The old town of Lviv

Lviv (Ukrainian: Львів, L’viv ; German: Lemberg; Yiddish: לעמבערג; Polish: Lwów; Russian: Львов, Lvov, see also other names) is an administrative center in western Ukraine with more than a millennium of history as a settlement, and over seven centuries as a city. Prior to the creation of the modern state of Ukraine, Lviv had been part of numerous states and empires, including, under the name Lwów, Poland and later the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; under the name Lemberg, the Austrian and later Austro-Hungarian Empires; the short-lived West Ukrainian People's Republic after World War I; Poland again; and the Soviet Union. In addition, both the Swedes and the Ottoman Turks made unsuccessful attempts to conquer the city. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 495 pixelsFull resolution (3782 × 2338 pixel, file size: 3. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 495 pixelsFull resolution (3782 × 2338 pixel, file size: 3. ... The purpose of this page is to lay out our policies for handling sounds, and give people some useful information for handling sound files. ... Yiddish (Yid. ... Most cities in Europe have different names in different languages. ... “Lvov” redirects here. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... The West Ukrainian National Republic (Ukrainian: ) was a short-lived republic that existed in late 1918 and early 1919 in eastern Galicia, Bukovina and Transcarpathia and included the cities of Lviv, Kolomyya, and Stanislav. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... The Ottoman Turks were the ethnic subdivision of the Turkish people who dominated the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire. ...

Early history

Recent archaeological excavations show that the area of Lviv has been populated since at least the 5th century. From around 8th century AD the area seems to be inhabited by a West Slavic tribe of Ledzane that in 9th century were subdued by the Empire of Great Moravia. In the second half of 9th century Ledzane could be included in the area of influence of the Magyar tribes. Then became an area of contention between two emerging states: Poland (during the reign of Mieszko I, ruler of the Polans) and the Kievan Rus. Mieszko is thought to have controlled the area from 960 to 980. According to Nestor's chronicle, in 981 this area was conquered by Volodymyr the Great, ruler of Kievan Rus. Europe in 450 The 5th century is the period from 401 to 500 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. ... The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) comprise the languages of the Slavic peoples. ... West Slavic tribes from Bavarian Geographer, 845, Lendizi nr 33 The Lendians, (Polish: LÄ™dzianie) were a Lechitic tribe inhabiting, since at least the 7th century, lands known today as East Lesser Poland and Galicia in Ukraine. ... Great Moravia was an empire existing in Central Europe between 833 and the early 10th century. ... West Slavic tribes from Bavarian Geographer, 845, Lendizi nr 33 The Lendians, (Polish: LÄ™dzianie) were a Lechitic tribe inhabiting, since at least the 7th century, lands known today as East Lesser Poland and Galicia in Ukraine. ... Total population c. ... Reign ca. ... Poland 960-992 Polans (also Polanes, Polanians, or Polians; Polish: Polanie) were a West Slavic tribe inhabiting the Warta river basin in the 8th century. ... Kievan Rus′ (Ки́евская Ру́сь, Kievskaya Rus in Russian; Київська Русь, Kyivs’ka Rus’ in Ukrainian) was the early, mostly East Slavic¹ state dominated by the... Events Edgar the Peaceable crowned King of England. ... Events Births Emperor Ichijo of Japan Humbert I of Savoy Avicenna Godiva, Countess of Mercia Deaths Categories: 980 ... The word may have one of the following meanings. ... Events Births Princess Theodora, later Empress of the Eastern Roman Empire. ... Detail of the Millenium of Russia monument in Novgorod (1862) representing St Vladimir and his family. ...

However, the city itself was founded in 1256 by King Danylo of the Ruthenian duchy of Halych-Volhynia, and named in honor of his son, Lev. Other sources mention that it was his son himself who founded the city. Thus the toponym might best be translated into English as Leo's lands or Leo's City (hence the Latin name Leopolis). For broader historical context, see 1250s and 13th century. ... Monument to King Danylo in Lviv. ... Ruthenia is a name applied to parts of Eastern Europe which were populated by Eastern Slavic peoples, as well as to various states that existed in this territory in the past. ... Coat of arms The Halych-Volhynian Kingdom. ... Lev I of Halych in front of his capital, Lviv Lev Danylovich (born ca. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ...

Lviv is first mentioned in Halych-Volhynian Chronicle from 1256. Due to its central location it grew quickly, and was made the capital of the Kingdom in 1272. As a major trade center, Lviv attracted German, Armenian and other merchants. In 1323, the Romanovich dynasty (local branch of the Rurik Dynasty) died out. The city was inherited by the heir of the Romanovich dynasty (on his mother's side)—Boleslaus of Masovia (also from the Piast dynasty on his father's side). He took the name of Yuriy and converted to Eastern Orthodoxy, but failed to gain the support of the local nobles and was eventually poisoned by them. The Halych-Volhynian Chronicle (or Galician-Volhynian Chronicle) is a historical record covering 1201–1291 in the history of the Principality of Halych-Volhynia (modern Ukraine). ... For broader historical context, see 1250s and 13th century. ... August 12 - The Treaty of Nöteborg between Sweden and Novgorod (Russia) is signed, regulating the border for the first time Canonization of Saint Thomas Aquinas Lithuania: in Letters of Gediminas, Vilnius is named as the capital city Pharos of Alexandria Lighthouse (one of the Seven Wonders of the world... The Rurik Dynasty was the ruling dynasty of Kievan Rus, Rus principalities, and early Russia from 862 to 1598. ... Bolesław Jerzy II Mazowiecki (Boleslaus George II of Masovia, also known as Yuriy II of Halicz and Bolesław Trojdenowicz) (1308-1340) was a ruler of the Piast dynasty. ... The Piast dynasty is a line of Kings and dukes that ruled Poland from its beginnings as an independent state up to 1370. ... ...

After his death in 1340, the rights to Red Ruthenia were claimed by his cousin, king Casimir III of Poland. The nobles elected one of their own, Dmytro Dedko, as ruler, and repulsed a Polish invasion in 1340. After Dedko's death, however, Lviv was successfully invaded and occupied in 1349. In 1356 Casimir III granted the city with Magdeburg rights which implied that all city issues were to be solved by a city council, elected by the wealthy citizens. This started a period of accelerated development: among other facilities the Latin Cathedral was built, around the same time a church was built in the place of today's St. George's Cathedral. Also, new self-government led to the greater growth of the Armenian community that built its Armenian Cathedral in 1363. Events Europe has about 74 million inhabitants. ... Noble Family or Dynasty Piast dynasty Coat of Arms Piast Eagle Parents Władysław I the Elbow-high, Jadwiga Kaliszka, of Gniezno and Greater Poland Consorts Aldona Ona, Adelheid of Hessen, Christina, Jadwiga of Glogow and Sagan Children 5 daughters Date of Birth 1310 Place of Birth Kowal Date... // Events January 9 - The Jewish population of Basel, Switzerland is rounded up and incinerated, believed by the residents to be the cause of the ongoing bubonic plague. ... Events January 20 - Edward Balliol surrenders title as King of Scotland to Edward III of England April 16 — the King of the Serbian Kingdom of Raška Stefan Dušan is proclaimed Tsar (Emperor) of all Serbs, Arbanasses and Greeks in Skopje by the Serbian Orthodox Christian Patriarch of a... The Magdeburg Rights (or Magdeburg law) were a set of city laws regulating the degree of internal autonomy within cities and villages granted with it by a local ruler. ... St. ... Centuries: 13th century - 14th century - 15th century Decades: 1310s 1320s 1330s 1340s 1350s - 1360s - 1370s 1380s 1390s 1400s 1410s Years: 1358 1359 1360 1361 1362 - 1363 - 1364 1365 1366 1367 1368 See also: 1363 state leaders Events Magnus II, King of Sweden, is deposed by Albert of Mecklenburg. ...

