History of Brazil

Indigenous peoples

Colonial Brazil

Empire of Brazil

1889–1930

1930–1945

1945–1964

1964–1985

1985–present

The History of Brazil begins with the arrival of the first indigenous peoples, over 8.000 years ago by crossing the Bering land bridge into Alaska coming from the North and Central America's. Image File history File links Flag_of_Brazil. ... The Indigenous peoples in Brazil (provoke indía gnas in Portuguese) comprise a large number of distinct ethnic groups who inhabited the countrys present territory prior to its discovery by Europeans around 1500. ... In the History of Brazil, Colonial Brazil comprises the period from 1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese, until 1822, when Brazil became independent from Portugal. ... The Empire of Brazil was a political entity that comprised present-day Brazil under the rule of Emperors Pedro I and his son Pedro II. Founded in 1822, it was replaced by a republic in 1889. ... The period of Brazilian History, from 1889 to 1930, is commonly called the República Velha (Old Republic). ... // The tenente rebellion did not mark the revolutionary breakthrough of Brazils bourgeois social reformers. ... The period between 1964 in Brazilian history, that is also known as Second Republic, was marked by a huge political instability. ... The military maintained power in Brazil from 1964 until March 1985 because of political struggles within the regime and Brazilian elite. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Native Americans redirects here. ... Nautical chart of Bering Strait, site of former land bridge between Asia and North America The Bering land bridge, also known as Beringia, was a land bridge roughly 1,000 miles (1,600 km) north to south at its greatest extent, which joined present-day Alaska and eastern Siberia at... For other uses, see Alaska (disambiguation). ... North America North America is a continent [1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ... For other uses, see Central America (disambiguation). ...

It is widely accepted that Brazil was first discovered by Portuguese Pedro Álvares Cabral on April 22, 1500. Pedro Álvares (about 1467 – about 1520), pron. ... is the 112th day of the year (113th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1500 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

From the 16^th to the 19^th centuries, Brazil was a colony of Portugal. On September 7, 1822, the country declared its independence from Portugal and became a constitutional monarchy, the Empire of Brazil. A military coup in 1889 established a republican government. The country has been nominally a democratic republic ever since, except for three periods of overt dictatorship (1930–1934; 1937–1945 and 1964–1985). (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 250th day of the year (251st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1822 (MDCCCXXII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The Empire of Brazil was a political entity that comprised present-day Brazil under the rule of Emperors Pedro I and his son Pedro II. Founded in 1822, it was replaced by a republic in 1889. ... Year 1889 (MDCCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Look up republic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Democracy (disambiguation). ... A dictator is an authoritarian, often totalitarian ruler (e. ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... Also Nintendo emulator: 1964 (emulator). ... This article is about the year. ...

Pre-Columbian history

Main article: Indigenous peoples of Brazil

Fossil records found in Minas Gerais show evidence that the area now called Brazil has been inhabited for at least 8,000 years by indigenous populations.^[1] The origins of the first Brazilians, who were called "Indians" (índios) by the Portuguese, are still a matter of dispute among archaeologists. The traditional view is that they were part of the first wave of migrant hunters who came into the Americas from Siberia, across the Bering Strait. However some archaeologists see signs of a much older human population, morphologically distinct from the Asian hunters and more similar to African and Australian natives, who were displaced or absorbed by the Siberian hunters. The indigenous people of Brazil (povos indígenas in Portuguese) comprise a large number of distict ethnic groups who inhabited the countrys present territory prior its discovery by Europeans around 1500. ... Capital (and largest city) Belo Horizonte Demonym Mineiro Government  -  Governor Aécio Neves  -  Vice Governor Antônio Augusto Junho Anastasia Area  -  Total 588,528. ... World map showing the Americas CIA political map of the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the continents of North America[1] and South America with their associated islands and regions. ... This article is about Siberia as a whole. ... Satellite photo of the Bering Strait Photo across the Bering Strait Nautical chart of the Bering Strait The Bering Strait (Russian: ) is a sea strait between Cape Dezhnev, Russia, the easternmost point (169°43 W) of the Asian continent and Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska, the westernmost point (168°05... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ...

The Andes and the mountain ranges of northern South America created a rather sharp cultural boundary between the settled agrarian civilizations of the west coast (which gave rise to urbanized city-states and the immense Inca Empire) and the semi-nomadic tribes of the east, who never developed written records or permanent monumental architecture. For this reason, very little is known about the history of Brazil before 1500. Archaeological remains (mainly pottery) indicate a complex pattern of regional cultural developments, internal migrations, and occasional large state-like federations. This article is about the mountain system in South America. ... For the a general view of Inca civilisation, people and culture, see Incas. ... Unfired green ware pottery on a traditional drying rack at Conner Prairie living history museum. ...

