NationMaster - Encyclopedia: History of Luxembourg

History of the Low Countries
Bishopric of Liège 985–1790	Burgundian Netherlands		Duchy of Luxembourg integrated 1441
	1384/1473–1482 The Low Countries, the historical region of de Nederlanden, are the countries (see Country) on low-lying land around the delta of the Rhine, Scheldt, and Meuse (Maas) rivers. ... Image File history File links The flag of the Bishopric of Liege File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The Bishopric of LiÃ¨ge or Prince-Bishopric of LiÃ¨ge was a state of the Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire in present Belgium. ... Events Barcelona sacked by Al-Mansur Greenland colonized by Icelandic Viking Erik the Red (the date is according to legend but has been established as at least approximately correct – see History of Greenland) Lady Wulfruna founded the town that later became the city of Wolverhampton Births Al-Hakim bi... 1790 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... In the history of the Low Countries, the Burgundian Netherlands refers to the period when the dukes of Burgundy ruled the area, as well as Luxembourg and northern France from 1384 to 1477. ... Image File history File links Luxembourg_coa_after_1348. ... // Counts of Luxemburg Counts of Ardennes Siegfried I, 963â€“998, Count in Moselgau from House of Dukes of Lorraine. ... This page is about the year 1441. ... Events May / September 3 - Siege of Lisbon by the Castilian army, during the 1383-1385 Crisis Births Antoine, Duke of Brabant (died 1415) St Frances of Rome (died 1440) Khalil Sultan, ruler of Transoxiana (died 1411) Deaths January 1 - King Charles II of Navarre (b. ... Events Ottoman sultan Mehmed II defeats the White Sheep Turkmens lead by Uzun Hasan at Otlukbeli Axayacatl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan invades the territory of neighboring Aztec city of Tlatelolco. ... Events Portuguese fortify Fort Elmina on the Gold Coast Tizoc rules the Aztecs Diogo Cão, a Portuguese navigator, becomes the first European to sail up the Congo. ...
	Habsburg Netherlands 1482–1556
	Spanish Netherlands	United Netherlands 1581–1795	1581–1713
	Austrian Netherlands		1713–1790
United States of Belgium			1790
Bishopric of Liège 1790–1795	Austrian Netherlands		1790–1794
French Republic		Batavian Republic 1795–1806	1795–1804
French Empire		Kingdom of Holland 1806–1810	1804–1815

United Kingdom of the Netherlands 1815–1830			Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
Kingdom of Belgium since 1830		Kingdom of the Netherlands since 1830	(in personal union with the Netherlands until 1890)

The history of Luxembourg is inherently entwined with the histories of surrounding countries, peoples, and ruling dynasties. Over time, the territory of Luxembourg has been eroded, whilst its ownership has changed repeatedly, and its political independence has grown gradually. The Seventeen Provinces were a personal union of states in the Low Countries in the 16th century, roughly covering the current Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, a good part of the North of France (Artois, Nord) and a small part of Germany. ... Events Portuguese fortify Fort Elmina on the Gold Coast Tizoc rules the Aztecs Diogo Cão, a Portuguese navigator, becomes the first European to sail up the Congo. ... Events January 16 - Abdication of Emperor Charles V. His son, Philip II becomes King of Spain, while his brother Ferdinand becomes Holy Roman Emperor January 23 - The Shaanxi earthquake, the deadliest earthquake in history, occurs with its epicenter in Shaanxi province, China. ... This article or section should be merged with Seventeen Provinces The Spanish Netherlands was a portion of the Low Countries controlled by Spain from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. ... Image File history File links Prinsenvlag. ... The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden/ProvinciÃ«n; also Dutch Republic or United Provinces in short) was a European republic between 1581 and 1795, which is now known as the Netherlands. ... Events January 16 - English Parliament outlaws Roman Catholicism April 4 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. July 26 - The Northern Netherlands proclaim their independence from Spain in the Oath of Abjuration. ... 1795 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Events January 16 - English Parliament outlaws Roman Catholicism April 4 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. July 26 - The Northern Netherlands proclaim their independence from Spain in the Oath of Abjuration. ... // Events April 11 - War of the Spanish Succession: Treaty of Utrecht June 23 - French residents of Acadia given one year to declare allegiance to Britain or leave Nova Scotia Canada first Orrery built by George Graham Ongoing events Great Northern War (1700-1721) War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713... Originally the term Netherlands referred to a much larger entity than the current Kingdom of the Netherlands. ... // Events April 11 - War of the Spanish Succession: Treaty of Utrecht June 23 - French residents of Acadia given one year to declare allegiance to Britain or leave Nova Scotia Canada first Orrery built by George Graham Ongoing events Great Northern War (1700-1721) War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713... 1790 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... The United States of Belgium or more rarely the United States of the Netherlands, (French Ã‰tats-Unis de Belgique, Dutch Verenigde Nederlandse Staten), was a confederation of the Southern Netherlands, that existed during the year 1790. ... 1790 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... The Bishopric of LiÃ¨ge or Prince-Bishopric of LiÃ¨ge was a state of the Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire in present Belgium. ... 1790 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1795 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Originally the term Netherlands referred to a much larger entity than the current Kingdom of the Netherlands. ... 1790 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1794 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_France. ... From 1795 to 1806, the Batavian Republic (Bataafse Republiek in Dutch) designated the Netherlands as a republic modelled after the French Republic, to which it was a vassal state. ... 1795 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1806 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1795 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1804 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The First French Empire, commonly known as the French Empire or the Napoleonic Empire, covers the period of the domination of France and much of continental Europe by Napoleon I of France. ... The Kingdom of Holland 1806 - 1810 (Koninkrijk Holland in Dutch, Royaume dHollande in French) was set up by Napoleon Bonaparte as a puppet kingdom for his third brother, Louis Bonaparte, in order to better control the Netherlands. ... 1806 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1810 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1804 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The Battle of New Orleans 1815 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Netherlands. ... Map of the kingdom United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815 - 1830) (1839) (Dutch: Verenigd Koninkrijk der Nederlanden, French: Royaume-Uni des Pays-Bas and German: Vereinigte KÃ¶nigreich der Niederlande) were the unofficial names used to refer to a new unified European state created during the Congress of Vienna in... The Battle of New Orleans 1815 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Liberty Leading the People by EugÃ¨ne Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 (MDCCCXXX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Luxembourg. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Belgium_(civil). ... Liberty Leading the People by EugÃ¨ne Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 (MDCCCXXX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Liberty Leading the People by EugÃ¨ne Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 (MDCCCXXX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1890 (MDCCCXC) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar). ...

