Pre-1840 Maori Period

Introduction

Probably no more than 500 Māori were living in Canterbury when European settlement began in the 1840s. These Māori, part of the Ngai Tahu tribe which occupied the South Island of New Zealand, were remnants of a once numerous population which at the beginning of the 19th century may have numbered between 3000 and 4000 people. First of all decimated by civil wars (from 1810 to 1815), they were almost exterminated (between 1830 and 1832) in attacks by the northern Ngati Toa, led by Te Rauparaha. Languages Māori, English Religions Māori religion, Christianity Related ethnic groups other Polynesian peoples, Austronesian peoples The word Māori refers to the indigenous people of New Zealand and their language. ... The New Zealand region of Canterbury mostly comprises the Canterbury Plains. ... Ngāi Tahu, or Kāi Tahu, is the principal iwi (tribe) of the southern region of New Zealand. ... The South Island The South Island is one of the two major islands of New Zealand, the other being the North Island. ... 1810 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... April 5-12: Mount Tambora explodes, changing climate. ... Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 (MDCCCXXX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1832 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Mai i Miria te kakara ki Whitireia, Whakawhiti te moana Raukawa ki Wairau ki WhakatÅ«, Te Waka Tainui. ... Te Rauparaha (1760s?-1849) was a Maori Chief and War Leader of the Ngati Toa tribe who took a leading part in the Musket Wars. ...

Early Moa-hunters

The earliest settlers in Canterbury appear to have been the people described as the Moa-hunters, arriving about the 10th century near the time of the traditional discovery of the South Island by Rakaihautu. Traces of the presence of these peopleare found in camp and burial sites near river mouths, the northern valleys of Banks Peninsula and on Hikuraki Bay. The burial sites of the Moa-hunters containing moa eggs, ornamental artifacts and whale's tooth pendants show that their culture differed from that of the later Maori. Genera Anomalopteryx (bush moa) Euryapteryx Megalapteryx (upland moa) Dinornis (giant moa) Emeus Pachyornis Moa were giant flightless birds native to New Zealand. ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 10th century was that century which lasted from 901 to 1000. ... Banks Peninsula has a roughly circular shape, with many bays and two deep harbours. ...

South Island tradition however gives no account of the Moa-hunters. There is the legend of a shadowy aboriginal people known as "Te Kahui Tipua", or 'the band of ogres', who were destroyed by later arrivals called Te Rapuwai.

Archaic Māori Period

It appears likely that not only Te Rapuwai, in whose time the forests of Canterbury were said to have been burned and the Moa exterminated^[1], but also the Waitaha, who followed them in the earliest period , were established in the South Island long before the arrival of the first waves of the 14th century Polynesian 'fleet' in New Zealand. Genera Anomalopteryx (bush moa) Euryapteryx Megalapteryx (upland moa) Dinornis (giant moa) Emeus Pachyornis Moa were giant flightless birds native to New Zealand. ... Waitaha is a Māori iwi. ... The South Island The South Island is one of the two major islands of New Zealand, the other being the North Island. ... This 14th-century statue from south India depicts the gods Shiva (on the left) and Uma (on the right). ... Carving from the ridgepole of a Māori house, ca 1840 Polynesia (from Greek: πολύς many, νῆσος island) is a large grouping of over 1,000 islands scattered over the central and southern Pacific Ocean. ...

The Waitaha who at that time were occupying the Eastern districts of the South Island, appear to have been a numerous people, with a large Pa near Mairangi and Kapukariki and other settlements on the banks of the Rakaia River. One of these people, Te Hau, is credited with having destroyed a large bird of prey, which nested on one of the large spurs of the Torlesse Range. The reference to this bird is interpreted as being a composite memory of the extinct swan (Chenopis) and the extinct eagle (Harpagornis) which were contemporaries of the moa in the pre-fleet era. Look up Pa, PA, and pa in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Rakaia River is one of the principal rivers of the Canterbury Plains in New Zealands South Island. ...

In North Canterbury and Banks peninsula, the Waitaha found an abundance of food. On the plains and foothills the finest sort of flax root and ti-palms grew, field rats and wekas swarmed in the open country. The woods were full of kakas, pigeons and other birds suitable for food; the lakes were covered with water fowl and teemed with eels, silveries and whitebait; and along the coast fish, as well as birds of every sort, were abundant^[2]. Banks Peninsula has a roughly circular shape, with many bays and two deep harbours. ... Binomial name Gallirallus australis Sparrman, 1786 The Weka or woodhen (Gallirallus australis) is an endemic bird of New Zealand. ... Kaka, see Kaka (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae (Gmelin, 1789) The Kereru or New Zealand Pigeon (Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae novaeseelandiae) is an endemic native bird of New Zealand and the Chatham Islands. ... For other uses, see Eel (disambiguation). ... Whitebait are young fish; in Europe the term applies to young herring, but in other parts of the world it is used for similar fish of other species. ...

Classical Māori Period

The very abundance of food, however, in the end proved to be the undoing of the Waitaha, for it attracted other invaders to dispute their possession. About the year 1500 they were destroyed or absorbed by invaders from the East Coast of the North Island. These newcomers were the Ngati mamoe tribe. Within 125 years, they occupied the whole east coast of the South Island, including Otago and Southland, where they drove the Waitaha into the back country of the Lake district. 1500 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... North Island The North Island is one of the two main islands of New Zealand, the other being the South Island. ... Otago (help· info) is one of the regions of New Zealand and lies in the south-east of the South Island. ... The Southland is a geographic term used in several parts of the world. ...

After holding the land for four or five generations the Ngati-mamoe in their turn were attacked and finally subjugated by another wave of invaders from the north. These were the Ngai Tahu, who, although originally settling in the Poverty Bay district on their arrivals in the canoes, had subsequently moved southwards. Ngāi Tahu, or Kāi Tahu, is the principal iwi (tribe) of the southern region of New Zealand. ... Location of Poverty Bay Poverty Bay is the largest of several small bays on the east coast of New Zealands North Island to the north of Hawke Bay. ...

In 1627, the Ngai-tahu by that time having their chief settlement on the shores of Wellington harbour at Hataitai, began to move over the northern parts of the South Island, which was then the territory of the Ngati-mamoe. Although there was some small scale fighting at times, in the first years of the migration, the Ngai-tahu lived at peace with the Ngati-mamoe of the Wairau district and intermarried freely with them. Intertribal jealousies led in the end, however, to a major battle at Pakihi, just north of the Conway River, in which the Ngati-mamoe were routed. Events A Dutch ship makes the first recorded sighting of the coast of South Australia. ...

Thereafter the Ngai-tahu moved steadily southwards in a campaign of conquest, until after a little more than a generation they had subjugated the Ngati-mamoe in most of the country of the east coast as far south as Waihola lake, south of the Otago peninsula. During this period, when many of the Ngati-mamoe were a hunted people, some groups of them lived in the caves of the river gorges, as at Weka Pass, Opihi Gorge, and the Upper Waitaki, the drawings on the walls of these 'rock shelters' being the traces of their occupation. Nevertheless there appears to have been considerable intermingling of the two tribes so that in later years the Ngati-mamoe lost their identity as a separate people. The Otago Peninsula is a long, rugged indented finger of land that forms the easternmost part of Dunedin, New Zealand. ... The Waitaki district straddles the border of the Canterbury and Otago regions of New Zealand, the traditional border of which is the Waitaki River. ...

