The History of Islam in China begins in 651 with the arrival in China of an envoy sent by the third Caliph during the Tang Dynasty, just eighteen years after the death of the Prophet Muhammad. From then on Muslim migrants and merchants began arriving in China where they played an increasingly influential role, especially in the nation’s economy. Under the following Mongolian Yuan Dynasty’s hierarchal governing system, Muslims were then given administrative duties. With the end of the Yuan, migration to China decreased dramatically, and the Muslims, migrants and converts, began to assimilate into Chinese culture while also producing their own distinct culture and Muslims continued to be used in important administrative duties at this time. However, the rule of the following dynasty, the Qing proved disastrous for Muslims as clashes between the government and Muslims climaxed in some of China’s bloodiest wars. The end of Dynastic rule and the establishment of the Communism continued the oppressive condition for Muslims, especially during the Cultural Revolution. Islam has a rich heritage in China. ... Events End of Yazdegard IIIs attempts to drive out the Saracens. ... For main article see: Caliphate The Caliph (pronounced khaleef in Arabic) is the head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, or global Islamic nation. ... For the band, see Tang Dynasty (band). ... Muhammad in a new genre of Islamic calligraphy started in the 17th century by Hafiz Osman. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... Capital Dadu Language(s) Mongolian Chinese Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1260-1294 Kublai Khan  - 1333-1370 (Cont. ... A Muslim is a believer in or follower of Islam. ... Capital Dadu Language(s) Mongolian Chinese Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1260-1294 Kublai Khan  - 1333-1370 (Cont. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... Chinese culture has roots going back over five thousand years. ... For other uses, see Culture (disambiguation). ... Flag (1890-1912) Anthem Gong Jinou (1911) Territory of Qing China in 1892 Capital Shengjing (1636-1644) Beijing (1644-1912) Language(s) Chinese Manchu Mongolian Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1636-1643 Huang Taiji  - 1908-1912 Xuantong Emperor Prime Minister  - 1911 Yikuang  - 1911-1912 Yuan Shikai History  - Establishment of the Late... A Muslim is a believer in or follower of Islam. ... The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution [1] in the Peoples Republic of China was a struggle for power within the Communist Party of China that manifested into wide-scale social, political, and economic chaos, which grew to include large sections of Chinese society and eventually brought the entire country to...

Today, the relaxation of the government’s policies towards Muslims is enabling a revival of Islam. Islam is one of the religions that is official recognized in China.^[1] There is an upsurge in Islamic expression and many nation-wide Islamic associations have been organized to co-ordinate inter-ethnic activities among Muslims. A Muslim is a believer in or follower of Islam. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... A Muslim is a believer in or follower of Islam. ...

Tang dynasty

Main article: Islam during the Tang Dynasty

The Great Mosque of Xi'an, one of China's oldest mosques

One of the earliest mosques in China the The Great Mosque in Xian was built in 742 (according to an engraving on a stone tablet inside) See also: Great Mosque of Xian During the Tang Dynasty, Sa`d led a delegation of the Prophet Muhammad’s Companions to China. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1520x2288, 671 KB) Chinese-style minaret of the Great Mosque (Xian, China) Author: Miguel A. Monjas Date: 07/23, 2005 File links The following pages link to this file: Mosque Islam in China Great Mosque of Xian Metadata This file... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1520x2288, 671 KB) Chinese-style minaret of the Great Mosque (Xian, China) Author: Miguel A. Monjas Date: 07/23, 2005 File links The following pages link to this file: Mosque Islam in China Great Mosque of Xian Metadata This file... The Great Mosque of Xian, one of Chinas largest mosques The Great Mosque of Xian (Chinese: 西安大清真寺), located near the Drum Tower (Gu Lou) on Huajue Lane of Xian, Shaanxi province, China, is one of the oldest and most renowned mosques in the country. ... The Masjid al-Haram in Mecca as it exists today A mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith. ...

Origins

Uthman, the third Caliph of Islam, sent the first official Muslim envoy to China in 650. The envoy, headed by Sa`d ibn Abī Waqqās, arrived in the Tang capital, Chang'an, in 651 via the overseas route. Huis generally consider this date to be the official founding of Islam in China. The Ancient Record of the Tang Dynasty recorded the historic meeting, where the envoy greeted Emperor Gaozong of Tang China and tried to convert him to Islam. Although the envoy failed to convince the Emperor to embrace Islam, the Emperor allowed the envoy to proselytize in China and ordered the establishment of the first Chinese mosque in the capital to show his respect for the religion. Arab people are first noted in Chinese written records, under the name Ta shi in the annals of the Tang Dynasty (618-907). (Ta shi or Da shi is the Chinese rendering of Tazi--the name the Persian people used for the Arabs) Records dating from 713 speak of the arrival of a Da shi ambassador. In Arab records there are only sparse records of the event. For other uses of the name, see Uthman (name). ... For main article see: Caliphate The Caliph (pronounced khaleef in Arabic) is the head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, or global Islamic nation. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... Events Arab conquest of Persia, establishment of Islam as state religion Hindu empire in Sumatra Croats and Serbs occupy Bosnia Khazars conquer Great Bulgarian Empire in southern Russia building of St. ... Sa`d ibn AbÄ« Waqqās was an early convert to Islam from the BanÅ« Zuhrah clan of the Quraysh tribe. ... For other uses, see Changan (disambiguation). ... Events End of Yazdegard IIIs attempts to drive out the Saracens. ... The Hui people (Chinese: ; Pinyin: , Xiaoerjing: حُوِ Ø°ÙŽÙˆ ) are a Chinese ethnic group, typically distinguished by their practice of the Islamic religion. ... Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty in China ruled from 650 to 683. ... The Masjid al-Haram in Mecca as it exists today A mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith. ... For the band, see Tang Dynasty (band). ...