Originally, Colonists called Brazil Terra de Santa Cruz, until later it acquired its name (see List of meanings of countries' names) from Brazilwood. Royal flag of the Kingdom of Portugal (1521-1616) Terra de Santa Cruz (Portuguese for Land of the Holy Cross) was the name which was given to the Portuguese colonies in South America that were at the origin of Brazil, after its discovery by D. Pedro Alvares Cabral fleet in... Media:Example. ... Brazilwood is a common name for several trees of the family Leguminosae (Pulse family) whose wood yields a red dye called brazilein. ...

By the time the first European explorers arrived, all parts of the territory were inhabited by semi-nomadic Indian tribes, who subsisted on a combination of hunting, fishing, gathering, and agriculture. The population density was rather low, however; total numbers have been estimated at 1 million people (but recent archaeological discoveries, such as those mentioned above, seem to indicate a much higher number). Although many Brazilian Indians succumbed to massacres, diseases, and the hardships of slavery and displacement, many were absorbed into the Brazilian population. A few tribes still subsist in their pre-discovery lifestyle in remote corners of the Amazon rainforest. Map of the Amazon rainforest ecoregions as delineated by the WWF. Yellow line encloses the Amazon rainforest. ...

Present Brazilian culture owes much to those peoples^{[citation needed]}, including the development of crops like the cassava (still a major staple food in the rural regions) and the complex knowledge needed for survival in the tropical jungle. Yuca redirects here. ...

Colonial Brazil

Royal Flag (1500–21)

Main article: Colonial Brazil

It is generally accepted that Brazil was discovered by Europeans on April 22, 1500, by Pedro Álvares Cabral, though this is contested by some. Image File history File links Flag_Portugal_sea_(1500). ... Image File history File links Flag_Portugal_sea_(1500). ... 1500 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Events January 3 - Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther in the papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem. ... In the History of Brazil, Colonial Brazil comprises the period from 1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese, until 1822, when Brazil became independent from Portugal. ... is the 112th day of the year (113th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1500 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Pedro Álvares (about 1467 – about 1520), pron. ... The claim that the Portuguese explorer and navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral discovered Brazil in April 22, 1500 is contested. ...

Until 1530 Portugal had little interest in Brazil, mainly due to the high profits gained through commerce with India, China, and Indonesia. This lack of interest led to several "invasions" by different countries, and the Portuguese Crown devised a system to effectively occupy Brazil, without paying the costs. Through the Hereditary Captaincies system, Brazil was divided into strips of land that were donated to Portuguese noblemen, who were in turn responsible for the occupation of the land and answered to the king. Later, the Portuguese realized the system was a failure, only two lots were successfully occupied, and took control of the failed lots. June 25 - Augsburg confession presented to Charles V of Holy Roman Empire. ... A captaincy is a historical administrative division of the former Spanish and Portuguese colonial empires. ...

In the first century after its European discovery, the country's major export—giving its name to Brazil—was brazilwood, a large tree (Caesalpinia echinata) whose trunk contains a prized red dye, and which was nearly wiped out as a result of overexploitation. Starting in the 17^th century, sugarcane culture, grown in plantation's property called engenhos ("factories") along the northeast coast (Brazil's Nordeste) It became the base of Brazilian economy and society, because the use of black slaves in large farms to make sugar production for export to Europe. At first, settlers tried to enslave the Indians as labor to work the fields. (The initial exploration of Brazil's interior was largely due to para-military adventurers, the bandeirantes, who entered the jungle in search of gold and Indian slaves.) However the Indians were found to be unsuitable as slaves, and so the Portuguese land owners turned to Africa, from which they imported millions of slaves. Brazilwood is a common name for several trees of the family Leguminosae (pulse family) whose wood yields a red dye called brazilein. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... This article is about crop plantations. ...

Mortality rates for slaves in sugar and gold enterprises were dramatic, and there were often not enough females or proper conditions to replenish the slave population indigenously. Some slaves escaped from the plantations and tried to establish independent settlements (quilombos) in remote areas. The most important of these, the quilombo of Palmares, was the largest slave runaway settlement in the Americas, and was a consolidated kingdom of some 30,000 people at its height in the 1670s and 80s. However these settlements were mostly destroyed by government and private troops, which in some cases required long sieges and the use of artillery. Still, Africans became a substantial section of Brazilian population, and long before the end of slavery (1888) they had begun to merge with the European Brazilian population through miscegenation and mulatto work rights. Palmares is a municipality/county in the state of Pernambuco in Brazil. ... Events and Trends Newton and Leibniz independently discover calculus. ... Events and Trends The Treaty of Ratisbon between France and England in 1684 ended the Age of Buccaneers. ... A siege is a military blockade of a city or fortress with the intent of conquering by force or attrition, often accompanied by an assault. ... For other uses, see Artillery (disambiguation). ... For the toll-free telephone number see Toll-free telephone number Year 1888 (MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

