Hoysala Empire architecture in Belur

The recorded history of Karnataka goes back more than two millenia. Several great empires and dynasties have ruled over Karnataka and have contributed greatly to the history, culture and development of Karnataka. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1536x2048, 569 KB) Vishnu tearing an elephant - Chennakesava temple, Belur. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1536x2048, 569 KB) Vishnu tearing an elephant - Chennakesava temple, Belur. ... The Hoysala Empire ruled part of southern India from 1000 to 1346. ... Belur (Kannada:ಬೇಲೂರು) was the early capital of the Hoysala Empire. ... Karnātakā   (Kannada: ಕನಾ೯ಟಕ) (IPA: ) is one of the four southern states of India. ... Karnātakā   (Kannada: ಕನಾ೯ಟಕ) (IPA: ) is one of the four southern states of India. ...

The impact of kingdoms of Karnataka origin have been felt over other parts of India also. The Sena Dynasty of Bengal called themselves Karnata Kshatriyas, the Karnatas of Mithila ruled over present day Bihar called themselves Karnata Vamsha and Karnataka Kshatriya^[1]. The Chindaka Nagas of centra India, Gangas of Kalinga (Orissa)^[2], Rashtrakutas of Gujarat^[3] Chalukyas of Vengi^[4], Yadava Dynasty of Devagiri were all of Kannada origin ^[5] who later took to encouraging local languages The Sena dynasty ruled Bengal through the 11th and 12th centuries. ...

Pre-history

Evidence of Neolithic habitation of areas in modern Karnataka and celts dating back to the 2nd century BCE were first discovered in 1872. There are reports that a polished stone axe was discovered at Lingsugur in the Raichur district; however the authenticity of these reports remains unverifiable. ^[6] Megalithic structures and burial grounds were discovered in 1862 in the regions of Kodagu and Moorey Betta hills, while Neolithic sites were discovered in north Karnataka. ^[6]Scholarly hypothesis postulates of contacts between the Indus Valley city of Harappa in 3000 BCE, citing the discovery of gold found in the Harappan sites that was imported from mines in Karnataka.^{[7][8] [9][10]} An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools. ... Celt (pron. ... The Common Era is the period beginning with a year near the birth of Jesus, coinciding with the period from AD 1 onwards. ... Ancient stone tools Flint tools were made by stone age peoples worldwide. ... Raichur District is an administrative district in the Indian state of Karnataka. ... Megalithic tomb, Mane Braz, Brittany A megalith is a large stone which has been used to construct a structure or monument either alone or with other stones. ... Location of the Kodagu district with respect to the other districts of Karnataka. ... An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools. ... Excavated ruins of Mohenjo-daro. ... Harappa (Urdu: ہڑپا) is a city in Punjab, northeast Pakistan, about 35km (22 miles) southwest of Sahiwal. ...

Early history

Main articles: Satavahanas and Kadambas

In the third century BCE, most of Karnataka was part of the Mauryan Empire, ruled by Emperor Ashoka. Rock edicts of Ashoka, written in Prakrit, were discovered in Chitradurga and Raichur. In the 4th century BCE, a local dynasty called Satavahana came to power and its rule lasted nearly 3 centuries. Approximate extent of the Satavahana Empire, circa 150 CE. The Sātavāhanas, also known as the Andhras, were a dynasty which ruled in Southern and Central India starting from around 230 BCE. Although there is some controversy about when the dynasty came to an end, the most liberal estimates... Kadambas was an ancient royal dynasty of Karnataka, who ruled from their capital of Banavasi from (345-525AD) later branched into Goa, Hanagal and Chandavar. ... The Mauryan empire (321 to 185 BCE), at its largest extent around 230 BCE. The Lion Capital of Asoka, erected around 250 BCE. It is the emblem of India. ... Allegiance: Magadhan Empire Rank: Emperor Succeeded by: Dasaratha Maurya Reign: 273 BC-232 BC Place of birth: Pataliputra, India Battles/Wars Kalinga War Emperor Ashoka the Great (Devanagari: अशोक(:); IAST transliteration: , pronunciation: ) (304 BC–232 BC) (Imperial Title:Devanampiya Piyadassi ie He who is the beloved of the Gods who, in... An edict is an announcement of a law, often associated with monarchism. ... Prakrit (also spelt Pracrit) (Sanskrit: , original, natural, artless, normal, ordinary, usual, i. ... The Famous Chitradurga Fort Chitradurga (ಚಿತ್ರದುರ್ಗ in Kannada) is a city located in the Indian state of Karnataka. ... (5th century BC - 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - other centuries) (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium AD) Events Invasion of the Celts into Ireland Kingdom of Macedon conquers Persian empire Romans build first aqueduct Chinese use bellows The Scythians are beginning to be absorbed into the Sarmatian... The Sātavāhanas (Marathi:सातवाहन Telugu:సాతవాహనులు), also known as the Andhras, were a dynasty which ruled from Junnar, Pune over Southern and Central India starting from around 230 BCE. Although there is some controversy about when the dynasty came to an end, the most liberal estimates suggest that it lasted...