Early Muslims and Interactions

The first major Muslim settlements in China consisted of Arab and Persian merchants.^[2] In 751 the Abbasid Caliphate defeated the Tang Dynasty in the Battle of Talas River. The Tang Dynasty saw the creation of the first Muslim embassy, with the exchange of an emissary from Tang emperor Gaozong, with a general from the Caliph Osman. One of the earliest mosques in China the The Great Mosque in Xian was built in 742 (according to an engraving on a stone tablet inside). In 756, a contingent probably consisting of Persians and Iraqis was sent to Kansu to help the emperor Su-Tsung in his struggle against the rebellion of An Lushan.The Muslim Soldiers who settled spread Islam. In the region the Hui Chi tribe accepted Islam, and the name was the beginnings of the reference to the huihui or the Hui as they are know today. Less than 50 years later, an alliance was concluded between the Tang and the Abbasids against Tibetan attacks in Central Asia. A mission from the Caliph Harun al-Rashid (766-809) arrived at Chang'an.^[3] It is recorded that in 758, a large Muslim settlement in Guangzhou erupted in unrest and the people fled. The community had constructed a large mosque (Huaisheng Mosque), destroyed by fire in 1314, and constructed in 1349-51; only ruins of a tower remain from the first building. During the Tang Dynasty, a steady stream of Arab (Ta'shi) and Persian (Po'si) traders arrived in China through the silk road and the overseas route through the port of Quanzhou.The Persian immigrants introduced polo, their cuisine, their musical instruments, and their knowledge of medicine to China. Languages Arabic and other minority languages Religions Islam, Christianity, Druzism and Judaism Arab woman from Ramallah wearing traditional dress in 1915. ... This article is about the Persian people, an ethnic group found mainly in Iran. ... Events Pippin the Short is elected as king of the Franks by the Frankish nobility, marking the end of the Merovingian and beginning of the Carolingian dynasty. ... Abbasid provinces during the caliphate of Harun al-Rashid Abbasid was the dynastic name generally given to the caliphs of Baghdad, the second of the two great Sunni dynasties of the Muslim empire, that overthrew the Umayyid caliphs. ... For the band, see Tang Dynasty (band). ... The Battle of Talas in AD 751 was a conflict between the Arab Abbasid Caliphate and the Chinese Tang Dynasty over the control of Central Asia. ... For the band, see Tang Dynasty (band). ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... Emperor Gaozong (628 - 683) was the third emperor of Tang Dynasty in China and he ruled from 649 to 683. ... For main article see: Caliphate The Caliph (pronounced khaleef in Arabic) is the head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, or global Islamic nation. ... The Great Mosque of Xian, one of Chinas largest mosques The Great Mosque of Xian (Chinese: 西安大清真寺), located near the Drum Tower (Gu Lou) on Huajue Lane of Xian, Shaanxi province, China, is one of the oldest and most renowned mosques in the country. ... Events Chinese poet Li Po is presented before the emperor and given a position in the Imperial court. ... This article or section should include material from Gansu, China Gansu (Simplified Chinese: 甘肃; Traditional Chinese: 甘肅; pinyin: Gānsù; Wade-Giles: Kan-su, or modified as Kan-suh) is a province located in the northwest of the Peoples Republic of China. ... An Lushan (Simplified Chinese: 安禄山; Pinyin: ) (703 - 757) was a military leader of Sogdian origin during the Tang Dynasty in China. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... Look up Hui in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Tang could refer to: Tang Dynasty of China Tang (Shang dynasty ruler) A transliteration of Chinese family names such as 唐,湯,鄧,é‚“,滕 Tang Clan of Hong Kong, the first inhabitants to leave China and settle in Hong Kong. ... Abbasid provinces during the caliphate of Harun al-Rashid Abbasid was the dynastic name generally given to the caliphs of Baghdad, the second of the two great Sunni dynasties of the Muslim empire. ... Tibet is situated between the two ancient civilizations of China and India, but the tangled mountain ranges the Tibetan Plateau and the towering Himalayas serve to distance it from both. ... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ... Bold textItalic text == Headline text ==He was born a 4 headed man but 3 of his 4 heads died along with all but one of his 90 hearts. ... For other uses, see Changan (disambiguation). ... Guangzhou is the capital and the sub-provincial city of Guangdong Province in the southern part of the Peoples Republic of China. ... The Huaisheng Mosque (also known as the Light Tower Mosque) in Guangzhou is, at over 1,300 years old, one of the oldest mosques in China. ... The Persians of Iran (officially named Persia by West until 1935 while still referred to as Persia by some) are an Iranian people who speak Persian (locally named Fârsi by native speakers) and often refer to themselves as ethnic Iranians as well. ... The characters 泉州 are also used for SenshÅ«, an alternate name for the former Japanese province of Izumi. ... For other uses, see Polo (disambiguation). ... For the chemical substances known as medicines, see medication. ...

