This is the History is a term for information about the past. When used as the name of a field of study, history refers to the study and interpretation of the record of human societies. The term history comes from the Greek ιστορία historia, an account of... history of Côte dIvoire (often called Ivory Coast in English; see below about the name) is a country in West Africa. It borders Liberia, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Ghana to the west, north, and east, and borders the Gulf of Guinea to its south. One of the most... Côte d'Ivoire. See also the The following is an outline of African history, followed by a list of articles about the history of particular places in Africa. Origins of the Name The name Africa came into European use through the Romans, who administered the proximal area of North Africa as the province of Africa. It... history of Africa and This is a list of articles on the history of the countries that still exist today. See List of extinct countries, empires, etc. for articles about countries that are no longer in existence. See List of countries for other articles and lists on countries. A Afghanistan - Albania - Algeria - Andorra - Angola... history of present-day nations and states and The Civil war in Côte dIvoire began on September 19, 2002, and restarted in November 2004. Forces These include: official government forces, the National Army (FANCI), also called loyalists, formed and equipped essentially since 2003 the Young Patriots, violent nationalist groups aligned with president Laurent Gbagbo Mercenaries —... Civil war in Ivory Coast.

The early history of Côte d'Ivoire is virtually unknown, although it is thought that a The Neolithic, (Greek neos=new, lithos=stone, or New Stone Age) is traditionally the last part of the stone age. The name was invented by John Lubbock in 1865 as a refinement of the three-age system. It followed Pleistocene Epipalaeolithic and early Holocene Mesolithic cultures with the start of... neolithic culture existed there. The French Republic or France ( French: République française or France) is a country whose metropolitan territory is located in western Europe, and which is further made up of a collection of overseas islands and territories located in other continents. France is a democracy organised as a... France made its initial contact with Côte d'Ivoire in Events February 3 - Tulipmania collapses in Netherlands by government order February 15 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor December 17 - Japan Pierre de Fermat makes a marginal claim to have proof of what would become known as Fermats Last Theorem. France places a few missionaries in the Côte... 1637, when A missionary is a propagator of religion, often an evangelist or other representative of a religious community who works among those outside of that community. The English word missionary is derived from Latin, the equivalent of the Greek-derived word, apostle. Contents // Jehovahs Witnesses are known for their missionary... missionaries landed at Assinie near the Gold Coast was a British colony on the Gulf of Guinea in west Africa. It became the independent nation of Ghana in 1957. The Gold Coast was formed in 1821 when the British government took over privately held lands along the coast. Gold Coast had long been a name for... Gold Coast (now The Republic of Ghana is a nation of Africa, specifically West Africa within Sub-Saharan Africa. It borders Côte dIvoire to the west, Burkina Faso in the north, Togo to the east, and borders the Gulf of Guinea to its south. National motto: Freedom and Justice Official language... Ghana) border. Early contacts were limited to a few missionaries because of the inhospitable coastline and settlers' fear of the inhabitants.