In 1387, this area was directly included into the Polish Crown by Jadwiga of Poland. The city later served as the coronation site of some of the Kings of Poland. Events June 2 - John Holland, a maternal half-brother of Richard II of England, is created Earl of Huntingdon. ... Crown of the Polish Kingdom, or just colloquially the Crown (Polish:Korona) is the archaic name for territories of Poland, distinguishing them from territories of Grand Duchy of Lithuania or vassal territories like Duchy of Prussia or Duchy of Courland, which had varying degrees of autonomy. ... This article is about the 14th-century queen and saint. ... Poland was ruled by dukes (c. ...

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

Renaissance yard of King Jan III Sobieski House

As a part of Poland (and later Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) Lwów became the capital of the Ruthenian Voivodeship, which included five regions: Lwów, Chełm (Ukrainian: Kholm), Sanok, town of Halych and Przemyśl (Ukrainian: Peremyshl). The city was granted the right of transit and started to gain significant profit from the goods transported between the Black Sea and the Baltic. In the following centuries, the city's population grew rapidly and soon Lwów became a multi-ethnic and multi-religious city as well as an important centre of culture, science and trade. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (853x640, 190 KB) Renaissance yard of King Jan III Sobieski House in Lwow, 2003 Stako Stako 07:27, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (853x640, 190 KB) Renaissance yard of King Jan III Sobieski House in Lwow, 2003 Stako Stako 07:27, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not... Jan III Sobieski (1629-1696) (also known in English literature as John Sobieski) was one of the most notable monarchs of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1674 until his death. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Capital city Lwów Area 55,200 km² Population (1770)  - Density 1 495 000 24,4/km² Powiats  - Urban counties  - Land counties 13 5 Communes 200 Ruthenia Voivodeship (Latin: Palatinatus russiae, Polish: województwo ruskie; 1366-1772) was an administrative division of the Kingdom of Poland (see Kingdom of Poland... CheÅ‚m ( ; Ukrainian: , Kholm) is a town in eastern Poland with 72,595 inhabitants (2005). ... Sanok, Latin: Sanocum, German: Saanig, Yiddish: Sonik, Ukrainian: Сянiк (Sianik), in full The Royal Free City of Sanok, Polish: Królewskie Wolne Miasto Sanok), part of The Land of Sanok (Polish: Ziemia Sanocka, and Ruthenian Voivodeship), is a town in south-eastern Poland with 41,261 inhabitants (2005). ... Jackdaw on the coat-of-arms of Galicia alludes to the name of Halych Halych (Russian and Ukrainian: ) is a historic town in Western Ukraine on the Dniester River. ... PrzemyÅ›l (pronounce: pʃεmiÉ•l, Ukrainian: Перемишль, Peremyshl) is a town in south-eastern Poland with 67,847 inhabitants (2005). ... For other uses, see Black Sea (disambiguation). ... The Baltic Sea is located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N latitude and from 20°E to 26°E longitude. ...

The city's fortifications were strengthened, with Lwów becoming one of the most important fortresses guarding the Commonwealth from the south-east. Three archbishoprics were once located in the city: Roman Catholic (est. 1375), Greek Catholic and Armenian Catholic. The city was also home to numerous ethnic populations, including Germans, Jews, Italians, Englishmen, Scotsmen and many others. Since the 16th century, the religious mosaic of the city also included strong Protestant communities. By the first half of the 17th century, the city had approximately 25-30 thousand inhabitants. About 30 craft organizations were active by that time, involving well over a hundred different specialities. Fortifications (Latin fortis, strong, and facere, to make) are military constructions designed for defensive warfare. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... Events October 24 - Valdemar IV of Denmark dies and is succeeded by his grandson Olaf III of Denmark. ... The term Eastern Rites may refer to the liturgical rites used by many ancient Christian Churches of Eastern Europe and the Middle East that, while being part of the Roman Catholic Church, are distinct from the Latin Rite or Western Church. ... After the Armenian Apostolic Church, along with the rest of Oriental Orthodoxy formally broke off communion from the Chalcedonian churches, numerous Armenian bishops made attempts to restore communion with the Catholic Church. ... The English are people descended for a wide variety of roots, and who are associated, either by birth or by choice, with the culture of England (Latin: Anglia). ... The Scots tribe originated from Ireland, from the now-called counties Antrim and Down. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ...

Decline of the Commonwealth

In the 17th century Lwów was besieged unsuccessfully several times. Constant struggles against invading armies gave it the motto Semper fidelis. In 1649, the city was besieged by the Cossacks under Bohdan Chmielnicki, who seized and destroyed the local castle. However, the Cossacks did not retain the city and withdrew, satisfying themselves with a ransom. In 1655 the Swedish armies invaded Poland and soon took most of it. Eventually the Polish king Jan II Kazimierz solemnly pronounced his vow to consecrate the country to the protection of the Mother of God and proclaimed Her the Patron and Queen of the lands in his kingdom at Lwów Latin Cathedral in 1656 (Lwów Oath). (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... Semper Fidelis is Latin for Always faithful. ... // Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ... This article needs cleanup. ... Bohdan Zynovii Mykhailovych Khmelnytskyi (Богдан Зиновій Михайлович Хмельницький in Polish as Bohdan Zenobi Chmielnicki; in Russian as... Events March 25 - Saturns largest moon, Titan, is discovered by Christian Huygens. ... Reign From November, 1648 until September 16, 1668 Elected In November 1648 in Wola, today suburb of Warsaw, Poland Coronation On January 19, 1649 in the Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland Royal House Vasa Parents Zygmunt III Waza Anna Austriaczka Consorts Ludwika Maria Children with Ludwika Maria Maria Anna Teresa... Russian Orthodox Icon of the Theotokos Theotokos is a Greek word that means God-bearer or Mother of God. It is a title assigned by the early Christian Church to Mary, the mother of Jesus, at the Third Ecumenical Council held at Ephesus in 431. ... // Events Mehmed Köprülü becomes Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire. ...