See also: Great Mosque of Xian

The Great Mosque of Xian, one of Chinas largest mosques The Great Mosque of Xian (Chinese: 西安大清真寺), located near the Drum Tower (Gu Lou) on Huajue Lane of Xian, Shaanxi province, China, is one of the oldest and most renowned mosques in the country. ...

Song, Liao, Jin, Western Xia

Main article: Islam during the Song Dynasty

In 1070, the Song emperor, Shen-tsung (Shenzong) invited 5,300 Muslim men from Bukhara, to settle in China. The emperor used these men in his campaign against the Liao empire in the northeast. Later on these men were settled between the Sung capital of Kaifeng and Yenching (modern day Beijing). The object was to create a buffer zone between the Chinese and the Liao. In 1080, 10,000 Arab men and women migrated to China on horseback and settled in all of the provinces of the north and north-east.^[4] Many Muslims went to China to trade, and these Muslims began to have a great economic impact and influence on the country. ... Bukhara (Tajik: Бухоро; Persian: , Buxârâ; Uzbek: ; Russian: ), from the Soghdian βuxārak (lucky place), is the fifth-largest city in Uzbekistan, and capital of the Bukhara Province (viloyat). ... Kaifeng (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Kāifēng; Wade-Giles: Kai-feng), formerly known as Bianliang (汴梁; Wade-Giles: Pien-liang), is a prefecture-level city in eastern Henan province, Peoples Republic of China. ... Yenching (Chinese: ; pinyin: ) can refer to: Beijing (Yenching is an older, alternative name of the city) Harvard-Yenching Institute Yenching College Yenching University Category: ... “Peking” redirects here. ...

The Arabs from Bukhara were under the leadership of Prince Amir Sayyid "So-fei-er" (his Chinese name). The prince was later given an honorary title. He is reputed of being the "father" of the Muslim community in China. Prior to him Islam was named by the Tang and Song Chinese as Ta-shi fa ("law of Islam"). He renamed it to Hui Hui Jiao ("the Religion of Double return").^[5]

Many Muslims went to China to trade, and these Muslims began to have a great economic impact and influence on the country. During the Song Dynasty (960-1279), Muslims in China dominated foreign trade and the import/export industry to the south and west.^[6] Indeed, the office of Director General of Shipping was consistently held by a Muslim during this period.^[7] Northern Song in 1111 AD Capital Kaifeng (960–1127) Linan (1127–1276) Language(s) Chinese Religion Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism Government Monarchy Emperor  - 960-976 Emperor Taizu  - 1126–1127 Emperor Qinzong  - 1127–1162 Emperor Gaozong  - 1278–1279 Emperor Bing History  - Zhao Kuangyin taking over the throne of the Later Zhou...

Yuan dynasty

Main article: Islam during the Yuan Dynasty

The earliest of the Arabic tombstones with dates unearthed in Quanzhou, 1171 CE

The Yuan Dynasty of China, continued to maintain excellent relationship with other nomadic tribes of Mongolia. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...

Elevated status of Muslims

The Mongol rulers of Yuan Dynasty elevated the status of Muslims versus the Chinese, and placed many foreign and non-Han Chinese Muslims in high-ranking posts instead of native Confucian scholars, using many Muslims in the administration of China.This was part of a larger strategy of the Mongol dynasties to divide subject peoples from an administrative class. Confucianism (儒家 Pinyin: rújiā The School of the Scholars), sometimes translated as the School of Literati, is an East Asian ethical, religious and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of Confucius. ...

The state encouraged Muslim immigration, as Arab, Persian and Turkic immigration into China accelerated during this period. In the fourteenth century, the total population of Muslims was 4,000,000. ^[8] These migrants saw the formation of new Muslim communities in North China and Yunnan who were to merge completely with the local Chinese but nevertheless show a marked tendency for autonomy.^[3] In addition, native Chinese and their descendants were sent out of China to administer other parts of the Mongol Empire, including West Asia, Russia and India (as Mughal dynasty) in successive centuries. There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... Yunan redirects here. ... The Mughal Empire (alternative spelling Mogul, which is the origin of the word Mogul) of India was founded by Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last of the Delhi Sultans at the First Battle of Panipat. ...