In the (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. Historians will sometimes specifically refer to the 18th century as 1715-1789, denoting the period of time between the death... 18th century, the country was invaded by two related The Akan are an ethnic group from western Africa. This group includes the Ashanti, the Fante and the Nzema peoples of Ghana and Côte dIvoire. Some of their most important mythological stories are called Anansasem (spider stories also Nyankomsem words of a sky god). These stories generally, but... Akan groups - the Agnis, who occupied the southeast, and the Baoulés, who settled in the central section. In Events February 6 - The first United States The Virginia Minstrels opens (Bowery Amphitheatre in New York City). February 11 - Giuseppe Verdis opera I Lombardi premieres in Milan May 18 - The Disruption of the Church of Scotland took place in Edinburgh May 22 - The first major wagon train headed for... 1843- Events January 15 - University of Notre Dame receives its charter from Indiana. February 27 - The Haiti. February 28 - A gun on USS Princeton explodes while the boat is on a Potomac River cruise, killing two United States Cabinet members and several others. May 23 - Persian Prophet The Báb announces... 1844, Admiral Bouet-Williaumez signed treaties with the kings of the Grand-Bassam was the old colonial capital of Côte dIvoire. It was largely washed away in storms many years ago, however some extraordiary colonial buildings remain. For this reason the beaches are littered with gravestones from the old graveyard, some in English and several charming. Categories: Stub ... Grand Bassam and Assinie regions, placing their territories under a French Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell See The Protectorate. 19th Century revival of term The British revived the term after 1815, in ordering and validating their de facto occupation of Corfu and the seven Ionian islands during the last days of Napoleonic hegemony. The islands were constituted by the Treaty of Paris... protectorate. French See also explorations, sea explorers, astronaut, conquistador, travelogue, the History of Science and Technology and Biography. Contents: Top - A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A Charles Albanel (1616-1696), Canada... explorers, missionaries, trading companies, and soldiers gradually extended the area under French control inland from the lagoon region. However, pacification was not accomplished until 1915 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). Events January 12 - The Rocky Mountain National Park is established by an act of the U.S. Congress. January 12 - United States House of Representatives rejects proposal to give women the right to vote. January 13 – An... 1915.

French Period

Côte d'Ivoire officially became a In various forms, France had colonial possessions since the beginning of the 17th century until the 1960s. Currently, the only remnants of what was once a large empire are four overseas départements — the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique, Réunion in the Indian Ocean, and the small... French colony on March 10 is the 69th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (70th in Leap years). There are 296 days remaining. Events up to 19th century 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sinks the Carthaginian fleet; end of First Punic War. 1496 - Christopher... March 10, Events January 1 - Japan accepts the Gregorian calendar January 2 - Introduction by Webb C. Ball of the General Railroad Timepiece Standards in North America: Railroad chronometers January 13 - The UK has its first meeting. January 17 - American sugar planters overthrow the government of Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii February 1 - Thomas... 1893. Captain Binger, who had explored the Gold Coast frontier, was named the first governor. He negotiated boundary treaties with The Republic of Liberia is a country on the west coast of Africa, bordered by Sierra Leone, Guinea and Côte dIvoire. It has recently been afflicted by two civil wars (1989–1996 and 1999–2003) that have displaced hundreds of thousands of its citizens and destroyed... Liberia and the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a country in western Europe, and a member of the British Commonwealth and European Union. Usually known simply as the United Kingdom, UK or, inaccurately, as Great Britain or Britain, the UK has four constituent parts. Three of these parts... United Kingdom (for the Gold Coast) and later started the campaign against Almany Samory, a The Malinké are an African ethnic group. Approximately one million Malinkés are scattered throughout The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Mali, Mauritania and Sénégal. Traditionally they are subsistence farmers, growing small cash crops of peanuts and millet in the Sahel Africa region. They are generally Muslim, having abandoned... Malinke chief, who fought against the French until 1898 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). Events January January 1 - New York City annexes land from surrounding counties, creating the City of Greater New York. The city is geographically divided into five boroughs: Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, The Bronx, and Staten Island. January 13 - Emile... 1898.