The Swedes laid siege to Lwów, but were forced to retreat before capturing it. The following year saw Lwów invaded by the armies of the Transylvanian Duke George I Rákóczi, but the city was not captured. In 1672 Lwów was again besieged by the Turkish army of Mehmed IV, however the Treaty of Buczacz ended the war before the city was taken. In 1675 the city was attacked by the Ottomans and the Tatars, but king John III Sobieski defeated them on August 24 in what is called the Battle of Lwów. In 1704, during the Great Northern War, the city was captured and pillaged for the first time in its history by the armies of Charles XII of Sweden. Map of Romania with Transylvania in yellow Transylvania (Romanian: or ; Hungarian: ; German: ; Bulgarian: ; Serbian: / or / ) is a historical region in central and western Romania. ... György Rákóczi II (January 30, 1621–June 7, 1660), was Transylvanian prince, the eldest son of George I and Susannah Lorantffy. ... Events England, France, Munster and Cologne invade the United Provinces, therefore this name is know as ´het rampjaar´ (the disaster year) in the Netherlands. ... Sultan Mehmed IV Mehmed IV (also known as Dördüncü, fourth, and Avci, hunter) (January 2, 1642–1693) (Arabic: محمد الرابع) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1648 to 1687. ... The Peace of Buczacz was signed on October 12, 1672 in Buczacz between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire. ... Year 1675 (MDCLXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Tatars (Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар), sometimes spelled Tartar (more about the name), is a collective name applied to the Turkic speaking people of Eastern Europe and Central Asia. ... Reign From May 21, 1674, until June 17, 1696 Elected On May 21, 1674 in Wola, today suburb of Warsaw, Poland Coronation On February 2, 1676 in the Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland Nobel Family Sobieski Coat of Arms Janina Parents Jakub Sobieski Zofia Teofillia Daniłowicz Consorts Marie... is the 236th day of the year (237th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... During its long and complicated history, the city of Lwów (Lviv, Leopolis, Lemberg) was the site of several major battles and sieges. ... Events Building of the Students Monument in Aiud, Romania. ... Combatants Sweden Ottoman Empire (1710–1714) Ukrainian Cossacks Russia Denmark-Norway Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Saxony after 1718 Prussia Hanover Commanders Charles XII of Sweden Ahmed III Ivan Mazepa Peter the Great Frederick IV of Denmark Augustus II the Strong Strength 77,000 in the beginning of the war. ... Carl XII, Karl XII or Carolus Rex, (June 17, 1682 – November 30, 1718), the Alexander of the North, nicknamed in Turkish as DemirbaÅŸ Åžarl (Charles the Habitué), was King of Sweden from 1697 until his death in 1718. ...

Partitions

Jan Styka House

In 1772, following the First Partition of Poland, the city, thenceforth known as "Lemberg", became the capital of the Austrian Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. The official language was changed to German and most of the posts in the city's administration were taken by Germans and Czechs^{[citation needed]}, yet the city remained an important centre of both Polish and Ukrainian cultures. Initially the Austrian rule was somewhat liberal. In 1784, the Emperor Joseph II reopened the University. Lectures were held in Latin, German, Polish and (from 1786) also in Ukrainian. Wojciech Bogusławski opened the first public theatre in 1794 and Józef Maksymilian Ossolinski founded in 1817 the Ossolineum, a scientific institute. Early in the 19th century, the city became the new seat of the primate of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, the Archbishop of Kyiv (Kiev), Halych and Rus, the Metropolitan of Lviv. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2848x2136, 1664 KB) Summary Author: Stako, May,1, 2005 Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Lviv Jan Styka Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2848x2136, 1664 KB) Summary Author: Stako, May,1, 2005 Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Lviv Jan Styka Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added... Saint Peter preaching the Gospel in the Catacombs by Jan Styka Jan Styka (April 8, 1858 - April 11, 1925) was a Polish-born painter noted for producing large historical and Christian religion panoramas. ... Year 1772 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The Partitions of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Polish: Rozbiór Polski or Rozbiory Polski; Lithuanian: Lietuvos-Lenkijos padalijimai, Belarusian: Падзелы Рэчы Паспалітай) took place in the 18th century and ended the existence of the sovereign Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. ... Galicia (Ukrainian: Галичина (Halychyna), Polish: Galicja, German: Galizien, Slovak: Halič, Romanian: Galiţia, Hungarian: Gácsország) is the name of a region of Central Europe. ... 1784 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Joseph II (full name: Joseph Benedikt August Johannes Anton Michel Adam; March 13, 1741 – February 20, 1790) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790 and ruler of the Habsburg lands from 1780 to 1790. ... The building of the University. ... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... 1786 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Wojciech BogusÅ‚awski (9 April 1757 in Glinno near PoznaÅ„ - 23 July 1829 in Warsaw) was a Polish actor, director of theater, writer of dramas, father of Polish theater during the times of Polish Enlightenment. ... 1794 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Noble Family OssoliÅ„ski Coat of Arms Topór Parents Michal Ossolinski Anna Szaniewska Consorts Teresa JabÅ‚onowska Children none Date of Birth 1748 Place of Birth Wola Mielecka Date of Death March 17, 1829 Place of Death Vienna Count Józef Maksymilian OssoliÅ„ski (1748-1829) was a Polish... 1817 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The building of the Ossolineum Institute in Wrocław The former building of the Ossolineum Institute in Lwów, now Ukraine. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC), also known as the Ukrainian Catholic Church, is one of the successor Churches to the acceptance of Christianity by Grand Prince Vladimir the Great (Ukrainian Volodymyr) of Kiev (Kyiv), in 988. ... In Christianity, an archbishop is an elevated bishop. ... In hierarchical Christian churches, the rank of metropolitan bishop, or simply metropolitan, pertains to the diocesan bishop or archbishop (then more precisely called Metropolitan archbishop) of a metropolis; that is, the chief city of an old Roman province, ecclesiastical province, or regional capital. ...

