This article is part of the series History of Australia

Capital Cities

Adelaide

Brisbane

Canberra

Hobart

Melbourne

Perth

Sydney

The history of Melbourne details the city's growth from a fledging settlement into a thriving colonial capital and finally a modern commercial and financial centre as Australia's second largest city. Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... The history of Australia began when people first migrated to the Australian continent from the north, at least 40,000-45,000 years ago. ... Adelaide is the capital city of the Australian state of South Australia. ... Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, is named for Sir Thomas Brisbane (1773–1860), British soldier and colonial administrator born in Ayrshire, Scotland. ... The History of Canberra details the development of the city of Canberra from the time before white settlement to Canberras planning by the Chicago architect Walter Burley Griffin and subsequent development to the present day. ... The first settlement in Hobart was started in 1803 as a penal colony at Risdon Cove on the eastern shores of the Derwent River, amid British concerns over the presence of French explorers. ... This article details the History of Perth from the first human activity in the region to the 20th century. ... History of Sydney stretches back to prehistoric times. ... Melbournes CBD has grown to straddle the Yarra River in three major precincts. ...

Early history

Main article: Foundation of Melbourne

Charles La Trobe

The area around Port Phillip and the Yarra valley, on which the city of Melbourne now stands, was the home of the Kulin nation, an alliance of several language groups of Indigenous Australians, whose ancestors had lived in the area for approximately 30,000 years. The Kulin lived by fishing, hunting and gathering, and made a good living from the rich food sources of Port Phillip and the surrounding grasslands. With the arrival of Europeans in the area, they were hard hit by introduced diseases, and their decline was hastened by mistreatment, alcohol and venereal disease. They had largely disappeared by the 1870s, and most of the Aboriginal people who live in Melbourne today are descended from immigrants from other parts of Victoria. Today there a few signs of the Aboriginal past in the Melbourne area. They include a tree near the Melbourne Cricket Ground from which bark was cut to make a canoe, and some middens (accumulations of seashells at feasting areas) around the shores of Port Phillip. The Enterprize at the site of Melbourne The city of Melbourne was founded in 1835. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (625x776, 329 KB) This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years or less. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (625x776, 329 KB) This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years or less. ... Landsat 7 composite imagery of the bay. ... The Yarra River is a river in southern Victoria, Australia. ... Melbournes CBD has grown to straddle the Yarra River in three major precincts. ... The Kulin alliance is one of the Indigenous Australian nations of Australia who lived in central Victoria, Australia, around Port Phillip and Western Port, up into the Great Dividing Range and the Loddon and Goulburn River valleys. ... Indigenous Australians or Aborigines[1][2] are the first human inhabitants of the Australian continent and its nearby islands. ... “MCG” redirects here. ... A midden, also known as kitchen middens, is a dump for domestic waste. ...

