NationMaster - Encyclopedia: History of East Asia

In East Asia, the Neolithic period may have begun as early as 7500 BC. The earliest evidence suggests the existence of the Pengtoushan culture in northern Hunan province from about 7500 BC to 6100 BC and of the Peiligang culture in Henan province around from about The Jeulmun pottery period is sometimes labeled the "Korean Neolithic", but since intensive agriculture and evidence of European-style 'Neolithic' lifestyle is sparse at best, such terminology is misleading^[1]. The Jeulmun was a period of hunting, gathering, and small-scale cultivation of plants ^[2]. Archaeologists sometimes refer to this life-style pattern as 'broad-spectrum hunting-and-gathering'. The Pengtoushan culture (å½é å±±æ–‡åŒ–) (7500-6100 BC [1]) was a Neolithic culture centered primarily around the central Yangtze River region in northwestern Hunan, China. ... Not to be confused with the unrelated provinces of Hainan, Henan, and Yunnan. ... The Peiligang culture (è£´æŽå´—æ–‡åŒ–) is a name given by archaeologists to a group of Neolithic communities who lived in the Yiluo river valley in Henan Province, China. ... The Jeulmun pottery period is an archaeological era in Korean prehistory that dates to approximately 8000-1500 B.C. (Bale 2001; Choe and Bale 2002; Crawford and Lee 2003; Lee 2001, 2006). ... An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools. ... In anthropology, the hunter-gatherer way of life is that led by certain societies of the Neolithic Era based on the exploitation of wild plants and animals. ...

The Jōmon period is a similar era in prehistoric Japan, with some characteristics of both Neolithic and Mesolithic culture. The following text needs to be harmonized with text in the article History of Japan#Jomon Period. ... The Mesolithic (Greek mesos=middle and lithos=stone or the Middle Stone Age[1]) was a period in the development of human technology between the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods of the Stone Age. ...

Ancient Civilizations in East Asia

Xia, Shang, and Zhou

Even though archaeological evidence has been found at Erlitou that indicate the Xia Dynasty existed from about 2100 BC to 1800 BC, they are not usually considered a true dynasty. The first universally accepted true Chinese dynasty was the Bronze Age Shang Dynasty, 1766-1050 BC. One of their most important accomplishments was the invention of writing. In fact, before it was discovered that Chinese pharmacists were selling oracle bones from Shang times, the Shang Dynasty was considered a myth. Eventually, Shang rule deteriorated. The last Shang ruler, King Zhou was a cruel corrupt despot. Meanwhile, the Zhou, a Shang vassal, grew strong. In 1122 BC, King Wu of Zhou launched an attack on the Shang capital, and the Shang Dynasty collapsed. For the Sixteen Kingdoms Period state, see Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms). ... Remnants of advanced, stratified societies dating back to the Shang period have been found in the Yellow River Valley. ... This article is about the ancient Chinese dynasty. ... The Erlitou culture (äºŒé‡Œé æ–‡åŒ–) (1900 BC to 1500 BC) is a name given by archaeologists to an Early Bronze Age society that existed in China. ... For the Sixteen Kingdoms Period state, see Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms). ... Remnants of advanced, stratified societies dating back to the Shang period have been found in the Yellow River Valley. ... Write redirects here. ... Replica of an oracle bone -- turtle shell Oracle bones (Chinese: ç”²éª¨; pinyin: jiÇŽgÇ”piÃ n) are pieces of bone or turtle shell used in royal divination from the mid Shang to early Zhou dynasties in ancient China, and often bearing written inscriptions in what is called oracle bone script. ... King Di Xin of Shang of China, in chinese:å¸è¾›, born Zi Shou, in chinese:åå—. Was the last king of the Shang Dynasty. ... This article is about the ancient Chinese dynasty. ...

There was not much difference between the Zhou and Shang Dynasties, as the Zhou adopted much of Shang lifestyle. To justify their rule, the Zhou introduced the Mandate of Heaven. This stated that the ruler ruled by divine right, but if he is overthrown, that meant he had lost the divine right to the victor. The first part of the Zhou Dynasty is called the Western Zhou. In 771 BC, the Zhou were forced east by northern barbarians. This marked the beginning of Eastern Zhou. During this period, the Zhou king lost power, and many small kingdoms sprang up. This period, known as the Spring and Autumn Period, was when great philosophers of China, such as Confucius, Laozi, and Mozi lived. This flourishing of philosophy is called the Hundred Schools of Thought. Confucianism, Daoism, and Mohism all have their roots during this period. The Warring States Period began when the smaller states have all been annexed, and only seven large states remained: Qi, Chu, Wei, Han, Zhao, Wei, Qin. Mandate of Heaven (å¤©å‘½ PÄ«nyÄ«n: TiÄnmÃ¬ng) was a traditional Chinese sovereignty concept of legitimacy used to support the rule of the kings of the Zhou Dynasty and later the Emperors of China. ... The Spring and Autumn Period (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) was a period in Chinese history, which roughly corresponds to the first half of the Eastern Zhou dynasty (from the second half of the 8th century BC to the first half of the 5th century). ... Confucius (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Kung-fu-tzu), lit. ... Laozi (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Lao Tzu; also Lao Tse, Laotze, Lao Zi, and in other ways) was an ancient Chinese philosopher. ... Mozi (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Mo Tzu, Lat. ... The Hundred Schools of Thought (è«¸åç™¾å®¶ Pinyin: zhÅ« zÇ bÇŽi jiÄ) was an era of great cultural and intellectual expansion in China that lasted from 770 BCE to 222 BCE. Coinciding with the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, and also known as the Golden Age of Chinese thought... A Confucian temple in Wuwei, Peoples Republic of China. ... Taoism (pronounced or ; also spelled Daoism) refers to a variety of related philosophical and religious traditions and concepts. ... Mohism (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; literally School of Mo) or Moism is a Chinese philosophy founded by Mozi. ... Warring States redirects here. ... For other uses, see QI (disambiguation). ... Chu may refer to: Surname A common Chinese surname Places Chu River in modern Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan Chu, Kazakhstan, a city in Kazakhstan A popular unofficial name for the Hubei Province and Hunan Province in the Peoples Republic of China States Chu (Ten Kingdoms), a kingdom during the Period... Wei (é) refers to: Northern Wei Dynasty, archaeologically the most famous of the Wei dynasties. ... // Han in China Chinese (æ¼¢), an abbreviation or adjectival modifier for things Chinese. ... Zhao (pinyin: zhÃ o, Wade-Giles: Chao, simplified Chinese: èµµ, traditional Chinese: è¶™) is a common Chinese family name. ... Wei (é) refers to: Northern Wei Dynasty, archaeologically the most famous of the Wei dynasties. ... Qin, QÃn or Chin (Wade-Giles) can refer to. ...