During the first two centuries of the colonial period, attracted by the vast natural resources and untapped land, other European powers tried to establish colonies in several parts of Brazilian territory, in defiance of the papal bull and the Treaty of Tordesillas, which had divided the New World into two parts between Portugal and Spain. French colonists tried to settle in present-day Rio de Janeiro, from 1555 to 1567 (the so-called France Antarctique episode), and in present-day São Luís, from 1612 to 1614 (the so called France Équinoxiale). A Papal bull is a particular type of patent or charter issued by a pope. ... Cantino planisphere of 1502 depicting the meridian designated by the treaty. ... This article is about the Brazilian city. ... Events Russia breaks 60 year old truce with Sweden by attacking Finland February 2 - Diet of Augsburg begins February 4 - John Rogers becomes first Protestant martyr in England February 9 - Bishop of Gloucester John Hooper is burned at the stake May 23 - Paul IV becomes Pope. ... Events The Duke of Alva arrives in the Netherlands with Spanish forces to suppress unrest there. ... France Antarctique was the name of the failed French colony south of the Equator, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, which existed between 1555 and 1567. ... São Luís is the capital of the state of Maranhão, Brazil. ... Events January 20 - Mathias becomes Holy Roman Emperor. ... Events April 5 - In Virginia, Native American Pocahontas marries English colonist John Rolfe. ... Equinoxial France was the contemporary name given to the colonization efforts of France in the 17th century in South America, around the line of Equator, before tropical had fully gained its modern meaning: Equinoctial means in Latin of equal nights, i. ...

The unsuccessful Dutch intrusion into Brazil was longer lasting and more troublesome to Portugal. Dutch privateers began by plundering the coast: they sacked Bahia in 1604, and even temporarily captured the capital Salvador. From 1630 to 1654, the Dutch set up more permanently in the Nordeste and controlled a long stretch of the coast most accessible to Europe, without, however, penetrating the interior. But the colonists of the Dutch West India Company in Brazil were in a constant state of siege, in spite of the presence in Recife of the great John Maurice of Nassau as governor. After several years of open warfare, the Dutch formally withdrew in 1661. Little French and Dutch cultural and ethnic influences remained of these failed attempts. Capital (and largest city) Salvador Demonym Baiano Government  -  Governor Jacques Wagner  -  Vice Governor Edmundo Pereira Santos Area  -  Total 564. ... Events January 14 – Hampton Court conference with James I of England, the Anglican bishops and representatives of Puritans September 20 – Capture of Ostend by Spanish forces under Ambrosio Spinola after a three year siege. ... Salvador and Baía de Todos os Santos from space, April 1997 Salvador (in full, São Salvador da Baía de Todos os Santos, or in literal translation: Holy Savior of All Saints Bay) is a city on the northeast coast of Brazil and the capital of the northeastern... Events February 22 - Native American Quadequine introduces Popcorn to English colonists. ... Events April 5 - Signing of the Treaty of Westminster, ending the First Anglo-Dutch War. ... Dutch West India Company (Dutch: West-Indische Compagnie or WIC) was a company of Dutch merchants. ... John Maurice of Nassau (Dutch: Johan Maurits van Nassau, 1604-1679) was a count of Nassau-Siegen. ... 1661 (MDCLXI) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ...

The Empire of Brazil

United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and Algarve (1816–21)

Main articles: Brazilian Declaration of Independence and Empire of Brazil

The most interesting feature in the history of Brazil is the fact that it was one of only two countries among the 'new worlds' that housed an effective legal monarchical state (the other was Mexico), for a period of almost 90 years; and for a period of 13 years was the metropolis of a European state. This was the case that Brazil's capital city — Rio de Janeiro — was from 1808 to 1821 the head of the Portuguese empire, which spread from Europe to Asia and Africa. In 1808, the Portuguese court, fleeing from Napoleon's troops, which had invaded the territory of Portugal, moved aboard a large fleet, escorted by British men-of-war, with all the government apparatus to its then-colony, Brazil, establishing themselves in the city of Rio de Janeiro. From there the Portuguese king ruled his huge empire for 13 years, and there he would have remained for the rest of his life if it were not for the turmoil aroused in Portugal due, among other reasons, to his long stay in Brazil after the end of Napoleon's reign. Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Year 1816 (MDCCCXVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1821 (MDCCCXXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The Brazilian Declaration of Independence comprised a series of political events occurred in 1821-1825, most of which involved disputes between colonial Brazil and Portugal regarding the call for independence presented by the colony. ... The Empire of Brazil was a political entity that comprised present-day Brazil under the rule of Emperors Pedro I and his son Pedro II. Founded in 1822, it was replaced by a republic in 1889. ... This article is about the Brazilian city. ... Year 1808 (MDCCCVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ...