The Ngai-tahu in the later stages of their campaigns against the Ngati-mamoe were led by the sons of the chief Tu Rakautahi. It was this chief who in the early years of the 18th century fixed the headquarters of the tribe at Kaiapohia (near present day Kaiapoi), choosing that site mainly for its good defensive position on a promontory of dry land almost entirely surrounded by swamps. There he caused to be built a pa that became famous throughout the South Island for its strength, its size, and the wealth of its people. The timber for the construction of the pa came from the forests from Woodend to Rangiora. ‘The fortifications consisted of earthworks surrounded by strong palisades. The defences on the land side were strengthened by a broad ditch which extended across the entire front of the pa. Behind the wall of earth was a double row of strong palisades.’^[3]. The posts of this palisade were as thick as the mainmast of a ship. Kaiapoi is a town in the Canterbury region of the South Island of New Zealand, located close to the mouth of the Waimakariri River. ... Look up Pa, PA, and pa in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Rangiora may refer to the following: Rangiora, an endemic New Zealand plant. ...

Under Tu Rakautahi, the Māori of North Canterbury developed a system of food gathering and exchange which was made necessary by the fact that they could not live upon the produce of their cultivations. there was an abundance of food to be obtained in their territory, but much of it had to be sought much far afield and brough to the centre — — at one season from Lake Ellesmere, at others from the Torlesse range, from the lakes of the interior, from Banks peninsula, or from the open plains. In some of these out-districts the people occupied partly-fortified pa, in others they lived on open kainga of a few huts without fortification, and in still others they had no more than camping shelters. But their base was Kaiapohia, which with a population of at least 1000 people, was a considerable Māori town, and the permanent home of the mkost important chiefly families of the Ngai-tahu. These people were in constant communication with their still numerous kinsmen in the north at Kaikoura (which had an even larger population than Kaiapohia) and also with the large body of the Ngai-tahu who had gone further south to settle in Otago. Languages Māori, English Religions Māori religion, Christianity Related ethnic groups other Polynesian peoples, Austronesian peoples The word Māori refers to the indigenous people of New Zealand and their language. ... Lake Ellesmere Lake Ellesmere is located in the Canterbury region of the South Island of New Zealand. ... Banks Peninsula has a roughly circular shape, with many bays and two deep harbours. ... Kaikoura is a town on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand. ... Otago (help· info) is one of the regions of New Zealand and lies in the south-east of the South Island. ...

With these more distant districts there developed a system of interchange of gifts of food which was really a form of trading. From the far south came preserved muttonbirds and dried fish, the canoes or carriers returning from Kaiapohia with loads of Kumara; while to Kaikoura went part of the store of southern muttonbirds in exchange for potted pigeons^[4]. A survival of this traffic was seen by Europeans as late as 1844. Kaiapohia was known to the Māori of other parts of new Zealand as the home of a people^[5] who had both an abundance of food and an exceptional wealth of the highly-prized greenstone. In the eyes of the Māori, this hard and tenacious nephrite or pounamu was the nearest equivalent to metal itsel, and a tool or weapon made of it was a prized possession. Ownership of greenstone was a mania of the Māori, driving them to endure unimaginable harships to obtain it. The main source of the greenstone was on the West Coast, roughly opposite to Kaiapohia — — actually in the Taramakau and Arahura Rivers. Muttonbird may refer to the following: Sooty shearwater, a seabird. ... Binomial name Ipomoea batatas Linnaeus The sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is a crop plant whose large, starchy, sweet tasting tuberous roots are an important root vegetable. ... Kaikoura is a town on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand. ... New Zealand greenstone is formed by the metamorphism of basalt. ... There is also a community named Actinolite,_Ontario in Canada. ... See: West Coast of the United States West Coast, New Zealand West Coast, Tasmania This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

Until the Ngati-Wairangi of the West Coast were conquered abouth te year 1800, the expeditions sent across the ranges by the Ngai-Tahu were war-parties, equipped to fight for the greenstone they wanted. The Ngai-tahu used eight routes across the ranges, those from Canterbury and its immediate northern district being up the Rakaia River and over the Whitcombe or Browning passes to the Hokitika river; up the Waimakariri river and over Arthur's Pass to the Taramakau; up the Waipara and the Hurunui Rivers by Lake Sumner to Harper pass and the Taramakau; and (from Kaikoura) up the Waiau-uha and thence by either the Amuri pass to the Ahaura River and on to the Grey River, or by the lewis saddle down the Cannibal Gorge direct to the Grey River. See: West Coast of the United States West Coast, New Zealand West Coast, Tasmania This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... // ON MAY 5 1853 MR.FADER HAD SEX WITH A MAN NAME MR WIEN THEN THEY HAD SON NAMEDMRS COTURE AND MR MANOOGIAN WENT INTO MRS HASKELLS OFFICE NAKED AND DANCED AROUND AND MASTERBATED ON HER CHEST AND SHE LICKED IT OFF THEN THEY HAD ORAL SEEX WITH NAPLOEAN OF... The Rakaia River is one of the principal rivers of the Canterbury Plains in New Zealands South Island. ... Hokitika is a township on the West Coast of New Zealand, 38 kilometres south of Greymouth, and close to the mouth of the Hokitika River. ... Arthurs Pass Arthurs Pass is an alpine crossing of the Southern Alps of the South Island of New Zealand. ... Kaikoura is a town on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand. ... The Ahaura River is in the South Island of New Zealand. ... The Grey River is located in the northwest of the South Island of New Zealand. ...

Civil war and feuds

Even within the Ngai-tahu tribe there were feuds and rivalries that led at times to bloodshed, and even to open warfare. the most important of these outbreaks — — a bloody feud that devloped into civil war — — began between 1810 and 1815, about the time of the first contacts of European flax-traders with the Māori of Banks peninsula. This was known as the kai-huanga or 'eat-relation' feud,which, by destroying the Ngai Tahu in Canterbury, effectively prepared the way for their conquest in 1832 by Te Rauparaha. Binomial name Linum usitatissimum Linnaeus. ... Banks Peninsula has a roughly circular shape, with many bays and two deep harbours. ... Ngāi Tahu, or Kāi Tahu, is the principal iwi (tribe) of the southern region of New Zealand. ...

The leading character in this feud was Tamaiharanui, principal chief of the Ngai-tahu, who appears to have lived both at Kaiapohia and Akaroa. Of Tamaiharanui's character Stack says: ‘Unlike most Maori chiefs of exlted rank he was cowardly, cruel and capricious.’^[6],The 'eat relation' feud bgan when a woman at Waikakahi, on the eatern shores of Lake Ellesmere, happened to put on a dog-skin cloak left in the village by Tamaiharanui, who was then absent at Kaikoura. This sacrilegious action required that the chief, or his relations on his behalf, should immediately take utu (or payment in revenge). But instead of taking revenge on the woman herself, the chief's relations ambushed and killed a slave belonging to one of her relations. in revenge for the death of the slave the woman's relations killed, at a village near Tai Tapu, a man named Hape, related to those who had killed the slave. But it also happened that Hapes's wife was the sister of the principal chief of Taumutu. At this stage Tamaiharanui returned from Kaikoura. Talling the people of Kaiapohia , who had ties with both sides, to stay out of the fight, he went on to Akaroa and then to Wairewa (Little River), where he gathered a war party. From Wairewa an attack was launched on Taumutu, in which many of the people of that village were killed, including some Kaiapohia women married to men of Taumutu. A view of the Akaroa harbour. ... Lake Ellesmere Lake Ellesmere is located in the Canterbury region of the South Island of New Zealand. ... Kaikoura is a town on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand. ... Kaiapoi is a town in the Canterbury region of the South Island of New Zealand, located close to the mouth of the Waimakariri River. ... A view of the Akaroa harbour. ...