Confucianism

Confucianism, a more elaborate form of ancestor worship, was a major influence on East Asian history. It originated in northern China in the 5th century BC and was based on the Zhou Dynasty social system, including ancestor worship. Confucianism showed a strong adherence toward existing hierarchy and respect for the authorities: aged, ancestor and political authority considered authentic by blood. A Confucian temple in Wuwei, Peoples Republic of China. ... A Confucian temple in Wuwei, Peoples Republic of China. ...

Debated during the Warring States Period and forbidden during the short-lived Qin Dynasty, Confucianism was chosen by Emperor Wu of Han for use as a political system to govern the Chinese state. Despite its loss of influence during the Tang Dynasty, Confucianist doctrine remained a mainstream Chinese orthodoxy for two millennia until the 20th century, when it was attacked by radical Chinese thinkers as a vanguard of a pre-modern system and an obstacle to China's modernization, eventually culminating in its repression during the Cultural Revolution in the People's Republic of China. After the end of the Cultural Revolution, Confucianism was revived in mainland China, and both interest in and debate about Confucianism have surged. Warring States redirects here. ... Qin Dynasty in 210 BC Capital Xianyang Language(s) Chinese Government Monarchy History - Unification of China 221 BC - Death of Qin Shi Huangdi 210 BC - Surrender to Liu Bang 206 BC The Qin Dynasty (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chin Chao) (221 BC - 206 BC) was preceded by the... Emperor Wu of Han (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), (156 BC[1]â€“March 29, 87 BC), personal name Liu Che (åŠ‰å¾¹), was the seventh emperor of the Han Dynasty in China, ruling from 141 BC to 87 BC. Emperor Wu is best remembered for the vast territorial expansion that occurred under... A political system is a system of politics and government. ... For the band, see Tang Dynasty (band). ... Modernization (also Modernisation) is a concept in the sphere of social sciences that refers to process in which society goes through industrialization, urbanization and other social changes that completely transforms the lives of individuals. ... This article is about the Peoples Republic of China. ... ...

The cultures most strongly influenced by Confucianism include those of China, Korea, and Vietnam. Korean Confucianism is one of the most substantial influences in Korean intellectual history was introduced through the cultural exchange with China. On the other hand, while Confucianism was introduced as both a philosophy and as a ritual tradition in Japan, the latter did not become popular in Japan. For other uses, see Culture (disambiguation). ... This article is about the traditional culture of Korea. ... Korean Confucianism is the form of Confucianism developed in Korea. ... For contemporary culture after 1949, see Culture of the Peoples Republic of China. ...

Taoism

The third major religion of East Asia is Taoism. In China, it affected Buddhism and develop the thought of void which would later ripe as Zen Buddhism. Also, Taoism combined with the rural and vulgar religious feelings and developed its pantheon. Taoism is still widely practiced in mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Fengshui, fortune telling related to location and colors, is one of derivatives of Taoism. Taoism (pronounced or ; also spelled Daoism) refers to a variety of related philosophical and religious traditions and concepts. ... Taoism (pronounced or ; also spelled Daoism) refers to a variety of related philosophical and religious traditions and concepts. ... Fēngshuǐ in the simplified characters standard in PRC. Feng Shui or fengshui (Simplified Chinese: 风水; Traditional Chinese: 風水; pinyin: ; IPA: ( listen)) is the ancient Chinese practice of placement and arrangement of space to achieve harmony with the environment. ...

Taoism was introduced to Korea from China during the Three Kingdoms period, and remains a minor but significant element of Korean thought. Although Taoism did not overshadow Buddhism or Confucianism, it permeated through all strata of the Korean populace, integrating with its native animism as well as with Buddhist and Confucian institutions, temples, and ceremonies.

Gojoseon

Dangun, the lengendary leader of Ancient Korea, united the Korean tribes to form Gojoseon in 2333 BC. Gojoseon was an ancient Korean kingdom. ... Dangun is the mythical founder of Korea. ... Gojoseon was an ancient Korean kingdom. ...

220 BC-220 AD

Qin Dynasty

In 221 BC, the state of Qin succeeded in conquering the other six states, unifying China for the first time. This marked the start of Imperial China, and the Qin Dynasty. Its ruler, Qin Shi Huang, implemented the Legalist system of rule, which was used to rule the former Qin state. All other schools of philosophy were forbidden. Beginning in 213 BC, all books from the Hundred Schools of Thought (except Legalism) were burned. More than 460 scholars were also buried alive. He also standardized writing,currency, and Chinese units of measurement. Qin Shi Huang also reduced the power of the nobility. To defend against barbarian tribes from the north, Qin Shi Huang ordered the old walls of Yan, Zhao, and Qin to be connected. This formed the Great Wall of China. In addition to that, he also built luxurious palaces and a huge tomb for himself. These massive construction projects exhausted resources and labor. Only four years after Qin Shi Huang's death, revolts and territorial uprisings overthrew the Qin Dynasty. Qin Dynasty in 210 BC Capital Xianyang Language(s) Chinese Government Monarchy History - Unification of China 221 BC - Death of Qin Shi Huangdi 210 BC - Surrender to Liu Bang 206 BC The Qin Dynasty (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chin Chao) (221 BC - 206 BC) was preceded by the... Qin Dynasty in 210 BC Capital Xianyang Language(s) Chinese Government Monarchy History - Unification of China 221 BC - Death of Qin Shi Huangdi 210 BC - Surrender to Liu Bang 206 BC The Qin Dynasty (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chin Chao) (221 BC - 206 BC) was preceded by the... The monarch known now as Qin Shi Huang (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chin Shih-huang) (259 BCE â€“ September 10, 210 BCE),[1] personal name YÃng ZhÃ¨ng, was king of the Chinese State of Qin from 247 BCE to 221 BCE (officially still under the Zhou Dynasty), and... In Chinese history, Legalism (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Fa-chia; literally School of law) was one of the four main philosophic schools during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period (the other three being Confucianism, Taoism and Mohism). ... Burning of the books and burial of the scholars (Traditional Chinese: , Simplified Chinese: , pinyin: FÃ©nshÅ« KÄ“ngrÃº) is a phrase that refers to a policy and a sequence of events in the Qin Dynasty of China, between the period of 213 BC and 206 BC. // According to the Records... Burning of the books and burial of the scholars (Traditional Chinese: , Simplified Chinese: , pinyin: FÃ©nshÅ« KÄ“ngrÃº) is a phrase that refers to a policy and a sequence of events in the Qin Dynasty of China, between the period of 213 BC and 206 BC. // According to the Records... Various styles of Chinese calligraphy. ... The Chinese units (Chinese: å¸‚åˆ¶; Hanyu Pinyin: ; literally market system) are the customary and traditional units of measure used in China. ... The Great Wall of China (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ; literally Long wall) or (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ; literally The long wall of 10,000 Li (é‡Œ)[1]) is a series of stone and earthen fortifications in China, built, rebuilt, and maintained between the 5th century BC and the 16th... The Terracotta WARRIORS (traditional Chinese: ; simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: bÄ«ngmÇŽ yÇ’ng; literally soldier and horse funerary statues) are the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Shi Huang Di the First Emperor of China. ...