Although recorded Luxembourgian history dates back to Roman times, the history of Luxembourg proper is considered to begin in 963. The following five centuries saw the emergence of the powerful House of Luxembourg, the extinction of which would put an end to Luxembourgian independence. After a brief spell of Burgundian rule, Luxembourg fell into the hands of the Habsburgs in 1477. This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... Events Holy Roman Emperor Otto I defeats Mieszko I of Poland, compels him to pay tribute Luxembourg is founded, and the Belgium area becomes part of the United Provinces of the Netherlands. ... The House of Luxembourg was a medieval Holy Roman Empire noble family. ... The following is a list of the Dukes of Burgundy Richard of Autun, the Justicier (880–921) Rudolph of Burgundy (king of France from 923) (921–923) Hugh the Black (923–952) Gilbert of Chalon (952–956) Odo of Paris (956-965) Otto-Henry the Great... Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy; also used as the flag of the Austrian Empire until the Ausgleich of 1867. ... Events January 5 - Battle of Nancy - Charles the Bold of Burgundy is again defeated, and this time is killed. ...

After the Eighty Years' War, Luxembourg became a part of the Southern Netherlands, which would pass to the Austrian line of the Habsburg dynasty in 1713. After occupation by Revolutionary France, the 1815 Treaty of Paris transformed Luxembourg into a Grand Duchy in personal union with the Netherlands. The treaty also partioned Luxembourg, which had been done in 1659 and would be done again in 1839. Although these treaties greatly reduced Luxembourg's territory, they increased Luxembourg's independence, which was confirmed after the Luxembourg Crisis in 1867. Combatants Dutch rebels Spanish Empire The Eighty Years War, or Dutch Revolt or Revolt of the Netherlands (1566[1]â€“1648), was the revolt of the Seventeen Provinces in the Netherlands against the Spanish (Habsburg) empire. ... The Southern Netherlands were a part of the Low Countries controlled by Spain (Spanish Netherlands, 1579-1713), Austria (Austrian Netherlands, 1713-1794) and France (1794-1815). ... // Events April 11 - War of the Spanish Succession: Treaty of Utrecht June 23 - French residents of Acadia given one year to declare allegiance to Britain or leave Nova Scotia Canada first Orrery built by George Graham Ongoing events Great Northern War (1700-1721) War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713... The period of the French Revolution in the history of France covers the years between 1789 and 1799, in which democrats and republicans overthrew the absolute monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church perforce underwent radical restructuring. ... The Battle of New Orleans 1815 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The Treaty of Paris of 1815 was signed on November 20, 1815, following the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo, 18 June. ... A grand duchy is a territory whose head of state is a Grand Duke or Grand Duchess. ... A personal union is a relationship of two or more entities that are considered separate, sovereign states, which, through established law, share the same person as their respective head of state. ... The three partitions of Luxembourg reduced Luxembourgs area substantially, to the advantage of the three surrounding countries. ... // Events May 25 - Richard Cromwell resigns as Lord Protector of England following the restoration of the Long Parliament, beginning a second brief period of the republican government called the Commonwealth. ... 1839 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... In 1867, France began by negotiating the purchase of Luxembourg from the Dutch government, as Luxembourg was then in personal union with the Netherlands. ... 1867 (MDCCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

In the following decades, Luxembourg fell further into Germany's sphere of influence, particularly after the creation of a separate ruling house in 1890. Luxembourg was occupied by Germany from 1914 until 1918 and again from 1940 until 1944. Since the Second World War, Luxembourg has become one of the world's richest countries, buoyed by a booming financial services sector, political stability, and European integration. A sphere of influence (SOI) is an area or region over which an organization or state exerts some kind of indirect cultural, economic, military or political domination. ... 1890 (MDCCCXC) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar). ... Luxembourgers celebrating the liberation of their country and welcoming the arrival of American soldiers after the Armistice, November 1918. ... The German occupation of Luxembourg in World War II was a period in the history of Luxembourg during which the country was occupied by Nazi Germany. ... Combatants Major Allied powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Major Axis powers: Nazi Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Harry Truman Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... European integration is the process of political and economic (and in some cases social and cultural) integration of European states into a tighter bloc. ...

1 Ancient Luxembourg (before 963)
2 Medieval Luxembourg (963 – 1477)
3 Habsburg rule (1477 – 1815)
4 Developing independence (1815 – 1890)
5 Separation and the World Wars (1890 – 1945)
6 Modern history (since 1945)
7 See also
8 Footnotes
9 External links

Ancient Luxembourg (before 963)

The first known reference to the territory in modern Luxembourg was by Julius Caesar in his Commentaries on the Gallic War.^[1] GÄius JÅ«lius Caesar (IPA: ;[1]), July 12 or July 13, 100 BC â€“ March 15, 44 BC) was a Roman military and political leader and one of the most influential men in world history. ... Commentarii de Bello Gallico (literally Commentaries on the Gallic Wars in Latin) is an account written by Julius Caesar about his nine years of war in Gaul. ...