In the next stage of the feud the people of Taumutu were joined by reinforcements from Otakou under the chief Taiaroa, and also, in spite of Tamaiharanui's order, by about 100 men from Kaiapohia, who wished to avenge the death of the taumutu women. This force then proceeded to attack Wairewa, led by two men with muskets — — the first of these weapons to be carried by a war party in Canterbury. They found the pa empty, however, chiefly because Taiaroa, whose real purpose was to try to end the feud, had warned the people of Wairewa of the approach of the war party. On their way home, the Kaiapohia men fell upon and killed a nephew of the important chief Taununu, whose pa was at Ripa island. Instead of taking his reprisal by attacking Kaiapohia — — probably because of the strength of that fortress — — Tanunu attacked Whakaepa (Coalgate), a small but populous offshoot of kaiapohia, and killed all its people. Otago (help· info) is one of the regions of New Zealand and lies in the south-east of the South Island. ... Muskets and bayonets aboard the frigate Grand Turk. ... Look up Pa, PA, and pa in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Kaiapohia was now more deeply involved in the feud. A strong war party was sent to join the Taumutu people, and again with reinforcements from Otakou, a new attack was launched again launched against Wairewa. Once more Taiaroa sent warning against the defenders, but although many got away from the pa in canoes, they were followed and most of them were killed or drowned. Among the kiled were two sisters of Tamaiharanui. This battle ended in a cannibal feast, which was considered particularly atrocious because of the close relationship of the victors and the slain. The war party then went on to attack Purau and Ripa island, and although many of the occupants of these villages escaped, some going up the steep hills behinf theisland and rolling stones upon their pursuersd, very many, including Taununu, were killed. Otago (help· info) is one of the regions of New Zealand and lies in the south-east of the South Island. ...

The fighting then ended for a time, mainly because the fear of reprisals drove the people of taumutu to abandon their village,and together with some of ther allies, to seek sanctuary in Otakou under the protection of Taiaroa. How long they remained there is not clear, but subsequently Tamaiharanui went down to Otakou and assured them that if they went back to Taumutu they would be allowed to live in peace. Most of the exiles believed his assurances, gathered their families, and set out on the northwwrd march. Tamaiharanui's promises, however, were no more than a ruse to get them back within his reach. Gathering a large force from Kaiapohia, he waylaid them as they travelled up the coast. Although, like their attackers, some of the Taumutu warriors were armed with muskets, they were hopelessly outnumbered, and men, women, and children were slaugthered. Otago (help· info) is one of the regions of New Zealand and lies in the south-east of the South Island. ... Otago (help· info) is one of the regions of New Zealand and lies in the south-east of the South Island. ... Muskets and bayonets aboard the frigate Grand Turk. ...

This was the last major event of the 'eat-relation' feud. never was a conflict in Canterbury more aptly named, or distinguished by greater confusion, for among the Ngai Tahu of Canterbury lines of allegiance had become so invloved that strict application of the laws of vengeance, once the first few blows had been struck, gave almost every subdivision of the tribe and almost every family group a reason for attacking or distrusting its neighbours. even sfter this destruction of the people of Taumutu in the late 1820s the feud would probably have flared up again, but within a year or two the Canterbury Ngai-Tahu found it necessary to forget internal differences and to face the threat of invasion as Te Rauparaha and his Ngati-Toa struck their first blows against Ngai-Tahu's norhtern kinsmen in the Kaikoura district. Ngāi Tahu, or Kāi Tahu, is the principal iwi (tribe) of the southern region of New Zealand. ... Kaikoura is a town on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand. ...

Attacks from the North

By 1827 Te Rauparaha, who in 1822 had led his Ngati Toa in their remarkable emigration from Kawhia to Waikanae and Kapiti, was beginning to attack the tribes of the northern part of the South Island, his warriors being armed with muskets as well as with Māori weapons. It was late in this year, or in 1828, that he took a strong war party by sea to Kaikoura, seeking to revenge himself for the insult put upon him by the Ngai Tahu chief, Rerewhaka, who had boasted that if Te Pauparaha came to kaikoura he would rip up his belly with a barracouta tooth. Fortune favoured the Ngati-toa, for the people of Kaikoura were expecting the arrival of a party of Ngai-tahu from the south, and mistaking the invaders' canoes for those of their frineds, went out unarmed to welcome them. The confusion that followed gave the Ngati-Toa an easy victory. The three pa of Kaikoura Peninsula were destroyed, and it is estimated that of a total population of nearly two thousand, more than one thousand were killed, many others being taken as prisoners to Kapiti. Naval Battle of Navarino by Carneray 1827 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Te Rauparaha (1760s?-1849) was a Maori Chief and War Leader of the Ngati Toa tribe who took a leading part in the Musket Wars. ... Mai i Miria te kakara ki Whitireia, Whakawhiti te moana Raukawa ki Wairau ki WhakatÅ«, Te Waka Tainui. ... Location of Kawhia Harbour Kawhia Harbour is one of three large natural inlets in the Tasman Sea coast of the Waikato region of New Zealands North Island. ... Waikanae (pronounced Why-Can-I) is a small town on New Zealands Kapiti Coast. ... Kapiti can refer to: Kapiti Island, a small island a short distance off the New Zealand coast north of Wellington. ... The South Island The South Island is one of the two major islands of New Zealand, the other being the North Island. ... Muskets and bayonets aboard the frigate Grand Turk. ... Languages Māori, English Religions Māori religion, Christianity Related ethnic groups other Polynesian peoples, Austronesian peoples The word Māori refers to the indigenous people of New Zealand and their language. ... 1828 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Kaikoura is a town on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand. ... Ngāi Tahu, or Kāi Tahu, is the principal iwi (tribe) of the southern region of New Zealand. ... Look up Pa, PA, and pa in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

The remnant of the kaikoura Ngai-tahu retreated to the back country, or to the pa along the coast further south. The most important of these places of refuge was the Omihi Pa, north of the Oaro River. In 1829, however, Te Rauparaha returned to the attack. He landed at Kaikoura, but the inhabitants had fled at his approach. He then went further down the coast and attacked and destroyed the pa at Omihi, the reason given for this attack being that the people of Omihi were sheltering the chief Kekerengu, who had taken refuge in the Kaikoura district after being discovered in an affair with one of the wives of Te Rangihaeata, Te Rauparaha's chief lieutenant. The pa was destroyed and most of its people were killed. Kekerengu escaped. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 1829 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Te Rauparaha (1760s?-1849) was a Maori Chief and War Leader of the Ngati Toa tribe who took a leading part in the Musket Wars. ...