The disintegration of the Satavahana dynasty led to the ascent of the native Kadambas of Banavasi (325-540 CE) in central Karnataka, and the Western Ganga Dynasty (325-550 CE) in the south of the region. These were the first kingdoms to give official status to Kannada language as evidenced by the Halmidi inscription of 450 A.D., attributed to King Kakusthavarma of the Kadamba dynasty. Also, recent discovery of 5th century A.D. copper coin in Banavasi, ancient capital of the Kadambas, with Kannada script inscription on it, further proves the usage of Kannada at an official level.^[11] Kadambas was an ancient royal dynasty of Karnataka, who ruled from their capital of Banavasi from (345-525AD) later branched into Goa, Hanagal and Chandavar. ... Banavasi ಬನವಾಸಿ is an ancient temple town on the border of Uttara Kannada District and Shimoga district in the south Indian state of Karnataka. ... The Gangas of Talakad, like the Kadambas of Banavasi, rose to political eminence in the middle of the fourth century A.D., and ruled over the southern parts of Karnataka, in southern India. ... The Halmidi inscription is so far the oldest known Kannada inscription in the Kannada script. ... Gandaberunda, symbol of Karnataka Kakusthavarma (435-455) was a ruler of the Kadamba Dynasty of Banavasi in Southern India during the 4th century. ... Banavasi ಬನವಾಸಿ is an ancient temple town on the border of Uttara Kannada District and Shimoga district in the south Indian state of Karnataka. ... Kadambas was an ancient royal dynasty of Karnataka, who ruled from their capital of Banavasi from (345-525AD) later branched into Goa, Hanagal and Chandavar. ... The Kannada script is an abugida of the Brahmic family, primarily to write the Kannada language, one of the Dravidian languages in India. ...

Medieval history

Main articles: Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Western Chalukyas, Hoysala, Gangas, and Vijayanagara Empire

They continued their rule as feudatories of larger empires such as the Chalukyas and Rashtrakutas for another six hundred years, during which time Kannada literature and a new style of architecture called the vesara style was born and evolved. Eclectic Chalukyan style temples in Pattadakal, Aihole, Badami, (Badami Cave Temples), Ellora and Gadag were conceived during this time. Nripa Kama established the Hoysala Empire at the turn of the millennium. Art and architecture flourished in the region during the time that resulted in the construction of temples and sculptures such as the Hoysaleswara temple in Halebid and Chennakesava Temple at Belur. The Chalukya Dynasty was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled parts of southern India between 550 and 750, and again between 973 and 1190. ... The Rashtrakutas were a dynasty which ruled the Deccan during the 8th-10th centuries. ... The Western Chalukyas ruled the western Deccan in South India between the tenth and the thirteenth centuries CE. They were related to the Chalukya dynasty of Badami who were a powerful dynasty who reigned over most of the Deccan between the seventh and the eight centuries. ... The Hoysala Empire ruled part of southern India from 1000 to 1346. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... The Vijayanagara empire was based in the Deccan, in peninsular and southern India, from 1336 onwards. ... Look up vassal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Chalukya dynasty (Kannada: ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರು) was a powerful Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and the 12th century C.E. They began to assert their independence at the decline of the Satavahana empire and rapidly rose to prominence during the reign of... The Rashtrakutas were a dynasty which ruled the Deccan during the 8th-10th centuries. ... Vesara is a type of Indian architecture primarily used in temples. ... Pattadakal is a city in the Indian state of Karnataka famous for its group of monuments that comprise of initial experiments in Hindu temple architecture. ... Aihole (Kannada ಐಹೊಳೆ)is in the Bagalkot district of Karnataka, India. ... Badami Cave Temple No 3. ... Badami Cave One dedicated to Shiva The Badami Cave Temples, an example of Indian rock-cut architecture, are at Badami, a town in the Bagalkot District in the north part of Karnataka, India. ... Kailasanatha Temple Ellora is an ancient village 30 km from the city of Aurangabad in the Indian state of Maharashtra famous for its magnificent rock cut architecture comprising of Buddhist, Hindu and Jaina cave temples and monasteries built between the 6th and 10th century A.D. These structures were excavated... Gadag, is a district of Karnataka state in India. ... The Hoysala Empire ruled part of southern India from 1000 to 1346. ... Siva and Parvathi - Hoysaleswara temple Hoysaleswara temple is in Halebidu 16 kms from Belur, 31 kms from Hassan and 149 kms from Mysore in the state of Karnataka in India. ... Halebid, located in Hassan district, Karnataka, India, is home of one of the greatest examples of Hoysala architecture. ... Chennakesava Temple The Chennakesava Temple sits on the banks of the Yagachi River in Belur, 220 km from Bangalore, in Karnataka, India. ... Belur (Kannada:ಬೇಲೂರು) was the early capital of the Hoysala Empire. ...

The expansion of the Hoysala Empire brought large parts of modern Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu under their rule^[12].

In early 14th century, Hosapattana (later to be called Vijayanagara) on the banks of Tungabhadra River was built as an alternate capital to stem the Muslim invasions from north. Vijayanagar Empire was established by Harihara and Bukka Raya, commanders of the last Hoysala King Veera Ballala III, with its capital at Vijayanagara, modern day Hampi. The Vijayanagara Kings fostered traditions and encouraged arts, religion and literature in Sanskrit, Kannada and Telugu. The Bahmani sultans of Gulbarga and the Adil Shahi sultans of Bijapur ruled over the region after the defeat and disintegration of the Vijayanagara Empire in battle. The Bahamani rules encouraged Urdu and Persian literature and Islamic architecture. The Gol Gumbaz was constructed during this time. With the defeat of the Bahmani sultans, the entire region came into the dominion of the Mughal Empire. Vijayanagara (Kannada: ವಿಜಯನಗರ, English: ) is in Bellary District, northern Karnataka. ... The Tungabhadra is a river of southern India. ... The Vijayanagara empire was based in the Deccan, in peninsular and southern India, from 1336 onwards. ... Hoysala architecture in Belur, Karnataka depicting the Hindu God Vishu tearing apart an elephant. ... Vijayanagara (Kannada: ವಿಜಯನಗರ, English: ) is in Bellary District, northern Karnataka. ... Hampi (ಹ೦ಪೆ, Hampe in Kannada) is a village in northern Karnataka, on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in India. ... The Sanskrit language ( , for short ) is an old Indo-Aryan language from the Indian Subcontinent, the classical literary language of the Hindus of India[1], a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ ) is one of the major Dravidian languages of southern India and one of the oldest languages in India. ... Telugu (తెలుగు) is a Dravidian language primarily spoken in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, where it is the official language. ... The Bahmani Sultanate was a Muslim state of the Deccan in southern India. ... Gulbarga is a town in the Indian state of Karnataka. ... The Adil Shahi were a dynasty of Indian sultans, who ruled the Sultanate of Bijapur from the 1490 to 1686. ... Bijapur is a district in the Indian state of Karnataka. ... (, historically spelled Ordu), is an Indo-European language within the Indic branch of the Indo-Iranian subfamily. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Gol Gumbaz is the mausoleum of Muhammad Adil Shah II (1627-57). ... It has been suggested that Mughal Era be merged into this article or section. ...

Modern history

Main articles: Wodeyar and Tipu Sultan

Mysore Palace

The Wodeyars of Mysore, former vassals of the Vijayanagara Empire, leased the state from the Mughal king Aurangzeb in the 15th century. With the death of Krishnaraja Wodeyar II, Haider Ali, the Commander-in-Chief of the Mysore Army, assumed control over the region, until the rule of the kingdom was passed to Tipu Sultan, after Haider Ali's death. In attempting to contain European expansion in South India, Tipu Sultan, known as the Tiger of Mysore fought four significant Anglo-Mysore Wars, the last of which resulted in his death and the incorporation of Mysore into the British Raj. The Wodeyar dynasty (also spelt as Wadiyar-by the British and the Royal family members themselves and also as Odeyar by some) was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled the Kingdom of Mysore from 1399 to 1947, until the independence of India from British rule and the subsequent unification of... Portrait of Tippu Sultan, 1792 Tippu Sultan (full name Sultan Fateh Ali Tippu), also known as the Tiger of Mysore (November 20, 1750, Devanahalli – May 4, 1799, Srirangapatna), was the first son of Haidar Ali by his second wife, Fatima or Fakhr-un-nissa. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x577, 422 KB) Summary http://www. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x577, 422 KB) Summary http://www. ... The Wodeyar dynasty (also spelt as Wadiyar-by the British and the Royal family members themselves and also as Odeyar by some) was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled the Kingdom of Mysore from 1399 to 1947, until the independence of India from British rule and the subsequent unification of... Aurangzeb (Persian: , English: ) (November 3, 1618 – March 3, 1707), also known as Alamgir I, was the ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1658 until 1707. ... Engraving of Hyder Ali by William Dickes, 1846 Hyder Ali or Haidar Ali (c. ... Commander-in-Chief (in NATO-lingo often C-in-C or CINC pronounced sink) is the commander of all the military forces within a particular region or of all the military forces of a state. ... Portrait of Tippu Sultan, 1792 Tippu Sultan (full name Sultan Fateh Ali Tippu), also known as the Tiger of Mysore (November 20, 1750, Devanahalli – May 4, 1799, Srirangapatna), was the first son of Haidar Ali by his second wife, Fatima or Fakhr-un-nissa. ... This article is 150 kilobytes or more in size. ... The Anglo-Mysore Wars were a series of eighteenth-century wars fought in India between the Kingdom of Mysore (then a French ally) and the British East-India Company, represented chiefly by the Madras Presidency. ... The flag of British India British India, circa 1860 The British Raj (Raj in Hindi meaning Rule; from Sanskrit Rajya) was the British rule between 1858 and 1947 of the Indian Subcontinent, which included the present-day India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Burma (Myanmar), whereby these lands were under the colonial...