Medieval Luxembourg (963 – 1477)

Early settlements in the area of today Luxembourg City before the 10th century with the church Saint-Saveur, today St.Micheal, built in 987

The history of Luxembourg proper began with the construction of Luxembourg Castle in the Middle Ages. It was Siegried I, Count of Ardennes who traded some of his ancestral lands with the monks of the Abbey of St. Maximin in Trier in 963 for an ancient, supposedly Roman, fort by the name of Lucilinburhuc. Modern historians explain the etimology of the word with Letze, meaning fortification which might have referred to either the remains of a Roman watchtower or to a primitive refuge of the early middle ages. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (937x1422, 300 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): History of Luxembourg User:Spanish Inquisition Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (937x1422, 300 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): History of Luxembourg User:Spanish Inquisition Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... An Earl as a member of the British peerage ranks below a Marquess and above a Viscount. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The city of Trier (Latin: Augusta Treverorum; French: ; Luxembourgish TrÃ©ier; Italian: ; Spanish: ) is situated on the western bank of the Moselle River in a valley between low vine-covered hills of ruddy sandstone. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... Fortifications (Latin fortis, strong, and facere, to make) are military constructions designed for defensive warfare. ...

Around this fort a town gradually developed, which became the centre of a small but important state of great strategic value to France, Germany and the Netherlands. Luxembourg's fortress, located on a rocky outcrop known as the Bock, was steadily enlarged and strengthened over the years by successive owners, among others the Bourbons, Habsburgs and Hohenzollerns, which made it one of the strongest fortresses on the European continent. Its formidable defences and strategic location caused it to become known as the 'Gibraltar of the North'. This article or section should include material from France: Wars of Religion _ Bourbon Dynasty The House of Bourbon dates from at least the beginning of the 13th century, when the estate of Bourbon was ruled by a Lord, vassal of France. ... Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy; also used as the flag of the Austrian Empire until the Ausgleich of 1867. ... The House of Hohenzollern is a German dynasty of electors, kings, and emperors of Prussia, Germany, and Romania. ...

The Luxembourgish dynasty provided several Holy Roman Emperors, Kings of Bohemia, as well as Archbishops of Trier and Mainz. From the Early Middle Ages to the Renaissance, Luxembourg bore multiple names, depending on the author. These include Lucilinburhuc, Lutzburg, Lützelburg, Luccelemburc, Lichtburg, among others. The House of Luxembourg was a medieval Holy Roman Empire noble family. ... The Holy Roman Emperor was, with some variation, the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, the predecessor of modern Germany, during its existence from the 10th century until its collapse in 1806. ... Flag of Bohemia Bohemia (Czech: ; German: ) is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western and middle thirds of the Czech Republic. ... In Christianity, an archbishop is an elevated bishop. ... The city of Trier (Latin: Augusta Treverorum; French: ; Luxembourgish TrÃ©ier; Italian: ; Spanish: ) is situated on the western bank of the Moselle River in a valley between low vine-covered hills of ruddy sandstone. ... Mainz is a city in Germany and the capital of the German federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate. ... Justinians wife Theodora and her retinue, in a 6th century mosaic from the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna. ... Raphael was famous for depicting illustrious figures of the Classical past with the features of his Renaissance contemporaries. ...

Luxemburg remained an independent fief (county) of the Holy Roman Empire until 1354, when the emperor Charles IV elevated it to the status of a duchy. At that time the Luxemburg family held the Crown of Bohemia, but was usually possessed as appanage by a separate branch of the family. In 1437 the imperial Luxemburg family became extinct in the male line. At that time, the duchy and castle were held by the Bohemian princess Elisabeth of Gorlitz, Duchess of Luxembourg, a cadet granddaughter of emperor Charles IV, who however was childless, and in 1440 made a treaty with her powerful neighbor Philip II, Duke of Burgundy that Philip would administer the duchy and would inherit it after the Duchess Elisabeth's death, which occurred in 1451 - Philip however accelerated things by expelling Elisabeth in 1443. The heirs of the main Luxemburg dynasty were not happy with the arrangement the Burgundians had made, and managed at times to wrest the possession from Burgundy: the Habsburg prince Ladislas the Posthumous, king of Bohemia and Hungary (d 1457) held the title in the 1450's, and after his death, his brother-in-law William of Thuringia (1425-82) held (or at least claimed) it during 1457-69. In 1467, Elisabeth, Queen of Poland, the last surviving sister of Ladislas, renounced her right in favor of Burgundy by treaty and some concessions, since the possession was next to impossible to hold against Burgundian actions. After being captured by Philip of Burgundy in 1443 and ultimately in 1467-69, the duchy thus became one of the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands. With the marriage of Mary of Burgundy in 1477 all the Netherlands provinces, including Luxemburg, came under Habsburg rule in the person of her husband Maximilian, and later and their son Philip the Handsome. Under the system of feudalism, a fiefdom, fief, feud or fee, consisted of heritable lands or revenue-producing property granted by a liege lord in return for a vassal knights service (usually fealty, military service, and security). ... The Holy Roman Empire and from the 16th century on also The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation was a political conglomeration of lands in Central Europe in the Middle Ages and the early modern period. ... Events End of reign of John VI Cantacuzenus, as Byzantine emperor. ... Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor. ... A duchy is a territory, fief, or domain ruled by a duke or duchess. ... Flag of Bohemia Bohemia (Czech: ; German: ) is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western and middle thirds of the Czech Republic. ... The system of appanage has greatly influenced the territorial construction of France and explains the flag of many provinces of France. ... // Events foundation of All Souls College, University of Oxford. ... Elisabeth von GÃ¶rlitz of Bohemia, Duchess of Luxembourg (November 1390 - August 2, 1451) was reigning Duchess of Luxembourg from 1411 to 1443. ... Philip II, Duke of Burgundy Philip II, Duke of Burgundy, known as the Bold (Philippe II de Bourgogne, le Hardi in French) (January 15, 1342, Pontoise â€“ April 27, 1404, Halle), was the fourth son of King John II of France and his wife, Bonne (Judith), daughter of the king and... Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy; also used as the flag of the Austrian Empire until the Ausgleich of 1867. ... Ladislaus, king of Bohemia Ladislaus the Posthumous (22 February 1440 â€“ 23 November 1457), Archduke, king of Hungary as LÃ¡szlÃ³ V; king of Bohemia as Ladislav; duke of Austria, the only son of Albert II, Holy Roman Emperor, and of Elizabeth, daughter of Emperor Sigismund, was born at Komarom four... William the Brave (April 30, 1430 â€“ September 17, 1482), (in German Wilhelm der Tapfere), was Landgrave of Thuringia and Duke of Luxemburg. ... Archduchess Elisabeth of Austria (1435/36/possibly 1437 â€“ 30 August 1505), (in Polish ElÅ¼bieta Rakuszanka, Hungarian: ErzsÃ©bet), was a Polish-Lithuanian queen. ... Philip III, Duke of Burgundy (Philip the Good or Philippe le Bon) (1396–1467) was Duke of Burgundy from 1419 until his death. ... Coat of arms of the 2nd duchy of Burgundy and later of the French province of Burgundy Burgundy (French: Bourgogne) is a historic region of France, inhabited in turn by Celts (Gauls), Romans (Gallo-Romans), and various Germanic peoples, most importantly the Burgundians and the Franks. ... Events Albanians, under Skanderbeg, defeat the Turks John Hunyadi defeats Turks at the Battle of Nis Vlad II Dracul begins his second term as ruler of Wallachia, succeeding Basarab II. Births January 27 - Albert, Duke of Saxony (died 1500) February 23 - Matthias Corvinus of Hungary (died 1490) May 17 - Edmund... The Seventeen Provinces were a personal union of states in the Low Countries in the 16th century, roughly covering the current Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, a good part of the North of France (Artois, Nord) and a small part of Germany. ... Mary of Burgundy Mary (February 13, 1457 â€“ March 27, 1482), duchess of Burgundy, was the only child of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, and his wife Isabella of Bourbon. ... Events January 5 - Battle of Nancy - Charles the Bold of Burgundy is again defeated, and this time is killed. ... Philip I (July 22, 1478 — September 25, 1506), sometimes called Philip the Handsome (Felipe el Hermoso) was king of Castile, son of the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, and husband of Joanna the Mad, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, was the founder of the Habsburg dynasty in Spain. ...