However, in the beginning of the 19th century the Austrian authorities started a campaign of Germanization. The University was closed in 1805 and re-opened in 1817 as a purely German academy, without much influence over the city's life. Most of other social and cultural organizations were banned as well. The harsh laws imposed by the Habsburg dynasty led to an outbreak of public dissent in 1848. A petition was sent to the Emperor asking him to re-introduce local self-government, education in Polish and Ukrainian and granting Polish with a status of official language. Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1805 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1817 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy; also used as the flag of the Austrian Empire until the Ausgleich of 1867. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

Lviv Opera and Ballet Theater

Most of these pleas were accepted twenty years later: in 1861 a Galician parliament (Sejm Krajowy) was opened and in 1867 Galicia was granted vast autonomy, both cultural and economic. The University was allowed to start lectures in Polish. The province of Galicia became the only part of the former Polish state with some cultural and political freedom, and the city then served as a major Polish political and cultural centre. Similarly, the city also served as an important centre of the Ukrainian patriotic movement and culture, unlike other parts of Ukraine under Russian rule, where, prior to 1905, all publications in Ukrainian were prohibited as part of an intense Russification campaign. The city was also granted the right to send delegates to the parliament in Vienna, which motivated many prominent cultural and political leaders to move to the city, serving as a meeting place of Ukrainian, Polish, Jewish and German cultures. Theatre in Lwow File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Theatre in Lwow File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Lviv Opera and Ballet Theater The Lviv State Academic Opera and Ballet Theater of Solomiya Krushelnytska (Ukrainian: , Lvivskyi Derzhavnyi Akademichnyi Teatr Opery ta Baletu eemeni Solomii Krushelnytskoii) is an opera and theater house located in Lviv, Ukraine. ... Year 1861 (MDCCCLXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Cunt BAg Twat Fuk suck my penis ring 0778851865!!!!!!Year 1867 (MDCCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Galicia (Ukrainian: , Polish: , Russian: , German: , Hungarian: , Czech: , Yiddish: , Turkish: , Romanian: ) is a historical region in East Central Europe, currently divided between Poland and Ukraine. ... The building of the University. ... 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar). ... Russification is an adoption of the Russian language or some other Russian attribute (whether voluntarily or not) by non-Russian communities. ... “Wien” redirects here. ...

20th century

Main article: Battle of Lemberg (1914)

During World War I the city was captured by the Russian army in September 1914, but was retaken the following year (in June) by Austria-Hungary. With the collapse of the Habsburg Empire at the end of World War I, the local Ukrainian population proclaimed Lviv as the capital of the West Ukrainian People's Republic on November 1, 1918. Combatants Russian Empire Austria-Hungary Commanders Nikolai Ivanov Conrad von Hötzendorf Strength 1,200,000 1,000,000 Casualties 255,000 300,000 casualties, 130,000 POW The Battle of Lemberg was a major battle between Russia and Austria-Hungary during the early stages of World War I in... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy; also used as the flag of the Austrian Empire until the Ausgleich of 1867. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... The West Ukrainian National Republic (Ukrainian: ) was a short-lived republic that existed in late 1918 and early 1919 in eastern Galicia, Bukovina and Transcarpathia and included the cities of Lviv, Kolomyya, and Stanislav. ... is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ...

Polish-Ukrainian conflict

Main article: Polish-Ukrainian War

"The Eaglets - the defence of the cemetery" by Wojciech Kossak (1926). Oil on canvas, Polish Army Museum, Warsaw.
A painting depicting Polish youths in the Lwów Uprising by Poles against the West Ukrainian People's Republic proclaimed in the city.

As the Austro-Hungarian government collapsed, on October 18, 1918, the Ukrainian National Council (Rada) was formed in the city, consisting of Ukrainian members of the Austrian parliament and regional Galician and Bucovinan diets as well as leaders of Ukrainian political parties. The Council announced the intention to unite the West Ukrainian lands into a single state. As the Poles were taking their own steps to take over Lviv and Eastern Galicia, Captain Dmytro Vitovsky of the Sich Riflemen led the group of young Ukrainian officers in a decisive action and during the night of October 31 - November 1, the Ukrainian militarymen took control over the city. The West Ukrainian People's Republic was proclaimed on November 1, 1918 with Lviv as its capital. The proclamation of the Republic—which claimed sovereignty over largely Ukrainian-populated territories—was a complete surprise for the Poles, who constituted a majority in the city. Also the Poles considered the territory claimed by the WUPR Polish. So, while the Ukrainian residents enthusiastically supported the proclamation and the city's significant Jewish minority accepted or remained neutral towards the Ukrainian proclamation, the Polish residents were shocked to find themselves in a proclaimed Ukrainian state.^[1] Combatants Poland West Ukrainian Peoples Republic The Polish-Ukrainian War of 1918 and 1919 was a conflict between the forces of Poland and West Ukrainian Peoples Republic for the control over Eastern Galicia after the dissolution of Austria-Hungary. ... This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Lwów Eaglets; Defenders of the Cemetery, painting by Wojciech Kossak, 1926, oil on canvas, 90 x 120 cm, Polish Army Museum, Warsaw Battle of Zadwórze, a 1929 painting by StanisÅ‚aw Kaczor-Batowski 1929(Polish Military Museum) Lwów Eaglets (Polish: ) is a term of affection applied to... Wojciech Kossak, self-portrait. ... M-3 Halftrack in front of the museum Polish Army Museum (Polish: ) is a museum in Warsaw documenting the military history of the world, as well as the military aspects of the history of Poland. ... Motto: Contemnit procellas (It defies the storms) Semper invicta (Always invincible) Coordinates: , Country  Poland Voivodeship Masovia Powiat city county Gmina Warszawa Districts 18 boroughs City Rights turn of the 13th century Government  - Mayor Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz (PO) Area  - City 516. ... Battle of Lwów of 1918 and 1919 was a six months long conflict between the forces of Western Ukrainian National Republic, local civilian population and regular Polish Army for the control over the city of Lwów (modern Lviv), in what was then a part of Galicia and now... The West Ukrainian National Republic (Ukrainian: ) was a short-lived republic that existed in late 1918 and early 1919 in eastern Galicia, Bukovina and Transcarpathia and included the cities of Lviv, Kolomyya, and Stanislav. ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... is the 291st day of the year (292nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Bukovina (Bucovina in Romanian; Буковина, Bukovyna in Polish), on the slopes of the Carpathian mountains, comprises an historic province now split between Ukraine. ... Dmytro Vitovsky (Ukrainian: ) one of the leaders of Galician student youth and a fighter for the Ukrainian university in Lviv. ... A monument in honor of Sich Rifles Sich Riflemen (Ukrainian: ) is the name applied to and used by various military organizations formed by Austria-Hungary in the territory of modern Ukraine in 1917 out of local population. ... is the 304th day of the year (305th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The West Ukrainian National Republic (Ukrainian: ) was a short-lived republic that existed in late 1918 and early 1919 in eastern Galicia, Bukovina and Transcarpathia and included the cities of Lviv, Kolomyya, and Stanislav. ... is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... For other uses, see Jew (disambiguation). ...