The freedom movement

Image File history File links Wiki_letter_w. ...

Unification of Karnataka

Main article: Unification of Karnataka

After Indian independence, the Wodeyar Maharaja acceded to India. In 1950, Mysore became an Indian state, and the former Maharaja became its rajpramukh, or governor, until 1975. The Ekikarana movement which started in the latter half of the 19th century, culminated in the States Reorganisation Act of 1956 which provided for parts of Coorg, Madras, Hyderabad, and Bombay states to be incorporated into the state of Mysore. Mysore state was renamed Karnataka in 1973. The state of Mysore was formed on November 1, 1956 and since then November 1 of every year is celeberated as Kannada Rajyotsava / Karnataka Rajyotsava. During the period of British rule, the Indian state of Karnataka as it stands today did not exist. ... The Wodeyar dynasty (also spelt as Wadiyar-by the British and the Royal family members themselves and also as Odeyar by some) was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled the Kingdom of Mysore from 1399 to 1947, until the independence of India from British rule and the subsequent unification of... 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday. ... Flag of former princely state of Mysore. ... Rajpramukh was an administrative title in India which existed from Indias independence in 1947 until 1956. ... During the period of British rule, the Indian state of Karnataka as it stands today did not exist. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... now. ... Tamil Nadu (தமிழ் நாடு, Land of the Tamils) is a state at the southern tip of India. ... Flag of the State of Hyderabad. ... Bombay state is a former state of India. ... November 1 is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 60 days remaining. ... 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 1 is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 60 days remaining. ... Kannada Rajyotsava, or the Karnataka Formation Day is celebrated on 1 November every year. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...

Post-modern history

References

1. ^ Thus indicating their Southern origin, Dr. Romila Thapar, The Penguin History of Early India, 2003
2. ^ Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat, Concise history of Karnataka, 2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002)
3. ^ Dr. B.R. Bhandarkar argues that even the viceroys (Dandanayaka) of the Gujarat line hailing from the Rashtrakuta family signed their Sanskrit records in Kannada, examples of which are the Navasari and Baroda plates of Karka I and the Baroda records of Dhruva II. The Gujarat Rashtrakuta princes used Kannada signatures as this was the mode of writing in their native country, meaning Kannada country says Dr. Bhandarkar, A Concise History of Karnataka, Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath
4. ^ Dr. Suryanath Kamath, Prof. K.A.N. Sastri, Arthikaje
5. ^ Dr. Ritti has argued thus. Even though the Seuna or Yadava ruled from Devagiri (850-1315), literature in Kannada was prolific in their kingdom along with Sanskrit, coinage with Kannada legends have been discovered and most of their inscriptions are in Kannada, indicating that they were Kannadaigas who migrated north due to political situation. Marathi literature started from around 1190 C.E., Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat, Concise history of Karnataka, 2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002)
6. ^ ^{a b} http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/10/stories/2005011001090500.htm
7. ^ http://metalrg.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/K-hertage.htm
8. ^ http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka7.htm
9. ^ http://www.ancientindia.co.uk/staff/resources/background/bg16/home.html
10. ^ http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/html/artefacts.htm
11. ^ 5th century copper coin discovered at Banavasi. Deccan Herald (February 7 2006). Retrieved on 2006-08-17.
12. ^ The Tamil city of Kannanur Kuppam near Srirangam became the second capital of the Hoysalas during the rule of Vira Narasimha II. During the time of Veera Ballala III, Tiruvannamalai in Tamil Nadu had been made an alternate capital, from where the Hoysala fought the Sultan of Madurai. The Hoysalas were regarded as practically the arbiters of South Indian politics. With the waning of Chola and Pandya power, the Hoysalas took up the leadership role in the South India, according to Prof. B.S.K. Iyengar, A Concise History of Karnataka, Dr. S.U. Kamath. The Hoysala rule saw the consolidation and domination of Southern Deccan as a single empire, Dr. Romila Thapar, The Penguin History of Early India