Habsburg rule (1477 – 1815)

The electors of Brandenburg, later kings of Prussia (Borussia), advanced in these centuries their claim to Luxembourg patrimony, being heirs-general to William of Thuringia and his wife Anna of Bohemia, the disputed dukes of Luxembourg in 1460's - Anna was the elder daughter of the last Luxembourg heiress. From 1609 onwards, they had a territorial base in vicinity, the Duchy of Cleves, the starting-point of the future Prussian Rhineland. This Brandenburger claim produced some result to them when ultimately some districts of Luxembourg were united to Prussia in 1813. The first Hohenzollern claimant to descend from both Anna and her younger sister Elisabeth, was John George, Elector of Brandenburg (1525-98), his maternal grandmother having been Barbara of Poland. In late 18th century, the younger line of Orange-Nassau (the princes who held sway in the neighboring Dutch oligarchy) also got related with the Brandenburg. The Duchy of Cleves (Herzogtum Kleve) was a state of the Holy Roman Empire in present Germany (part of North Rhine-Westphalia) and the Netherlands (parts of Limburg, Noord-Brabant and Gelderland). ... The Rhine Province (red), within the Kingdom of Prussia (blue), within the German Empire (black) Capital Koblenz History - Established 1822 - Loss of Saar 1920 - Disestablished 1946 Area - 1939 24,477 km2 9,451 sq mi Population - 1905 est. ... Johann Georg Hohenzollern (1525â€“1598) was the Margrave and Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia from 1571 until his death. ... Barbara of Poland (15 July 1478 â€” 15 February 1534) was a princess of Poland and a duchess of Saxony. ... The House of Orange-Nassau (in Dutch Oranje-Nassau), is a family that has played a central role in the political life of the Netherlands since William I of Orange (also known as William the Silent and Father of the Fatherland) organised the Dutch revolt against Spanish rule, which after...

In 1598, the then possessor, Philip II of Spain bequeathed Luxemburg and the other Low Countries to his daughter the Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia and her husband Albert VII, Archduke of Austria, Albert being a heir and descendant of Elisabeth of Austria (d. 1505), queen of Poland, the youngest granddaughter of Sigismund of Luxembourg, the Holy Roman Emperor. Thus, Luxemburg returned to the heirs of the old Luxemburg dynasty - at least that of the line of Elisabeth. The Low Countries were a separate political entity during the couple's reign. After Albert's childless death in 1621, Luxemburg passed to his great-nephew and heir Philip IV of Spain, who through his paternal grandmother Anna of Austria, queen of Spain, Albert's sister, was the primogenitural heir to queen Elisabeth of Poland aforementioned. Events January 7 - Boris Godunov seizes the throne of Russia following the death of his brother-in-law, Tsar Feodor I. April 13 - Edict of Nantes - Henry IV of France grants French Huguenots equal rights with Catholics. ... Philip II of Spain. ... Isabella and her husband Albert Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain (12 August 1566 - 1 December 1633) was Infanta of Spain, Archduchess of Austria and the joint sovereign of the Seventeen Provinces. ... Albert and his wife Isabella Archduke Albert Ernst of Austria, Duke of Luxembourg etc (15 November 1559 â€“ 13 July 1621) was appointed for the Spanish monarchy as Governor of the Low Countries in 1595, and from 1598 became joint sovereign of the Seventeen Provinces with his wife, Infanta Isabella Clara... Archduchess Elisabeth of Austria (1435/36/possibly 1437 â€“ 30 August 1505), (in Polish ElÅ¼bieta Rakuszanka, Hungarian: Erszebet), was a Polish-Lithuanian queen. ... Sigismund (February 14/15, 1368 - December 9, 1437) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1433 to 1437. ... Philip IV (), (April 8, 1605 â€“ September 17, 1665) was King of Spain from 1621 to 1665 and also King of Portugal until 1640. ...