Sending back most of his force with prisoners to Kapiti, Te Rauparaha continued by sea with about one hundred men to the Waipara River. Thence he marched along the beaches to Kaiapohia, and camped near the pa^[7],. The ostensible purpose of his visit was to trade for greenstone, but Tamaiharanui, after a ceremonial visit to Te Rauparaha's camp, became suspicious and retired to his pa. A Nga Puhi visitor to Kaiapohia, Hakitara, who as a neutral was able to remain in the camp overnight, overheard Te Rauaparaha and Te Rangihaeata planning to attack Kaiapohia, and was able to warn the Kaiapohia chiefs of their visitors' treacherous intentions. He had also discovered that some of the Ngati-toa had desecrated the grave of Tamaiharanui's aunt. The arrival of fugitives from Omihi confirmed the suspicions of the Kaiapohia chiefs, who decided to break the truce that had been observed during the previous day, and to strike the first blow. Kapiti can refer to: Kapiti Island, a small island a short distance off the New Zealand coast north of Wellington. ... The Waipara River is in the South Island of New Zealand. ... Kaiapoi is a town in the Canterbury region of the South Island of New Zealand, located close to the mouth of the Waimakariri River. ... New Zealand greenstone is formed by the metamorphism of basalt. ...

Meanwhile, to keep up the appearance that his visit was solely for the puposes of trade, Te Rauparaha had allowed several of his leading chiefs to enter the fortress, where they traded muskets and ammunition for greenstone. Among them was Te Pehi Kupe, Te Rauparaha's uncle, a notable warrior who only a few years ago, in 1824, had made a voyage England mainly to obtain European weapons. An altercation began as Te Pehi tried to take off a block of greenstone that the owner wished to keep. Then Rongotara, one of the Kaiapohia chiefs, noticed that Pokitara, one of the leading Ngati Toa, was about to enter the pa. In anger at the fact that his daughter, capture at Omihi, had been alloted to Pokitara as a slave, Rongotara killed Pokitara as he stooped to come under the gate. Then followed a general slaughter of the Ngati-toa within the pa. Eight chiefs — — including Te Pehi Kupe — — were killed^[8].

Te Rauaparaha had not expected such an attack, but with a small force at his disposal he could not undertake a direct assault on so strong and populous a fortress. In fact, had the Ngai Tahu takenthe initiative outside the pa, as they had within it, they might readily have destroyed his whole force. As it was he retreated quickly up the coast to the Waipara river, re-embarked in his canoes, and returned to Kapiti. Ngāi Tahu, or Kāi Tahu, is the principal iwi (tribe) of the southern region of New Zealand. ...

The Capture of Tamaiharanui

Te Rauparaha then began to plan how he could take revenge upon the Ngai Tahu. and particularly upon Tamaiharanui, who as their paramount chief was held responsible for the massacre of Te Pehi Kupe and other Ngati Toa chiefs at Kaiapohia. It was known that Tamaiharanui at this time lived for the most part at Akaroa, in order to be more accessible to the European flax traders who during the 1820s were fairly regular visitors to that harbour. Accordingly, the Ngati-toa attack must be directed at Akaroa. only a surpise attack could succeed, but the march of a war party across North Canterbury or the approach of a large fleet of canoes would make surprise impossible. So Te Rauparaha decided to use a European ship for his raid, knowing that the Akaroa Māori would not suspect such a vessel of carrying a war party, and would welcome it as a trader. A view of the Akaroa harbour. ...

His first approach was to Captain Briggs of the Hobart ship Dragon, but briggs rejected the proposal. Te Rauparaha then offered Captain John Stewart of the brig Elizabeth, just arrived from London via Sydney, a cargo of fifty tons of flax as payment for the transportation of the war party to Akaroa. Although Briggs warned him that taking on board so large a number of Māori would give them effective control of his ship, Stewart, who was on his first voyage to New Zealand, would not be dissuaded, apparently seeing the arrangement an easy way of filling his ship with a valuable cargo. Hobart is the state capital and most populous city of the Australian island state of Tasmania. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Brigantine. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... The Sydney Opera House on Sydney Harbour Sydney (pronounced ) is the most populous city in Australia with a metropolitan area population of over 4. ... Binomial name Linum usitatissimum Linnaeus. ... Languages Māori, English Religions Māori religion, Christianity Related ethnic groups other Polynesian peoples, Austronesian peoples The word Māori refers to the indigenous people of New Zealand and their language. ...

On 29 October 1830 the chiefs Te Rauparaha and Te Hiko, with a taua of 140 men^[9], armed with muskets as well as Māori weapons , embarked on the Elizabeth at Kapiti, and sailed for Banks Peninsula. On arrival at Akaroa the Elizabeth anchored in the bay off the Ngai-tahu village at Takapuneke (Red House Bay). To prevent discovery of the real purpose of the ship's visit, Te Rauparaha's party remained below decks, and, as Tamaiharanui was absent at the flax grounds at Wairewa, messages were sent to him that the captain wished to trade muskets for flax. A few days after their arrival the captain and Cowell, the trading master, went ashore to shoot pigeons. As their boat was returning to the ship they met a canoe in which were Tamaiharanui, his eleven-year old daughter, and three or four other Māori. The aged chief and his daughter were taken in the captain's boat to the ship. In the ship's cabin Tamaiharanui was put in irons and confronted by his enemies. During the day other canoes came out to the ship, their cres being invited on board, and then captured and placed below decks. Among those taken in this way was Tamaiharanui's wife. None escaped to give warning, and as it was customary for parties visiting European vessels to remain a considerable time on board, the people of the village did not suspect foul play. After thr chief was captured some of the crew tried to persuade Stewart to take the ship away from Akaroa, but with so many armed Māori on board he did not dare to attempt this. October 29 is the 302nd day of the year (303rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 (MDCCCXXX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Te Rauparaha (1760s?-1849) was a Maori Chief and War Leader of the Ngati Toa tribe who took a leading part in the Musket Wars. ... Banks Peninsula has a roughly circular shape, with many bays and two deep harbours. ... Muskets and bayonets aboard the frigate Grand Turk. ... Binomial name Linum usitatissimum Linnaeus. ...

That night, Te Rauparaha and Te Hiko attacked the village. The canoes captured during the day, together with the ship's boats, left the Elizabeth between one and two in the morning carrying the war party ashore. Stewart accompanied them. The attack from the village was launched from two sides, taking the Ngai-tahu completely by surprise. The slaughter continued until long after daylight. then followed a cannibal feast, the bodies of the slain being cooked in ovens dug in the ground, in the traditional Māori fashion. This was on 6 Novemnber 1830^[10]. That night the Ngati-toa returned to the Elizabeth, carrying with them large flax baskets of cooked flesh — — about one hundred baskets in all — — which were stowed in the hold. They also brought about twenty prisoners, who were added to those already on the ship. According to Tamihana Te Rauparaha, six hundred of the Ngai-tahu were killed in this attack; other estimates make the number ablout two hundred. Stewart then sailed for Kapiti. On the voyage Tamaiharanui and his wife, knowing what fate was in store for them all, strangled their daughter. The ship reached Kapiti on 11 November. The prisoners, excptiong only Tamaiharanui, were disembarked and distributed as slaves, and the baskets of flesh were taken ashore. Then followed another feast, which was witnessed by several European traders and by officers of Brigg's Ship, the Dragon. The promised cargo of flax not being ready, Stwewart held tamaiharanui on board until the last week in December. Then having received only eighteen tons of the promised fifty tons, and apparently despairing of obtaining more, he handed over the Ngai-tahu chief to Te Rauparaha. After being displayed in triumoh at Kapiti and Otaki, Tamaiharanui was first of all tortured, and then killed and eaten. His wife suffered the same fate. Cannibalism is the act or practice of eating members of the same species, e. ... Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 (MDCCCXXX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Kapiti can refer to: Kapiti Island, a small island a short distance off the New Zealand coast north of Wellington. ... November 11 is the 315th day of the year (316th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 50 days remaining. ...

The Fall of Kaiapohia

Even after the massacre at Akaroa and the killing of Tamaiharanui the Ngai Tahu were not left in peace. A little more than a year later, in the early months of 1832, Te Rauparaha returned to the attack^[11]. This time his purpose was to destroy Kaiapohia. Embarking a force of more than six hundred men at Kapiti, he took his fleet of war canoes to the mouth of the Waipara River, and thence marched quickly down the coast to Kaiapohia, hoping to take the pa by surprise. However, although the pa was only thinly manned, most of the warriors having gone to Port Cooper to escort Taiaroa on the first stage of his return to Otakou, warning was given by the shots of some skirmishers, and the gates were closed as the invaders came up. A view of the Akaroa harbour. ... Ngāi Tahu, or Kāi Tahu, is the principal iwi (tribe) of the southern region of New Zealand. ... 1832 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Te Rauparaha (1760s?-1849) was a Maori Chief and War Leader of the Ngati Toa tribe who took a leading part in the Musket Wars. ... The Waipara River is in the South Island of New Zealand. ... Otago (help· info) is one of the regions of New Zealand and lies in the south-east of the South Island. ...

Before Te Rauparaha could make a full-scale attack, the Kaiapohia force returned, accompanied by Taiaroa's men, and made their way into the pa from the rear by wading acrosss the lagoon. Two frontal assaults having failed, Te Rauparaha began a siege of the pa which lasted three months. During this time Taiaroa made a bold sortie to the Waipara, hoping to destroy the invaders' canoes, but light axes could make little impression on the heavy hull timbers of large war canoes, and torrential rain made it impossible to burn them. As the siege seemed likely to be protracted it was then decided that Taiaroa should then return to Otakou and bring up reinforcements. Otago (help· info) is one of the regions of New Zealand and lies in the south-east of the South Island. ...

Finding that any direct assault was to open top the fire of the defenders, Te Rauparaha set his men to sap up to the walls. At first many were lost in this work, but by covering the trenches, and breaking their line with zig-zags, the head of the sap was at last brought to within a few feet of the pa. lrge quantities of manuka berushwood were then cut, tied in small bundles, takento the head of the sap, and thrown into the trech against the palisades. For a time, the defenders were able at night to remove the greater part of this brushwood, but in the end the quantity was greater than they could deal with. Realizing that with the first southerly wind the invaders would fire the brushwood and thereby burn down the palisades, the Ngai Tahu tried the desperate expedient of firing it themselves when the wind was nor’-west, and driving away from the pa. The Manuka (or tea tree) is a tree endemic to New Zealand. ... Palisade and Moat A palisade is a Medieval wooden fence or wall of variable height, used as a defensive structure. ... Ngāi Tahu, or Kāi Tahu, is the principal iwi (tribe) of the southern region of New Zealand. ...

But the wind changed suddenly, the palisades caught fire — — the hundred-year-old timbers burning rapidly — — and in the smoke and confusion Te Rauaparaha's men were inside the pa before the defence could be reorganized. Of Kaiapohia's population of about a thousand, only two hundred or so escaped, making their way through the lagoon under cover of the smoke. The greater part of the remainder were killed.

Within a few days, during which skirmishing parties tracked down and killed many of those who had escaped from Kaiapohia, Te Rauparaha moved on to attack the last remaining Ngai-tahu stronghold, at Onawe peninsula, in Akaroa Harbour. Construction of this pa, which was defended by about four hundred men, was begun by the Māori of Akaroa and the surrounding district after Te Rauparaha's first raids. (Its attractiveness as a defensive position in the warfare of the period is indicated by the fact that the French in 1838 gave Onawe the name of ‘Mount Gibraltar’). Yet in fact it was a deadly trap. For the attack Te Rauparaha divided his forces between the bays on either side of the tongue of land leading out to the peninsula. An unwise sortie of Ngai-tahu under Tangatahara was beaten back to the pa. Just as the gates were being opened to allow them in, Te Rauparaha and the other Ngati Toa pressed up close, using a party of captives from Kaiapohia as a screen. With their fire masked by the captives, the defenders delayed too long, and before they could act decisively, some of the northern warriors were inside the pa. Few of the Ngai-tahu escaped the slaughter that followed. A view of the Akaroa harbour. ... Mai i Miria te kakara ki Whitireia, Whakawhiti te moana Raukawa ki Wairau ki WhakatÅ«, Te Waka Tainui. ...

To complete their conquest, the invaders sent ‘mopping-up’ parties to most of the Ngai-tahu villages on Banks Peninsula and in the surrounding district. When they returned to the North Island they left no occupying force, but took with them a large number of captives. of the once numerous Ngai-tahu only a remnant — — those who had managed to escape into the dense forests of Banks Peninsula — — now remained in North Canterbury. The fall of Kaiapohia had come too quickly after the departure of taiaroa for any relief to be organized from Otakou. Sometime after the final events at Onawe, however, a party of 270 Ngai-tahu warriors, under the leadership of Tuhawaiki and Karetai, travelled by canoe from Otakou up the Awatere River, their purpose being to ambush Te Rauparaha, who was known to visit the Grassmere lagoon at that time of the year to catch waterfowl. Te Rauparaha escaped by hiding in a bed of kelp, and the raiders returned home after an indecisive skirmish. Tuhawaiki later led other and even larger war parties to the north, and in one of them inflicted severe losses on the Ngati Toa at Port Underwood. Akaroa and Peraki were ports of call for these expeditions, the vessels used for the last two of them, in 1838 and 1839, included as many as fifteen whaleboats. Banks Peninsula has a roughly circular shape, with many bays and two deep harbours. ... North Island The North Island is one of the two main islands of New Zealand, the other being the South Island. ... Otago (help· info) is one of the regions of New Zealand and lies in the south-east of the South Island. ... Otago (help· info) is one of the regions of New Zealand and lies in the south-east of the South Island. ... The Awatere River is a large river flowing through Marlborough, New Zealand. ... Te Rauparaha (1760s?-1849) was a Maori Chief and War Leader of the Ngati Toa tribe who took a leading part in the Musket Wars. ... Falcated Duck at Slimbridge Wildfowl and Wetlands centre, Gloucestershire, England Wildfowl or waterfowl, also waterbirds, is the collective term for the approximately 147 species of swans, geese and ducks, classified in the order Anseriformes, family Anatidae. ... Families Alariaceae Chordaceae Laminariaceae Lessoniaceae Phyllariaceae Pseudochordaceae Kelp are large seaweeds (algae), belonging to the brown algae and classified in the order Laminariales. ... Mai i Miria te kakara ki Whitireia, Whakawhiti te moana Raukawa ki Wairau ki WhakatÅ«, Te Waka Tainui. ... | Jöns Jakob Berzelius, discoverer of protein 1838 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

About 1839 Te Rauparaha made peace with the Ngai-tahu, sending back to the south the chiefs Momo and Iwikau^[12], and others of the more important among his captives. The Ngati Toa and Ngati Awa at this time began to come under the influence of the missionaries, and released their Ngai-tahu slaves. Most of the returning Ngai-tahu went to Banks Peninsula, Port Levy becoming the most populous settlement. They were a broken people, and could not hope to build again the Māori society that had been destroyed by Te Rauparaha's raids, and they had to face a new factor, the coming of the Pakeha. 1839 (MDCCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Mai i Miria te kakara ki Whitireia, Whakawhiti te moana Raukawa ki Wairau ki WhakatÅ«, Te Waka Tainui. ... A missionary is traditionally defined as a propagator of religion who works to convert those outside that community; someone who proselytizes. ... Wiktionary has related dictionary definitions, such as: slave Slave may refer to: Slavery, where people are owned by others, and live to serve their owners without pay Slave (BDSM), a form of sexual and consenual submission Slave clock, in technology, a clock or timer that synchrnonizes to a master clock... Banks Peninsula has a roughly circular shape, with many bays and two deep harbours. ... This article is about the continent. ...