Muslim Influence

Economically, the Mongols used Persian, Arab and Uyghur administrators to staff the officers of taxation and finance. Muslims headed most corporations in China in the early Yuan period but as Chinese bought shares, most corporations acquired mixed membership, or even complete Chinese ownership. ^[9] The name Mongols (Mongolian: Mongol) specifies one or several ethnic groups. ... Languages Arabic and other minority languages Religions Islam, Christianity, Druzism and Judaism Arab woman from Ramallah wearing traditional dress in 1915. ... The Uyghur (also spelled Uygur, Uighur, Uigur; Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر; Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ) are a Turkic people of Central Asia. ... Finance studies and addresses the ways in which individuals, businesses, and organizations raise, allocate, and use monetary resources over time, taking into account the risks entailed in their projects. ... A Muslim is a believer in or follower of Islam. ...

Muslim scholars were brought to work on calendar making and astronomy. Kubilai Khan brought Iranians to Beijing to construct an observatory and an institution for astronomical studies. ^[9] It was during this time that Jamal ad-Din, a Persian astronomer, presented Kublai Khan with seven Persian astronomical instruments.^[10] There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... Kublai Khan or Khubilai Khan (1215 - 1294), Mongol military leader, was Khan (1260-1294) of the Mongol Empire and founder and first Emperor (1279-1294) of the Yuan Dynasty. ... Jamal ad-Din, also spelt Jamal ud-Din, was a 13th-century Persian astronomer. ... For other uses, see Kublai Khan (disambiguation). ...

Ming dynasty

Main article: Islam during the Ming Dynasty

Muslims continued to flourish in China during the Ming Dynasty. During Ming rule, the capital, Nanjing, was a center of Islamic learning. It is during this time that Muslims truly adopted Chinese culture. Most became fluent in Chinese and adopted Chinese names. As a result the Muslims became "outwardly indistinguishable" from the Chinese.^[11] Muslims continued to flourish in China during the Ming Dynasty. ... For other uses, see Ming. ... “Nanking” redirects here. ... Chinese culture has roots going back over five thousand years. ...

Integration

See also: Chinese Islamic cuisine, Sini (script), and Chinese mosques

Immigration slowed down drastically and the Muslims in China became increasingly isolated from the rest of the Islamic world, gradually becoming more sinicized, adopting the Chinese language and Chinese dress. Chinese Islamic cuisine is cuisine of the Hui (ethnic Chinese Muslims) and other Muslims living in China. ... Sini is a Chinese Islamic calligraphic form for the Arabic script. ... The Great Mosque of Xian, one of Chinas largest mosques Dongsi Mosque [1] Great Mosque, Huhhot [2] Great Mosque, Tianjin [3] Great Mosque, Xian [4] Huaisheng Mosque in Guangzhou [5] Huajue Mosque in Xian Id Kah Mosque in Kashgar [6] Najiahu Mosque in Yinchuan Nanguan Mosque... Sinicization, or less commonly Sinification, is to make things Chinese. ...

During this period, Muslims also began to adopt Chinese surnames. Many Muslims married Han Chinese women and simply took the name of the wife. Other Muslims, who could not find a Chinese surname similar to their own, adopted the Chinese character most similar to their own - Ha for Hasan, Hu for Hussain and Sa'I for Said and so on. Chinese surnames that are very common among Muslim families are Mo, Mai, and Mu - names adopted by the Muslims who had the surnames Muhammad, Mustafa and Masoud. Languages Chinese languages Religions Predominantly Taoism, Mahayana Buddhism, traditional Chinese religions, and atheism. ... A family name, or surname or last name, is the part of a persons name that indicates to what family he or she belongs. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ...

In addition to names, Muslim customs of dress and food also underwent a synthesis with Chinese culture. During the Ming Dynasty, Chinese Islamic traditions of writing began to develop, including the practice of writing Chinese using the Arabic script (xiaojing) and distinctly Chinese forms of decorative calligraphy.^[12] Mosque Architecture began to follow traditional Chinese architecture. A good example is the Great Mosque of Xi'an, whose current buildings date from the Ming Dynasty. Mosques in Nanjing are noted in two inscriptions from the sixteenth century. For other uses, see Ming. ... Arabic can mean: From or related to Arabia From or related to the Arabs The Arabic language; see also Arabic grammar The Arabic alphabet, used for expressing the languages of Arabic, Persian, Malay ( Jawi), Kurdish, Panjabi, Pashto, Sindhi and Urdu, among others. ... The Liuhe Pagoda of Hangzhou, China, built in 1165 AD. Chinese architecture refers to a style of architecture that has taken shape in Asia over the centuries. ... The Great Mosque of Xian, one of Chinas largest mosques The Great Mosque of Xian (Chinese: 西安大清真寺), located near the Drum Tower (Gu Lou) on Huajue Lane of Xian, Shaanxi province, China, is one of the oldest and most renowned mosques in the country. ... For other uses, see Ming. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ...