The Empire Flag (September 18, 1822 — November 15, 1889)

In 1815 the king vested Brazil with the dignity of a united kingdom with Portugal and Algarves. When king John VI of Portugal left Brazil to return to his European territory in 1821, his elder son, Pedro, stayed in his stead as regent of Brazil. One year later, Pedro wrote a paper (not so well known as his alleged proclamation — "Independence or Death") to state the reasons for the secession of Brazil from Portugal and bequeathed a constitution instituting a constitutional monarchy in Brazil, assuming its head as Emperor Pedro I of Brazil, also known as "Dom Pedro". Dom Pedro was liked by the common people, but displeased both the landed elites, who thought him too liberal, and the intellectuals, who felt he was not liberal enough. After his abdication in 1831 for political incompatibilities with Brazilian politicians he left for Portugal, leaving behind his five-year-old son as Emperor Pedro II. In 1835, the Male Revolt, perhaps the most significant slave rebellion in Brazil, took place in the city of Salvador da Bahia.^[2] After a period of nine years of regencies, Pedro II was acclaimed emperor in 1840 at the age of 14. Pedro II started a more-or-less parliamentary reign which lasted until 1889, when he was ousted by a coup d'état which instituted the republic. At the end of his reign, he presided over the abolition of slavery in 1888. Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Second_Empire_of_Brazil. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Second_Empire_of_Brazil. ... is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1822 (MDCCCXXII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... is the 319th day of the year (320th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1889 (MDCCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... April 5-12: Mount Tambora explodes, changing climate. ... John VI, King of Portugal (13 May 1767 – 26 March 1826) KG KGF (Portuguese João, pron. ... Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil (pron. ... Landed property or landed estates is a real estate term that usually refers to a property that generates income for the owner without himself having to do the actual work at the estate. ... Look up liberal on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Liberal may refer to: Politics: Liberalism American liberalism, a political trend in the USA Political progressivism, a political ideology that is for change, often associated with liberal movements Liberty, the condition of being free from control or restrictions Liberal Party, members of... The Male Revolt is perhaps the most significant slave rebellion in Brazil, which took place in 1835 in the city of Salvador da Bahia. ... Salvador and Baía de Todos os Santos from space, April 1997 This article is about a Brazilian city. ... Dom Pedro II (pron. ... Year 1889 (MDCCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Coup redirects here. ... For the toll-free telephone number see Toll-free telephone number Year 1888 (MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

The Old Republic (1889–1930)

Main article: History of Brazil (1889–1930)

Temporary Republican Brazilian Flag (November 15–19th 1889)

Pedro II was deposed on November 15, 1889 by a Republican military coup led by General Deodoro da Fonseca, who became the country's first de facto president through military ascension. The country's name became the Republic of the United States of Brazil (which in 1967 was changed to Federative Republic of Brazil.) From 1889 to 1930, the government was a constitutional democracy, with the presidency alternating between the dominant states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais. The period of Brazilian History, from 1889 to 1930, is commonly called the República Velha (Old Republic). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Brazil_15-19_November. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Brazil_15-19_November. ... is the 319th day of the year (320th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1889 (MDCCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 319th day of the year (320th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Deodoro da Fonseca (Manuel) Deodoro da Fonseca (August 5, 1827 - August 23, 1892) overthrew Emperor Pedro II to become the first president of a Republic of Brazil. ... Year 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Motto Pro Brasilia Fiant Eximia (Latin) For Brazil Great Things Are Done Anthem Bandeirantes Anthem Capital (and largest city) São Paulo Demonym Paulista Government  -  Governor José Serra  -  Vice Governor Alberto Goldman Area  -  Total 248. ... Capital (and largest city) Belo Horizonte Demonym Mineiro Government  -  Governor Aécio Neves  -  Vice Governor Antônio Augusto Junho Anastasia Area  -  Total 588,528. ...

Flag of Brazil (1889 - present)

In the late 19^th century, coffee started to replace sugar as the country's main export crop. The coffee trade caused Brazil to thrive economically, attracting many European immigrants—particularly from Italy and Germany. This influx of labour also allowed the country to develop an industrial economy and expand away from the coast. Image File history File links Flag_of_Brazil. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Brazil. ... Year 1889 (MDCCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...

This period, known as the "Old Republic", ended in 1930 with a military coup that placed Getúlio Vargas, a civilian, in the presidency. Getúlio Dornelles Vargas (pron. ...

See also: Coronelismo, Café com leite Coronelismo was the system of machine politics in Brazil under the Old Republic (1889-1930). ... Café com leite (Portuguese: coffee with milk) was a term that referred to the domination of Brazilian politics under the Old Republic (1889-1930) by the landed gentries of São Paulo (dominated by the coffee industry) and Minas Gerais (dominated by dairy interests). ...