Han Dynasty

The Han Dynasty began when Liu Bang defeated the Qin army and other rebel leaders in 206 BC. He established the Han capital at Chang'an. The Han Dynasty was renowned for its cultural, technological, and military advances. China's most famous historian, Sima Qian, lived during this dynasty. Paper and Porcelain were also invented in the Han Dynasty. A civil examination system was initiated. One of the greatest emperors in Chinese history was Emperor Wu Di. He sent Zhang Qian to find allies against the Xiongnu. Zhang Qian did not succeed, but he brought back accurate information about Central Asia. Emperor Wu Di immediately sent envoys to Central Asian countries, and set up Chinese settlements as far as the Tarim Basin. Eventually, the Silk Road was formed. By 22 BC, as taxation rose, revolts broke out across the country. The regent Wang Mang seized control of the government and ruled until AD 23. Floods, famines, and invasions from the Xiongnu all contributed to Wang Mang's downfall. In AD 23, the Chimei overthrew and executed Wang Mang. The Eastern Han began when Liu Xiu became Emperor Guangwu of Han. In AD 50, the Eastern Han allied itself with some Xiongnu tribes. 40 years later, it attacked the Northern Xiongnu, which was so successful it triggered Xiongnu migrations all the way to Europe. However, the Eastern Han soon had the same problems that the Western Han had suffered. Taxes increased, and many wealthy landowners managed to get out of paying taxes. In AD 184, the Yellow Turban Rebellion broke out. Even thought the Han military quickly crushed the uprising, it weakened the Han Dynasty considerably. In AD 220, the Han empire collapsed into the Three Kingdoms. Han Dynasty in 87 BC Capital Changan (206 BCâ€“9 AD) Luoyang (25 ADâ€“220 AD) Language(s) Chinese Religion Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, Chinese folk religion Government Monarchy History - Establishment 206 BC - Battle of Gaixia; Han rule of China begins 202 BC - Interruption of Han rule 9 - 24 - Abdication... Han Dynasty in 87 BC Capital Changan (206 BCâ€“9 AD) Luoyang (25 ADâ€“220 AD) Language(s) Chinese Religion Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, Chinese folk religion Government Monarchy History - Establishment 206 BC - Battle of Gaixia; Han rule of China begins 202 BC - Interruption of Han rule 9 - 24 - Abdication... Emperor Gao (256 BC or 247 BC–June 1, 195 BC), commonly known inside China as Gaozu, personal name Liu Bang, was the first emperor of the Chinese Han Dynasty, ruling over China from 202 BC until 195 BC, and one of only two dynasty founders who emerged from the... For other uses, see Changan (disambiguation). ... Sima Qian Si Ma Qian (å¸é¦¬é·) (c. ... Emperor Wu of Han (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), (156 BC[1]â€“March 29, 87 BC), personal name Liu Che (åŠ‰å¾¹), was the seventh emperor of the Han Dynasty in China, ruling from 141 BC to 87 BC. Emperor Wu is best remembered for the vast territorial expansion that occurred under... Zhang Qian (å¼µé¨«) was an imperial envoy in the 2nd century BCE, during the time of the Han Dynasty. ... A Xiongnu belt buckle. ... Taklamakan Desert in the Tarim Basin. ... For other uses, see Silk Road (disambiguation). ... Wang Mang (çŽ‹èŽ½, pinyin: WÃ¡ng MÄƒng) (45 BCâ€“October 6, 23), courtesy name Jujun (å·¨å›), was a Han Dynasty official who seized the throne from the Liu family and founded Xin (or Hsin) Dynasty (æ–°æœ, meaning new dynasty), ruling AD 8â€“23. ... Chimei (èµ¤çœ‰) refers, as an umbrella term, to one of the two major agrarian rebellion movements against Wang Mangs Xin Dynasty, initially active in the modern Shandong and nothern Jiangsu region, that eventually led to Wang Mangs downfall by draining his resources, allowing the leader of the other movement... Emperor Guangwu (January 15, 5 BC - March 29, 57), born Liu Xiu, was an emperor of the Chinese Han Dynasty, restorer of the dynasty in AD 25 and thus founder of the Later Han or Eastern Han (the restored Han Dynasty). ... Combatants Yellow Turbans Han Dynasty Commanders Zhang Jiao Zhang Bao Zhang Liang He Jin Huangfu Song Lu Zhi Zhu Jun Dong Zhuo Cao Cao Strength 360,000 Various Casualties Unknown Unknown The Yellow Turban Rebellion, sometimes also translated as the Yellow Scarves Rebellion, (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) was a... The Three Kingdoms period (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a period in the history of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties. ...

The beginnings of Imperial China are typically associated with the unification of China in 221 BC under the First Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi. ... For contemporary culture after 1949, see Culture of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Han Dynasty in 87 BC Capital Changan (206 BCâ€“9 AD) Luoyang (25 ADâ€“220 AD) Language(s) Chinese Religion Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, Chinese folk religion Government Monarchy History - Establishment 206 BC - Battle of Gaixia; Han rule of China begins 202 BC - Interruption of Han rule 9 - 24 - Abdication... Qin Shi Huang (秦始皇) (November or December 260 BC - September 10, 210 BC), personal name Zheng, was king of the Chinese State of Qin from 247 BC to 221 BC, and then the first emperor of a unified China from 221 BC to 210 BC, ruling under the name First...

