March 16, 1861 the southern half of New Mexico Territory declared itself independent of the United States. Arizona Territory (CSA) was regarded as a valuable route for possible access to the Pacific Ocean, with the specific intention of joining southern California to the Confederacy. In 1860, Southern California had cleared all legal hurdles for secession from the rest of California and was waiting reorganization as a new US territory, which never materialized. At that time sparsely populated southern California was a hotbed of Southern-sympathizers. The Battle of Picacho Pass was the westernmost battle of the Civil War fought in the CSA, and the only major one to be fought in Arizona. (The westernmost battle of the Civil War was fought at San José, California.) During the war, U.S. presidios were moved to New Mexico, leaving Arizona vulnerable to Native American attack. Hostilities between the Native Americans and American settlers began, despite their alliance during the time of the Mexican-American War, leading to most Indian tribes being moved to reservations. The New Mexico Territory in 1866 © 2004 Matthew Trump File links The following pages link to this file: Arizona Territory Categories: GFDL images | Historical maps of the United States ... The New Mexico Territory in 1866 © 2004 Matthew Trump File links The following pages link to this file: Arizona Territory Categories: GFDL images | Historical maps of the United States ... March 16 is the 75th day of the year (76th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1861 (MDCCCLXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Territories in Arizona and New Mexico in 1863. ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... The Battle of Picacho Pass (also known as the Battle of Picacho Peak) was fought on April 15, 1862 near Picacho Peak, 50 miles northwest of Tucson, Arizona, USA. It was fought between a Union cavalry patrol from California and a party of Confederate scouts from Tucson, and 3 Union... Motto Deo Vindice (Latin: Under God, Our Vindicator) Anthem (none official) God Save the South (unofficial) The Bonnie Blue Flag (unofficial) Dixie (unofficial) Capital Montgomery, Alabama (until May 29, 1861) Richmond, Virginia (May 29, 1861–April 2, 1865) Danville, Virginia (from April 3, 1865) Language(s) English (de facto) Religion... For the song, see Indian Reservation (song) BIA map of reservations in the United States Tribal sovereignty: Map of the United States, with non-reservation land highlighted. ...


Steamboats, mining, cattle and trains became vital parts of the Arizona economy, leading to boomtowns being formed as prospectors found gold, and the boomtowns becoming ghost towns as the miners left. Mexicans, who still were the majority in Arizona during the time shortly following the Mexican-American War, constituted most of the mining labor force. For other uses, see Steamboat (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Train (disambiguation). ... A boomtown is a community that experiences sudden and rapid population and economic growth. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...


The Desert Land Act of 1877, which gave settlers 640 acres (1 sq. mi., 2.6 km²) of land, caused people to flood into the region. The Desert Land Act was passed by the United States Congress on 3 March 1877 to encourage and promote the economic development of the arid and semiarid public lands of the Western United States. ...

1895 map (Rand McNally)
1895 map (Rand McNally)

In the 1900s, Arizona almost entered the Union as part of New Mexico in a Republican plan to keep control of the U.S. Senate. The plan, while accepted by most in New Mexico, was rejected by the vast majority of those living in Arizona. On February 14, 1912, Arizona finally entered the Union as the 48th state of the United States. In the same year, women gained suffrage in the state. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1700x2478, 839 KB) Rand McNally 1895 This image is in the public domain in the United States. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1700x2478, 839 KB) Rand McNally 1895 This image is in the public domain in the United States. ... The Republican Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States of America, along with the Democratic Party. ... Type Upper House President of the Senate Richard B. Cheney, R since January 20, 2001 President pro tempore Robert C. Byrd, D since January 4, 2007 Members 100 Political groups Democratic Party Republican Party Last elections November 7, 2006 Meeting place Senate Chamber United States Capitol Washington, DC United States... For other uses, see State (disambiguation). ...


The Great Depression and the World Wars

Main article: The Great Depression and the World Wars in Arizona yousuckbuttIn 1912, women in Arizona gained the right to vote, and in 1917, World War I brought an economic boom to Arizona. ...