Prominent Muslims in this period

Six of Ming Dynasty founder Zhu Yuanzhang's most trusted generals were Muslims. During the Ming Dynasty, famous Muslims worked for the highest levels of the government in a trend that began during the Yuan regime. The Ming Dynasty saw the appointment of Chinese Muslim military generals such as Mu Ying and Chang Yuchun who campaigned in Yunnan and central Shandong. These two areas became leading centers of Islamic learning in China. The Hongwu Emperor (October 21, 1328 - June 24, 1398), personal name Zhu Yuanzhang, was the founder of the Ming Dynasty of China, and the first emperor of this dynasty from 1368 to 1398. ... Capital Dadu Language(s) Mongolian Chinese Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1260-1294 Kublai Khan  - 1333-1370 (Cont. ... The Hui people (Chinese: ; Pinyin: , Xiaoerjing: حُوِ Ø°ÙŽÙˆ ) are a Chinese ethnic group, typically distinguished by their practice of the Islamic religion. ... Mu Ying was one of the founding generals of the Ming Dynasty. ... Chang Yuchun (常遇春) was one of the founding generals of the Ming Dynasty. ... Yunan redirects here. ...   (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Shan-tung) is a coastal province of eastern Peoples Republic of China. ...

Lan Yu , in 1388, led a strong imperial Ming army out of the Great Wall and won a decisive victory over the Mongols in Mongolia, effectively ending the Mongol dream to re-conquer China. Lan Yu was later killed by the Emperor, along with several others, in a purge of those deemed to be a potential threat to his heir apparent.^[13] Mu ying was one of the few capable generals who survived the massacre of Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang. He and his descendants guarded Yunnan, a province near Vietnam, until the end of the Ming Dynasty. Chang Yuchun was one of the founding generals of the Ming Dynasty. Lan Yu was one of the founding generals of the Ming Dynasty. ... Mu Ying was one of the founding generals of the Ming Dynasty. ... The Hongwu Emperor (October 21, 1328 - June 24, 1398), personal name Zhu Yuanzhang, was the founder of the Ming Dynasty of China, and the first emperor of this dynasty from 1368 to 1398. ... Chang Yuchun (常遇春) was one of the founding generals of the Ming Dynasty. ... For other uses, see Ming. ...

Other Muslim generals of the Ming included Feng Sheng, Ding Dexing and Hu Dahai. Hu Dahai was a muslim General of the Ming Dynasty, one of the founding generals (along with Chang Yuchun). ...

Zheng He, perhaps the most famous Chinese Muslim, was China's foremost explorer. He led seven expeditions to the Indian Ocean, from 1405 and 1433, under the reign of the Yongle Emperor. A modern illustration of Zheng He, by an unidentified artist. ... The Hui people (Chinese: ; Pinyin: , Xiaoerjing: حُوِ ذَو ) are a Chinese ethnic group, typically distinguished by their practice of the Islamic religion. ... The Yongle Emperor (May 2, 1360 – August 12, 1424), born Zhu Di (Chu Ti) , was the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty of China from 1402 to 1424. ...

Qing dynasty

Main article: Islam during the Qing Dynasty

The rise of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) made relations between the Muslims and Chinese more difficult. The dynasty prohibited ritual slaughtering of animals, followed by forbidding the construction of new mosques and the pilgrimage to Mecca.^[14] The Qing rulers were Manchu, not Han, and were themselves a minority in China. They employed the tactics of divide and conquer to keep the Muslims, Hans, Tibetans and Mongolians in conflict with each other.Muslims suffered a decline in status, and numerous Hui rebellions, such as the Panthay Rebellion (1855-1873), Dungan revolt (1862-1878),sprung up during the Qing Dynasty in reaction to repressionist policies. The rise of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) made relations between the Muslims and Chinese more difficult. ... Flag (1890-1912) Anthem Gong Jinou (1911) Territory of Qing China in 1892 Capital Shengjing (1636-1644) Beijing (1644-1912) Language(s) Chinese Manchu Mongolian Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1636-1643 Huang Taiji  - 1908-1912 Xuantong Emperor Prime Minister  - 1911 Yikuang  - 1911-1912 Yuan Shikai History  - Establishment of the Late... This article is about the Islamic tradition. ... This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ... The Manchu people (Manchu: Manju; Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: , Mongolian: Манж) are a Tungusic people who originated in Manchuria (todays Northeastern China). ... Languages Chinese languages Religions Predominantly Taoism, Mahayana Buddhism, traditional Chinese religions, and atheism. ... Ethnolinguistic map of China For a list of ethnic groups in China, see List of ethnic groups in China. ... The Hui people (Chinese: ; Pinyin: , Xiaoerjing: حُوِ Ø°ÙŽÙˆ ) are a Chinese ethnic group, typically distinguished by their practice of the Islamic religion. ... The Panthay Rebellion (known in Chinese as the Du Wenxiu Qiyi 杜文秀起义 (1856 - 1873) was a separatist movement of the Hui people, Chinese Muslims, against the imperial Qing Dynasty in southwestern Yunnan Province, China. ... The Dungan Revolt is also known as the Hui Minorities War and the Muslim Rebellion. ...