Populism and development (1930–1964)

Main articles: History of Brazil (1930–1945) and History of Brazil (1945–1964)

A military junta took control in 1930. Getúlio Vargas took power soon after that, and would remain as dictatorial ruler (with a brief democratic period), until his suicide in 1954. After 1930, the successive governments continued industrial and agriculture growth and development of the vast interior of Brazil. Provisional President Getúlio Dorneles Vargas ruled as dictator (1930–34), congressionally elected president (1934–37), and again dictator (1937–45), with the backing of his revolutionary coalition. He also served as a senator (1946–51) and the popularly elected president (1951–54). Vargas was a member of the gaucho landed oligarchy and had risen through the system of patronage and clientelism, but he had a fresh vision of how Brazilian politics could be shaped to support national development. He understood that with the breakdown of direct relations between workers and owners in the expanding factories of Brazil, workers could become the basis for a new form of political power—populism. Using such insights, he would gradually establish such mastery over the Brazilian political world that he would stay in power for fifteen years. // The tenente rebellion did not mark the revolutionary breakthrough of Brazils bourgeois social reformers. ... The period between 1964 in Brazilian history, that is also known as Second Republic, was marked by a huge political instability. ... A military junta is government by a committee of military leaders. ... For other uses, see Gaucho (disambiguation). ...

A democratic regime prevailed 1945–64, during which the capital was moved from Rio de Janeiro to Brasília. If corporatism was the hallmark of the 1930s and 1940s, populism, nationalism, and developmentalism characterized the 1950s and early 1960s. Each of these contributed to the crisis that gripped Brazil and resulted in the authoritarian regime after 1964. This article is about the Brazilian city. ... Nickname: Location of Brasília Coordinates: , Country Region State Brazilian Federal District Founded 21 April 1960 Government  - Governor Jose Roberto Arruda Area  - Total 5,802 km² (2,240. ...

Military Dictatorship (1964–85)

Main article: History of Brazil (1964–1985)

The military maintained power in Brazil from 1964 until March 1985 because of political struggles within the regime and Brazilian elite. ...

New Professionalism and the Escola Superior de Guerra

The primary task of the Brazilian military , as with all modern militaries, is the defense of the Brazilian state. “Defense of the state” took on a very different hue towards the end of the Second Republic. By the late 1950s and early 1960s, the success of revolutionary warfare techniques against conventional armies in China, Indochina, Algeria, and Cuba led the conventional armies in the developed and underdeveloped worlds to concentrate in finding military and political strategies to fight domestic revolutionary warfare. This led to an adoption of what Stepan called, in 1973, “New Professionalism.” The New Professionalism was formulated and propagated in the Escola Superior de Guerra, which had been established in 1949. By 1963 New Professionalism had come to dominate the school, when it declared its primary mission to be preparing “civilians and the military to perform executive and advisory functions (Decreto Lei No. 53,080 December 4, 1963).” This new attitude towards professionalism did not arise out of nowhere. Though its domination of the ESG was completed by 1963, it had begun to penetrate the college much earlier than that — assisted by the United States and its policy of encouraging Latin American militaries to assume as their primary role counter-insurgency programs, civic action, and nation-building tasks.^[3] Indochina 1886 Indochina, or the Indochinese Peninsula, is a region in Southeast Asia. ...

By 1964 the military elite had begun to see a leftist revolution as a real possibility. Through the paradigm of internal warfare doctrines of the new professionalism, a great number of the officer class saw rising strike levels, an inflation rate of over 75%, the declining economy, the demands of the Left for broadened political process, and the growing indiscipline of the enlisted men as a sign that Brazil was facing the serious possibility of a leftist internal insurgency.

Knocking on the barracks door

From 1961 to 1964, Brazilian President João Goulart had been initiating economic and social reforms that were clearly failing to address the economic problems of the country; policies which satisfied neither Brazil's elites nor its increasingly mobilized working classes. The cost of living index, rather low in late 1950s began to rise sharply, and per capita GDP growth fell sharply, from 4.5% in 1957 to negative growth by 1963. Goulart also began to take steps that alienated the Brazilian military and stoked their worst fears of revolutionary leftism.^{[citation needed]} João Belchior Marques Goulart (March 1, 1918—December 6, 1976) was the last left-wing president of Brazil (1961–March 31, 1964) The surname Goulart is of Azorean-Flemish origin. ...