Whalers and Sealers

Ehaling at Banks Peninsula began in the mid-1830s and began later than elsewhere. At least one ship, the Juno, was whaling off Banks Peninsula in 1831. Whaling from the Harbours of Banks Peninsula appears to have been pioneered in 1835 by two Weller ships. In that year, the Lucy Ann, after whaling from Port Cooper, left for Sydney on 22 Sepember with ninety tons of oil^[13]. After 1835, Port Cooper and Aaroa were resorted to by considerable numbers of whaling ships, and Banks Peninsula rated second only to Cloudy Bay as a whaling base. In 1836, at least eleven whaleships were at Banks Peninsula, four of these being American. The 1836 whaling season brought to Port Cooper two whaling captains; the first of these was Captain George Hempleman who in 1837 established at Peraki the earliest shore whaling stations on Banks Peninsula, this becoming the first permanent European settlement in Canterbury^[14]. The second was Captain Rhodes who gained such a favourable impression of the pastoral possibilities of Banks peninsula that he returned in november 1839 to establish a cattle station at Akaroa. Hempleman's permanent eatablishment at Peraki had a special significance; whereas the ships represented merrely transient European contact with this part of New Zealand, the shore stations were beginnings of European occupation of the land. Banks Peninsula has a roughly circular shape, with many bays and two deep harbours. ... Leopold I 1831 (MDCCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... | Come and take it, slogan of the Texas Revolution 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The Sydney Opera House on Sydney Harbour Sydney (pronounced ) is the most populous city in Australia with a metropolitan area population of over 4. ... Year 1836 (MDCCCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901) 1837 (MDCCCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

At Peraki on 22 March 1837, Clayton induced a Māori chief named Tohow (Tuauau) to transfer to him all rights to Peraki bay and the country for three miles inland. The payment for the land was ‘arms and ammunition and other property’. It was by virtue of this purchase that Hempleton occupied Peraki. Clayton extended his purchase on 21 October 1837. In this second purchase, Tuauau professed to transfer to Clayton the whole of Banks Peninsula, the payment again being arms and ammunition. Leathart, master of the Dublin Packet, witnesses both these deeds. A bond entered into on 24 October 1837 shows that Hempleton was under obligation to supply whale oil and bone to Clayton to satisfy a debt for whaling gear, and also that he occupied Peraki under licence from Clayton. After Clayton left Peraki, the Māori forced Hempleton, under threat of violence, to make a further payment for the right of occupation. Hempleton regarded this as the beginning of a purchase of peraki on his own account]]^[15]. At Peraki the men, assisted by Māori, were first of all employed in erecting storehouses and a house for the captain, and in setting up try-works. The shore party brought its first whale to harbour on 17 April. By 7 June eleven more whales had been taken. The figures had doubled by the time the season ended. Clayton then returned to pick up the whaling gang, and sailed with it to Sydney on 23 october. Hempleton and his wife, with eight other Europeans, remained at the Bay. Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901) 1837 (MDCCCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Languages Māori, English Religions Māori religion, Christianity Related ethnic groups other Polynesian peoples, Austronesian peoples The word Māori refers to the indigenous people of New Zealand and their language. ... A threat is a declaration of intention to inflict punishment or harm on another. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A Fin whale The term whale is ambiguous: it can refer to all cetaceans, to just the larger ones, or only to members of particular families within the order Cetacea. ...

The year 1838 showed a further increase to twenty-six ships. The number of Americans had more than doubled, but that season is notable for the first appearance on the New Zealand coast of large numbers of French whaleships. A single Fench ship, the Mississsippi, had worked from Cloudy Bay in 1836, but in 1838 she returned as one of a fleet of sixteen French whaleships. Among these ships was the Cachalot, commanded by Jean Langlois, whose land purchase from the Māori led to the French attempt to establish a Colony at Akaroa in 1840. The number of French ships sharply increased in 1841 and 1842 after the establishment of the French settlement at Akaroa. In the first four months of 1843, there were seventeen French, and ten American whaleships out of a total of 26. After 1843, foreign whaleships no longer came to new Zealand due to the enforcement of Customs regulations^[16]. | Jöns Jakob Berzelius, discoverer of protein 1838 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1843 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

The French at Akaroa

French writers and politicians had for years been urging that Britain should not be left to monpolize New Zealand. Some had suggested that even if Britain took the North Island, there was no reason why France should not colonize the South. When news of the success of the French whaling fleet in New Zealand waters in the 1838 season reached France in 1839 a solid commercial project was added to all the others — — a project which its promoters who had land to sell, hoped would develop into a scheme for effective French colonization.

Among the ships of the French whaling fleet of 1838 was the Cachalot, of which Jean Anglois was master. Leaving France towards the end of 1837 and sailing by way of the Cape of Good Hope, the Cachalot reached New Zealand waters in April 1838. For some time she was whaling off-shore, near the Chatham Islands, but in May came to Banks Peninsula. With them, to protect their interests, and to act as arbiter in any disputes, was the French corvette Héroine, cammanded by captain J-B. Cécille, which reached Akaroa in June. Cécille occupied much of the time of his officers and crew in making accurate charts of the harbours, first of all of Akaroa and then of Port Cooper (which he named Tokolabo) and Port Levy. At Port Cooper he established an observatory on shore in the bay just inside the heads, now called Little Port Cooper, but for which his name was ‘waita’. Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901) 1837 (MDCCCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The Cape of Good Hope; looking towards the west, from the coastal cliffs above Cape Point. ... | Jöns Jakob Berzelius, discoverer of protein 1838 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The Chatham Islands from space. ... Banks Peninsula has a roughly circular shape, with many bays and two deep harbours. ... French steam corvette Dupleix (1856-1887) Canadian corvettes on antisubmarine convoy escort duty during World War II. A corvette is a small, maneuverable, lightly armed warship, smaller than a frigate but larger than a coastal patrol craft. ... A view of the Akaroa harbour. ...

Little Port Cooper was used as an anchorage by most of the French ships working from Port Cooper in 1838 and in subsequent years, and it was apparently there that Langlois anchored when the Cachalot came into harbour in July 1838. While at Port Cooper, Langlois negotiated with the Māori for the purchase of the whole of banks Peninsula, and a deed of sale was entered into on 2 August. The deed was signed by eleven Māori who claimed to be the owners of the whole of Banks Peninsula, although they lived at Port Cooper. Their leader was the chief Taikare, known as King Chigary. The total payment was to be one thousand Francs (then equivalent to forty Pounds), a first installment of goods to the value of 150 Francs to be paid immediately and the balance when Langlois took possession of the property. This first instalment comprised: a wollen overcoat, six pairs of linen trousers, a dozen waterproof hats, two pairs of shoes, a pistol, two woollen shirts, a waterproof coat. Languages Māori, English Religions Māori religion, Christianity Related ethnic groups other Polynesian peoples, Austronesian peoples The word Māori refers to the indigenous people of New Zealand and their language. ... August 2 is the 214th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (215th in leap years), with 151 days remaining. ... Overcoat (left) and top coat (right) from The Gazette of Fashion, 1872. ... The origin of modern mens trousers: a sans-culotte by Louis-Léopold Boilly. ... Waterproof fabrics are usually natural or synthetic fabrics that are laminated to or coated in some sort of permanently waterproofing material, such as rubber, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane (PU), silicone elastomer, and wax. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A shoe is an item of footwear often worn on the foot or feet of a human. ... A Browning 9 millimeter Hi-Power Ordnance pistol of the French Navy, 19th century, using a Percussion cap mechanism Derringers were small and easily hidden. ... Long and short hair wool at the South Central Family Farm Research Center in Boonesville, Arizona Wool is the fibre derived from the fur of animals of the Caprinae family, principally sheep, but the hair of certain species of other mammals such as goats, alpacas and rabbits may also be... Business shirt A shirt is a piece of clothing for the trunk of the body. ... Waterproof fabrics are usually natural or synthetic fabrics that are laminated to or coated in some sort of permanently waterproofing material, such as rubber, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane (PU), silicone elastomer, and wax. ... Coat can refer to any one of the following: The fur coat of a mammal. ...

The terrtory transferred was defined as ‘Banks Peninsula and its dependencies’, only burial grounds were reserved for the Māori^[17]. Langlois considered that he had purchased 30,000 acres (but the total area is nearer 300,000 acres). At the time of the execution of the deed, Captian Cécille subsequently and enthusiastically hoisted the French Flag on shore and issued a declaration of French sovereignty over Banks Peninsula. At the end of the 1838 whaling season Langlois left New Zealand waters, and on arriving back in France some time after June 1839, set to work to market the property which he had bought from the Māori. He succeeded in interesting the marquis de las Marismas Aguado, a financier who had considerable influence with the Government. Marquis set out to enlist support in Bordeaux for the formation of a company to exploit the property represented by Langlois's deed: the purpose of that settlement would be to establish on Bank's Peninsula a settlement to serve as a base for French whaleships and other vessels in the Pacific. The difficulties of this first stage of the negotiations, in which rather too much dependency was placed on government action and aid, and Marquis withdrew from the project^[18]. An acre is the name of a unit of area in a number of different systems, including Imperial units and United States customary units. ... Flag Ratio: 2:3 The national flag of France (known in French as le drapeau tricolore, le drapeau bleu-blanc-rouge, le drapeau de la France, rarely, le tricolore and, colloquially, les couleurs) is a tricolour featuring three vertical bands coloured blue (hoist side), white, and red. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Pacific redirects here. ...

On 13 October, Langlois also approached Admiral Duperré and Marshall soult (President of the Council), stating that he had promises of support from le havre and that he would be able to make an offer acceptable to the Government. Almost at the same time, another influential financier, the Ducs Decazes, informed that the Bordeaux group was prepared to support interest project. Finally the mebers of the Bordeaux group, joined with others from Nantes reached an agreement with langlois, and on 8 November 1839, ‘La Compagnie de Bordeaux et de nantes pour la Colonisation de l’Île du Sud de la Nouvelle Zélande et ses Dépendances’ presented its petition to the Government. The company had a capital of One Million Francs. Langlois received one-fifth interest in the company ^[19] in return for transferring to it all rights deriving from his deed of purchase. The proposals were then examined by a commission of the Ministry of Marine, comprising Captains Petit-Thouars, J-B Cécille, and Roy, all of whom had special experience of the Pacific and of the supervision of French whaling interests. A draft agreement was worked out by the commissioners and the company's representatives which was approved on 11 December by the King., and by Marshall Soult, Admiral Duperré, and the Minister of Agriculture and Commerce. October 13 is the 286th day of the year (287th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Traditional city flag City coat of arms Motto: (Latin: Shall Neptune favour the traveller) Coordinates : , Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) Administration Département Loire-Atlantique (44) Région Pays-de-la-Loire Mayor Jean-Marc Ayrault (PS) (since 1989) Intercommunality Urban Community of Nantes City (commune) Characteristics Land Area 65. ... November 8 is the 312th day of the year (313th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 53 days remaining. ... 1839 (MDCCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... December 11 is the 345th day (346th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Port Louis-Philippe (Akaroa) was named as the site of the settlement proposed inthis agreement, in terms of which the Government undertook to make available to the Company the 550-ton storeship Mahé, renamed Comte-de-Paris to provide seventeen months rations for eighty men; to consider the properties of the French colonists as French properties and the colonists themselves as French subjects, and to treat the produce of their crops as if they were of French origin. To protect the colonists, a warship would be sent out in advance of the emigrant ship, and its commander would exercise the powers of ‘Commissaire du Roi’. The ports of the settlement were to be free to French Ships for a term of fifteen years. One-fourth of all the lands acquired were to be reserved to the Crown for the building of pots, hospitals, shipyards^[20]. The functions of the Company as finally announced on 5 February 1840, were to buy land in New Zealand; to colonize the lands already bought in 1838 by Langlois, and to engage in the whale fishery. February 5 is the 36th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1840 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Langlois also received two sets of instructions, one from Soult as Minister of Foreign Affairs), and one from Duperré as Minister of marine. The texts read: "You will see to it that possession is taken in the name of France of all establishments formed in the Southern Island of New Zealand, and that the flag is flown upon them. You should also win over the chief Te Rauparaha and induce him to sell the lands under his control in the northern part of the South Island. There is great advantage in setting up establishments in various parts of the Island for acquisitions [of territory] will only go unchallenged where there is effective act of possession." The colony at Akaroa was to be merely the starting point of the acquisition for France of a much larger portion of the South Island. This letter also made it clear that an extension of the proposed colony to include a penal settlement at the Chatham Islands was envisaged: ‘The King is still preoccupied with the idea and with the necessity of a place of deportation. He has strongly urged me not to leave his Ministers in peace until they have introduced a bill for the expedition to Chatham island.’^[21], Lavaud stated in reply that he thought it better for the penal settlement to be at Banks Peninsula, because of the remoteness of the Chathams and the lack of suitable anchorage there. The Chatham Islands from space. ...

Meanwhile a small body of emigrants ‘of the peasant and labouring classes’ were enrolled. Each man was promised with a grant of five acres of land, with half that area for boys between the age of ten and fifteen years. They were to be provided with their rations for a period of approximately a yearafter their arrival in the colony, and were to be furnished with arms. By January 1840, sixty-three emigrants were assembled at Rochefort. Six of them were described as Germans. The total comprised fourteen married men and their families and nineteen single men and youths. Even after the emigrants were assembled there were considerable delays in getting the ships away. Lavaud sailed on the corvette Aube on 19 February 1840; the Comte-de-Paris, commanded by Langlois, and with the French immigrants on board, made a false start on 6 March and after going aground finally got away on 20 March. Because of the late departure of the ships, the French expedition was doomed to failure from the outset. French steam corvette Dupleix (1856-1887) Canadian corvettes on antisubmarine convoy escort duty during World War II. A corvette is a small, maneuverable, lightly armed warship, smaller than a frigate but larger than a coastal patrol craft. ...

The reason why the Aube must sail ahead of the Comte-de-Paris was to ‘gain time for fear the British might get the start of them’^[22] 、Yet the New Zealand Company's survey ship Tory had sailed from Plymouth on 12 May 1839, before Langlois and his associates had made their first approach to the French government, and as early as June the British Government was considering sending Captain William Hobson to act as Liuetenant-Governor over such parts of New Zealand as might be acquired from the Māori. Hobson was notified of his appointment in August. he arrived at the Bay of Islands on 29 January 1840, and on 6 February the first signatures were plced on the Treaty of Waitangi. At that date, neither of the French ships had left France. On May 1840, while they were still on the high seas, Hobson, at the Bay of Islands, proclaimed British sovereignty over the South Island by virtue of Captain Cook's discovery. On May 1840 1840, the H.M.S. Herald arrived at Akaroa, bringing Major T. Bunbury, who was carrying a copy of the Treaty of Waitangi for signature by the southern chiefs. At Akaroa it was signed by two chiefs, Iwikau and Tikao. Three weeks later at Cloudy Bay, Bunbury made a declaration of British sovereignty over the whole of the South Island, based upon the cession by the chiefs as signatories to the Treaty of Waitangi. It was not until 19 August that the French colonists were landed at Akaroa. William Hobson (September 26, 1792 - September 10, 1842), was the first Governor of New Zealand and co-author of the Treaty of Waitangi. ... Russell, Bay of Islands Kerikeri, Bay of Islands Location of the Bay of Islands The Bay of Islands is an area in the Northland region of the North Island of New Zealand. ... The Original Treaty The Treaty of Waitangi (Māori: Te Tiriti o Waitangi) was signed on February 6, 1840 at Waitangi in the Bay of Islands, New Zealand. ...

Much was done in getting the French settlers established. Allotments were laid out for them to the West of the stream where they had landed, in what is now known as the French town. As enough open land on the foreshore could not be found at all, the six Germans were alloted sections on the next bay to the west, now known as Takamatua nut until 1915 called German Bay. The total area of the land taken up under the Nanto-Bordelaise Company at this time was 107 acres. Although they had no animals, the colonists were able to plant and prepare their gardens. In the following year de Belligny obtained four working Bullocks from Sydney. Vegetable seeds and a number of young fruit trees — — apples, pears, mulberry, and nuts — — as well as grape vines, had survived thevoyage from France. Although Lavaud mentions that the ‘menagerie’ placed on board the Aube at Brest included not only the cattle, but geese, tukey cocks and hens, pigeons and even rabbits, it is not clear whether any of these survived. Bullock may refer to: bullock or ox, castrated male cattle Sandra Bullock, actress Alan Bullock, historian This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... The Sydney Opera House on Sydney Harbour Sydney (pronounced ) is the most populous city in Australia with a metropolitan area population of over 4. ... Vegetables in a market Venn diagram representing the relationship between (botanical) fruits and vegetables. ... Binomial name Malus domestica Borkh. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Species See text Mulberry (Morus) is a genus of 10–16 species of deciduous trees native to warm temperate and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa and North America, with the majority of the species native to Asia. ... Brest (lol) is a city in Brittany, or the Bretagne région, north-west France, sous-préfecture of the Finistère département. ...

The colonists arrived at a good timw of the year to begin cultivation wherever the ground was cleared of timber, and within the first six weeks most of them had started their gardens. It was too late to sow grain, but they got their potatoes in, and sowed their vegetable seeds. Lavaud started at French Farm alarger garden to supply the needs of his crew. The colonists built their first rough huts, either of rough timber, or of wattle and dub. The spiritual needs of the settlement were cared for by the priests of the Catholic Mission, the Rev. Fathers Comte and Tripe (the one to minister to the Maori and the other to the Europeans). Wattle has several meanings: In engineering terms, originally wattle referred collectively to the flexible rods, branches or twigs from various plants woven together to make fences, walls and roofs (see wattle-and-daub). ... Dub can refer to: dub music, a sub-genre of reggae music a mostly-instrumental remix, usually without lyrics but still with chorus The IATA airport code for Dublin Airport, Dublin, Republic of Ireland dubbing, the process of recording or replacing voices for a motion picture dubbing, also the process...

Early Exploration and Pastoral Settlement

The arrival of the French, creating at Akaroa a centre of European population both larger and permanent than the whaling stations, not only led to a fairly frequent movement of whaling schooners between Wellington and Banks Peninsula, but attracted attention to the district as a possible site for British settlement. The first examination of Port Cooper and the adjoinng plains for this purpose was made by Captain E. Daniel and G. Duppa in August 1841. seeking a site for the Nelson settlement for the New Zealand Company , they left Wellington on 28 June, and visited only Port Cooper and Port Levy, having no time to go further. In his report to Colonel William Wakefield, chief agent of the New Zealand Company, Captain Daniel stated that a road to the plains could be made through a gap on the hills on the western sides of the harbour between the peninusla and the snowy mountains. There was a ‘splendid district of flat land...covered with luxuriant vegetation’. The soil was of excellent quality, and free from swamps of any importance. Duppa had gone eight miles up one of the rivers draining the plain — — either the Heathcote or the Avon. Several groves of trees were scattered on the plain, these groves becoming more numerous nearer the mountains. ‘The whole district backed by these stupendous Alps affors a scene of surpassing beauty’, Daniel added. ‘I do not believe a more splendid field for colonization than the one I have endeavoured to describe is likely to be met with.^[23],’ For other uses, see Wellington (disambiguation). ... Banks Peninsula has a roughly circular shape, with many bays and two deep harbours. ... 1841 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... The New Zealand Company formed in 1839 to promote the colonisation of New Zealand. ... Colonel William Wakefield (1801-1848), married 1826 to Emily Sydney, the fifth child of Edward Wakefield and Priscilla Bell, he was the leader of the first colonizing expedition to New Zealand and founder of Wellington. ...

Having received this report, Colonel Wakefield applied to the Governor to be permitted to place the Nelson settlement at Port Cooper. Hobson left Wellington for Akaroa on 11 September and did not deal with this matter until after his return a fortnight later. He then informed Wakfield that as Banks Peninsula and the lands about Port Cooper were subject to several undecided land claims, including those of the French or Nanto-Bordelaise Company, the Crown was not in a position to appropriate the land for the purposes of a new settlement^[24]. He had suggested earlier that a suitable site might be found at the Thames, in the Auckland district. Wakefield rejected this alternative, and decided to place the settlement at Blind Bay, which was already within the company's territory. Several places exist with the name Thames, and the word is also used as part of several brand and company names Most famous is the River Thames in England, on which the city of London stands Other Thames Rivers There is a Thames River in Canada There is a Thames...

A year later another examination of the Port Cooper and Banks Peninsula district, to assess its suitability for his own farming venture, was made by the William Deans, a pioneering Wellington settler who had arrived by the Aurora in 1840. Deans sailed from Wellington on 15 July 1842 on the cutter Brothers, Captain bruce, which served the southern whaling stations. in this cruise, after visiting Port Cooper, Akaroa and the Banks Peninsula whaling stations, Deans went as far south as Jacobs River on