From 1904 is a leap year starting on a Friday (link will take you to calendar). Events January-March January 7 - The distress signal CQD is established only to be replaced two years later by SOS. February 7 - The Great Baltimore Fire in Baltimore, Maryland destroys over 1,500 buildings in... 1904 to 1958 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). Events January January 1 - Treaty of Rome founding the EU is implemented January 4 - Sputnik 1 falls to Earth from its orbit (launched on October 4, 1957) January 8 - 14 year old Bobby Fischer wins the... 1958, Côte d'Ivoire was a constituent unit of the French West Africa (Afrique occidentale française, or AOF) was a federation of eight French territories in Africa: Mauritania, Senegal, French Sudan (now Mali), Guinea, Côte dIvoire, Niger, Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso) and Dahomey (now Benin). Originally created in 1895 as a union of Senegal, French Sudan... Federation of French West Africa. It was a This article refers to a colony in politics and history. For alternate meanings of colony, see colony (disambiguation). In politics and in history, a colony is an administrative unit under the control of a geographically- distinct entity, usually an autonomous state. The term informal colony is used by some historians... colony and an overseas territory under the The French Third Republic, (in French, Troisième Republique, sometimes written as IIIème Republique) ( 1870/ 75- 1940/ 46), was the governing body of France between the Second French Empire and the Fourth Republic. It was a republican parliamentary democracy that was created on September 4, 1870 following... Third Republic. Until the period following Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km (60,000 ft) into the air. August 9, 1945 World War II was a global conflict that started in 7 July 1937 in Asia and 1 September 1939 in Europe and lasted until 1945, involving the majority of the... World War II, governmental affairs in French West Africa were administered from The Eiffel Tower has become the symbol of Paris throughout the world. Paris is the capital city of France, as well as the capital of the Île-de-France région, whose territory encompasses Paris and its suburbs. The city of Paris proper is also a dé... Paris. France's policy in West Africa was reflected mainly in its philosophy of "association", meaning that all Africans in Côte d'Ivoire were officially French "subjects" without rights to representation in Africa or France.

During World War II, the Vichy France (French: now called Régime de Vichy or Vichy; called itself at the time État Français, or French State) was the French state of 1940-1944 which was a puppet government under Nazi influence, as opposed to the Free French Forces, based first in London and later... Vichy regime remained in control until 1943 is a common year starting on Friday. Events January January 4 - End of term for Culbert Olson, 29th Governor of California. He is succeeded by Earl Warren. January 11 - The United States and United Kingdom give up territorial rights in China. January 11 - General Juanto dies in Argentina - Ramon... 1943, when members of Gen. Portrait of General Charles de Gaulle. Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( November 22, 1890 – November 9, 1970), in France commonly referred to as général de Gaulle, was a French military leader and statesman. (  pronunciation of his name?) Prior to World War II... Charles De Gaulle's provisional government assumed control of all French West Africa. The Brazzaville conference in 1944 was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). Events World War II January January 4 - The Battle of Monte Cassino begins. January 5 - Murder of Danish playwright Kaj Munk January 17 - British forces, in Italy, cross the Garigliano River. January 20 - The Royal Air... 1944, the first Constituent Assembly of the The Fourth Republic existed in France between 1946 and 1958. It was the period when the French were under Frances fourth republican constitution. It was in many ways a revival of the Third Republic which had ruled before the Second World War. France adopted the constitution of the Fourth... Fourth Republic in 1946 was a common year starting on Tuesday. (see link for calendar) Events January January 4 - Theodore Schurch becomes the last person to be executed for offences committed under the Treachery Act of 1940 January 7 - Allied recognize Austrian republic with 1937 borders - the country is divided into four occupation... 1946, and France's gratitude for African loyalty during World War II led to far-reaching governmental reforms in 1946. French citizenship was granted to all African "subjects," the right to organize politically was recognized, and various forms of forced labor were abolished.

A turning point in relations with France was reached with the 1956 is a leap year starting on Sunday. (see link for calendar) Events January January 1 - End of Egyptian Condominium in Sudan. January 16 - President Egypt vows to reconquer Palestine January 26 - Italy January 26 - United Kingdom bans heroin January 26 - The last Soviet troops leave the military base in... 1956 Overseas Reform Act (Loi Cadre ), which transferred a number of powers from Paris to elected territorial governments in French West Africa and also removed remaining voting inequalities.