Goulart was a member of the wealthy agrarian elite of the country, was a catholic, possessed huge amounts of land and supported the United States during the Cuban missiles crisis. But he also tolerated communists within his government, pursued a neutralist foreign policy, passed a law limiting the amount of profits multinationals could transmit out of the country, a subsidiary of ITT was nationalized and showed favoritism towards military officers labelled "ultra-nationalist" (he claimed they were loyal to him), which worried the pro-American national military and the United States government, concerned that Jango could be too leftist for their tastes.^[4]

Military response

By early 1964 important sections of the military had developed a consensus that intervention in the political process was necessary. The development of this consensus was likely helped by important civilian politicians, such as José de Magalhães Pinto, governor of Minas Gerais and the United States government. The Brazilian coup of 1964 can be considered "revolutionary" because, unlike previous coups which were generally welcomed adjustments of politically deadlocked civilian governments, this coup led the military to seize power and govern directly from 1964 to 1985. At first, there was intense economic growth, due to neoliberal economic reforms, but in the later years of the dictatorship, the reforms had left the economy in shambles, with soaring inequality and national debt, and thousands of Brazilians were deported, imprisoned, tortured, or murdered. Politically motivated deaths are numbered in the hundreds, mostly related to the guerrilla-antiguerrilla warfare in the 1968–73 period; official censorship also led many artists into exile^{[citation needed]}. José de Magalhães Pinto (1909-1996) was a Brazilian politician and banker. ... This article is about the year. ... Deportation is the expelling of someone from a country. ... “Guerrilla” redirects here. ... For other uses, see Censor. ... Exile (band) may refer to: Exile - The American country music band Exile - The Japanese pop music band Category: ...

Redemocratization to Present (1985–Present)

Main article: History of Brazil (1985–present)

Tancredo Neves was elected president in an indirect election in 1985 as the nation returned to civilian rule. He died before being sworn in, and the elected vice president, José Sarney, was sworn in as president in his place. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Tancredo de Almeida Neves, more commonly Tancredo Neves (pron. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Fernando Collor de Mello was the first elected president by popular vote after the military regime in December 1989. defeating Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in a two round presidential race and 35 million votes. He won in the state of São Paulo against many prominent political figures. The first democratically elected President of Brazil in 29 years, Collor spent the early years of his government allegedly battling hyper-inflation, which at times reached rates of 25% per month. Fernando Affonso Collor de Mello, pron. ... Year 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar). ... Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (pron. ...

Collor's neoliberal program was also followed by his successors ^[5] Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Lula da Silva ^[6] who maintained free trade and privatization programs.^[7] Collor's administration began the process of privatization of a number of government-owned enterprises such as Acesita, Embraer, Telebrás and Companhia Vale do Rio Doce.^[8] With the exception of Acesita, the privatizations were all completed during the term of Fernando Henrique Cardoso. Fernando Henrique Cardoso (born June 18, 1931) was the President of the Federative Republic of Brazil for two terms from January 1, 1995 to January 1, 2003. ... Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (born October 6, 1945) is a left-wing Brazilian politician. ... This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Acesita S.A. is a major Brazilian manufacturer of specialty steels headquartered in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. ... Embraer, the Empresa Brasileira de Aeronáutica S.A. is a Brazilian aircraft manufacturer. ... Telebrás was the Brazilian state-owned monopoly telephone system. ... Companhia Vale do Rio Doce (CVRD) is a global diversified mining company and is also the largest logistics operator in Brazil. ...

Following Collor's impeachment, acting president, Itamar Franco, was sworn in as president. In elections held on October 3, 1994, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, his finance minister, defeated left-wing Lula da Silva again. He was elected president due to the success of the so called Plano Real. Reelected in 1998, he guided Brazil through a wave of financial crises. In 2000, Cardoso ordered the declassifying of some military files concerning Operation Condor, a network of South American military dictatorships that kidnapped and assassinated political opponents. Itamar Augusto Cautiero Franco, pron. ... is the 276th day of the year (277th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) The year 1994 was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by the United Nations. ... Fernando Henrique Cardoso (born June 18, 1931) was the President of the Federative Republic of Brazil for two terms from January 1, 1995 to January 1, 2003. ... In politics, left-wing, political left, leftism, or simply the left, are terms which refer (with no particular precision) to the segment of the political spectrum typically associated with any of several strains of socialism, social democracy, or liberalism (especially in the American sense of the word), or with opposition... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ... For other uses of Operation Condor, please see Operation Condor (disambiguation) Operation Condor (Spanish: Operación Cóndor, Portuguese: Operação Condor) was a campaign of political repressions involving assassination and intelligence operations officially implemented starting in 1975 by the right-wing dictatorships that dominated the Southern Cone in South...

Brazil's most severe problem today is arguably its highly unequal distribution of wealth and income, one of the most extreme in the world. By the 1990s, more than one out of four Brazilians continued to survive on less than one dollar a day. These socio-economic contradictions helped elect Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in 2002. For the band, see 1990s (band). ... Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (pron. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ...