In 1917, the United States entered into World War I, thus beginning a boom in the economy of Arizona. After suffering through the Great Depression, the implementation of the New Deal and another economic boom after World War II brought Arizona back into a state of stability. “The Great War ” redirects here. ... The Great Depression was a global economic slump that began in 1929 and bottomed in 1933. ... The New Deal was the title President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave to the series of programs he initiated between 1933 and 1938 with the goal of providing relief, recovery, and reform (3 Rs) to the people and economy of the United States during the Great Depression. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...


During this timeframe, industries such as cotton, copper, farming, and miniz began to flourish in the state. The military began using Phoenix and Tucson for military bases and academies, with the army becoming the community's largest source of revenue. For a time, the Charter Government Committee swept the elections. Barry Goldwater and Sandra Day O'Connor would later have successful judicial and political careers. For other uses, see Cotton (disambiguation). ... Nickname: Location in Maricopa County and the state of Arizona Coordinates: , Country State Counties Maricopa Incorporated February 25, 1881 Government  - Type Council-Manager  - Mayor Phil Gordon (D) Area  - City  515. ... Nickname: Location in Pima County and the state of Arizona Coordinates: , Country State Counties Pima Government  - Mayor Bob Walkup (R) Area  - City  195. ... A military base is a facility directly owned and operated by and/or for the military or one of its branches that shelters military equipment and personnel, and facilitates training and operations. ... A military academy is a military educational institution. ... A city charter or town charter (generically, municipal charter) is a legal document establishing a municipality such as a city or town. ... Barry Morris Goldwater (January 1, 1909 – May 29, 1998) was a five-term United States Senator from Arizona (1953–1965, 1969–87) and the Republican Partys nominee for president in the 1964 election. ... Sandra Day OConnor (born March 26, 1930) is an American jurist who served as the first female Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1981 to 2006. ...


During the war, people also began to move to Arizona from other regions of the country because of its inland position and protection from aerial attacks. In 1946, Arizona began to enforce right-to-work laws, which allowed workers to decide whether or not to join or financially support a union. The dual-wage system, in which Mexicans made $1.15 less per shift, was abandoned. In 1948, the high tech industry began in Arizona, with Motorola building one of the first plants in Phoenix. 1948 also saw American Indians gaining the right to vote, after having been disqualified for twenty years for being "wards of the state". Right-to-work laws are statutes enforced in twenty-two U.S. States, allowed under provisions of the Taft-Hartley Act, which prohibit trade unions from making membership or payment of dues or fees a condition of employment, either before or after hire. ... High tech refers to high technology, technology that is at the cutting-edge and the most advanced currently available. ... Motorola Inc. ...


Recent events

Aerial photo by the Central Arizona Project.
Aerial photo by the Central Arizona Project.

In recent times, Arizona has become a major warm-weather tourist and retirement destination, much like Florida. A major part of the tourism industry is based on the presence of the Grand Canyon. Download high resolution version (664x830, 123 KB)Aerial photo - Central Arizona Project Image source http://www. ... Download high resolution version (664x830, 123 KB)Aerial photo - Central Arizona Project Image source http://www. ... “Tourist” redirects here. ... Official language(s) English Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Largest metro area Miami metropolitan area Area  Ranked 22nd  - Total 65,795[1] sq mi (170,304[1] km²)  - Width 361 miles (582 km)  - Length 447 miles (721 km)  - % water 17. ... This article is about the canyon in the southwestern United States. ...


In 1963, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Arizona over California in a dispute over Arizona's share of the Colorado River. Five years after the decision, authorization was given for the construction of the Central Arizona Project, which was not completed until 1991.[6] Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries  Atlas  Politics Portal      The Supreme Court of the United States (sometimes colloquially referred to by the acronym... The Colorado River from the bottom of Marble Canyon, in the Upper Grand Canyon Colorado River in the Grand Canyon from Desert View The Colorado River from Laughlin Horseshoe Bend is a horseshoe-shaped meander of the Colorado River located near the town of Page, Arizona The Colorado River is... The Central Arizona Project Aqueduct (CAP) is a 336 mi (541 km) diversion canal in Arizona in the United States. ...