However, even in the Qing Dynasty, Muslims had many mosques in the large cities, with particularly important ones in Beijing, Xi'an, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, and other places (in addition to those in the western Muslim regions). The architecture typically employed traditional Chinese styles, with Arabic-language inscriptions being the chief distinguishing feature. Many Muslims held government positions, including positions of importance, particularly in the army. “Peking” redirects here. ... “Xian” redirects here. ...   (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Postal map spelling: Hangchow) is a sub-provincial city located in the Yangtze River Delta in the Peoples Republic of China, and the capital of Zhejiang province. ... Guangzhou is the capital and the sub-provincial city of Guangdong Province in the southern part of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Arabic is a Semitic language, closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ...

As travel between China and the Middle East became easier, Sufism spread throughout the Northwestern China in the early decades of the Qing Dynasty (mid-17th century through early 18th century).^[15] The most important Sufi orders (menhuan) included: Sufism is a mystic tradition within Islam that encompasses a diverse range of beliefs and practices dedicated to divine love and the cultivation of the heart. ...

• The Qadiriyya, which was established in China Qi Jingyi, also known as Hilal al-Din (1656-1719), student of the famous Central Asian Sufi teachers, Khoja Afaq and Kjoja Abd Alla. He was known among the Hui Sufis as Qi Daozu (Grand Master Qi). The shrine complex around "great tomb" (da gongbei) in Linxia remains the center of the Qadiriyya in China.
• The Khufiyya: a Naqshbandi order.
• The Jahriyya: another Naqshbandi menhuan, founded by Ma Mingxin.

Qadiriyyah (Arabic: القادريه ) (also transliterated Qadiri), is one of the oldest Sufi tariqas, derives its name from Abdul Qadir Jilani (also transliterated other ways) (1077-1166), a native of the Iranian province of Gilan. ... Khwāja or Khoja, a Persian word literally meaning master, was used in Central Asia as a title of the descendants of the famous Central Asian Naqshbandi Sufi teacher, Ahmad Kasani (1461-1542). ... The tomb of Khoja Afāq near Kashgar Abakh Khoja, Apak Khoja, or more properly[1] Āfāq Khwāja (? - 1693/94) was a religious and political leader in Kashgaria (in modern-day southern Xinjiang). ... Linxia (simplified Chinese: 临夏; traditional Chinese: 臨夏; pinyin: Línxià, once known as Hezhou) is a county-level city in the province of Gansu of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Naqshbandi (Naqshbandiyya) is one of the major Sufi orders (tariqa) of Islam. ... Naqshbandi (Naqshbandiyya) is one of the major Sufi orders (tariqa) of Islam. ...

Muslim Rebellions

Main articles: Dungan revolt and Panthay Rebellion

The repressive policies of the Qing regime led to large Muslim rebellions in the late 18th and 19th centuries. The Dungan Revolt is also known as the Hui Minorities War and the Muslim Rebellion. ... The Panthay Rebellion (known in Chinese as the Du Wenxiu Qiyi 杜文秀起义 (1856 - 1873) was a separatist movement of the Hui people, Chinese Muslims, against the imperial Qing Dynasty in southwestern Yunnan Province, China. ... Flag (1890-1912) Anthem Gong Jinou (1911) Territory of Qing China in 1892 Capital Shengjing (1636-1644) Beijing (1644-1912) Language(s) Chinese Manchu Mongolian Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1636-1643 Huang Taiji  - 1908-1912 Xuantong Emperor Prime Minister  - 1911 Yikuang  - 1911-1912 Yuan Shikai History  - Establishment of the Late... The Hui people (Chinese: ; Pinyin: , Xiaoerjing: حُوِ Ø°ÙŽÙˆ ) are a Chinese ethnic group, typically distinguished by their practice of the Islamic religion. ...

The first of the revolts occurred in western Sinkiang, from 1758 to 1759, then in the oasis of Ush to the south of Lake Balkash in 1765. Another revolt took place in Gansu, where the suppression by Qing armies lasted from 1781 to 1784. For the county in Shanxi province, see Xinjiang County. ... Uqturpan County (Chinese: ) is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Aksu Prefecture. ... Categories: Lakes of Kazakhstan | Rift lakes | Stub ... Gansu (Simplified Chinese: 甘肃; Traditional Chinese: 甘肅; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Kan-su, Kansu, or Kan-suh) is a province located in the northwest of the Peoples Republic of China. ... The Qing Dynasty (Manchu: daicing gurun; Chinese: 清朝; pinyin: qīng cháo; Wade-Giles: ching chao), sometimes known as the Manchu Dynasty, was founded by the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro, in what is today northeast China expanded into China proper and the surrounding territories of...