Silk Road

A plethora of large empires, civilizations and cultures that have existed on the Asian continent were influenced by the Silk Road, which connected China, India, the Middle East and Europe. Hinduism and Buddhism, which both began in India, were important influence on South and East Asia. Christianity, Nestorianism in particular, came to China via the Silk Road. While it had a significant presence in the Central Asia, it did not gain any significance in China and East Asia until modern missions from Europe and North America came in the 19th century. On the contrary, Silk Road passed Chinese products and inventions to the Western regions, including paper: papermaking originated in China and is considered one of Four Great Inventions of ancient China. It gained notoriety in the Middle East after the Battle of Talas between the Arabs and the Chinese Tang Dynasty in 751. For other uses of this word, see Silk (disambiguation). ... The Silk Roads. ... For other uses, see Silk Road (disambiguation). ... Buddhism is a Dharmic religion and philosophy[1] with between 230 to 500 million adherents worldwide. ... Topics in Christianity Preaching Prayer Ecumenism Relation to other religions Movements Music Liturgy Calendar Symbols Art Criticism Christianity Portal This box: Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament. ... Nestorianism is the doctrine that Jesus exists as two persons, the man Jesus and the divine Son of God, or Logos, rather than as a unified person. ... For other uses, see Paper (disambiguation). ... The Diamond Sutra of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, the oldest dated printed book in the world, found at Dunhuang, from 868 AD. Papermaking is the process of making paper, a material which is ubiquitous today for writing and packaging. ... The five major steps in ancient Chinese papermaking, as outlined by Cai Lun in 105 AD The Four Great Inventions of ancient China (traditional Chinese: ; simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: , meaning four great inventions) are, according to Chinese tradition and the British scholar and biochemist Joseph Needham: The Compass[1] Gunpowder Papermaking... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... Combatants Abbasid Caliphate Tang Dynasty Commanders Ziyad ibn Salih (Persian)[3][4] Gao Xianzhi (Goguryeo)[3] Li Siye (Chinese)[3] Duan Xiushi (Chinese)[3] Strength The number of troops from Arab protectorates was not recorded by either side. ... For the band, see Tang Dynasty (band). ...

The Silk Road was also a pathway for intruders, namely the Turkic peoples of Central Asia. One of the main foreign affairs of the Chinese dynasties was how to defeat those "barbarians". The Great Wall, started in the 2nd century BC by the Qin dynasty, was one such attempt. The Great Wall in the winter The Great Wall of China (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: , pinyin: WÃ nlÇ ChÃ¡ngchÃ©ng; literally The long wall of 10,000 Li (é‡Œ)Â¹) is a Chinese fortification built from the 5th century BC until the beginning of the 17th century, in order to protect...

Chinese influence to Korean Peninsula

The Records of the Grand Historian and other sources state that Chinese political influence stretched to South Manchuria and Northern Korea in the 3rd century BCE as a part of Yan kingdom. In the 2nd century BCE, after Qin destroyed the state of Yan, a Yan emigrant founded the state of Wiman Joseon, the oldest Korean kingdom, in northern Korea. In 108 BC, Wiman Joseon was destroyed by Emperor Wu of Han and its territory was incorporated into Han. Han then established the Lelang Commandery. While the Lelang Commandery and its successive four commanderies aimed to govern Manchuria and North Korea originally, it was lost control of Manchuria and then of North Korea and was finally abolished in 313 AD. The administrative office of the Lelang Commandery was located in modern Pyongyang. The Chinese Commanderies brought many Chinese cultural elements to the surrounding area. The Records of the Grand Historian or the Records of the Grand Historian of China (Chinese: å²è¨˜; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Shih-chi; literally Historical Records), written from 109 BCE to 91 BCE, was the magnum opus of Sima Qian, in which he recounted Chinese history from the time of the mythical... Yan State knife money Yan (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) was a state during the Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods in China. ... Qin, QÃn or Chin (Wade-Giles) can refer to. ... Yan State knife money Yan (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) was a state during the Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods in China. ... Joseon redirects here. ... Emperor Wu of Han (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), (156 BC[1]â€“March 29, 87 BC), personal name Liu Che (åŠ‰å¾¹), was the seventh emperor of the Han Dynasty in China, ruling from 141 BC to 87 BC. Emperor Wu is best remembered for the vast territorial expansion that occurred under... Lelang (樂浪郡 le4 lang4 jun4) was one of the Chinese commanderies which was kept in the Korean Peninsula over 400 years until Goguryeo conquers it in 313 A.D. History In 108 B.C. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty conquered the area under Youqu (右渠), a grandson of Wei... This article is about the capital of North Korea. ...