In the few months before the election, investors were scared by Lula's campaign platform for social change, and his past identification with labor unions and leftist ideology. As his victory became more certain, the real devalued and Brazil's investment risk rating plummeted (the causes of these events are disputed, since Cardoso left a very small foreign reserve). After taking office, however, he maitained Cardoso's economic policies ^[9], warning that social reforms would take years and that Brazil had no alternative but to extend fiscal austerity policies. The real and the nation's risk rating soon recovered. Devaluation is a reduction in the value of a currency with respect to other monetary units. ...

Lula, however, has given a substantial increase to the minimum wage (raising from R$200 to R$350 in four years). Lula also spear-headed legislation to drastically cut retirement benefits for public servants. His primary significant social initiative, on the other hand, was the Fome Zero (Zero Hunger) program, designed to give each Brazilian three meals a day. The minimum wage is the minimum rate a worker can legally be paid (usually per hour) as opposed to wages that are determined by the forces of supply and demand in a free market. ... Fome Zero (English: Hunger Zero) is the Brazilian government program, introduced by the president Luís Inácio Lula da Silva in 2002 with the objective to eradicate the hunger and poverty of poor people in Brazil. ...

In 2005 Lula's government suffered a serious blow with several accusations of corruption and misuse of authority that stormed his cabinet, forcing some of its members to resign. Most political analysts at the time were certain that Lula's political career was doomed, but he has so far stayed in power by highlighting the achievements of his term (like reduction of poverty, unemployment and dependence on external resources, like oil), and managed to detach himself from the scandal (despite his opposition's efforts to prove his guilt). Lula was re-elected President in the general elections of October, 2006. Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Wikinews has news related to: Political crisis in Brazil Dollars found in the underwear of the adviser to deputy José Nobre Guimarães (PT) The Mensalão scandal, known in Brazil as the escândalo do mensalão, dominated the politics of Brazil in 2005 and currently threatens to bring...

References

1. ^ Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul)
2. ^ [1]
3. ^ Stepan, 1973.
4. ^ An excerpt of "Killing Hope" dealing with the Jango government
5. ^ [2] "Tais políticas - iniciadas com a abertura do governo Collor - foram continuadas por Fernando Henrique Cardoso e Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, segundo economistas e industriais ouvidos pela Folha"
6. ^ Lula segue política econômica de FHC, diz diretor do FMI (Portuguese)
7. ^ Programa Nacional de Desestatização (Portuguese)
8. ^ Os efeitos da privatização sobre o desempenho econômico e financeiro das empresas privatizadas (Portuguese)
9. ^ Lula segue política econômica de FHC, diz diretor do FMI

• (Portuguese) Fausto, Boris (2004). História do Brasil (History of Brazil). ISBN 8-531402-40-9 — Jabuti Prize in 1995.

• Braudel, Fernand, The Perspective of the World, Vol. III of Civilization and Capitalism, 1984, pp. 232–35.

The Prêmio Jabuti (the Jabuti Prize) is the most important and well known literary award in Brazil. ... Fernand Braudel (August 24, 1902–November 27, 1985) was a French historian. ...

See also

v • d • e Major topics in Brazil
History	First inhabitants · Colonization · Empire · Old Republic · Estado Novo · Second Republic · Military rule · Contemporary
Politics	Constitution · President · National Congress · Law · Supreme Federal Tribunal · Elections · Political parties · Foreign relations · Human rights
Economy	Real · Central Bank · List of companies · Agriculture · Industry · Communications · Transportation · Energy · Economic history
Geography	Regions · States · Cities · Islands · Climate · Environment · Extreme points
Demographics	People · Languages · Religion · Education · Health · Social issues · Largest cities
Culture	Carnival · Cuisine · Cinema · Holidays · Literature · Music · Sports · Tourism
Other	Military · International rankings · Science and Technology · Wildlife
Portal · Brazil Collaboration · Current events in Brazil · WikiProject