The Panthay Rebellion, lasting from 1855 to 1873, took place in the southwestern province of Yunnan. Disagreements between Muslim and non-Muslim tin miners was the spark that lit the tensions that led to war. The Muslims were led, for the most part of the war, by Du Wenxiu (1823-1872). The insurgents took the city of Dali and established the short-lived independent state of Pingnan Guo, meaning “the Pacified Southern Nation” before being brutally crushed by Qing forces. The Panthay Rebellion (known in Chinese as the Du Wenxiu Qiyi 杜文秀起义 (1856 - 1873) was a separatist movement of the Hui people, Chinese Muslims, against the imperial Qing Dynasty in southwestern Yunnan Province, China. ... A province is a territorial unit, almost always a country subdivision. ... Yunan redirects here. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... The Hui people (Chinese: ; Pinyin: , Xiaoerjing: حُوِ Ø°ÙŽÙˆ ) are a Chinese ethnic group, typically distinguished by their practice of the Islamic religion. ... DALI (Danish Audiophile Loudspeaker Industry) is a manufacturer of high-end loudspeakers situated in Denmark. ... The Qing Dynasty (Manchu: daicing gurun; Chinese: 清朝; pinyin: qīng cháo; Wade-Giles: ching chao), sometimes known as the Manchu Dynasty, was founded by the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro, in what is today northeast China expanded into China proper and the surrounding territories of...

Islam in China (1911-present)

Main article: Islam in China (1911-present)

After the fall of the Qing Dynasty, which was hostile to Muslims, there appeared to be a reason for hope as Sun Yat Sen, who led the new republic, immediately proclaimed that the country belonged equally to the Han, Hui (Muslim), Meng (Mongol), and the Tsang (Tibetan) peoples. ...

Republic of China

The end of the Qing dynasty marked an increase in Sino-foreign interaction. This led to increased contact between Muslim minorities in China and the Islamic states of the Middle East. A missionary, Claude Pickens, found 834 well-known Hui who had made hajj between 1923 and 1934. By 1939, at least 33 Hui Muslims had studied at Cairo's Al-Azhar University. In 1912, the Chinese Muslim Federation was formed in the capital Nanjing. Similar organization formed in Beijing (1912), Shanghai (19250 and Jinan (1934).^[16] This article is about the Islamic tradition. ... Al-Azhar Mosque in Cairo Egypt Al-Azhar University (Arabic: الأزهر الشريف; al-Azhar al-Shareef, the Noble Azhar), is a premier Egyptian institution of higher learning, world-renowned for its position as a center of Islamic scholarship and education. ... “Nanking” redirects here. ... “Peking” redirects here. ... For other uses, see Shanghai (disambiguation). ... For the South Korean county of the same name, see Jinan County. ...

Academic activities within the Muslim community also flourished. Before the Sino-Japanese War of 1937, there existed more than a hundred known Muslim periodicals. Thirty journals were published between 1911 and 1937. Although Linxia remained the center for religious activities, many Muslim cultural activities had shifted to Beijing.^[17] Linxia (simplified Chinese: 临夏; traditional Chinese: 臨夏; pinyin: Línxià, once known as Hezhou) is a county-level city in the province of Gansu of the Peoples Republic of China. ...

In the first decade of the 20th century, it has been estimated that there were between 3 million and 50 million Muslims in China proper (that is, China excluding the regions of Mongolia and Xinjiang). [4] Of these, almost half resided in Gansu, over a third in Shaanxi (as defined at that time) and the rest in Yunnan. (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999... China proper refers to the historical heartlands of China in the context of that paradigm which contrasts these heartlands with frontier regions of Outer China (including sections of Inner Asia and other regions). ... Gansu (Simplified Chinese: 甘肃; Traditional Chinese: 甘肅; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Kan-su, Kansu, or Kan-suh) is a province located in the northwest of the Peoples Republic of China. ...   (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ShÇŽnxÄ«; Wade-Giles: Shan-hsi; Postal map spelling: Shensi) is a north-central province of the Peoples Republic of China, and includes portions of the Loess Plateau on the middle reaches of the Yellow River as well as the Qinling Mountains across the... Yunan redirects here. ...

The Manchu dynasty fell in 1911, and the Republic of China was established by Sun Yat Sen, who immediately proclaimed that the country belonged equally to the Han, Hui (Muslim), Meng (Mongol), and the Tsang (Tibetan) peoples. This led to some improvement in relations between these different peoples.

People's Republic of China

The People's Republic of China was founded in 1949. Through many of the early years there were tremendous upheavals which culminated in the Cultural Revolution.

During the Cultural Revolution the Government attempted to dilute the Muslim population of Xinjiang by settling masses of Han Chinese there, and replacing Muslim leaders. The government constantly accused Muslims and other religious groups of holding "superstitious beliefs" and promoting "anti-socialist trends".^[18]

Since the advent of Deng Xiaopeng in 1979, the Chinese government liberalised its policies toward Islam and Muslims. New legislation gave all minorities the freedom to use their own spoken and written languages; develop their own culture and education; and practice their religion.^[19] More Chinese Muslims than ever before are allowed to go on the Hajj.^[20] This article is about the Islamic tradition. ...

China today

Under China's current leadership, Islam is undergoing a modest revival and there are now many mosques in China. There has been an upsurge in Islamic expression and many nation-wide Islamic associations have been organised to co-ordinate inter-ethnic activities among Muslims.

In most of China, Muslims have considerable religious freedom, however, in areas like Xinjiang, where there has been unrest among Uyghur Muslims, activities are restricted. For the county in Shanxi province, see Xinjiang County. ...