Luxemburg was invaded by Louis XIV of France (husband of Maria Theresa, daughter of Philip IV) in 1684, an action that caused alarm among France's neighbours and resulted in the formation of the League of Augsburg in 1686. In the ensuing war France was forced to give up the duchy, which was returned to the Habsburgs by the Treaty of Ryswick in 1697. During this period of French rule the defences of the fortress were strengthened by the famous siege engineer Vauban. The French king's great-grandson Louis (1710-74) was, from 1712, the first heir-general of Albert VII who additionally was a descendant of Anna of Bohemia and William of Thuringia, having that blood through his mother's Danish great-great-grandomether (he however was not the heir-general of that line, he was just heir-general of the other). Louis was the first real claimant of Luxembourg to descend from the both sisters, the daughters of Elisabeth II of Bohemia, the last Luxembourg empress. Louis XIV (Louis-DieudonnÃ©) (September 5, 1638 â€“ September 1, 1715) ruled as King of France and of Navarre from May 14, 1643 until his death just prior to his seventy-seventh birthday. ... Events France under Louis XIV makes Truce of Ratisbon separately with the Empire and Spain. ... The Grand Alliance (known, prior to 1689, as the League of Augsburg) was a European coalition, consisting (at various times) of Austria, Bavaria, Brandenburg, England, the Holy Roman Empire, the Netherlands, the Palatinate of the Rhine, Saxony, Spain, Sweden, and the United Provinces. ... Events The League of Augsburg is founded. ... Combatants Dutch Republic, England,[3] Holy Roman Empire, Duchy of Savoy, Spain, Sweden France, Irish Catholics Commanders Prince Waldeck, Duke of Savoy, Duke of Lorraine , Elector of Bavaria, Prince of Baden Duc de Luxembourg â€ , Duc de Villeroi, Duc de Lorge, Duc de Boufflers, Nicolas Catinat, Duc de Noailles Strength ~250... The Treaty of Ryswick was signed on 20 September 1697 and named after Ryswick (also known as Rijswijk) in the United Provinces (now the Netherlands). ... Events September 11 - Battle of Zenta, Prince Eugene of Savoy crushed Ottoman army of Mustafa II September 20 - The Treaty of Ryswick December 2 â€“ St Pauls Cathedral opened in London Peter the Great travels in Europe officially incognito as artilleryman Pjotr Mikhailov Use of palanquins increases in Europe Christopher... A siege is a military blockade and assault of a city or fortress with the intent of conquering by force or attrition. ... SÃ©bastien Le Prestre, Seigneur de Vauban and later Marquis de Vauban (May 15, 1633 - March 30, 1707), commonly referred to as Vauban, was a Marshal of France and the foremost military engineer of his age, famed for both his skill to design fortifications and to break through them. ... Empress and Queen Elisabeth (1409 â€“ 25 December 1442) was the only daughter of Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Bohemia and Hungary, by his second wife Barbara of Celje. ...

Habsburg rule was confirmed in 1715, and Luxemburg was integrated into the Austrian Netherlands. Emperor Joseph and his successor Emperor Charles VI were, in addition to their descent from Spanish kings who were heirs of Albert VII, also descendants of Anna of Bohemia and William of Thuringia, having that blood through their mother (although they were heirs-general of neither line). Charles was the first ruler of Luxembourg to descend from the both sisters, daughters of Elisabeth II of Bohemia, the last Luxembourg empress. The Treaties of Utrecht (April 11, 1713) were signed in Utrecht, a city of the United Provinces. ... // Events July 24 - Spanish treasure fleet of ten ships under admiral Ubilla leave Havana, Cuba for Spain. ... The Southern Netherlands were a part of the Low Countries controlled by Spain (Spanish Netherlands, 1579-1713), Austria (Austrian Netherlands, 1713-1794) and France (1794-1815). ... Empress and Queen Elisabeth (1409 â€“ 25 December 1442) was the only daughter of Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Bohemia and Hungary, by his second wife Barbara of Celje. ...

Austrian rulers were more or less ready to exchange Luxembourg and other territories in Low Countries to round out, and enlarge, in geographical terms their power base that was centered in Vienna. Thus, Bavarian candidate(s) emerge for taking over the Duchy of Luxembourg, but the pland lead to nothing permanent. Emperor Joseph II however made a preliminary pact to make a neighbor of Luxembourg, Charles Theodore, Elector Palatine, as Duke of Luxembourg and king in Low Countries, in exchange of his possessions in Bavaria and/or Franconia. However, the scheme was aborted. Charles Theodore, who would thus have become Duke Of Luxembourg, was genealogically a junior descendant of both Anna and Elisabeth, but main heirs of neither. Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II Joseph II (Joseph Benedict August Johannes Anton Michel Adam) (March 13, 1741 â€“ February 20, 1790) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790 and ruler of the Habsburg lands from 1780 to 1790. ...