Republican Senator Barry Goldwater, a native of Arizona, ran for the presidency in 1964, with William Edward Miller as his running mate. Due to the assassination of John F. Kennedy, Goldwater found himself in the difficult position of running against the successor to a slain president, and was soundly defeated by Lyndon B. Johnson. Goldwater received only 38.4% of the popular vote and the electoral votes of just five states, including 5 from Arizona. The Republican Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States of America, along with the Democratic Party. ... The United States Senate is the upper house of the U.S. Congress, smaller than the United States House of Representatives. ... Barry Morris Goldwater (January 1, 1909 – May 29, 1998) was a five-term United States Senator from Arizona (1953–1965, 1969–87) and the Republican Partys nominee for president in the 1964 election. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  US Government Portal      For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... William Edward Miller (March 22, 1914 - June 24, 1983), was an American politician. ... President Kennedy with his wife, Jacqueline, and Texas Governor John Connally in the presidential limousine just moments before his assassination The assassination of John F. Kennedy, the thirty-fifth President of the United States, took place on Friday, November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas, USA at 12:30 p. ... “LBJ” redirects here. ... The United States Electoral College is the electoral college which chooses the President and Vice President of the United States at the conclusion of each Presidential election. ...


In 1988, Evan Mecham, the Governor of Arizona, was impeached. Mecham faced allegations of money laundering, including trying to conceal a $350,000 campaign loan, borrowing $60,000 of state money to prop up his struggling auto dealership, as well as allegations of attempting to block the investigation of a death threat made by a state official. Rose Mofford succeeded him as the Governor of Arizona, becoming the first female ever to hold the office. Evan Mecham (IPA: ; born May 12, 1924) was the 19th Governor of Arizona. ... The following is a list of the governors of Arizona. ... Money laundering is the practice of engaging in financial transactions in order to conceal the identity, source and destination of the money in question. ... This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ... Rose Mofford (born June 10, 1922) was the Democratic governor of the U.S. state of Arizona from 1988 to 1991. ...


Mecham had already been unpopular for his cancellation of a paid Martin Luther King Day holiday for state employees. The holiday had been first proposed in 1972 by former state senators Cloves Campbell. For the first of several times, the legislation had failed to pass the legislature, causing Arizona to lose its chance to host the Super Bowl,[7] as well as costing the state tourism and other benefits that naturally come from these events. Governor Bruce Babbitt gave state employees the day off by executive order, but Mecham later voided the order just a week before the holiday was to be celebrated, based on a legal opinion by the state's Attorney General that the holiday had been created illegally.[8] Martin Luther King Jr. ... The winning Super Bowl team receives the Vince Lombardi Trophy. ... Bruce Edward Babbitt (born June 27, 1938), a Democrat, served as United States Secretary of the Interior and as Governor of Arizona. ... In most common law jurisdictions, the Attorney General is the main legal adviser to the government, and in some jurisdictions may in addition have executive responsibility for law enforcement or responsibility for public prosecutions. ...