Divisions and re-unification of China

Three Kingdoms Period

The [[Three Kingdoms|Three Kingdoms Period] consisted of the kingdom of Wei, Shu, and Wu. It began when the ruler of Wei, Cao Cao, was defeated by Liu Bei and Sun Quan at the Battle of Red Cliffs. After Cao Cao's death in AD 220, his son Cao Pi became emperor of Wei. Liu Bei and Sun Quan declared themselves emperor of Shu and Wu respectively. Many famous personages in Chinese history were born during this period, including Hua Tuo and the great military strategist Zhuge Liang. Buddhism, which was introduced during the Han Dynasty, also became popular in this period. Two years after Wei conquered Shu in AD 263, Sima Yan, Wei's Imperial Chancellor, overthrew Wei and started the Western Jin Dynasty. The conquest of Wu by the Western Jin Dynasty ended the Three Kingdoms period, and China was unified again. However, the Western Jin did not last long. Following the death of Sima Yan, the War of the Eight Princes began. This war weakened the Jin Dynasty, and it soon fell to the kingdom of Han Zhao. This ushered in the Sixteen Kingdoms. The territories of Cao Wei (in yellow), AD 262 Capital Luoyang Language(s) Chinese Government Monarchy Emperor - 220 - 226 Cao Pi - 226 - 239 Cao Rui - 239 - 254 Cao Fang - 254 - 260 Cao Mao - 260 - 265 Cao Huan Historical era Three Kingdoms - Cao Pi taking over the throne of the Later... The Kingdom of Shu (蜀 shǔ) (221 – 263) was one of the Three Kingdoms competing for control of China after the fall of the Han Dynasty. ... The territories of Eastern Wu (in green), AD 262 Capital Jianye Language(s) Chinese Government Monarchy Emperor - 222 - 252 Sun Quan - 252 - 258 Sun Liang - 258 - 264 Sun Xiu - 264 - 280 Sun Hao Historical era Three Kingdoms - Establishment 222 - Sun Quan declares himself emperor 229 - Conquest of Wu by Jin... CÃ¡o CÄo (155 â€“ March 15, 220, pronounced Tsau Tsau) was a regional warlord and the second last Chancellor of the Eastern Han Dynasty who rose to great power during its final years in ancient China. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is åŠ‰ (Liu) LiÃº BÃ¨i (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) (161 â€“ 223), courtesy name XuÃ¡ndÃ© (çŽ„å¾³), was a powerful warlord and the founding emperor of the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. ... Sun Quan (å«æ¬Š pinyin: SÅ«n QuÃ¡n) (182 - 252), son of Sun Jian, was the third ruler of the State of Wu and the founder of Kingdom of Wu, during the Three Kingdoms period, in China. ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ... HuÃ TuÃ³ was a famous Chinese physician during the Eastern Han and Three Kingdoms era. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Zhuge (è«¸è‘›) Zhuge Liang (181 - 234) was one of the greatest Chinese strategists of the Three Kingdoms period, as well as a statesman, engineer, scholar, and inventor. ... Buddhism is a Dharmic religion and philosophy[1] with between 230 to 500 million adherents worldwide. ... Emperor Wu of Jin China, sim. ... Jin may refer to: Jin Dynasty (265-420) Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) (Jinn) Jin, a state in China during the Spring and Autumn Period Later Jin Dynasty, founded in 1616 by Nurhaci Jin, a ruler of the Xia dynasty The Jin state of late Bronze Age Korea Jin, Chinese American... This article appears to contradict itself. ... The Sixteen Kingdoms, or less commonly the Sixteen States, were a collection of numerous short-lived sovereignities in the China proper and neighboring areas from AD 304 to 439 after the retreat of the Jin Dynasty (265-420) to South China and before the establishment of the Northern Dynasties. ...

Southern and Northern Dynasties

The Northern Wei was established by the Tuoba clan of the Xianbei people in AD 386, when they united the northern part of China. During the Northern Wei, Buddhism flourished, and became an important tool for the emperors of the Northern Wei, since they were believed to be living incarnations of Buddha. Soon, the Northern Wei was divided into the Eastern Wei and Western Wei. These were followed by the Northern Zhou and Northern Qi. In the south, the dynasties were much less stable than the Northern Dynasties. The four dynasties were weakened by conflicts between the ruling families. This article is about China. ... The Northern Wei Dynasty (北魏 386-534) is most noted for the unification of northern China in 440, it was also heavily involved in funding the arts and many antiques and art works from this period have survived. ... Tuoba (æ‹“æ‹”; pinyin TuÃ²bÃ¡) or To-pa in Wade-Giles was a clan of the Xianbei people. ... Xianbei belt buckles, 3-4th century CE. The Xianbei (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Hsien-pei) were a significant nomadic people residing in Manchuria and eastern Mongolia, or Xianbei Shan. ... Buddhism is a Dharmic religion and philosophy[1] with between 230 to 500 million adherents worldwide. ... Look up incarnation, incarnate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Media:Example. ... The Eastern Wei Dynasty followed the disintegration of the Northern Wei, and ruled northern China from 534 to 550. ... The Western Wei Dynasty followed the disintegration of the Northern Wei, and ruled northern China from 535 to 556. ... The Northern Zhou Dynasty followed the Western Wei, and ruled northern China from 557 to 581. ... The Northern Qi Dynasty was one of the Northern dynasties of Chinese history and ruled northern China from 550 to 577. ... The Southern dynasties å—æœ (nanchao in pinyin: nÃ¡n chÃ¡o) include Liu Song, Southern Qi, Liang Dynasty and Chen Dynasty whose capital were largely all at Jiankang (although the Southern Qi capital was briefly at Jiangling (æ±Ÿé™µ, in modern Jingzhou, Hubei) during the reign of Emperor He of Southern Qi, and...

Buddhism

Buddhism, also one of the major religion in East Asia, was introduced into China during the Han dynasty from Pakistan in the 1st century BC. Buddhism was originally introduced to Korea from China in 372, and eventually arrived in Japan around the turn of the 6th century. Buddhism is a Dharmic religion and philosophy[1] with between 230 to 500 million adherents worldwide. ... Han Dynasty in 87 BC Capital Changan (206 BCâ€“9 AD) Luoyang (25 ADâ€“220 AD) Language(s) Chinese Religion Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, Chinese folk religion Government Monarchy History - Establishment 206 BC - Battle of Gaixia; Han rule of China begins 202 BC - Interruption of Han rule 9 - 24 - Abdication...

For a long time Buddhism remained a foreign religion with a few believers in China, mainly taught by immigrant Indian teachers. During the Tang dynasty, a fair amount of translations from Sanskrit into Chinese were done by Chinese priests, and Buddhism became one of the major religions of the Chinese along with the other two indigenous religions. For the band, see Tang Dynasty (band). ...

In Korea, Buddhism was not seen to conflict with the rites of nature worship; it was allowed to blend in with Shamanism. Thus, the mountains that were believed to be the residence of spirits in pre-Buddhist times became the sites of Buddhist temples. Though Buddhism initially enjoyed wide acceptance, even being supported as the state ideology during the Goguryeo, Silla, Baekje, Balhae, and Goryeo periods, Buddhism in Korea suffered extreme repression during the Joseon Dynasty. Chinese name Russian name Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient kingdom located in southern Manchuria, southern Russian Maritime province, and the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula. ... For other uses, see Silla (disambiguation). ... Baekje (October 18 BCEâ€“August 660 BCE), originally Sipje, was a kingdom in the southwest of the Korean Peninsula. ... Korean name Hangul: Hanja: Alternate meaning: Bohai Sea Balhae (698 - 926) (Bohai in Chinese) was an ancient multiethnic kingdom established after the fall of Goguryeo. ... Taegeuk is a traditional symbol of Korea Capital Gaegyeong Language(s) Korean Religion Buddhism Government Monarchy Wang - 918 - 946 Taejo - 949 - 975 Gwangjong - 1259 - 1274 Wonjong - 1351 - 1374 Gongmin Historical era 918 - 1392 - Later Three Kingdoms rise 892 - Coronation of Taejo June 15, 918 - Korea-Khitan Wars 993 - 1019 - Mongolian... Joseon redirects here. ...

In Japan, Buddhism and Shinto were combined by a theological theory "Ryōbushintō", which says Shinto deities are avatars of various Buddhist entities, including Buddhas and Bodhisattvas. This became the mainstream notion of Japanese religion. In fact until the Meiji government declared their separation in the mid 19th Century, many Japanese people believed that Buddhism and Shinto were one religion. Shinto ) is the native religion of Japan and was once its state religion. ...

Sui Dynasty

In AD 581, Yang Jian overthrew the Northern Zhou, and established the Sui Dynasty. Later, Yang Jian, who became Sui Wendi, conquered the Chen Dynasty, and united China. However, this dynasty was short-lived. Sui Wendi's successor, Sui Yangdi, expanded the Grand Canal, and launched four disastrous wars against the Goguryeo. These projects depleted the resources and the workforce of the Sui. In AD 618, Sui Yangdi was murdered. Li Yuan, the former governor of Taiyuan, declared himself the emperor, and founded the Tang Dynasty. The Sui Dynasty of China amongst the Asian, African, and European spheres of the world, 600 AD. The Sui Dynasty (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; 581-618 AD[1]) followed the Southern and Northern Dynasties and preceded the Tang Dynasty in China. ... The Sui Dynasty of China amongst the Asian, African, and European spheres of the world, 600 AD. The Sui Dynasty (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; 581-618 AD[1]) followed the Southern and Northern Dynasties and preceded the Tang Dynasty in China. ... Emperor Wen of Sui (541-604), personal name Yang Jian, also known by the Xianbei name Puliuru Jian (æ™®å…èŒ¹å …) during Northern Zhou, nickname Naluoyan (é‚£ç¾…å»¶), was the founder and first emperor of Chinas Sui Dynasty. ... Chen Dynasty é™³æœ (557-589) was the fourth and the last of the Southern dynasties in China, eliminated by the Sui Dynasty. ... Emperor Yang of Sui China (569 - March 11, 618), or Yangdi was the son and heir of Emperor Wen of Sui, and then the second emperor of Chinas Sui Dynasty. ... Combatants Goguryeo (Korea) Sui Dynasty (China) Commanders King Yeongyang Eulji Mundeok Gang I sik Go Geon Mu Sui Yangdi Yuwen Shu Yu Zhongwen Lai Huer Zhou Luohou Strength approximately 200,000 1,138,000 foot soldiers and total of more than 3,000,000 in invasion of 612 The... Chinese name Russian name Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient kingdom located in southern Manchuria, southern Russian Maritime province, and the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula. ... Emperor GÄozÇ” of TÃ¡ng China (566 - June 25, 635), born LÇ YuÄn, was the founder of the Tang Dynasty of China, and the first emperor of this dynasty from 618 to 626. ... Taiyuan (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Tai-yÃ¼an lit. ... For the band, see Tang Dynasty (band). ...

China, Japan, and the wars of Korean unification

In 660 A.D., the Korean peninsula was divided into three kingdoms, Baekje, Silla and Goguryeo. Although they shared a similar language and culture, these three kingdoms constantly fought with each other for control of the peninsula. Furthermore, Goguryeo had been engaged in constant wars with the Chinese. This included the Goguryeo-Sui Wars, where the Kingdom of Goguryeo managed to repel the invading forces of the Sui Dynasty. Baekje (October 18 BCEâ€“August 660 BCE), originally Sipje, was a kingdom in the southwest of the Korean Peninsula. ... For other uses, see Silla (disambiguation). ... Chinese name Russian name Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient kingdom located in southern Manchuria, southern Russian Maritime province, and the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula. ... Combatants Goguryeo (Korea) Sui Dynasty (China) Commanders King Yeongyang Eulji Mundeok Gang I sik Go Geon Mu Sui Yangdi Yuwen Shu Yu Zhongwen Lai Huer Zhou Luohou Strength approximately 200,000 1,138,000 foot soldiers and total of more than 3,000,000 in invasion of 612 The... The Sui Dynasty of China amongst the Asian, African, and European spheres of the world, 600 AD. The Sui Dynasty (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; 581-618 AD[1]) followed the Southern and Northern Dynasties and preceded the Tang Dynasty in China. ...

As the Kingdom of Silla conquered nearby city-states, she gained access to the Yellow Sea, making direct contact with the Tang Dynasty possible. The Tang Dynasty teamed up with Silla and formed a strategy to invade Goguryeo. Since Goguryeo had been able to repel earlier Chinese invasions from the North, perhaps Gorguryeo would fall if it were attacked by Silla from the south at the same time. However, in order to do this, the Tang-Silla alliance had to eliminate Goguryeo's nominal ally Baekje and secure a base of operations in southern Korea for a second front. ... For the band, see Tang Dynasty (band). ...

In 660, the coalition troops of Silla and Tang of China attacked Baekje, resulting in the annexation of Baekje by Silla. Together, Silla and Tang effectively eliminated Baekje when they captured the capital of Sabi, as well as Baekje's last king, Uija, and most of the royal family.

However, Yamato Japan and Baekje had been long-standing and very close allies. In 663, Baekje revival forces and a Japanese naval fleet convened in southern Baekje to confront the Silla forces in the Battle of Baekgang. The Tang dynasty also sent 7,000 soldiers and 170 ships. After five naval confrontations that took place in August 663 at Baekgang, considered the lower reaches of Tongjin river, the Silla-Tang forces emerged victorious. Yamato () was a province of Japan. ... Combatants Silla and Tang Dynasty China Baekje and Japan Commanders Unknown Boksin, Buyeo Pung, Abe no Hirafu Strength 130,000 warriors; at least 170 ships 29,000 warriors; at least 170 ships Casualties Unknown 400 ships; Unknown number of warriors lost The Battle of Baekgang, also known as Battle of...

The Silla-Tang forces turned their attention to Goguryeo. Although Goguryeo had repelled the Sui Dynasty a century earlier, attacks by the Tang Dynasty from the west proved too formidable. The Silla-Tang alliance emerged victorious in the Goguryeo-Tang Wars. Silla thus unified most of the Korean peninsula in 668.

But the kingdom's reliance on China's Tang Dynasty had its price. Silla had to forcibly resist the imposition of Chinese rule over the entire peninsula. Silla then fought for nearly a decade to expel Chinese forces to finally establish a unified kingdom as far north as modern Pyongyang. This article is about the capital of North Korea. ...

Silla'a unification of Korea was short lived. The northern region of the defunct Goguryeo state later reemerged as Balhae, due to the leadership of former Goguryeo General Dae Joyeong. Korean name Hangul: Hanja: Alternate meaning: Bohai Sea Balhae (698 - 926) (Bohai in Chinese) was an ancient multiethnic kingdom established after the fall of Goguryeo. ... Dae Joyeong, also known as Emperor Go, established the empire of Barhae, reigning from 699 to 719. ...

Civil service

A government system supported by a large class of Confucian literati selected through civil service examinations was perfected under Tang rule. This competitive procedure was designed to draw the best talents into government. But perhaps an even greater consideration for the Tang rulers, aware that imperial dependence on powerful aristocratic families and warlords would have destabilizing consequences, was to create a body of career officials having no autonomous territorial or functional power base. As it turned out, these scholar-officials acquired status in their local communities, family ties, and shared values that connected them to the imperial court. From Tang times until the closing days of the Qing Dynasty in 1911, scholar officials functioned often as intermediaries between the grassroots level and the government. This model of government had an influence on Korea and Japan. An intellectual is a person who uses his or her intellect to study, reflect, and speculate on a variety of different ideas. ... Flag (1890-1912) Anthem Gong Jinou (1911) Qing China at its greatest extent. ... This article is about the Korean civilization. ...

Printing Press

The first known movable type system was invented in China around 1040 AD by Pi Sheng (990-1051) (spelled Bi Sheng in the Pinyin system).^[3] Pi Sheng's type was made of baked clay. As described by the Chinese scholar Shen Kuo (1031–1095) For other uses, see Jiaozi (disambiguation). ... A Â£20 Bank of England banknote. ... For other uses, see Liu Song Dynasty. ... For the article on the development of printing in Europe, see History of western typography. ... For the article on the development of printing in Europe, see History of western typography. ... Pi Sheng was a person who invented the skills of the printing ... Pinyin, more formally called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Shen Shen Kuo or Shen Kua (Chinese: ; pinyin: ) (1031â€“1095) was a polymathic Chinese scientist and statesman of the Song Dynasty (960â€“1279). ...

the world's first metal-based movable type printing press was invented in Korea. Jikji is the world's oldest extant movable metal print book. it was published in Heungdeok Temple in 1377, 78 years prior to Johannes Gutenberg's "42-Line Bible" printed during the years 1452-1455. For the weblog software, see Movable Type. ... The printing press is a mechanical device for printing many copies of a text on rectangular sheets of paper. ... This article is about the Korean civilization. ... Jikji is the abbreviated title of a Buddhist document, whose full title can be translated Baegun Hwasangs Anthology of the Great Priests Teachings on Identification of the Buddhaâ€™s Spirit by the Practice of Seon. ... This article is about the inventor of printing in Europe; for other uses, see Guttenberg (disambiguation) and Gutenberg. ...

Invasions from Central Asia

Expansion of the Mongol Empire Mongol dominions, ca. ... Expansion of the Mongol Empire Mongol dominions, ca. ... The Goryeo-Khitan Wars were a series of 10th- and 11th-century conflicts between the kingdom of Goryeo and Khitan forces near what is now the border between China and North Korea. ... The Mongol invasions of Korea consisted of a series of campaigns by the Mongol Empire against Korea, then known as Koryo, from 1231 to 1259. ... Combatants Mongol Empire Japan Commanders Kublai Khan HÅjÅ Tokimune Strength 35,000 Mongol & Chinese soldiers and 18,000 Korean warriors 10,000 Casualties 16,000 killed before landed minimal Defensive wall at Hakata. ... The term Mongol invasions of Vietnam may refer to: Battle of Bach Dang (1288) Tráº§n HÆ°ng Äáº¡o, the Vietnamese general who repelled multiple Mongol invasions History of Vietnam#Mongol invasions Categories: | | | | | | | ...

Gunpowder

Most sources credit the discovery of gunpowder to Chinese alchemists in the 9th century searching for an elixir of immortality.^[4] The discovery of gunpowder was probably the product of centuries of alchemical experimentation.^[5] Saltpetre was known to the Chinese by the mid-1st century AD and there is strong evidence of the use of saltpetre and sulfur in various largely medicine combinations.^[6] A Chinese alchemical text from 492 noted that saltpeter gave off a purple flame when ignited, providing for the first time a practical and reliable means of distinguishing it from other inorganic salts, making it possible to evaluate and compare purification techniques.^[5] By most accounts, the earliest Arabic and Latin descriptions of the purification of saltpeter do not appear until the 1200s.^[5]^[7] Earliest known written formula for gunpowder, from the Chinese Wujing Zongyao of 1044 AD. Gunpowder was the first and only known chemical explosive until the invention of othersâ€”nitrocellulose, nitroglycerin, smokeless powder and TNT in the 19th century. ... For other uses, see Samurai (disambiguation). ... Combatants Mongol Empire Japan Commanders Kublai Khan HÅjÅ Tokimune Strength 35,000 Mongol & Chinese soldiers and 18,000 Korean warriors 10,000 Casualties 16,000 killed before landed minimal Defensive wall at Hakata. ... For other uses, see Alchemy (disambiguation). ... As a means of recording the passage of time the 9th century was the century that lasted from 801 to 900. ... The elixir of life, also known as the elixir of immortality or Dancing Water and sometimes equated with the Philosophers stone, is a legendary potion, or drink, that grants the drinker eternal life or eternal youth. ... The 1st century was that century that lasted from 1 to 100 according the Gregorian calendar. ... See drugs, medication, and pharmacology for substances that are used to treat patients. ... Arabic can mean: From or related to Arabia From or related to the Arabs The Arabic language; see also Arabic grammar The Arabic alphabet, used for expressing the languages of Arabic, Persian, Malay ( Jawi), Kurdish, Panjabi, Pashto, Sindhi and Urdu, among others. ... For other uses, see Latins and Latin (disambiguation). ...