During the War of the First Coalition, Luxemburg was conquered and annexed by Revolutionary France, becoming part of the département of the Forêts^[2] in 1795. The annexation was formalised at Campo Formio in 1797. The name First Coalition (1793–1797) designates the first major concerted effort of multiple European powers to contain revolutionary France. ... The period of the French Revolution in the history of France covers the years between 1789 and 1799, in which democrats and republicans overthrew the absolute monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church perforce underwent radical restructuring. ... The dÃ©partements (or departments) are administrative units of France and many former French colonies, roughly analogous to British counties. ... ForÃªts is the name of a dÃ©partement of the First French Empire in present Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany. ... 1795 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The Treaty of Campo Formio was signed on October 17, 1797 (26 VendÃ©miaire, Year VI of the French Republic) by Napoleon Bonaparte and Count Ludwig von Cobenzl as representatives of France and Austria. ... 1797 (MDCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 11-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

Developing independence (1815 – 1890)

The three Partitions of Luxembourg

It remained more or less under French rule until the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, when the Congress of Vienna gave formal autonomy to Luxembourg. The Prussians had already in 1813 managed to wrest lands from Luxembourg, to strengthen the Prussian-possessed Duchy of Julich. The Bourbons of France held a strong claim to Luxembourg, the Emperor of Austria on the other hand had controlled the duchy until the revolutionary forces had joined it to the French republic (he reportedly was not enthusiastic about regaining Luxembourg and the Low Countries, being more interested in the Balkans). The King of Prussia held the claim of the senior heiress, Anna. An additional claimant emerged, William VI, Prince of Orange who now ruled the Netherlands, and whose mother and wife were descendants of the Prussian royal family and thus also descendants of both daughters of the last Luxembourg heiress. Prussia and Orange-Nassau made the following exchange deal: Prussia received the ancestral lands of Orange in Central Germany (Dillenburg, Dietz, Siegen, Hadamar, Beilstein); the Prince of Orange in turn received Luxembourg. Image File history File linksMetadata LuxembourgPartitionsMap_english. ... Image File history File linksMetadata LuxembourgPartitionsMap_english. ... The Treaty of Paris of 1815 was signed on November 20, 1815, following the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo. ... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ... The Battle of New Orleans 1815 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The Congress of Vienna was a conference between ambassadors from the major powers in Europe that was chaired by the Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich and held on the way to Vienna, Austria, from September 1, 1814, to June 9, 1815. ... The Duchy of JÃ¼lich was a state of the Holy Roman Empire in present Germany (part of North Rhine-Westphalia) and the Netherlands (part of Limburg). ... William I, born Willem Fredrik (The Hague, 25 August 1772 - Berlin, 12 December 1843), was the second King of the Netherlands (the first king was Louis I Napoleon Bonaparte). ...

Luxembourg, somewhat diminished in size (as the medieval lands had been slightly reduced by the French and Prussian heirs), was aggrandized in another way: elevated to the status of grand duchy and placed under the rule of the king of the Netherlands. This was the first time that the duchy got a monarch who had no claim so to speak of to inherit the medieval patrimony (as lineages through his mother and wife had a clearly more entitled clamant, Prussia itself). However, its military value to Prussia prevented it from becoming a part of the Dutch kingdom. The fortress, ancestral seat of the medieval Luxembourgs, was taken over by Prussian forces, following Napoleon's defeat, and Luxembourg became a member of the German Confederation with Prussia responsible for its defence. A grand duchy is a territory whose head of state is a Grand Duke or Grand Duchess. ... King William I of the Netherlands, born William Frederik of Orange-Nassau (The Hague, 24 August 1772 - Berlin, 12 December 1843), was the second King of the Netherlands (the first king was Louis I Napoleon Bonaparte). ... Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 Prussia (German: ; Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Lithuanian: ; Polish: ; Old Prussian: PrÅ«sa) was, most recently, a historic state originating in East Prussia, an area which for centuries had substantial influence on German and European history. ... The German Confederation (German: Deutscher Bund) was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to organize the surviving states of the Holy Roman Empire, which had been abolished in 1806. ... Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 Prussia (German: ; Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Lithuanian: ; Polish: ; Old Prussian: PrÅ«sa) was, most recently, a historic state originating in East Prussia, an area which for centuries had substantial influence on German and European history. ...

Much of the Louxembourgish population joined the Belgian revolution against Dutch rule. Except for the fortress and it's immediate vicinity Luxembourg was considered a province of the new Belgian state between 1830 and 1839. By the Treaty of London in 1839 the status of the grand duchy was confirmed as sovereign and in personal union to the king of the Nederlands. In turn, the predominantly french speaking part of the duchy was ceded to Belgium as the province de Luxembourg. This loss left the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg as a predominantly German state, although French cultural influence remained strong. The loss of Belgian markets also caused painful economic problems for the state. Recognizing this, the grand duke integrated it into the German Zollverein in 1842. Nevertheless, Luxembourg remained an underdeveloped agrarian country for most of the century. As a result of this about one in five of the inhabitants emigrated to the United States between 1841 and 1891. Episode of the Belgian Revolution of 1830, Egide Charles Gustave Wappers (1834), in the MusÃ©e dArt Ancien, Brussels The Belgian Revolution was a conflict in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands that began with a riot in Brussels in August 1830 and eventually led to the establishment of... Liberty Leading the People by EugÃ¨ne Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 (MDCCCXXX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1839 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The Treaty of London of 1839, also called the Convention of 1839, was signed on April 19, 1839. ... 1839 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Luxembourg is the southernmost province of Wallonia and of Belgium. ... Zollverein (German for customs union) or German Customs Union was formed between the 39 states of the German Confederation in 1834 during the Industrial Revolution to remove internal custom barriers, although upholding a protectionist tariff system with foreign trade partners. ... 1842 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1841 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1891 (MDCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

It was not until 1867 that Luxembourg's independence was formally ratified, after a turbulent period which even included a brief time of civil unrest against plans to annex Luxembourg to Belgium, Germany or France. The crisis of 1867 almost resulted in war between France and Prussia over the status of Luxembourg. The issue was resolved by the second Treaty of London which guaranteed the perpetual independence and neutrality of the state. The fortress walls were pulled down and the Prussian garrison was withdrawn. 1867 (MDCCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... In 1867, France began by negotiating the purchase of Luxembourg from the Dutch government, as Luxembourg was then in personal union with the Netherlands. ... 1867 (MDCCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The Treaty of London (French: TraitÃ© de Londres), often called the Second Treaty of London after the 1839 Treaty, was an international treaty signed on 11 May 1867. ... A neutral country takes no side in a war between other parties, and in return hopes to avoid being attacked by either of them. ... Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 Prussia (German: ; Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Lithuanian: ; Polish: ; Old Prussian: PrÅ«sa) was, most recently, a historic state originating in East Prussia, an area which for centuries had substantial influence on German and European history. ...