Independence

In December 1958 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). Events January January 1 - Treaty of Rome founding the EU is implemented January 4 - Sputnik 1 falls to Earth from its orbit (launched on October 4, 1957) January 8 - 14 year old Bobby Fischer wins the... 1958, Côte d'Ivoire became an autonomous republic within the French Community as a result of a referendum that brought community status to all members of the old Federation of French West Africa except The Republic of Guinea is a nation of northwest Africa. National motto: Travail, Justice, Solidarité (French: Work, Justice, Solidarity) Official language French (official), Fula, Arabic, others Capital and largest city Conakry Capitals coordinates 9° 30′ N, 13° 43′ W President Lansana Conté Prime Minister Cellou Dalein Diallo... Guinea, which had voted against association. Côte d'Ivoire became independent on August 7 is the 219th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (220th in leap years), with 146 days remaining. There are 94 days in North Hemisphere summer, South Hemisphere winter. The Northern Hemisphere is considered to be halfway through the summer on August 7. Events 1600-1899 1679... August 7, 1960 was a leap year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). Events January-February January - State of emergency is lifted in Kenya - Mau Mau Rebellion is officially over January 1 - Independence of Cameroon January 9 - Aswan High Dam construction begins in Egypt January 14 - Ralph Chubb, the... 1960, and permitted its community membership to lapse. It established the commercial city Abidjan is the largest city and former capital of Côte dIvoire. Abidjan is a major sea port. Major industries include food processing, lumber, automobile manufacturing, and the manufacture of textiles, chemicals, and soap. There is also a large oil refinery. In 1983, Yamoussoukro was designated as the nation... Abidjan as its capital.

Côte d'Ivoire's contemporary political history is closely associated with the career of Félix Houphouët-Boigny (fālēks´ oofwā´-bwä´nye) ( October 18, 1905 - December 7, 1993) was the first President of Côte dIvoire ( 1960 - 1993). Under Houphouët-Boignys ideologically moderate leadership, Côte... Félix Houphouët-Boigny, President of the republic and leader of the Parti Démocratique de la Côte d'Ivoire (PDCI) until his death on December 7 is the 341st day (342nd on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 24 days remaining. Events 1732 - The Royal Opera House opens at Covent Garden, London. 1787 - Delaware becomes the first state to ratify the United States Constitution. 1815 - Michel Ney, Marshal of... December 7, 1993 is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003) Events January January 1 - Czechoslovakia divides. Establishment of independent Slovakia and Czech Republic. January 3 - In Moscow, George H. W. Bush and... 1993. He was one of the founders of the Rassemblement Démocratique Africain (RDA), the leading pre-independence inter-territorial political party for all of the French West African territories except The Islamic Republic of Mauritania is a country in northwest Africa. Its coast faces the Atlantic Ocean, between Western Sahara on the north and Senegal on the south. It should not be confused with the ancient country of Mauretania. Mauritania and Madagascar are the only countries not to use a... Mauritania.

Houphouët-Boigny first came to political prominence in 1944 as founder of the Syndicat Agricole Africain, an organization that won improved conditions for African farmers and formed a nucleus for the PDCI. After World War II, he was elected by a narrow margin to the first A Constituent Assembly is a body elected with the express and limited purpose of drafting, and in some cases, adopting a constitution. It may refer to either of the following: The National Constituent Assembly formed in 1789 during the French Revolution The Russian Constituent Assembly formed in February 1917 during... Constituent Assembly. Representing Côte d'Ivoire in the This article concerns the modern National Assembly. For information about the body formed in the French Revolution, see National Assembly (French Revolution). The Palais Bourbon, front The French National Assembly ( French: Assemblée nationale) is one of the two houses of the bicameral Parliament of France under the Fifth... French National Assembly from 1946 to 1959 was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). Events January-February January 1 - Cultivars of plants named after this date must be named in a modern language, not in Latin. January 1 - Cuba: Fulgencio Batista flees Havana when forces of Fidel Castro advance January... 1959, he devoted much of his effort to inter-territorial political organization and further amelioration of labor conditions. After his thirteen-year service in the French National Assembly, including almost three years as a minister in the French Government, he became Côte d'Ivoire's first prime minister in April 1959, and the following year was elected its first president.