Image File history File links Flag_of_Brazil. ... The Indigenous peoples in Brazil (provoke indía gnas in Portuguese) comprise a large number of distinct ethnic groups who inhabited the countrys present territory prior to its discovery by Europeans around 1500. ... In the History of Brazil, Colonial Brazil comprises the period from 1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese, until 1822, when Brazil became independent from Portugal. ... The Empire of Brazil was a political entity that comprised present-day Brazil under the rule of Emperors Pedro I and his son Pedro II. Founded in 1822, it was replaced by a republic in 1889. ... // The Constitutionalist Revolution From 1889 to 1930, the government was a constitutional democracy, with the presidency alternating between the dominant states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais. ... // Depression, coffee oligarchs, and the Revolution of 1930 The Great Depression The tenente rebellion (See History of Brazil (1889-1930)) did not mark the revolutionary breakthrough of Brazils bourgeois social reformers. ... // End of the Estado Novo As World War II ended with Brazil participating on the Allied side, President Getúlio Vargas moved to liberalize his own fascist-influenced Estado Novo regime. ... The military maintained power in Brazil from 1964 until March 1985 because of political struggles within the regime and Brazilian elite. ... After the end of the military dictatorship, Brazil went into a troubled process of redemocratization. ... Politics of Brazil takes place in a framework of a federal presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Brazil is both head of state and head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. ... Brazilian Presidential Standard The President of Brazil is both the head of state and head of government of the Federative Republic of Brazil. ... Brazils bicameral National Congress (Portuguese: Congresso Nacional) consists of the Federal Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. ... Brazilian law derives from Portuguese civil law and is based on statutes and, partly and more recently, stare decisis. ... The Supreme Federal Tribunal (in Portuguese Supremo Tribunal Federal, or simply STF) is the highest court of law of the Federative Republic of Brazil. ... Brazil elects on the national level a head of state – the president – and a legislature. ... This article lists political parties in Brazil. ... Lula da Silva and George W. Bush Brazil is a significant political and economical power in Latin America, but deep-seated social and economic problems have kept it from realizing its goal of becoming a truly global leader. ... There are serious issues in regard to abuses of human rights in Brazil. ... ISO 4217 Code BRL User(s) Brazil Inflation 3. ... This is a list of major companies based in Brazil. ... Telephones - main lines in use: 19 million (1997) 39 million (2005) Telephones - mobile cellular: 4 million (1997) 80 million (2005) Telephone system: good working system domestic: extensive microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 64 earth stations international: 3 coaxial submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat... The Economic history of Brazil covers various economic events and traces the changes in the Brazilian economy of the course of the history of Brazil From Portugals discovery of Brazil in 1500 until the late 1930s, the Brazilian economy relied on the production of primary products for exports. ... Brazil is currently divided in five regions, by the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica (IBGE). ... Brazil is divided into twenty-six estados (states; singular estado) and one district, the Distrito Federal (Federal District) which contains the capital city, Brasília. ... Municipalities of Brazil This article is about the municipalities of Brazil. ... This is a list of the extreme points of Brazil, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location. ... // Brazil has conducted a periodical population census since 1872. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Brazilian culture is a Latin American culture of a very diverse nature. ... Mangueira samba school parades in Rio de Janeiro The Brazilian Carnival (Portuguese: ) is an annual festival in Brazil held 40 days before Easter and marks the beginning of Lent. ... The cuisine of Brazil, like Brazil itself, varies greatly by region. ... Other holidays Dia dos Namorados is celebrated on June 12 as the Brazilian equivalent of St. ... The Literature of Brazil refers to literature written in the Portuguese language by Brazilians or in Brazil, even if prior to Brazils independence from Portugal, in 1822. ... Strong influences on the music of Brazil come from many parts of the world, but there are very popular regional music styles influenced by African and European forms. ... The beaches of Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city of Brazil, and the most popular tourist destination in the country. ... The following are international rankings of Brazil. ... Itaipu Brazilian science and technology has achieved in the last decades a significant position in the international arena. ... The Toco Toucan is an animal typical of the Brazilian rainforests. ...

External links

• (English)(Portuguese) Brazilink History - Links to sources of Brazilian history.
• (English) Brazil - Article on Brazil from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia.
• (English) History of Brazil - Offers a history of Brazil from 1500 to the present.
• (English) Timeline Brazilian History - The most important dates in the history of Brazil from 1500 to the present.
• (Portuguese) MeusEstudos.com: História do Brasil.

v • d • e History of South America
Sovereign states	Argentina · Bolivia · Brazil · Chile · Colombia · Ecuador · Guyana · Panama* · Paraguay · Peru · Suriname · Trinidad and Tobago* · Uruguay · Venezuela
Dependencies	Aruba* (Netherlands) · Falkland Islands (UK) · French Guiana (France) · Netherlands Antilles* (Netherlands) · South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (UK)
* Territories also in or commonly reckoned elsewhere in the Americas (North America).

While perhaps the last continent--except Antarctica-- to be inhabited by humans, South America has a history that spans the full range of human cultural and civilizational forms. ... This is an alphabetical list of the sovereign states of the world, including both de jure and de facto independent states. ... The history of Trinidad and Tobago begins with the settlements of the islands by Amerindians. ... Image File history File links South_America. ... World map of dependent territories. ... // Pre-colonial French Guiana was originally inhabited by a number of Native American peoples, among them the Carib, Arawak, Emerillon, Galibi, Palikour, Wayampi (also known as Oyampi) and Wayana. ... XVII-XIX Century The South Atlantic island of South Georgia, situated south of the Antarctic Convergence, was the first Antarctic territory ever discovered. ... This is a list of countries spanning more than one continent. ... World map showing the Americas CIA political map of the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the continents of North America[1] and South America with their associated islands and regions. ... North America North America is a continent [1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ...