NationMaster - Encyclopedia: History of East Asia

Image File history File links Emblem-important. ... Image File history File links Broom_icon. ...

History of religions

What we know today as the ancient Chinese culture were developed in the northern area of modern China. The southern or western people spoke different languages and had their own cultures. Other areas, both the China today and other countries adopted the language, culture and thought of the northern China area gradually. The bronze products of Shang Dynasty (600–1046 BCE) tell us the Chinese in that period, thus the people who lived in the northern China today, sacrificed people for their gods and ancestors. In that period, getting "barbarians" for sacrifice was one of main purposes of warring. This way of worship seemed to be abolished in the early period of Zhou Dynasty (1122–256 BCE), but ancestor worship has been the main feature of Chinese religion in more sophisticated and peaceful forms. Ancestor worship, also ancestor veneration, is a religious practice based on the belief that ones ancestors possess supernatural powers. ... Remnants of advanced, stratified societies dating back to the Shang period have been found in the Yellow River Valley. ... This article is about the ancient Chinese dynasty. ...

In other regions, including Korea, Japan and Vietnam, ancestor worship is the oldest form of religion in the record. Their ways of worship has been influenced Chinese religions which we handles on the below, and gradually synthesized into those religions or remains as an alternative. In Japan, ancestor worship was combined with animistic notions and developed into a polytheistic religion which we know as Shinto (literally Way of Deities). Shinto ) is the native religion of Japan and was once its state religion. ...

Confucianism

Confucianism, more elaborated form of ancestor worship was a major influence on East Asian history. It was originated in the northern China in the 4th century BC and based on the Zhou Dynasty social goverment, including the ancestral worship. Confucianism showed a strong adherence toward existing hierarchy and respect for the authorities: aged, ancestor and political authority considered authentic by blood. A Confucian temple in Wuwei, Peoples Republic of China. ... A Confucian temple in Wuwei, Peoples Republic of China. ...

Debated during the Warring States Period and forbidden during the short-lived Qin Dynasty, Confucianism was chosen by Emperor Wu of Han for use as a political system to govern the Chinese state. Despite its loss of influence during the Tang Dynasty, Confucianist doctrine remained a mainstream Chinese orthodoxy for two millennia until the 20th century, when it was attacked by radical Chinese thinkers as a vanguard of a pre-modern system and an obstacle to China's modernization, eventually culminating in its repression during the Cultural Revolution in the People's Republic of China. After the end of the Cultural Revolution, Confucianism has been revived in mainland China, and both interest in and debate about Confucianism have surged. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Qin Dynasty in 210 BC Capital Xianyang Language(s) Chinese Government Monarchy History - Unification of China 221 BC - Death of Qin Shi Huangdi 210 BC - Surrender to Liu Bang 206 BC The Qin Dynasty (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chin Chao) (221 BC - 206 BC) was preceded by the... Emperor Wu of Han (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), (156 BC[1]â€“March 29, 87 BC), personal name Liu Che (åŠ‰å¾¹), was the seventh emperor of the Han Dynasty in China, ruling from 141 BC to 87 BC. Emperor Wu is best remembered for the vast territorial expansion that occurred under... A political system is a system of politics and government. ... For the band, see Tang Dynasty (band). ... Modernization (also Modernisation) is a concept in the sphere of social sciences that refers to process in which society goes through industrialization, urbanization and other social changes that completely transforms the lives of individuals. ... This article is about the Peoples Republic of China. ... ...

The cultures most strongly influenced by Confucianism include those of China (including Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Macau), Korea, and Vietnam as well as various territories (including Singapore) settled predominantly by Chinese people. On the other hand, while Confucianism as philosophy was introduced in Japan, as well as its ritual tradition, the latter didn't become popular in Japan. For other uses, see Culture (disambiguation). ... This article is about the traditional culture of Korea. ... Language(s) Chinese languages Religion(s) Predominantly Taoism, Mahayana Buddhism, traditional Chinese religions, and atheism. ...

Buddhism

Buddhism, also one of major religion in East Asia, was introduced into China during the Han dynasty through Pakistan in the 1st century BC. Buddhism was originally introduced to Korea from China in 372, and eventually arrived in Japan around the turn of the 6th century. A statue of the Sakyamuni Buddha in Tawang Gompa, India. ...

For a long time Buddhism remained a foreign religion with a few believers in China, mainly taught by immigrant Indian teachers. In the mid of Tang dynasty, a fair amount of translations from Sanskrit into Chinese were done by Chinese priests, and Buddhism became one of major religions of Chinese as well as other two indigenous religions. For the band, see Tang Dynasty (band). ...

In Japan, Buddhism and Shinto was combined by a theological theory "Ryōbushintō", which says Shinto deities are avatars of various Buddhist entities including Buddhas and Bodhisattvas. This became the mainstream notion of Japanese religion and until when the Meiji government declared their separation in the mid 19th Century, for many Japanese people Buddhism and Shinto were one same religion. Shinto ) is the native religion of Japan and was once its state religion. ...

Taoism

The third philosophical element of East Asia is Taoism. In China, it affected Buddhism and develop the thought of void which would later ripe as Zen Buddhism. Also Taoism combined with the rural and vulgar religious feelings and developed its pantheon. Taoism is still widely believed in China, including Hong Kong and Taiwan. Feng-sui, a fortune telling related to location and colors is one of derivatives of Taoism. Taoism (or Daoism) is the English name referring to a variety of related Chinese philosophical traditions and concepts. ... Taoism (or Daoism) is the English name referring to a variety of related Chinese philosophical traditions and concepts. ...

Taoism was introduced to Korea from China during the Three Kingdoms period, and remains as a minor but significant element of Korean thought. Although Taoism did not dominate over Buddhism or Confucianism, it permeated all strata of the Korean populace, integrating with its native animism as well as Buddhist and Confucian institutions, temples, and ceremonies.

History before the 3rd Century

Prehistory

In East Asia, the Neolithic period may have began as early as 7500 BC. The earliest evidence suggests the existence of Pengtoushan culture in northern Hunan province around 7500 BC to 6100 BC, and Peiligang culture in Henan province around 7000 BC to 5000 BC. (9th millennium BC – 8th millennium BC – 7th millennium BC – other millennia) Events The south area of Çatalhöyük. ... The Pengtoushan culture (å½é å±±æ–‡åŒ–) (7500-6100 BC [1]) was a Neolithic culture centered primarily around the central Yangtze River region in northwestern Hunan, China. ... Not to be confused with the unrelated provinces of Hainan, Henan, and Yunnan. ... (8th millennium BC – 7th millennium BC – 6th millennium BC – other millennia) Events circa 7000 BC – Agriculture and settlement at Mehrgarh in South Asia circa 6500 BC – English Channel formed circa 6100 BC – The Storegga Slide, causing a megatsunami in the Norwegian Sea circa 6000... The Peiligang culture (è£´æŽå´—æ–‡åŒ–) is a name given by archaeologists to a group of Neolithic communities who lived in the Yiluo river valley in Henan Province, China. ... Henan (Chinese: æ²³å—; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ho-nan), is a province of the Peoples Republic of China, located in the central part of the country. ... (8th millennium BC – 7th millennium BC – 6th millennium BC – other millennia) Events circa 7000 BC – Agriculture and settlement at Mehrgarh in South Asia circa 6500 BC – English Channel formed circa 6100 BC – The Storegga Slide, causing a megatsunami in the Norwegian Sea circa 6000... (6th millennium BC – 5th millennium BC – 4th millennium BC – other millennia) Events 4713 BC – The epoch (origin) of the Julian Period described by Joseph Justus Scaliger occurred on January 1, the astronomical Julian day number zero. ...

The Jeulmun pottery period is sometimes labelled the "Korean Neolithic", but since intensive agriculture and evidence of European-style 'Neolithic' lifestyle is sparse at best, such terminology is misleading^[1]. The Jeulmun was a period of hunting, gathering, and small-scale cultivation of plants ^[2]. Archaeologists sometimes refer to this life-style pattern as 'broad-spectrum hunting-and-gathering'. The Jeulmun pottery period is an archaeological era in Korean prehistory that dates to approximately 8000-1500 B.C. (Bale 2001; Choe and Bale 2002; Crawford and Lee 2003; Lee 2001, 2006). ... An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools. ... In anthropology, the hunter-gatherer way of life is that led by certain societies of the Neolithic Era based on the exploitation of wild plants and animals. ...

The Jōmon period is a similar era in prehistoric Japan, with some characteristics of both Neolithic and Mesolithic culture. The following text needs to be harmonized with text in the article History of Japan#Jomon Period. ... The Mesolithic (Greek mesos=middle and lithos=stone or the Middle Stone Age[1]) was a period in the development of human technology between the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods of the Stone Age. ...

Two civilizations in China

Civilizations were developed along two big rivers. In the northern area we would see dynasties which would invent Chinese characters or later Confucianism. They also developed the notion of Middle Land - a belief China was the center place of the whole world and thus the sole container of "the culture". People who didn't share their culture - featured with letters and costume - were considered as "barbarians". The southern area whose people spoke different languages or dialects was gradually incorporated into "the Middle Land" until the 2nd century BC, at least politically.

Chinese writing and language

The Chinese Script was historically used throughout the region, and is still used to some extent in most countries of the region. In most cases, the meaning of the characters remain unchanged, but the pronunciation differs between regions. Even within China, for example, a Cantonese person and a person from northern China probably cannot hold a conversation, but they can certainly understand each other by passing notes. The Chinese writing system is the oldest continuous writing system in the world (but by no means primitive). It was passed on first to Korea, and was the main writing system there until the end of World War II, and to Japan, where it now forms a major component of the Japanese writing system. In Vietnam, classical Chinese (Han Tu) was used during the millennium of Chinese rule, with the vernacular Chu Nom script replacing it later on. However, this has now (since the early 20th century) been replaced completely by the Latin Alphabet-based Quoc Ngu. In these cultures, especially in China and Japan the educational level of person is traditionally measured by the quality of his or her calligraphy, rather than diction, as is sometimes the case in the west.

Though Korea, Japan, and Vietnam are not Chinese speaking regions, their languages have been heavily influenced by Chinese. Even though their writing systems have changed over time (with limited use of Chinese characters in Korea and none at all in modern Vietnam), Chinese is still found in the historical roots of many borrowed words, especially technical terms.

All under heaven

In classical Chinese political thought, the Emperor of China would nominally be the ruler of All under heaven. (That is, the entire world.) Although in practice there would be areas of the known world which were not under the control of the Emperor, in Chinese political theory the political rulers of those areas derived their power from the Emperor, and those monarchs were therefore his subjects. A great deal of East Asian history is affected by the efforts of Imperial China to exert influence over its neighbors. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1357x628, 27 KB) Summary Description: Chinese-world map ; Dark green, the chinese world : Main China, Taiwan, Hongkong, Macao. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1357x628, 27 KB) Summary Description: Chinese-world map ; Dark green, the chinese world : Main China, Taiwan, Hongkong, Macao. ... For contemporary culture after 1949, see Culture of the Peoples Republic of China. ... For the volcano in Indonesia, see Emperor of China (volcano). ... All under heaven (Chinese: 天下; pinyin: tiān xi ) is a concept in Chinese history. ... The following is a list of tributaries of Imperial China. ...

The beginnings of Imperial China are typically associated with the unification of China in 221 BC under the First Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi. China is the worlds oldest continuous major civilization, with written records dating back about 3,500 years and with 5,000 years being commonly used by Chinese as the age of their civilization. ... Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC - 220s BC - 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC Years: 226 BC 225 BC 224 BC 223 BC 222 BC - 221 BC - 220 BC 219 BC... Qin Shi Huang (秦始皇) (November or December 260 BC - September 10, 210 BC), personal name Zheng, was king of the Chinese State of Qin from 247 BC to 221 BC, and then the first emperor of a unified China from 221 BC to 210 BC, ruling under the...

Chinese influence to Korean Peninsula

Records of the Grand Historian and other sources state Chinese political influence stretched toward the South Manchuria and Northern Korea in the 3rd century BCE, as a part of Yan kingdom. In the 2nd century BCE, after Qin destroyed Yan, the Yan emigrant founded Wiman Joseon in the northern Korea, the oldest Korean kingdom whose existence is assured by archeology. In 108 BC Wiman Joseon was destroyed by Emperor Wu of Han and its territory was incorporated into Han. Han settled Lelang Commandery. While Lelang Commandery and its successive four commanderies aimed to govern Manchuria and North Korea originally, it was losing control of Manchuria and then of North Korea and finally abolished in 313 AD. The administrative office of Lelang Commandery was situated in the location of the modern Pyongyang. The Chinese Commanderies brought many Chinese cultural elements to the surrounding area. The Records of the Grand Historian or the Records of the Grand Historian of China (Chinese: å²è¨˜; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Shih-chi; literally Historical Records), written from 109 BCE to 91 BCE, was the magnum opus of Sima Qian, in which he recounted Chinese history from the time of the mythical... (4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - other centuries) (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium AD) Events The first two Punic Wars between Carthage and Rome over dominance in western Mediterranean Rome conquers Spain Great Wall of China begun Indian traders regularly visited Arabia Scythians occupy... Yan State knife money Yan (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) was a state during the Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods in China. ... (3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - other centuries) (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium AD) Events BC 168 Battle of Pydna -- Macedonian phalanx defeated by Romans BC 148 Rome conquers Macedonia BC 146 Rome destroys Carthage in the Third Punic War BC 146 Rome conquers... Qin, QÃn or Chin (Wade-Giles) can refer to. ... Yan State knife money Yan (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) was a state during the Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods in China. ... Wiman Joseon (194 BC - 108 BC) was the continuation of Go-Joseon, founded by Wiman. ... Centuries: 3rd century BCE - 2nd century BCE - 1st century BCE Decades: 150s BCE 140s BCE 130s BCE 120s BCE 110s BCE - 100s BC - 90s BC 80s BCE 70s BCE 60s BCE 50s BCE Years: 113 BCE 112 BCE 111 BCE 110 BCE 109 BCE - 108 BCE - 107 BCE 106 BCE... Emperor Wu of Han (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), (156 BC[1]â€“March 29, 87 BC), personal name Liu Che (åŠ‰å¾¹), was the seventh emperor of the Han Dynasty in China, ruling from 141 BC to 87 BC. Emperor Wu is best remembered for the vast territorial expansion that occurred under... Lelang (樂浪郡 le4 lang4 jun4) was one of the Chinese commanderies which was kept in the Korean Peninsula over 400 years until Goguryeo conquers it in 313 A.D. History In 108 B.C. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty conquered the area under Youqu (右渠), a... February - Wtf is up mah cracka??. Constantine issues the Edict of Milan, ending all persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire. ... Not to be confused with PyeongChang. ...

Silk Road

Many large empires, civilizations and cultures have existed on the Asian continent. Many ancient civilizations were influenced by the Silk Road, which connected China, India, the Middle East and Europe. The religions of Hinduism and Buddhism, which began in India, were an important influence on South and East Asia. Christianity, Nestorianism in particular, came to China via the Silk Road. While it had a significant presence in the Central Asia, but didn't got any significance in China and East Asia until modern missions from Europe and North America came in the 19th century. On the contrary, Silk Road passed Chinese products and inventions to the Western regions, including paper: papermaking was originated in China and considered one of Four Great Inventions of ancient China and known in the Middle East after Battle of Talas between the Arabs and the Chinese Tang Dynasty in 751. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1223x794, 366 KB) // Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1223x794, 366 KB) // Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... For other uses of this word, see Silk (disambiguation). ... The Silk Roads. ... The Silk Road extending from Southern Europe through Arabia, Egypt, Persia, India till it reaches China. ... hinduism also involves the exchange of male pun. ... A statue of the Sakyamuni Buddha in Tawang Gompa, India. ... Topics in Christianity Movements Â· Denominations Â· Other religions Ecumenism Â· Preaching Â· Prayer Music Â· Liturgy Â· Calendar Symbols Â· Art Â· Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul Â· Church Fathers Constantine Â· Athanasius Â· Augustine Anselm Â· Aquinas Â· Palamas Â· Luther Calvin Â· Wesley Arius Â· Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury Â· Catholic Pope Coptic Pope Â· Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box: Christianity is... Nestorianism is the doctrine that Jesus exists as two persons, the man Jesus and the divine Son of God, or Logos, rather than as a unified person. ... For other uses, see Paper (disambiguation). ... The Diamond Sutra of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, the oldest dated printed book in the world, found at Dunhuang, from 868 AD. Papermaking is the process of making paper, a material which is ubiquitous today for writing and packaging. ... One of the five major steps in the ancient Chinese papermaking process, first outlined by Cai Lun in the 2nd century. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... Combatants Abbasid Caliphate Tang Dynasty Commanders Ziyad ibn Salih (Persian)[3][4] Gao Xianzhi (Goguryeo)[3] Li Siye (Chinese)[3] Duan Xiushi (Chinese)[3] Strength The number of troops from Arab protectorates was not recorded by either side. ... For the band, see Tang Dynasty (band). ... Events Pippin the Short is elected as king of the Franks by the Frankish nobility, marking the end of the Merovingian and beginning of the Carolingian dynasty. ...

Silk Road was also a way for intruders, or Turkic peoples from Central Asia. For Chinese dynasties one of their main foreign affairs were how to defeat those "barbarians". The Great Wall, started in the 2th century BC by the Qin dynasty, was one such attempt. The Great Wall in the winter The Great Wall of China (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: , pinyin: WÃ nlÇ ChÃ¡ngchÃ©ng; literally The long wall of 10,000 Li (é‡Œ)Â¹) is a Chinese fortification built from the 5th century BC until the beginning of the 17th century, in order to protect...

3rd Century to 16th Century

Introduction of the Stirrup

The first dependable representation of a rider with paired stirrups was found in China in a Jin Dynasty tomb of about A.D. 322.^[3]^[4]^[5] This technology quickly spread throughout East Asia and eventually the rest of the world. It empowered the Mongol Empire to conquer a large part of Asia in the 13th century, an area extending from China to Europe. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Category: ... Expansion of the Mongol Empire Historical map of the Mongol Empire The Mongol Empire, also known as the Mongolian Empire (Mongolian: , Mongolyn Ezent GÃ¼ren; 1206â€“1405) was the largest contiguous empire in history and for sometime was the most feared in Eurasia. ... (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ...

Chinese political situation: Divisions and re-unification

// Han in China Chinese (æ¼¢), an abbreviation or adjectival modifier for things Chinese. ... The Three Kingdoms period (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a period in the history of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties. ... Six Dynasties (å…æœ) is a collective noun for the six Chinese dynasties, namely the Kingdom of Wu, Eastern Jin Dynasty, Song Dynasty, Qi Dynasty, Liang Dynasty and Chen Dynasty. ... This article is about China. ... The Sui Dynasty of China amongst the Asian, African, and European spheres of the world, 600 AD. The Sui Dynasty (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; 581-618 AD[1]) followed the Southern and Northern Dynasties and preceded the Tang Dynasty in China. ... Events The Sui Dynasty replaces the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the last of the Northern Dynasties in China. ...

China, Japan, and the wars of Korean unification

In 660 A.D., the Korean peninsula was divided into three kingdoms, Baekje, Silla and Goguryeo. Although they shared a similar language and culture, these three kingdoms constantly fought with each other for control of the peninsula. Furthermore, Goguryeo had been engaged in constant wars with the Chinese. This included the Goguryeo-Sui Wars, where the Kingdom of Goguryeo managed to repel the invading forces of the Sui Dynasty. Download high resolution version (658x827, 14 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Three Kingdoms of Korea User:Chris 73/Gallery 003 Talk:Tsushima Islands/Archive 1 ... Download high resolution version (658x827, 14 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Three Kingdoms of Korea User:Chris 73/Gallery 003 Talk:Tsushima Islands/Archive 1 ... Events Childeric II proclaimed king of Austrasia. ... Baekje (October 18 BC â€“ August AD 660) was a kingdom in the southwest of the Korean Peninsula. ... For other uses, see Silla (disambiguation). ... Chinese name Russian name Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient kingdom located in southern Manchuria, southern Russian Maritime province, and the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula. ... Combatants Goguryeo (Korea) Sui Dynasty (China) Commanders King Yeongyang Eulji Mundeok Gang I sik Go Geon Mu Sui Yangdi Yuwen Shu Yu Zhongwen Lai Huer Zhou Luohou Strength approximately 200,000 1,138,000 foot soldiers and total of more than 3,000,000 in invasion of 612 The... The Sui Dynasty of China amongst the Asian, African, and European spheres of the world, 600 AD. The Sui Dynasty (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; 581-618 AD[1]) followed the Southern and Northern Dynasties and preceded the Tang Dynasty in China. ...

As the Kingdom of Silla conquered nearby city-states, she gained access to the Yellow Sea, making direct contact with the Tang Dynasty possible. The Tang Dynasty teamed up with Silla and formed a strategy to invade Goguryeo. Since Goguryeo had been able to repel earlier Chinese invasions from the North, perhaps Gorguryeo would fall if it were attacked by Silla from the south at the same time. However, in order to do this, the Tang-Silla alliance had to eliminate Goguryeo's nominal ally Baekje and secure a base of operations in southern Korea for a second front. ... For the band, see Tang Dynasty (band). ...

In 660, the coalition troops of Silla and Tang of China attacked Baekje, resulting in the annexation of Baekje by Silla. Together, Silla and Tang effectively eliminated Baekje when they captured the capital of Sabi, as well as Baekje's last king, Uija, and most of the royal family. Events Childeric II proclaimed king of Austrasia. ...

However, Yamato Japan and Baekje had been long-standing and very close allies and their royal houses had blood relations. In 663, Baekje revival forces and a Japanese naval fleet convened in southern Baekje to confront the Silla forces in the Battle of Baekgang. The Tang dynasty also sent 7,000 soldiers and 170 ships. After five naval confrontations that took place in August 663 at Baekgang, considered the lower reaches of Tongjin river, the Silla-Tang forces emerged victorious. Yamato (å¤§å’Œ) may refer to: // Yamato people, the dominant ethnic group of Japan Yamato period, which is the period of Japanese history when the Japanese Imperial court ruled from Yamato Province Yamato-damashii, the nationalistic Japanese spirit Yamato Nadeshiko, The ideology of the perfect Japanese woman, used as propaganda in World... // Events Byzantine emperor Constans II invades south Italy (Part of) the city wall of Benevento is reconstructed The movement to restore Baekje is defeated by Silla and Tang Battle of Hakusukinoe An annonymous monk reaches the summit of mount Fuji Environmental change A brief outbreak of plague hits Britain Births... Combatants Silla and Tang Dynasty China Baekje and Japan Commanders Unknown Boksin, Buyeo Pung, Abe no Hirafu Strength 130,000 warriors; at least 170 ships 29,000 warriors; at least 170 ships Casualties Unknown 400 ships; Unknown number of warriors lost The Battle of Baekgang, also known as Battle of...

The Silla-Tang forces turned their attention to Goguryeo. Although Goguryeo had repelled the Sui Dynasty a century earlier, attacks by the Tang Dynasty from the west proved too formidable. The Silla-Tang alliance emerged victorious in the Goguryeo-Tang Wars. Silla thus unified most of the Korean peninsula in 668. Although Goguryeo had repulsed the Sui Dynasty, attacks by the Tang Dynasty from the west proved too formidable. ... Events Childeric II succeeds Clotaire III as Frankish king Constantine IV becomes Byzantine Emperor, succeeding Constans II Theodore of Tarsus made archbishop of Canterbury. ...

But the kingdom's reliance on China's Tang Dynasty had its price. Silla had to forcibly resist the imposition of Chinese rule over the entire peninsula. Silla then fought for nearly a decade to expel Chinese forces to finally establish a unified kingdom as far north as modern Pyongyang. Not to be confused with PyeongChang. ...

Silla'a unification of Korea was short lived. The northern region of the defunct Goguryeo state later reemerged as Balhae, due to the leadership of former Goguryeo General Dae Joyeong. Korean name Hangul: Hanja: Alternate meaning: Bohai Sea Balhae (698 - 926) (Bohai in Chinese) was an ancient multiethnic kingdom established after the fall of Goguryeo. ... Dae Joyeong, also known as Emperor Go, established the empire of Barhae, reigning from 699 to 719. ...

Civil service

A government system supported by a large class of Confucian literati selected through civil service examinations was perfected under Tang rule. This competitive procedure was designed to draw the best talents into government. But perhaps an even greater consideration for the Tang rulers, aware that imperial dependence on powerful aristocratic families and warlords would have destabilizing consequences, was to create a body of career officials having no autonomous territorial or functional power base. As it turned out, these scholar-officials acquired status in their local communities, family ties, and shared values that connected them to the imperial court. From Tang times until the closing days of the Qing Dynasty in 1911, scholar officials functioned often as intermediaries between the grassroots level and the government. This model of government had an influence on Korea and Japan. An intellectual is a person who uses his or her intellect to study, reflect, and speculate on a variety of different ideas. ... Flag (1890-1912) Anthem Gong Jinou (1911) Qing China at its greatest extent. ... This article is about the Korean civilization. ...

Printing Press

The first known movable type system was invented in China around 1040 AD by Pi Sheng (990-1051) (spelled Bi Sheng in the Pinyin system).^[6] Pi Sheng's type was made of baked clay. As described by the Chinese scholar Shen Kuo (1031–1095): Image File history File links Jiao_zi. ... Image File history File links Jiao_zi. ... For other uses, see Jiaozi (disambiguation). ... A Â£20 Bank of England banknote. ... Northern Song in 1111 AD Capital Bianjing (æ±´äº¬) (960â€“1127) Linan (è‡¨å®‰) (1127â€“1276) Language(s) Chinese Religion Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism Government Monarchy Emperor - 960â€“976 Emperor Taizu - 1126â€“1127 Emperor Qinzong - 1127â€“1162 Emperor Gaozong - 1278â€“1279 Emperor Bing History - Zhao Kuangyin taking over the throne of the Later Zhou... For the article on the development of printing in Europe, see History of western typography. ... For the article on the development of printing in Europe, see History of western typography. ... Pi Sheng was a person who invented the skills of the printing ... Events Construction of the Al-Hakim Mosque begins in Cairo. ... -1... Pinyin, more formally called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Shen Shen Kuo or Shen Kua (Chinese: ; pinyin: ) (1031â€“1095) was a polymathic Chinese scientist and statesman of the Song Dynasty (960â€“1279). ...

Invasions from Central Asia

Image File history File links Mongol_Empire_map. ... Image File history File links Mongol_Empire_map. ... Expansion of the Mongol Empire Historical map of the Mongol Empire The Mongol Empire, also known as the Mongolian Empire (Mongolian: , Mongolyn Ezent GÃ¼ren; 1206â€“1405) was the largest contiguous empire in history and for sometime was the most feared in Eurasia. ... Expansion of the Mongol Empire Historical map of the Mongol Empire The Mongol Empire, also known as the Mongolian Empire (Mongolian: , Mongolyn Ezent GÃ¼ren; 1206â€“1405) was the largest contiguous empire in history and for sometime was the most feared in Eurasia. ... The Goryeo-Khitan Wars were a series of 10th- and 11th-century conflicts between the kingdom of Goryeo and Khitan forces near what is now the border between China and North Korea. ... The Mongol invasions of Korea consisted of a series of campaigns by the Mongol Empire against Korea, then known as Koryo, from 1231 to 1259. ... Combatants Mongol Empire Japan Commanders Kublai Khan HÅjÅ Tokimune Strength 35,000 Mongol & Chinese soldiers and 18,000 Korean warriors 10,000 Casualties 16,000 killed before landed minimal Defensive wall at Hakata. ... The term Mongol invasions of Vietnam may refer to: Battle of Bach Dang (1288) Tráº§n HÆ°ng Äáº¡o, the Vietnamese general who repelled multiple Mongol invasions History of Vietnam#Mongol invasions Categories: | | | | | | | ...

Gunpowder

Most sources credit the discovery of gunpowder to Chinese alchemists in the 9th century searching for an elixir of immortality.^[7] The discovery of gunpowder was probably the product of centuries of alchemical experimentation.^[8] Saltpetre was known to the Chinese by the mid-1st century AD and there is strong evidence of the use of saltpetre and sulfur in various largely medicine combinations.^[9] A Chinese alchemical text from 492 noted that saltpeter gave off a purple flame when ignited, providing for the first time a practical and reliable means of distinguishing it from other inorganic salts, making it possible to evaluate and compare purification techniques.^[8] By most accounts, the earliest Arabic and Latin descriptions of the purification of saltpeter do not appear until the 1200s.^[8]^[10] Earliest known written formula for gunpowder, from the Chinese Wujing Zongyao of 1044 AD. Gunpowder was the first and only known chemical explosive until the invention of othersâ€”nitrocellulose, nitroglycerin, smokeless powder and TNTâ€”in the 19th century. ... Image File history File links Mooko-Suenaga. ... Image File history File links Mooko-Suenaga. ... For other uses, see Samurai (disambiguation). ... Combatants Mongol Empire Japan Commanders Kublai Khan HÅjÅ Tokimune Strength 35,000 Mongol & Chinese soldiers and 18,000 Korean warriors 10,000 Casualties 16,000 killed before landed minimal Defensive wall at Hakata. ... For broader historical context, see 1280s and 13th century. ... For other uses, see Alchemy (disambiguation). ... As a means of recording the passage of time the 9th century was the century that lasted from 801 to 900. ... The elixir of life, also known as the elixir of immortality or Dancing Water and sometimes equated with the Philosophers stone, is a legendary potion, or drink, that grants the drinker eternal life or eternal youth. ... The 1st century was that century that lasted from 1 to 100 according the Gregorian calendar. ... See drugs, medication, and pharmacology for substances that are used to treat patients. ... Events Pope Gelasius I succeeds Pope Felix III Longinus, brother of the deceased Eastern Roman emperor Zeno I, revolts against Anastasius I in Isauria. ... Arabic can mean: From or related to Arabia From or related to the Arabs The Arabic language; see also Arabic grammar The Arabic alphabet, used for expressing the languages of Arabic, Persian, Malay ( Jawi), Kurdish, Panjabi, Pashto, Sindhi and Urdu, among others. ... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ...

The first reference to gunpowder is probably a passage in the Zhenyuan miaodao yaolüe, a Taoism text tentatively dated to the mid-800s:^[8] For other uses of the words tao and dao, see Dao (disambiguation). ...

The earliest surviving recipes for gunpowder can be found in the Chinese military treatise Wujing zongyao^[8] of 1044 AD, which contains three: two for use in incendiary bombs to be thrown by siege engines and one intended as fuel for poison smoke bombs.^[12] The formulas in the Wujing zongyao range from 27 to 50 percent nitrate.^[13] Experimenting with different levels of saltpetre content eventually produced bombs, grenades, and land mines, in addition to giving fire arrows a new lease on life.^[8] By the end of the 12th century, there were cast iron grenades filled with gunpowder formulations capable of bursting through their metal containers.^[14] The 14th century Huolongjing contains gunpowder recipes with nitrate levels ranging from 12 to 91 percent, six of which approach the theoretical composition for maximal explosive force.^[13] A Chinese Song Dynasty naval river ship with a Xuanfeng traction-trebuchet catapult on its top deck, taken from an illustration of the Wujing Zongyao. ... Events King Anawrahta seizes the throne of Pagan, Myanmar Births Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, known as The Cid (d. ... Incendiary bombs are bombs designed to start fires or destroy sensitive equipment using materials such as napalm, thermite, or white phosphorus. ... Replica battering ram at ChÃ¢teau des Baux, France. ... Home made smoke powder burning Smoke bombs are a firework designed to produce colored smoke upon ignition. ... For other uses, see Bomb (disambiguation). ... Grenade may refer to: The well-known hand grenade commonly used by soldiers. ... â€œMinefieldâ€ redirects here. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Cast iron usually refers to grey cast iron, but can mean any of a group of iron-based alloys containing more than 2% carbon (alloys with less carbon are carbon steel by definition). ... A hand grenade is a hand-held bomb, made to be thrown by a soldier. ... Ming Dynasty musketeers in drill formation. ...

In China, the 13th century saw the beginnings of rocketry^[15]^[16] and the manufacture of the oldest gun still in existence,^[8]^[17] a descendant of the earlier fire-lance, a gunpowder-fueled flamethrower that could shoot shrapnel along with fire. The Huolongjing text of the 14th century also describes hollow, gunpowder-packed exploding cannonballs.^[18] A rocket is a vehicle, missile or aircraft which obtains thrust by the reaction to the ejection of fast moving exhaust from within a rocket engine. ... The fire lance (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: huÇ’ qiÄng) or fire spear is one of the first gunpowder weapons in the world. ... Riverboat of the U.S. Brownwater Navy shooting ignited napalm from its mounted flamethrower during the Vietnam war. ... Different types of cannon balls recovered from the Vasa, sunk in 1628 Round shot is a type of projectile fired from guns or cannons. ...

In the 13th century contemporary documentation shows gunpowder beginning to spread from China to the rest of the world, starting with Europe^[10] and the Islamic world.^[19] The Arabs acquired knowledge of saltpetre—which they called "Chinese snow" (thalj al-Sīn) —around 1240 and, soon afterward, of gunpowder; they also learned of fireworks ("Chinese flowers") and rockets ("Chinese arrows").^[20]^[19] al-Hassan () argues—contra the general notion that Arabic alchemy and chemistry did not know of saltpetre until the thirteenth century—that Arabs were purifying saltpetre by the eleventh.^[21] Gunpowder arrived in India by the mid-1300s, but could have been introduced by the Mongols perhaps as early as the mid-1200s.^[22] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... For other uses, see Ming. ... Events Timur ascends throne of Samarkand. ... // Events February to August - Explorer Abel Tasmans second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia. ... The Matchlock was the first mechanism or lock invented to facilitate the firing of a hand-held firearm. ... Events Batu Khan and the Golden Horde sack the Ruthenian city of Kyiv Births Pope Benedict XI Deaths April 11 - Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, also known as Llywelyn The Great Prince of Gwynedd Monarchs/Presidents Aragon - James I King of Aragon and count of Barcelona (reigned from 1213 to 1276) Castile... // What we know today as the ancient Chinese culture were developed in the northern area of modern China. ... For other uses, see Mongols (disambiguation). ...

16th century to 1945

Imperialism in Asia traces its roots back to the late 15th century with a series of voyages that sought a sea passage to India in the hope of establishing direct trade between Europe and Asia in spices. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Combat at Guangzhou during the Second Opium War The Opium Wars (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), or the Anglo-Chinese Wars were two wars fought around the middle of the 19th century (1839-1842 and 1858-1860 respectively)[1] that were the climax of a long dispute between China and... Combatants France Qing China Black Flag Army Annam Strength 15,000 to 20,000 soldiers 25,000 to 35,000 soldiers (from the provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang and Yunnan) Casualties 2,100 killed or wounded 10,000 killed or wounded The Sino-French War or Franco-Chinese War... Combatants Qing Dynasty (China) Empire of Japan Commanders Li Hongzhang Yamagata Aritomo Strength 630,000 men Beiyang Army Beiyang Fleet 240,000 men Imperial Japanese Army Imperial Japanese Navy Casualties 35,000 dead or wounded 13,823 dead, 3,973 wounded The First Sino-Japanese War (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese... This article is about the Korean civilization. ... Combatants Russian Empire Principality of Montenegro [1] Empire of Japan Commanders Emperor Nicholas II Aleksey Kuropatkin Stepan Makarov â€ Emperor Meiji Oyama Iwao Heihachiro Togo The Russoâ€“Japanese War (Japanese: Nichi-Ro SensÅ, Russian: Russko-Yaponskaya Voyna, Chinese: RÃ¬Ã©zhÃ nzhÄ“ng, February 10, 1904â€“September 5, 1905) was a conflict... Combatants China United States1 Soviet Union2 Empire of Japan Collaborationist Chinese Army3 Commanders Chiang Kai-shek, Chen Cheng, Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, Li Zongren, Xue Yue, Bai Chongxi, Peng Dehuai, Joseph Stilwell, Claire Chennault, Aleksandr Vasilevsky Hirohito, Fumimaro Konoe, Hideki Tojo, Kotohito Kanin, Matsui Iwane, Hajime Sugiyama, Shunroku Hata... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

1945 to present

During the Cold War, the northern parts of Asia were communist controlled with the Soviet Union and People's Republic of China, while western allies formed pacts such as CENTO and SEATO. Conflicts such as the Korean War, Vietnam War and Soviet invasion of Afghanistan were fought between communists and anti-communists. For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ... The Central Treaty Organization (also referred to as CENTO, the successor to the Middle East Treaty Organization or METO, also known as the Baghdad Pact) was adopted in 1955 by Iraq, Turkey, Iran, as well as United States chose not to initially participate as to avoid alienating Arab states with... External links kamouflage. ... Combatants United Nations: Republic of Korea Australia Belgium Canada Colombia Ethiopia France Greece Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Philippines South Africa Thailand Turkey United Kingdom United States Medical staff: Denmark Italy Norway Sweden Communist: Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea Peoples Republic of China Soviet Union Commanders Syngman Rhee Chung... Combatants Republic of Vietnam United States Republic of Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand The Philippines National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam Democratic Republic of Vietnam Peopleâ€™s Republic of China Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea Strength US 1,000,000 South Korea 300,000 Australia 48,000... A Soviet soldier on guard in Afghanistan in 1988. ...

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