In May 1959, Houphouët-Boigny reinforced his position as a dominant figure in West Africa by leading Côte d'Ivoire, Niger (Pronounced Nījer) is a landlocked sub-Saharan country in Western Africa situated north of Nigeria and south of Algeria and Libya, named after the Niger river. The capital city is Niamey. National motto: Fraternité, Travail, Progrès (French: Fraternity, Work, Progress) Official language French (official), Hausa, Djerma... Niger, Upper Volta (French Haute-Volta) was the name of the African country now called Burkina Faso until August 4, 1984. The old name indicates that the country contains the upper part of the river Volta. The river is divided into three parts, called the Black Volta, White Volta and Red... Upper Volta ( Burkina Faso is a landlocked nation of western Africa. It is surrounded by six countries. Mali to the north, Niger to the east, Benin to the south east, Togo and Ghana to the south, and the Côte dIvoire to the south west. Formerly called Upper Volta, it was... Burkina), and Dahomey was an African kingdom situated in what is now Benin. The kingdom was founded in the seventeenth century and survived until the late nineteenth century, when it was conquered by French troops from Senegal and incorporated into Frances West African colonies. The origins of Dahomey can be traced... Dahomey ( The Republic of Benin is a nation of western Africa, formerly known as Dahomey. It has a small coast line with the Bight of Benin in the south, borders Togo in the west, Nigeria in the east, and Burkina Faso and Niger in the north. National motto: Fraternit Justice, Travail... Benin) into the The Conseil de lEntente (Council of Accord or Council of Understanding) is a West African regional co-operation forum established in May 1959 by Côte dIvoire, Niger, Burkina Faso and Benin, and joined in 1996 by Togo. The body grew out of the short-lived Sahel-Benin... Council of the Entente, a regional organization promoting economic development. He maintained that the road to African solidarity was through step-by-step economic and political cooperation, recognizing the principle of non-intervention in the internal affairs of other African states.

The first multiparty presidential elections were held in October 1990 and Houphouët-Boigny won convincingly.

After Houphouët-Boigny

Houphouët-Boigny died on December 7, 1993, and was succeeded by his deputy Henri Konan Bédié who was the President of the Parliament.

He was overthrown on December 24, 1999 by General Robert Guéï, a former army commander sacked by Bédié. This was the first A coup détat, or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, usually done by a small group that just replaces the top power figures. It is different from a revolution, which is staged by a larger group and radically changes the political system. The term... coup d'état in the history of Côte d'Ivoire. An economic downturn followed, and the There are a number of things that junta (hUn-tah) could refer to: It can be a military dictatorship. See also Military rule. In History of Spain, junta (coming-together) was the name chosen by several local administrations forming in Spain during the Peninsula War as a patriotic alternative to... junta promised to return the country to democratic rule in 2000 - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes.css; @import /skins/monobook/IE55Fixes.css; @import /skins/monobook/IE60Fixes.css; /**/ 2000 From Wikipedia 2000 is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. Popular culture also holds the year 2000 as the first year of the 21st century and the 3rd... 2000.

Guéï allowed elections to be held the following year, but when these were won by Laurent Koudou Gbagbo (born May 31, 1945) is the president of Côte dIvoire (since 2000). From Gagnoa, he was professor of English at the University of Cocody-Abidjan, and later dean of the faculty of Languages and Cultures. He founded the Ivorian Peoples Front (Front populaire ivoirien... Laurent Gbagbo he at first refused to accept his defeat. But street protests forced him to step down, and Gbagbo became president on October 26, 2000.