Famous visitors to Luxembourg in the 18th and 19th centuries included the German poet Goethe, the French writers Emile Zola and Victor Hugo, the composer Franz Liszt, and the English painter Joseph Mallord William Turner. (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (pronounced [gø tə]) (August 28, 1749–March 22, 1832) was a German writer, politician, humanist, scientist, and philosopher. ... mile Zola (April 2, 1840 - September 29, 1902) was an influential French novelist, the most important example of the literary school of naturalism, and a major figure in the political liberalization of France. ... Victor-Marie Hugo (26 February 1802 â€“ 22 May 1885) was a French poet, novelist, playwright, essayist, visual artist, statesman and human rights campaigner, recognized as the most influential Realist writer of the 19th century. ... Portrait of Franz Liszt, painted in 1839 by Henri Lehmann. ... J. M. W. Turner, English landscape painter The fighting Temeraire tugged to her last berth to be broken up, painted 1839. ...

Separation and the World Wars (1890 – 1945)

Luxembourg remained a possession of the kings of the Netherlands until the death of William III in 1890, when the grand duchy passed to the House of Nassau-Weilburg due to Salic Law - the Weilburg being just very distant descendants of ancient Luxembourgs, and in no way their heirs-general or heirs-male. William III, King of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxembourg (William Alexander Paul Frederick Louis of Orange-Nassau) (February 17, 1817 â€“ November 23, 1890) was King of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxembourg (1849â€“1890). ... 1890 (MDCCCXC) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar). ... This article contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ...

During the First World War, Luxembourg was occupied by Germany, but the government and Grandduchess Marie-Adélaïde were allowed to remain in office throughout the occupation (until 1918), bringing accusations of collaboration from France. It was liberated by U.S. and French troops. Two American divisions were based in the state in the years following the War. At Versailles the Belgian claim to Luxembourg was rejected and its independence reaffirmed. Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... Luxembourgers celebrating the liberation of their country and welcoming the arrival of American soldiers after the Armistice, November 1918. ... Marie-AdÃ©laÃ¯de, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg, Marie-AdÃ©laÃ¯de ThÃ©rÃ¨se Hilda Wilhelmine (June 14, 1894 â€“ January 24, 1924) was a daughter of Grand Duke Guillaume IV of Luxembourg. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... United States is the current Good Article Collaboration of the week! Please help to improve this article to the highest of standards. ... The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 was a conference organized by the victors of World War I to negotiate the peace treaties between the Allied and Associated Powers and the defeated Central Powers. ...

In the 1930s the internal situation deteriorated, as Luxembourgish politics was influenced by European left- and right-wing politics. The government tried to counter Communist-led unrest in the industrial areas and continued a friendly politics towards Nazi Germany, which led to much critique. The attempts to quell unrest peaked with the Maulkuerfgesetz, the "muzzle" Law, which was an attempt to outlaw the Communist Party of Luxembourg. The law was turned down in a referendum. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... The Communist Party of Luxemburg (Parti Communiste de Luxembourg) is a political party in Luxembourg, founded on January 2, 1921. ... Ballots of the Argentine plebiscite of 1984 on the border treaty with Chile A referendum (plural: referendums or referenda) or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita, originally a decree of the Concilium Plebis) is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. ...

During World War II the Luxembourgish government and monarchy was swept away into exile by the German invasion of May 10 1940. Throughout the war, Grand Duchess Charlotte broadcast via on BBC to Luxembourg to give hope to the people. The state was placed under military occupation until August 1942, when it was formally annexed by the Third Reich as part of the Gau Moselland. Luxembourgers were declared to be German citizens and 13,000 were called up for military service. 2,848 Luxembourgers eventually died fighting in the German army. Measures to quell Luxembourgish opposition to this annexation were met with passive resistance at first, such as the Spéngelskrich (lit. "War of the Pins"), and refusing to speak German. As French was forbidden, many Luxembourgers resorted to resuscitating old Luxembourgish words, which led to a renaissance of the language. Other measures included deportation, forced labour, forced conscription and, more drastically, internment, deportation to concentration camps and execution. The latter measure was applied after a general strike from the 1 September to 3 September 1942, which paralyzed the administration, agriculture, industry and education as response to the declaration of forced conscription by the German administration on 30 August 1942. It was violently suppressed: 21 strikers were executed and hundreds more deported to concentration camps. The then civilian administrator of Luxembourg, Gauleiter Gustav Simon had declared conscription necessary to support the German war effort. It was to remain one of only two mass strikes against the German war machinery in Western Europe. Combatants Major Allied powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Major Axis powers: Nazi Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Harry Truman Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead... (Redirected from 10 May) May 10 is the 130th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (131st in leap years). ... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ... Grand Duchess Charlotte of Luxembourg, Charlotte Aldegonde Élise Marie Wilhelmine (January 23, 1896 - July 9, 1985) was the second daughter of Grand Duke William IV of Luxembourg. ... The British Broadcasting Corporation, invariably known as the BBC (and also informally known as the Beeb or Auntie) is the largest broadcasting corporation in the world, employing 26,000 staff in the UK alone and with a budget of Â£4 billion. ... 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Deportation is the expelling of someone from a country. ... Unfree labour is a generic or collective term for forms of work, especially in modern or early modern history, in which adults and/or children are employed without wages, or for a minimal wage. ... Conscription is a general term for involuntary labor demanded by some established authority, e. ... Japanese internment camp in Canada, during World War II Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people, commonly in large groups, without due process of law and a trial. ... A concentration camp is a large detention centre created for political opponents, aliens, specific ethnic or religious groups, civilians of a critical war-zone, or other groups of people, often during a war. ... A general strike is a strike action by an entire labour force in a city, region or country. ... September 1 is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... September 3 is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... Conscription is a general term for involuntary labor demanded by some established authority, e. ... August 30 is the 242nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (243rd in leap years), with 123 days remaining. ... 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... A concentration camp is a large detention centre created for political opponents, aliens, specific ethnic or religious groups, civilians of a critical war-zone, or other groups of people, often during a war. ... A Gauleiter was the party leader of a regional branch of the NSDAP (more commonly known as the Nazi Party) or the head of a Gau or of a Reichsgau. ... Gustav Simon (born 2 August 1900 in Malstatt-Burbach, nowadays part of SaarbrÃ¼cken; died 21 December 1945 in Luxembourg, or possibly Paderborn) was, as the Nazi Gauleiter in the Moselland Gau from 1940 until 1944 the Chief of the Civil Administration in Luxembourg, which was occupied at that time...