When the legislation passed in 1989, Rose Mofford signed into law a paid state holiday honoring Martin Luther King, Jr.,[9] making it possible for the state to host a Super Bowl. The chair of the Americans for Traditional American Values filed a petition against it, accusing Dr. King of being a socialist and philanderer. The two 1990 ballot initiatives were, respectively, for celebrating both Martin Luther King Day and Columbus Day holidays, and for swapping the Columbus holiday for the King one. Both failed. In 1992, in the face of a tourist boycott and losing the chance to host Super Bowl XXVII, 61% of Arizonan voters publicly approved the payment of state workers on a Martin Luther King Day/Civil Rights Day holiday. It was the 49th state in the United States to approve the holiday, and the first state to have voter approval of allowing state workers to have paid absence on Martin Luther King Day. Super Bowl XXX was later played in Tempe in 1996 and Super Bowl XLII will be held in Glendale in 2008. “MLK” redirects here. ... The winning Super Bowl team receives the Vince Lombardi Trophy. ... Look up Petition in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subjfuck grapesect to control by the community[1] for the purposes of increasing social and economic equality and cooperation. ... Columbus Day is a holiday in many countries in the Americas, commemorating the date of Christopher Columbuss arrival in the New World on October 12, 1492. ... Look up Boycott in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Date January 31, 1993 Stadium Rose Bowl Stadium City Pasadena, California MVP Troy Aikman, Quarterback Favorite Cowboys by 7 National anthem Garth Brooks Coin toss O.J. Simpson Referee Dick Hantak Halftime show Michael Jackson Attendance 98,374 TV in the United States Network NBC Announcers Dick Enberg and Bob... Date January 28, 1996 Stadium Sun Devil Stadium City Tempe, Arizona MVP Larry Brown, Cornerback Favorite Cowboys by 13 1/2 National anthem Vanessa Williams Coin toss Joe Montana representing previous Super Bowl MVPs Referee Red Cashion Halftime show Diana Ross Attendance 76,347 TV in the United States Network... Location in Maricopa County and the state of Arizona Coordinates: Country United States State Arizona Counties Maricopa Incorporated November 29, 1894 Government  - Mayor Hugh Hallman Area  - City  39. ... Super Bowl XLII will be the 42nd annual championship game of the National Football League (NFL) between the National Football Conference (NFC) and American Football Conference (AFC) champions. ... Location in Maricopa County and the state of Arizona Coordinates: , Country State Counties Maricopa Government  - Mayor Elaine Scruggs (R) Area  - City  55. ...


Mofford's successor as governor, Fife Symington, resigned in 1997 after conviction of bank fraud. His conviction was later overturned, and he was subsequently pardoned by President Clinton. On August 17, 2005,[10] the governors of both Arizona and New Mexico declared an emergency in the Mexico-bordering counties of their states. Both governors cited violence, illegal immigration, drug smuggling, and the inaction of both the U.S. and Mexican governments as reasons for the state of emergency. Governor Janet Napolitano of Arizona freed $1.5 million in disaster funds to help the border counties, and Governor Bill Richardson of New Mexico freed $1.75 million. Merge with Fife Symington III. John Fife Symington III (born August 12, 1945 in New York City) was the Republican governor of the U.S. state of Arizona from 1991 until his resignation in 1997. ... William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III[1] on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ... is the 229th day of the year (230th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about illegal immigration. ... Retail selling Street selling is the bottom of the chain and can be accomplished through purchasing from prostitutes, through cloaked retail stores or refuse houses for users in the act located in red-light districts which often also deal in paraphernalia, dealers marketing merriment at night clubs and other events... Janet Georgia Napolitano (b. ... For other persons named William Richardson, see William Richardson (disambiguation). ...


Footnotes

  1. ^ People of the Colorado Plateau-Paleoindian and Archaic Peoples. Retrieved on 27 September 2005.
  2. ^ Arizona History. Retrieved on 27 September 2005.
  3. ^ Arizona State History. Retrieved on 27 September 2005.
  4. ^ Sheridan, Thomas E. (1995). Arizona: A History. Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0-8165-1515-8
  5. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican-American_War
  6. ^ Central Arizona Project. Retrieved on 27 September 2005.
  7. ^ Thomas George. "Phoenix Gets '93 Super Bowl if King Holiday Goes Statewide; '93 Super Bowl to Phoenix If King Holiday Wins Vote", New York Times, 14 March 1990, p. D27. 
  8. ^ Alan Weisman. "Up in Arms in Arizona", New York Times, November 1, 1987, p. VI 50:4. 
  9. ^ Martin Luther King Jr. Day, holiday. Retrieved on 27 September 2005.
  10. ^ Napolitano taps disaster funds for border counties. Retrieved on 27 September 2005.
Other references
  • Cheek, Lawrence W. (1995). Arizona. Oakland, CA: Compass American Guides. ISBN 1-878867-72-5
  • Sheridan, Thomas E. (1995). Arizona, A History; University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0-8165-1515-8

is the 270th day of the year (271st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 270th day of the year (271st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 270th day of the year (271st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 270th day of the year (271st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 73rd day of the year (74th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 270th day of the year (271st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 270th day of the year (271st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

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