Immediately, the overwhelming Polish majority of Lviv, a city of over 200,000, started an armed uprising that the 1,400 Ukrainian garrison consisting mostly of teanage peasants disoriented in the city were unable to quell.^[1] The Poles soon took control over most of the city centre. Unable to break into the central areas, Ukrainian forces besieged the city, defended by Polish irregular forces including the Lwów Eaglets. After the Inter-Allied Commission in Paris agreed to leave the city under Polish administration until its future was resolved by a post-war treaty or a referendum, the regular Polish forces reached the city on November 19 and by November 22, the Ukrainian troops were forced out. Chaos during Polish take-over of the city was accompanied by isolated events in which unknown number of Poles, Jews and Ukrainians perished. This event was wildly exaggerated in western press and called "pogrom in Lviv". Battle of Lwów of 1918 and 1919 was a six months long conflict between the forces of Western Ukrainian National Republic, local civilian population and regular Polish Army for the control over the city of Lwów (modern Lviv), in what was then a part of Galicia and now... Lwów Eaglets; Defenders of the Cemetery, painting by Wojciech Kossak, 1926, oil on canvas, 90 x 120 cm, Polish Military Museum, Warsaw Battle of Zadwórze, a 1929 painting by StanisÅ‚aw Kaczor-Batowski 1929(Polish Military Museum) Lwów Eaglets (Polish: ) is a term of affection applied to... It has been suggested that List of visitor attractions in Paris be merged into this article or section. ... Elections Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      A referendum (plural: referendums or referenda) or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita, originally a decree of the Concilium Plebis) is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. ... is the 323rd day of the year (324th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 326th day of the year (327th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Lviv pogrom of 1918. ...

In the following months, other territories of Galicia controlled by the government of the West Ukrainian People's Republic were captured by the Polish forces, which effectively ended the power of the West Ukrainian government. The April 1920 agreement concluded by Poland with Symon Petlura, the exiled leader of the Ukrainian People's Republic, met with the fierce opposition of western Ukrainians. It recognized Poland's control of the city and the area in exchange for Polish military assistance to Petlura against the Bolsheviks. Galicia (Ukrainian: , Polish: , Russian: , German: , Hungarian: , Czech: , Yiddish: , Turkish: , Romanian: ) is a historical region in East Central Europe, currently divided between Poland and Ukraine. ... The West Ukrainian National Republic (Ukrainian: ) was a short-lived republic that existed in late 1918 and early 1919 in eastern Galicia, Bukovina and Transcarpathia and included the cities of Lviv, Kolomyya, and Stanislav. ... Polish General Antoni Listowski (left) and exiled Ukrainian leader Symon Petlura (second from left) following the Petluras alliance with the Poles. ... Head Otaman Symon Petlura Symon Petlura (Ukrainian: (Simon Petljura); in English, also occasionally spelled Simon Petliura or Petlyura; May 10, 1879 â€“ May 25, 1926) was a publicist, writer, journalist, Ukrainian politician and statesman, a leader of Ukraines unsuccessful fight for independence following the Russian Revolution of 1917. ... Ukrainian Peoples Republic (Ukrainian: ), also sometimes translated as Ukrainian National Republic, abbreviated UNR (УНР), was a republic in part of the territory of modern Ukraine after the Russian Revolution, eventually headed by Symon Petliura. ... Bolshevik Party Meeting. ...

Polish-Soviet War

Main article: Polish-Soviet War

During the Polish-Soviet War of 1920 the city was attacked by the forces of Aleksandr Yegorov. Since mid-June 1920 the 1st Cavalry Army of Semyon Budyonny was trying to reach the city from the north and east. At the same time Lwów was preparing the defence. The inhabitants raised and fully equipped three regiments of infantry and two regiments of cavalry as well as constructed defensive lines. The city was defended by an equivalent of three Polish divisions aided by one Ukrainian infantry division. Finally after almost a month of heavy fighting on August 16 the Red Army crossed the Bug river and, reinforced by additional 8 divisions of the so called Red Cossacks, started an assault on the city. The fighting occurred with heavy casualties on both sides, but after three days the assault was halted and the Red Army retreated. For the heroic defence the city was awarded with the Virtuti Militari medal. Combatants Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic Republic of Poland Ukrainian Peoples Republic Commanders Mikhail Tukhachevsky Semyon Budyonny Józef PiÅ‚sudski Edward Rydz-ÅšmigÅ‚y Strength 950,000 combatants 5,000,000 reserves 360,000 combatants 738,000 reserves Casualties Dead estimated at 100,000... Combatants Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic Republic of Poland Ukrainian Peoples Republic Commanders Mikhail Tukhachevsky Semyon Budyonny Józef PiÅ‚sudski Edward Rydz-ÅšmigÅ‚y Strength 950,000 combatants 5,000,000 reserves 360,000 combatants 738,000 reserves Casualties Dead estimated at 100,000... For other organizations known as the Red Army, see Red Army (disambiguation). ... Marshal of the Soviet Union Aleksandr Yegorov Aleksandr Ilyich Yegorov (Russian: Александр Ильич Егоров) (October 13, 1883–February 22, 1939), Soviet military commander, was a prominent victim of Stalins Great Purge of the late 1930s. ... The 1st Cavalry Army (Russian: ) was the most famous Red Army сavalry formation also known as Budyonnys Cavalry Army or simply Konarmia. ... Semyon Budyonny (also spelled Budennii, Budenny, Budyenny etc, Russian: Семён Михайлович Будённый) (April 25 [O.S. April 13] 1883 – October 26, 1973) was a Soviet military commander and an ally of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. ... is the 228th day of the year (229th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Bug at Wlodawa One of the two rivers called Bug (pronounced Boog), the Western Bug, or Buh (Belarusian: Захо́дні Буг; Russian: За́падный Буг; Ukrainian: Західн&#1080... Combatants Poland Bolshevist Russia Commanders Aleksandr Yegorov Strength + 22. ... For other organizations known as the Red Army, see Red Army (disambiguation). ... Virtuti Militari The Virtuti Militari (Latin: For Military Virtue) was created in 1792 and is Polands highest military decoration for valor in the face of the enemy and one of the oldest military decorations in the world still in use . ...

Interbellum

Following the Peace of Riga the city remained in Poland as the capital of the Lwów Voivodeship. The city became one of the most important centres of science and culture of Poland. For example, the Lwów School of Mathematics embodied a rich mathematical tradition; the school gathered at the Scottish Café and maintained a notebook of problems and results. Central and Eastern Europe after the Treaty of Riga See also Riga Peace Treaty for other treaties concluded in Riga. ... Lwow Voivodeship (Polish: ) was an administrative unit of interwar Poland (1918-1939). ... The Lwów School of Mathematics was a group of mathematicians who worked between the World Wars in Lwów, Poland (now Lviv, Ukraine). ... Kawiarnia Szkocka in Lwów The Kawiarnia Szkocka (Scottish Café) was the café where Polish mathematicians from the Lwów School of Mathematics spent their afternoons, discussing mathematical problems. ...