U.S. forces again liberated most of the country in September 1944, although they were briefly forced to withdraw during the Battle of the Bulge, otherwise known as the Ardennes Offensive or the Rundstedt Offensive, which had German troops take back most of northern Luxembourg for a few weeks. The Germans were finally expelled in January 1945. Altogether, of a pre-war population of 293,000, 5,259 Luxembourgers lost their lives during the hostilities. 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1944 calendar). ... {{wikisource|The Ardennes: Battle of the Bulge ... The term Ardennes Offensive (or Battle of the Ardennes) refers to multiple battles throughout history, all of which took part in or around the Ardennes Forest in France and Belgium. ... The German Ardennes Offensive1, popularly known as the Battle of the Bulge, started in late December 1944 and was the last major German offensive on the Western Front during World War II. The German army had intended to split the Allied line in half, capturing Antwerp and then proceding to... 1945 (MCMVL) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ...

Modern history (since 1945)

After World War II Luxembourg abandoned its politics of neutrality, when it became a founding member of NATO (1949) and the United Nations. It is a signatory of the Treaty of Rome, and constituted a monetary union with Belgium (Benelux Customs Union in 1948), and an economic union with Belgium and The Netherlands, the so-called BeNeLux. Combatants Major Allied powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Major Axis powers: Nazi Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Harry Truman Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead... A neutral country takes no side in a war between other parties, and in return hopes to avoid being attacked by either of them. ... NATO 2002 Summit The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), sometimes called North Atlantic Alliance, Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for defence collaboration established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, DC, on April 4, 1949. ... 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1949 calendar). ... The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, and social equity. ... The Treaty of Rome signing ceremony Signatures in the Treaty The Treaty of Rome established the European Economic Community (EEC) and was signed by France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg (the latter three as part of the Benelux) on March 25, 1957. ... Benelux is the region of Europe comprising Netherlands, and Luxembourg. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Motto: Je Maintiendrai (Dutch: Ik zal handhaven, English: I Shall Uphold) Anthem: Wilhelmus van Nassouwe Capital Amsterdam1 Largest city Amsterdam Official language(s) Dutch2 Government Parliamentary democracy Constitutional monarchy - Queen Beatrix - Prime minister Jan Peter Balkenende Independence Eighty Years War - Declared July 26, 1581 - Recognised January 30, 1648 (by Spain... Satellite image of the Benelux countries Belgium Netherlands Luxembourg Benelux Benelux (or BÃ©nÃ©lux) is an economic union in Western Europe comprising three neighbouring monarchies, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. ...

Luxembourg has been one of the strongest advocates of the European Union in the tradition of Robert Schuman. In 1957, Luxembourg became one of the six founding countries of the European Economic Community (later the European Union) and in 1999 it joined the euro currency area. Robert Schuman (June 29, 1886 â€“ September 4, 1963) was a noted Luxembourg-born French politician, a Christian Democrat (M.R.P.) who is regarded as one of the founders of the European Union. ... 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The European Community (EC), most important of three European Communities, was originally founded on March 25, 1957 by the signing of the Treaty of Rome under the name of European Economic Community. ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ...

In 1985, the country became victim to a mysterious bombing spree, which was targeted mostly at electrical masts and other installations. Although the author of this spree was never officially found, rumour has Jean Nassau, the current Grand Duke]'s brother, one of the culprits. 1985 (MCMLXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... His Royal Highness Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Henri Albért Gabriel Félix Marie Guillaume (born April 6, 1955) is the hereditary ruler of Luxembourg. ...

In 1995 Luxembourg provided the President of the European Commission, former Prime Minister Jacques Santer who later had to resign over corruption accusations against other commission members. 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive body of the European Union. ... Jacques Santer (born May 18, 1937) is a politician from Luxembourg. ...

The current Prime Minister, Jean-Claude Juncker follows this European tradition. On September 10, 2004, Mr Juncker became the semi-permanent President of the group of finance ministers from the 12 countries that share the euro, a role dubbed "Mr Euro". Jean-Claude Juncker Jean-Claude Juncker (born December 9, 1954) is the Prime Minister and Finance Minister of Luxembourg, and until July 1, 2005, was president of the European Council, a position he also previously held in 1997. ... September 10 is the 253rd day of the year (254th in leap years). ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap

Encyclopedia > History of Luxembourg