Bass Strait, the passage between the Australian mainland and Tasmania, was discovered by George Bass in 1797, who sailed as far west as Western Port. In 1802 John Murray in the Lady Nelson discovered Port Phillip, and he was followed shortly after by Matthew Flinders. In 1803 Charles Grimes found the mouth of the Yarra, and hiked as far inland as Keilor. Later in 1803 the British Governor of New South Wales, fearful that the French might try to occupy the Bass Strait area, sent Colonel David Collins with a party of 300 convicts to establish a settlement at Port Phillip. Collins arrived at the site of Sorrento, on the Mornington Peninsula, in October 1803, but was put off by the lack of fresh water. In May 1804 he decided to move the settlement to Tasmania, and thus became the founder of Hobart. Among the convicts at Sorrento was a boy called John Pascoe Fawkner. Map of Australia with Bass Strait marked in light blue Bass Strait (IPA: ) is a sea strait separating Tasmania from the south of the Australian mainland (Victoria in particular). ... Capital Hobart Government Constitutional monarchy Governor William Cox Premier Paul Lennon (ALP) Federal representation  - House seats 5  - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2004-05)  - Product ($m)  $16,114 (7th)  - Product per capita  $33,243/person (8th) Population (End of September 2006)  - Population  489,600 (6th)  - Density  7. ... George Bass George Bass, British naval surgeon and explorer of Australia (1771 – unknown, post 1803), was born at Aswarby, a hamlet near Sleaford Lincolnshire and was educated at Boston Grammar School. ... 1797 (MDCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 11-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Western Port looking west from French Island to the Mornington Peninsula Western Port (also known as Western Port Bay) is an inlet on the southern coast of Australia from Bass Strait and the Pacific Ocean, adjacent and to the east of Port Phillip on which is sited Melbourne, the capital... --69. ... The Lady Nelson was a vessel used in the exploration of the coast of Australia in the early years of the 19th century. ... Captain Matthew Flinders RN (16 March 1774 – 19 July 1814) was one of the most accomplished navigators and cartographers of his age. ... 1803 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Charles Grimes (February 24, 1772 - February 19, 1858) was an English surveyor of Australia. ... Keilor is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. ... 1803 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... List of Governors of New South Wales See Governors of the Australian states for a description and history of the office of Governor. ... David Collins David Collins (March 3, 1754 – March 24, 1810) was the inaugural Governor of the Colony of Van Diemens Land, founded in 1804, which in 1901 became the state of Tasmania in the Commonwealth of Australia. ... Sorrento is a township of Victoria, Australia, almost at the far tip of the Mornington Peninsula about 1 and a half hours south of the Capital, Melbourne. ... A beach on the Mornington Peninsula A beach on the Mornington Peninsula A beach on the Mornington Peninsula The Mornington Peninsula is a peninsula located south-east of Melbourne in Victoria, Australia, surrounded by Port Phillip, Western Port Bay and Bass Strait. ... 1803 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1804 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Hobart is the state capital and most populous city of the Australian island state of Tasmania. ... Portrait of John Pascoe Fawkner, founder of Melbourne, by William Strutt, 1856: oil on canvas; 61. ...

The northern shores of Bass Strait were then left to a few whalers and sealers for another 20 years. In 1824 Hamilton Hume and William Hovell came overland from New South Wales, failing to find Western Port, their destination, but instead reaching Corio Bay, where they found good grazing land. But it was another ten years before Edward Henty, a Tasmanian grazier, established an illegal sheep-run on crown land at Portland, in what is now western Victoria, in 1834. 1824 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Hamilton Hume Hamilton Hume (19 June 1797-19 April 1873) was an Australian explorer. ... William Hilton Hovell (April 26, 1786 - November 9, 1875) was an English explorer of Australia. ... Boats on Corio Bay, overlooking Geelong Corio Bay, one of numerous bays in Port Phillip lies in the southwest part of Port Phillip, and is the bay on which abuts Geelong, the second largest city in Victoria, Australia. ... Edward Henty (1810-1878); pioneer, first permanent settler in Victoria, Born in West Tarring, Sussex, England. ... Crown land is a designated area belonging to the Crown, the equivalent of an entailed estate that passed with the monarchy and could not be alienated from it. ... The city of Portland ( ) is the oldest European settlement in what is now the state of Victoria, Australia. ... Year 1834 (MDCCCXXXIV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