At the same time, the Polish government reduced the rights of the local Ukrainians, closing down many of the Ukrainian schools.^[2] or turning them into bilingual Ukrainian-Polish ones that were, in effect, Polish. Increased Polish settlement reduced the relative percentage of the Ukrainian population in the city, from around 20% in 1910 to less than 12% by 1931. At the university, all Ukrainian departments that had opened during the period of Austrian rule were closed save for one, the 1848 Department of Ruthenian Language and Literature, whose chair position was allowed to remain vacant until 1927 before being filled by an ethnic Pole.^[3] Most Ukrainian professors were fired, and entrance of ethnic Ukrainians was restricted; in response an underground university in Lwow, and a Ukrainian Free University in Vienna (later moved to Prague) ^[4] were established ^{[citation needed]}. In official documents, the Polish authorities also replaced references to Ukrainians with the old word "Ruthenians", an action that caused many Ukrainians to view that description with distaste. Nickname: Motto: Praga Caput Rei publicae Location within the Czech Republic Coordinates: , Country Czech Republic Region Capital City of Prague Founded 9th century Government  - Mayor Pavel Bém Area  - City 496 km²  (191. ...

World War II

Red Army cavalry in Lviv, 1939.

Nazi Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939 and the German 1st Mountain Division reached the suburbs of Lwów on September 12 and began a siege. The city's garrison was ordered to hold out at all cost since the strategic position prevented the enemy from crossing into the Romanian Bridgehead. Also, a number of Polish troops from Central Poland were trying to reach the city and organise a defence there to buy time to regroup. Thus a 10 day long defence of the city started and later became known as yet another Battle of Lwów. On September 19 a Polish diversionary attack under General Władysław Langner was launched- unsuccessfully. Soviet troops (part of the forces which had invaded on September 17 under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact) replaced the Germans around the city. On the 23rd Langner formally surrendered to Soviet troops under Marshal Semyon Timoshenko. Image File history File linksMetadata Lviv_1939_Soviet_Cavalry. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Lviv_1939_Soviet_Cavalry. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Mountain Brigade 1. ... is the 255th day of the year (256th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Romanian Bridgehead (Polish Przedmoście rumuńskie) was an area in South-Eastern Poland, nowadays located in Ukraine. ... Combatants Nazi Germany Poland Commanders Ferdinand Schörner WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw Langner StanisÅ‚aw Sikorski Strength Germans: 1st Mountain 11 infantry battalions, 5 batteries of artillery (mainly 75 mm guns), 1 cavalry unit, 1 engineering platoon and a small number of soldiers who had retreated into the city from elsewhere... is the 262nd day of the year (263rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw Langner (b. ... For other organizations known as the Red Army, see Red Army (disambiguation). ... is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Molotov signs the German-Soviet non-aggression pact. ... is the 266th day of the year (267th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Marshal of the Soviet Union Semyon Timoshenko Semyon Konstantinovich Timoshenko (Russian: Семён Константинович Тимошенко) (February 6 O.S (February 18 N.S.), 1895-March 31...

The Soviet and Nazi forces divided Poland between themselves and a rigged plebiscite absorbed the Soviet half of Poland, including Lwów, into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. Initially, a large part of the Ukrainian population who lived in the interwar Poland cheered the Soviet takeover whose stated goal was to protect the Ukrainian population in the area.^[5] Depolonisation combined with large scale anti-Polish actions began immediately, with huge numbers of Poles from Lviv deported eastward into the Soviet Union.^{[citation needed]} Some members of the Ukrainian and Jewish communities were deported as well ^{[citation needed]}. State motto: Пролетарі всіх країн, єднайтеся! Official language None. ... Anthem: Mazurek DÄ…browskiego Capital Warsaw Language(s) Polish Government Republic President List Prime minister List Legislature Sejm Historical era Interwar period  - World War I November 11, 1918  - Invasion November 2, 1939 Area  - 1939 388,600 km2 150,039 sq mi Population  - 1939 est. ...

When the Nazis invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, the NKVD spent a week hastily executing prisoners held in the Brygidki and Zamarstynów prisons, where around 8000 were murdered. Combatants Germany, Romania, Finland, Italy, Hungary, Slovakia  Soviet Union Commanders Adolf Hitler Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb Fedor von Bock Gerd von Rundstedt Heinz Guderian Günther von Kluge Franz Halder Maresal Ion Antonescu C.G.E. Mannerheim Giovanni Messe, CSIR Italo Gariboldi, ARMIR Joseph Stalin Kliment Voroshilov Semyon Timoshenko Fyodor... is the 173rd day of the year (174th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ...

Since the beginning of the German occupation of the city, the situation of the city's inhabitants became tragic. After being subject to deadly pogroms, the Jewish inhabitants of the area were rushed into a newly-created ghetto and then mostly sent to various German concentration camps. The Polish and smaller Ukrainian populations of the city were also subject to harsh policies, which resulted in a number of mass executions both in the city and in the Janowska camp. Among the first to be murdered were the professors of the city's universities and other members of Polish intelligentsia. Initially, a great part of Ukrainian population considered the German troops as liberators after the two years of Soviet regime, as once many Jewish and Ukrainian inhabitants had welcomed the Soviets as their liberators from the rule of the nationalist Second Polish Republic. Germans were associated with old Austrian times, the happiest ones in comparison to the later Polish and Soviet periods. On June 30, 1941, the first day of the German occupation of the city, one of the wings of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) declared restoration of the independent Ukrainian state. In a few days, the initiators of this action, Stepan Bandera, Yaroslav Stetsko and others, were arrested by Nazi Einsatzgruppe and sent to Nazi concentration camps, where both of Bandera's brothers were executed. The policy of the occupying power turned quickly harsh towards Ukrainians as well, the Ukrainian nationalists were driven underground; from that time forward, they fought against the Nazis, but continued also to fight against Poles and Soviet forces (see Ukrainian Insurgent Army). A ghetto is an area where people from a specific racial or ethnic background live as a group in seclusion, voluntarily or involuntarily. ... See also the related article on Nazi concentration camps The following is a list of German concentration camps during World War II. are marked with pink, while major concentration camps of are marked with blue. ... Janowska was a Nazi labor, transit and concentration camp established in September 1941 on the outskirts of Lvov, Poland (today Ukraine). ... Monument to the victims in WrocÅ‚aw, Poland The murder of the Lwów professors was the mass execution of approximately 45 Polish professors of the University of Lwów (a. ... The notion of an intellectual elite as a distinguished social stratum can be traced far back in history. ... Anthem: Mazurek DÄ…browskiego Capital Warsaw Language(s) Polish Government Republic President List Prime minister List Legislature Sejm Historical era Interwar period  - World War I November 11, 1918  - Invasion November 2, 1939 Area  - 1939 388,600 km2 150,039 sq mi Population  - 1939 est. ... is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ... Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists or OUN (Ukrainian: or ОУН) was a Ukrainian political movement originally created in the interwar Poland. ... Stepan Andriyovych Bandera (January 1, 1909–October 15, 1959) was a Ukrainian nationalist leader who headed the Ukrainian Nationalist Organisation (OUN). ... Yaroslav Stetsko (Polish JarosÅ‚aw Stećko, Ukrainian Ярослав Стецько), (19 January 1912, Tarnopol, Galicia - 5 July 1986, Germany) was an Ukrainian leader of OUN. In 1929-1934, he studied philosophy at Lvov and Cracow universities. ... UPA appeal poster. ...

As the Red Army was approaching the city in 1944, on July 21 the local leadership of the Polish resistance Home Army ordered all Polish forces to rise in an armed uprising (see also Operation Tempest). After four days of the city fights and the advance of the Red Army in the final phase of the Lvov-Sandomierz Operation the city was handed over to the Soviet Union ^[6]. As in the previous takeover the Soviet authorities quickly turned hostile to the city's Poles (including the members of the Polish anti-fascist resistance). For other organizations known as the Red Army, see Red Army (disambiguation). ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... is the 202nd day of the year (203rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other meanings of Home Army see: Home Army (disambiguation) The Armia Krajowa or AK (Home Army) functioned as the pre-eminent underground military organization in German-occupied Poland, which functioned in all areas of the country from September 1939 until its disbanding in January 1945. ... The Lwów Uprising was the armed struggle started by the Polish Armia Krajowa against the Nazi occupiers of Lwów, during World War II. It started on July 23, 1944 as a part of a plan of all-national uprising codenamed Operation Tempest and lasted until July 27. ... For other uses, see Tempest. ... For other organizations known as the Red Army, see Red Army (disambiguation). ... Combatants Germany Soviet Union Commanders Josef Harpe (Heeresgruppe Nordukraine) Ivan Koniev (1st Ukrainian Front) Strength 368,000 men 340 AFVs 4,800 guns 1,200,000 men 1,979 AFVs 11,265 guns Casualties 37,400 men 520 AFVs 198,000 men 1,285 AFVs The Lvov-Sandomierz Operation was...

Following the Soviet takeover the members of Polish resistance were either forcibly conscripted to the Soviet controlled Polish People's Army or imprisoned.^{[6] [7]}. Main engagements of Polish forces Westerplatte – Mokra – Bzura – Enigma – Narvik – Battle of Britain – Tobruk – Gazala – Dieppe – Lenino – Monte Cassino – Ostra Brama – V2 Capture – Warsaw Uprising - Falaise – Studzianki - Market Garden – Scheldt – Seelow Heights – Bautzen – Berlin // 1939 poster. ...

Lviv pogroms and the Holocaust

Before the war, Lviv had the third-largest Jewish population in Poland, which swelled further to over 200,000 Jews as war refugees entered the city. Immediately after the Germans entered the city, Einsatzgruppen and civil collaborants organized a massive pogrom, which they claimed was in retaliation for the NKVD's earlier killings (though Jews were also killed during the NKVD purge). Many Holocaust scholars attribute much of the killing to the Ukrainian nationalists. However the killers' actual political orientation and relation to the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists is still subject to debate.^[8] During the four-week pogrom from the end of June to early July, 1941, nearly 4,000 Jews were murdered. On July 25, 1941, a second pogrom, called "Petliura Days" after Symon Petliura^[9][10], was organized; nearly 2,000 more Jews were killed in Lviv, mostly shot in groups by civilian collaborators after being marched to the Jewish cemetery or to Lunecki prison. A member of Einsatzgruppe D is just about to shoot a Jewish man kneeling before a filled mass grave in Vinnitsa, Ukraine, in 1942. ... Pogrom (from Russian: ; from громить IPA: - to wreak havoc, to demolish violently) is a form of riot directed against a particular group, whether ethnic, religious or other, and characterized by destruction of their homes, businesses and religious centers. ... The NKVD (Narodny Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del  ) (Russian: , ) or Peoples Commissariat for Internal Affairs was the leading secret police organization of the Soviet Union that was responsible for political repressions during Stalinism. ... Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists or OUN (Ukrainian: or ОУН) was a Ukrainian political movement originally created in the interwar Poland. ... is the 206th day of the year (207th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ... Symon Petlyura (Симон Петлюра; also spelled Simon, Semen, Semyen Petliura or Petlura, May 10, 1879 â€“ May 25, 1926) was a Ukrainian politician. ...

The Lviv Ghetto was established after the pogroms, holding around 120,000 Jews, most of whom were deported to the Belzec extermination camp or killed locally during the following two years. Following the pogroms, Einsatzgruppen killings, harsh conditions in the ghetto, and deportation to the death camps, including the Janowska labor camp located on the outskirts of the city, resulted in the almost complete annihilation of the Jewish population. By the time that the Soviet forces reached Lviv in 1944 driving out the Nazi occupation, only 200–300 Jews remained. The Lwów Ghetto (also called the Lemberg Ghetto, Lviv Ghetto, and Lvov Ghetto) was one of the larger Ghettos established for Jews in Poland by Nazi authorities. ... Belzec was the first of the Nazi German extermination camps created for implementing Operation Reinhard during the Holocaust. ... Extermination camps were one type of facility that Nazi Germany built during World War II for the systematic killing of millions of people in what has become known as the Holocaust. ... A member of Einsatzgruppe D is just about to shoot a Jewish man kneeling before a filled mass grave in Vinnitsa, Ukraine, in 1942. ... A ghetto is an area where people from a specific racial or ethnic background live as a group in seclusion, voluntarily or involuntarily. ... Majdanek - crematorium Extermination camp (German Vernichtungslager) was the term applied to a group of camps set up by Nazi Germany during World War II for the express purpose of killing the Jews of Europe, although members of some other groups whom the Nazis wished to exterminate, such as Roma (Gypsies... Janowska was a Nazi labor, transit and concentration camp established in September 1941 on the outskirts of Lvov, Poland (today Ukraine). ... A labor camp is a simplified detention facility where inmates are engaged in penal labor. ...

Simon Wiesenthal (later known as a Nazi-hunter) was one of the most famous Jews of Lviv to survive the war, though he was transported to a concentration camp, rather than remaining in the city. Many city residents tried to assist and hide the Jews hunted by the Nazis (despite the death penalty imposed for such acts). Wiesenthal's memoir, The Murderers Amongst Us, describes how he was saved by a Ukrainian policeman named Bodnar. Ukrainians and other Lvivans hid thousands of Jews, many of them were later recognized as Righteous Gentiles. A large effort in saving the members of the Jewish community was organized by the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky. Simon Wiesenthal, KBE, (Buczacz, December 31, 1908 – Vienna, September 20, 2005) was an Austrian-Jewish architectural engineer who became a Nazi hunter after surviving the Holocaust. ... It has been suggested that Internment be merged into this article or section. ... After the World War II, the term Righteous Among the Nations (Transliterated חסידי עומות עולם Hebrew language: Khasiday Umot Olam) has been used to describe non-Jews who behaved heroically during the Holocaust (ha-Shoah) in order to save... The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC), also known as the Ukrainian Catholic Church, is one of the successor Churches to the acceptance of Christianity by Grand Prince Vladimir the Great (Ukrainian Volodymyr) of Kiev (Kyiv), in 988. ... In hierarchical Christian churches, the rank of metropolitan bishop, or simply metropolitan, pertains to the diocesan bishop or archbishop (then more precisely called Metropolitan archbishop) of a metropolis; that is, the chief city of an old Roman province, ecclesiastical province, or regional capital. ... Andriy Sheptytsky Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky (Ukrainian: ; July 29, 1865—November 1, 1944) was the Metropolitan Archbishop of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church from 1901 until his death. ...

Post-war Soviet period

Lviv City Hall as seen from Vysokyi Zamok

After the war, the area remained as part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. Most of the remaining Polish population was expelled to the Polish territories gained from Germany (especially to present day Wrocław) whose German population was expelled or fled in fear of Soviet retribution. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1600x1200, 1180 KB) Source:; Image url: http://de. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1600x1200, 1180 KB) Source:; Image url: http://de. ... A fragment of Lviv engraving by A. Gogenberg, 17th century Part of the South Wall of High Castle. ... State motto (Ukrainian): Пролетарі всіх країн, єднайтеся! (Translated: Workers of the world, unite!) Official language None. ... Motto: Miasto spotkaÅ„ (the meeting place) Coordinates: , Country Poland Voivodeship Lower Silesian Powiat city county Gmina WrocÅ‚aw Established 10th century City Rights 1262 Government  - Mayor RafaÅ‚ Dutkiewicz Area  - City 292. ...

Migrants from Ukrainian-speaking rural areas around the city, as well as from other parts of the Soviet Union arrived to fulfil the need of the city's rapidly growing industry. This population transfer altered the traditional ethnic composition of the city, which was already drastically changed as Polish, Jewish and German population was displaced or murdered. Ukrainian is an East Slavic language, one of three members of this language group, the other two being Russian and Belarusian. ... Not by Their Own Will. ... The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination...

With Russification being a general Soviet policy in post-war Ukraine, in Lviv it was combined with the disestablishment of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (see History of Christianity in Ukraine) at the state-sponsored Synod of Lviv, which agreed to transfer all parishes to the recently recreated Ukrainian Exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church. However, after the death of Stalin, Soviet cultural policies were relaxed, allowing western Ukraine and Lviv, its main centre, to become a major hub of Ukrainian culture. Russification is an adoption of the Russian language or some other Russian attribute (whether voluntarily or not) by non-Russian communities. ... Soviet redirects here. ... The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC), also known as the Ukrainian Catholic Church, is one of the successor Churches to the acceptance of Christianity by Grand Prince Vladimir the Great (Ukrainian Volodymyr) of Kiev (Kyiv), in 988. ... This article should include material from Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Kiev Patriarchy, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, and Patriarch Filaret (Mykhailo Denysenko). ... In the Byzantine Empire, an exarch was a proconsul or viceroy who governed a province at some remove from the central authorities, the Emperor and the Patriarch of Constantinople. ... The Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate (Russian: ), also known as the Orthodox Christian Church of Russia, is a body of Christians who are united under the Patriarch of Moscow, who in turn is in communion with the other patriarchs and primates of the Eastern Orthodox Church. ... Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვი&#4314... A performance of a traditional Ukrainian dance by Virsky dance ensemble The Culture of Ukraine is a result of influence over millenia from the West and East, with an assortment of strong culturally-identified ethnic groups. ...

In the 1950s and '60s, the city went through significant growth in both population and size. A number of prominent plants and factories were established or moved from eastern parts of the USSR. This resulted in partial Russification of the city and some loss of its western flavour. Among the most famous were the bus factory (Lvivsky Avtomobilny Zavod), which produced most of the buses in the Soviet Union and employed upwards of 30,000, TV factory "Zavod Elektron" which made one of the most popular brand of television sets in the country, the front-end loader factory (Zavod Avto-Pogruzchik), the shoe factory (Obuvnaya Fabrika Progress), confectionery Svitoch, and many more. Each of these employed tens of thousands of workers and were among the largest employers in the region. Most of them survive to this day, although economic difficulties put a drain on their production figures. Corporate logo The Lviv Bus Factory, or LAZ (Ukrainian: , literally Lviv Automobile Factory), mostly known under its obsolete name L’vivs’ky Avtobusnyi Zavod (Ukrainian: , literally Lviv Bus Factory) is a bus manufacturing company in Lviv, Ukraine. ... A loader clearing a landslide. ...

In the period of Soviet liberalization of the mid-to-end 1980s until the early 1990s (see Glasnost and Perestroika) the city became the centre of Rukh (People's Movement of Ukraine), a political movement advocating Ukrainian independence from the USSR. //   (Russian: IPA: ) is politics of maximal openness, transparency of activity of all official (governmental) institutes, and freedom of information. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Politics of Ukraine Politics of Ukraine Political parties in Ukraine Elections in Ukraine: President: 2004 The Peoples Movement of Ukraine (Narodnyi Ruch Ukrajiny) is a political party in Ukraine. ...

Independent Ukraine

With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Lviv became part of the newly-independent Ukraine, serving as the capital of the Lviv Oblast. Today the city remains one of the most important centers of Ukrainian cultural, economic and political life and is noted for its beautiful and diverse architecture. In its recent history, Lviv was carried by Viktor Yushchenko during the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election and played a key role in the Orange Revolution. Lviv Oblast is an oblast of western Ukraine, created on December 4, 1939. ... Viktor Andriyovych Yushchenko (Ukrainian:  ) (born February 23, 1954) is the current President of Ukraine. ... The presidential election held in November and December 2004 in Ukraine was mostly a political battle between Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych and former Prime Minister and opposition leader Viktor Yushchenko. ... Orange-clad supporters of Viktor Yushchenko gather in Independence Square in Kiev. ...

Chapel of Boim family Image File history File links Download high resolution version (960x1280, 168 KB) Lwów-Boim Chapel, 2002 Author--Stako 08:38, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Lviv ... The chapel of Boim family (Ukrainian: , Polish: ) is a small shrine in Lviv, Ukraine, located just outside the Latin Cathedral, in what used to be known as the Chapter Square. ...

Armenian Cathedral Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1932 × 2576 pixel, file size: 896 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...

Metropolitan's palace at St. George's Cathedral Image File history File links Download high resolution version (480x640, 27 KB) Summary -- metropolitans palace -- pałac metropolitów -- митрополича палата Taken from pl:Grafika:PalacMetropolityLwow. ... In hierarchical Christian churches, the rank of metropolitan bishop, or simply metropolitan, pertains to the diocesan bishop or archbishop (then more precisely called Metropolitan archbishop) of a metropolis; that is, the chief city of an old Roman province, ecclesiastical province, or regional capital. ...

St. George's Cathedral Image File history File links Download high resolution version (960x1280, 103 KB) Summary -- façade: mounted statue of st. ... St. ...

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