China is fighting an increasingly protracted struggle against members of its Uyghur minority, who are a Turkic people with their own language and distinct Islamic culture. Uyghur separatists are intent on re-establishing the state of East Turkistan, which existed for a few years in the 1920s.

Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, China feared potential separatist goals of the Muslim majority in Xinjiang. An April, 1996, agreement between Russia, Kazakhstan, Tajikstan and Kyrgyztan, however, assures China of avoiding a military conflict. Other Muslim states have also asserted that they have no intentions of becoming involved in China's internal affairs.^[21] The Republic of Tajikistan (Тоҷикистон), formerly known as the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, is a country in Central Asia. ... Motto none Anthem National Anthem of the Kyrgyz Republic Capital (and largest city) Bishkek Official languages Kyrgyz, Russian Government Republic  -  President Kurmanbek Bakiyev  -  Prime Minister Almazbek Atambayev Independence from the Soviet Union   -  Declared 31 August 1991   -  Completed 25 December 1991  Area  -  Total 199,900 km² (86th) 77,181 sq mi...

China fears the influence of radical Islamic thinking filtering in from central Asia, and the role of exiles in neighbouring states and in Turkey, with which Xinjiang's majority Uyghur population shares linguistic ties.^[22] After, September 11, many "ethnic" Muslims were forcibly evicted from Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou.^[23] is the 254th day of the year (255th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... “Peking” redirects here. ... For other uses, see Shanghai (disambiguation). ... Guangzhou is the capital and the sub-provincial city of Guangdong Province in the southern part of the Peoples Republic of China. ...

Muslim nations like Iran, Saudi Arabia and Turkey support Muslims in China. Turhan Tayan, the defense minister of Turkey, recently told China

"...many people living [in Xinjiang] are our relatives and that we will always be interested in those people's welfare. Our government is and will continue to be sensitive over the plight of our Turkic and Muslim brothers throughout the world."

China, however, continues to stress national unity.^[24]

See also

• Islam in China
• Religion in China
• Demographics of the People's Republic of China
• Islam by country
• Chinese Patriotic Islamic Association
• Tibetan Muslims

Islam has a rich heritage in China. ... Chinese monk lighting incense in a temple in Beijing. ... Demographics of China, Data of FAO, year 2005 ; Number of inhabitants in thousands. ... Muslim percentage of population by country Distribution of Islam per country. ... The Chinese Patriotic Islamic Association (Chinese: 中国伊斯兰教协会) claims to represent Chinese Muslims nationwide. ... The Tibetan Muslims, also known as the Kachee (Kache), form a small minority in Tibet. ...

Notes

1. ^ Islam in China (650-present) BBC
2. ^ Israeli (2002), pg. 291
3. ^ ^{a b} Gernet, Jacques. A History of Chinese Civilization. 2. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-521-49712-4
4. ^ Israeli (2002), pg. 283-4
5. ^ Israeli (2002), pg. 284
6. ^ BBC Religion and Ethics ISLAM Origins
7. ^ ISLAM IN CHINA
8. ^ Israeli (2002), p. 285
9. ^ ^{a b} Richard Bulliet, Pamela Crossley, Daniel Headrick, Steven Hirsch, Lyman Johnson, and David Northrup. The Earth and Its Peoples. 3. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005. ISBN 0-618-42770-8
10. ^ Zhu (1946)
11. ^ Israeli(2002), pg. 292
12. ^ [1]
13. ^ Dun J. Li The Ageless Chinese (Charles Scribner's Sons: 1971), p. 276
14. ^ Keim(1954), pg.605
15. ^ Gladney (1999)
16. ^ Gladney (1999), pg. 457
17. ^ Gladney (1999), pg. 458
18. ^ Israeli (2002), pg. 253
19. ^ bbc religion and ethics ISLAM Integration [2]
20. ^ New Encyclopedia of Islam, pg. 622-25
21. ^ Gladney (1999), pg. 471
22. ^ bbc religion and ethics ISLAM China today [3]
23. ^ Wintle (2003), pg. 300
24. ^ Gladney (1999), pg. 473

For other uses, see BBC (disambiguation). ...

References

• Islam in China (650-present). BBC
• Esposito, John L.; Gladney, Dru C. (1999). The Oxford History of Islam. New York: Oxford University press. 
• Gladney, Dru C. (1999). in Leif Manger (editor): Muslim Diversity: Local Islam in Global Contexts, Nordic Institute of Asian Studies. Surrey: Curzon Press, 102-149. ISBN 0-7007-1104-X. 
• Israeli, Raphael (2002). Islam in China. United States of America: Lexington Books. ISBN 073910375X. 
• Keim, Jean (1954). Les Musulmans Chinois. France Asie. 
• Wintle, Justin (May 2003). History of Islam. London: Rough Guides Ltd, 136-7. ISBN 184353018X. 
• Zhu, Siben; Walter Fuchs (1946). The "Mongol Atlas" of China. Taipei: Fu Jen Catholic University.