The first reference to gunpowder is probably a passage in the Zhenyuan miaodao yaolüe, a Taoism text tentatively dated to the mid-800s:^[5] Most accounts describe Taoism or Daoism as an Asian philosophy and religion, although some regard it as neither of these but rather as an aspect of Chinese wisdom. ...

The earliest surviving recipes for gunpowder can be found in the Chinese military treatise Wujing zongyao^[5] of 1044 AD, which contains three: two for use in incendiary bombs to be thrown by siege engines and one intended as fuel for poison smoke bombs.^[9] The formulas in the Wujing zongyao range from 27 to 50 percent nitrate.^[10] Experimenting with different levels of saltpetre content eventually produced bombs, grenades, and land mines, in addition to giving fire arrows a new lease on life.^[5] By the end of the 12th century, there were cast iron grenades filled with gunpowder formulations capable of bursting through their metal containers.^[11] The 14th century Huolongjing contains gunpowder recipes with nitrate levels ranging from 12 to 91 percent, six of which approach the theoretical composition for maximal explosive force.^[10] A Chinese Song Dynasty naval river ship with a Xuanfeng traction-trebuchet catapult on its top deck, taken from an illustration of the Wujing Zongyao. ... Incendiary bombs are bombs designed to start fires or destroy sensitive equipment using materials such as napalm, thermite, or white phosphorus. ... Replica battering ram at ChÃ¢teau des Baux, France. ... Home made smoke powder burning Smoke bombs are a firework designed to produce colored smoke upon ignition. ... For other uses, see Bomb (disambiguation). ... Grenade may refer to: The well-known hand grenade commonly used by soldiers. ... â€œMinefieldâ€ redirects here. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Cast iron usually refers to grey cast iron, but can mean any of a group of iron-based alloys containing more than 2% carbon (alloys with less carbon are carbon steel by definition). ... A hand grenade is a hand-held bomb, made to be thrown by a soldier. ... Ming Dynasty musketeers in drill formation. ...

In China, the 13th century saw the beginnings of rocketry^[12]^[13] and the manufacture of the oldest gun still in existence,^[5]^[14] a descendant of the earlier fire-lance, a gunpowder-fueled flamethrower that could shoot shrapnel along with fire. The Huolongjing text of the 14th century also describes hollow, gunpowder-packed exploding cannonballs.^[15] A rocket is a vehicle, missile or aircraft which obtains thrust by the reaction to the ejection of fast moving exhaust from within a rocket engine. ... The fire lance (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: huÇ’ qiÄng) or fire spear is one of the first gunpowder weapons in the world. ... Riverboat of the U.S. Brownwater Navy shooting ignited napalm from its mounted flamethrower during the Vietnam war. ... Different types of cannon balls recovered from the Vasa, sunk in 1628 Round shot is a type of projectile fired from guns or cannons. ...

In the 13th century contemporary documentation shows gunpowder beginning to spread from China to the rest of the world, starting with Europe^[7] and the Islamic world.^[16] The Arabs acquired knowledge of saltpetre—which they called "Chinese snow" (thalj al-Sīn) —around 1240 and, soon afterward, of gunpowder; they also learned of fireworks ("Chinese flowers") and rockets ("Chinese arrows").^[17]^[16] al-Hassan () argues—contra the general notion that Arabic alchemy and chemistry did not know of saltpetre until the thirteenth century—that Arabs were purifying saltpetre by the eleventh.^[18] Gunpowder arrived in India by the mid-1300s, but could have been introduced by the Mongols perhaps as early as the mid-1200s.^[19] For other uses, see Ming. ... Events Timur ascends throne of Samarkand. ... // Events February to August - Explorer Abel Tasmans second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia. ... The Matchlock was the first mechanism or lock invented to facilitate the firing of a hand-held firearm. ... For other uses, see Mongols (disambiguation). ...

16th century to 1945

Imperialism in Asia traces its roots back to the late 15th century with a series of voyages that sought a sea passage to India in the hope of establishing direct trade between Europe and Asia in spices. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Combat at Guangzhou during the Second Opium War The Opium Wars (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), also known as the Anglo-Chinese Wars, lasted from 1839 to 1842 and 1856 to 1860 respectively,[1] the climax of a trade dispute between China and the United Kingdom. ... Combatants France Qing China Black Flag Army Annam Strength 15,000 to 20,000 soldiers 25,000 to 35,000 soldiers (from the provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang and Yunnan) Casualties 2,100 killed or wounded 10,000 killed or wounded The Sino-French War or Franco-Chinese War... Combatants Qing Dynasty (China) Empire of Japan Commanders Li Hongzhang Yamagata Aritomo Strength 630,000 men Beiyang Army Beiyang Fleet 240,000 men Imperial Japanese Army Imperial Japanese Navy Casualties 35,000 dead or wounded 13,823 dead, 3,973 wounded The First Sino-Japanese War (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese... This article is about the Korean civilization. ... -1... Belligerents China United States1 Empire of Japan Collaborationist Chinese Army2 Commanders Chiang Kai-shek, Chen Cheng, Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, Li Zongren, Xue Yue, Bai Chongxi, Peng Dehuai, Joseph Stilwell, Claire Chennault, Albert Wedemeyer Hirohito, Fumimaro Konoe, Hideki Tojo, Kotohito Kanin, Matsui Iwane, Hajime Sugiyama, Shunroku Hata, Toshizo Nishio... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

Contents

Prehistory

Ancient Civilizations in East Asia

Xia, Shang, and Zhou

Confucianism

Taoism

Gojoseon

220 BC-220 AD

Qin Dynasty

Han Dynasty

Silk Road

Chinese influence to Korean Peninsula

Divisions and re-unification of China

Three Kingdoms Period

Southern and Northern Dynasties

Buddhism

Sui Dynasty

China, Japan, and the wars of Korean unification

Civil service

Printing Press

Invasions from Central Asia

Gunpowder

16th century to 1945

See also

References

Contents

Prehistory

Ancient Civilizations in East Asia GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Xia, Shang, and Zhou

220 BC-220 AD

Silk Road

Chinese influence to Korean Peninsula

Divisions and re-unification of China

Three Kingdoms Period

China, Japan, and the wars of Korean unification

Civil service

Printing Press

Invasions from Central Asia

Gunpowder

16th century to 1945

See also

References

Ancient Civilizations in East Asia