On September 19 is the 262nd day of the year (263rd in leap years). There are 103 days remaining. Events 1356 - In Battle of Poitiers English defeat French 1692 - Giles Corey is pressed to death after refusing to plead in the Salem witch trials. 1777 - First Battle of Saratoga/Battle of... September 19, 2002 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. It was designated: International Year of Ecotourism and Mountains National Science Year in the United Kingdom Autism Awareness Year in the United Kingdom Events January Euro banknotes in circulation throughout the twelve countries of the European Union that... 2002 a rebellion in the North and the West came up and the country became divided in three parts. Mass murders occurred, notably in Abidjan from the 25 to 27th of March, when government forces killed more than 200 protesters, and on the 20 and 21st of June in Bouaké and Korhogo, where purges led to the execution of more than 100 people. A reconciliation process under international auspices started in 2003 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, and also: The International Year of Freshwater The European Disability Year Events January January 1 - Luíz Inácio Lula Da Silva becomes the 37th President of Brazil. Pascal Couchepin becomes President of the Confederation in... 2003. Several thousand French and West African troops remained in Côte d'Ivoire to maintain peace and help implement the peace accords.

A disarmament was supposed to take place on October 15 is the 288th day of the year (289th in Leap years). There are 77 days remaining. Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the Vandals. 1552 - Khanate of Kazan is conquered by troops of Ivan Grozny. 1582 - Pope Gregory XIII... October 15, 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. It was designated the: International Year of Rice (by the United Nations) International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition (by UNESCO) Elections were held in 73 countries during 2004. See a list of elections... 2004, but was a failure. Côte d'Ivoire is now divided between the rebel leader Guillaume Soro and president Laurent Koudou Gbagbo (born May 31, 1945) is the president of Côte dIvoire (since 2000). From Gagnoa, he was professor of English at the University of Cocody-Abidjan, and later dean of the faculty of Languages and Cultures. He founded the Ivorian Peoples Front (Front populaire ivoirien... Laurent Gbagbo who has blocked the diplomatic advances made in Marcoussis and Accra—of the laws related to political reforms promised by Gbagbo in Accra, only two out of ten have been voted on so far. The Rebel side has not held its promises either, which results in a state of quasi–civil war.

Frustration is now a dominant sentiment in the population, especially since the overall quality of life has dropped since the Félix Houphouët-Boigny era. Responsibility for the worsening of the situation is widely attributed to the Northern people, though the quality of life under Houphouët-Boigny was mainly due to the sponsoring through the "Françafrique" system (designed to consolidate the influence of France in Africa), and the economy worked mainly thanks to a low-paid Burkinabé working class and immigrants from The Republic of Mali is a country in west Africa, formerly a French colony. National motto: Un peuple, un but, une foi (French: One people, one goal, one faith) Official language French (official), Bambara, others Capital Bamako President Amadou Toumani Touré Prime Minister Ousmane Issoufi Maïga Area  - Total... Mali.

The debt of the country has now risen, civil unrest is occurring daily, and political life has turned into personal struggles for interests. To answer these problems, the concept of "ivoirité" was born, a racist term which aims mainly at denying political and economic rights to the Northern immigrants.

New laws about eligibility, nationality and property are due to be adopted to address this issue, but if they are delayed, inscription of electors will be impossible before the next elections. This might lead to a dangerous situation where the government would stick to power, which the rebellion would likely not accept.

Tensions between Cote D'Ivoire and France increased on November 6, 2004, after Ivorian air strikes killed 9 French peacekeepers and an aid worker. In response, French forces attacked the airport at Yamoussoukro, a town of 100,000 inhabitants located 240 kilometers North of Abidjan, is the administrative capital of Côte dIvoire. History Colonial period history Queen Yamousso, the niece of Kouassi NGo, ran the village of NGokro at the time of French colonization. The village then comprised... Yamoussoukro, destroying all airplanes in the Ivorian Air Force. Violent protests erupted in both Abidjan and Yamoussoukro, and were marked by violence between Ivorians and French peacekeepers. Thousands of foreigners, especially French nationals, evacuated the two cities.