John Batman, a successful farmer in northern Tasmania, also desired more grazing land. In April 1835, he sailed across the Strait and up Port Phillip to the mouth of the Yarra. He explored a large area in what is now the northern suburbs of Melbourne. On 6 June Batman, as part of a Tasmanian business syndicate known as the Port Phillip Association signed a "treaty" with the local Aboriginal people, in which he purported to buy 2,000 km² of land around Melbourne and another 400 km² around Geelong, on Corio Bay to the south-west. On 8 June he wrote in his journal: "So the boat went up the large river... and... I am glad to state about six miles up found the River all good water and very deep. This will be the place for a village." This last sentence later became famous as the "founding charter" of Melbourne. John Batman Statue of John Batman at former National Mutual Plaza off Collins Street in Melbourne unveiled 26 January 1979 John Batman (born 21 January 1801 - 5 May 1839) was an Australian farmer and businessman who was one of the first settlers of the Melbourne area and known for founding... | Come and take it, slogan of the Texas Revolution 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... June 6 is the 157th day of the year (158th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Port Phillip Association was an early nineteenth century investment and pastoral company. ... Batmans Treaty was a treaty made on 6 June 1835 between John Batman, Australian farmer and businessman, and a group of Wurundjeri elders, for the sale of land around Port Phillip Bay, near the present site of the city of Melbourne. ... - - Nickname: City by the Bay Geography Area: 1,240 km² Coordinates: Time Zone UTC +10:00 Population (2003) 200,067 Among Australian cities: Density: persons/km² Political Mayor: Shane Dowling Governing body: City of Greater Geelong Geelong is a port city of 200,067 people (2003 census) located on Corio... June 8 is the 159th day of the year (160th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Batman returned to Launceston and began plans to mount a large expedition to establish a settlement on the Yarra. But John Pascoe Fawkner, by now a businessman in Launceston, had the same idea. He bought a ship, the schooner Enterprize, which sailed on 4 August, with a party of intending settlers. The acting commander of the expedition, John Lancey, chose a spot for the settlement, where, on 30 August 1835, the ship was anchored and the goods aboard unloaded. The spot was on the north bank of the Yarra, roughly between the present Spencer St Bridge and the Kings Bridge. Launceston is a city in the north of the state of Tasmania, Australia, population approximately 103,000, located at the juncture of the North Esk, South Esk, and Tamar rivers. ... The Enterprize at the site of Melbourne The topsail schooner, Enterprize, was built in Hobart in 1829 by William Pender. ... August 4 is the 216th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (217th in leap years), with 149 days remaining. ... August 30 is the 242nd day of the year (243rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... | Come and take it, slogan of the Texas Revolution 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

Meanwhile Batman had sailed from Launceston in the Rebecca, but when his party reached the Yarra on 2 September, where they were dismayed and angry to find Fawkner's people already in possession. The two groups decided that there was plenty of land for everybody, and when Fawkner arrived on 16 October with another party of settlers, he agreed that they should start parcelling out land and not dispute who was there first. Both Batman and Fawkner settled in the new town, which had several interim names, such as Batmania (in 1835), before being officially named Melbourne in honour of the British Prime Minister, Lord Melbourne, in March 1837. September 2 is the 245th day of the year (246th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... October 16 is the 289th day of the year (290th in leap years). ... Viscount Melbourne was a title created for Peniston Lamb in 1781 in the peerage of Ireland. ... Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901) 1837 (MDCCCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

Melbourne Landing,1840; watercolor by W. Liardet (1840)

Melbourne began as a collection of tents and huts on the banks of the Yarra, yet within ten years, because of its economic position as a centre of pastoralism and land speculation it had established many stone and brick public and financial buildings. From September 1836 it was the administrative centre of the Port Phillip District of New South Wales. Government was represented first by a police magistrate, William Lonsdale, and then from October 1839 by a Superintendent, Charles La Trobe, a gifted man with artistic and scientific interests who did much to lay the foundations of Melbourne as a real city. La Trobe's most lasting contribution to the city was to reserve large areas as public parks: today these are the Treasury Gardens, the Carlton Gardens, the Flagstaff Gardens, Royal Park and the Royal Botanic Gardens. Another important early figure was Robert Hoddle, who laid out the square grid on which the town was built, and which still marks the streets of Melbourne's central business district. On October 22nd, 1841, with the incorporation of the town of Melbourne, this area was divided into the four wards of Bourke, Gipps, La Trobe and Lonsdale.[1] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (873x459, 79 KB) Summary scanned image of watercolor by W. F. E. Liardet (1830) Copyright held by State Library of Victoria-may be used for non-commercial exploitation Low quality scanned image by EAWarbuton Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (873x459, 79 KB) Summary scanned image of watercolor by W. F. E. Liardet (1830) Copyright held by State Library of Victoria-may be used for non-commercial exploitation Low quality scanned image by EAWarbuton Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is... Year 1836 (MDCCCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The City of Port Phillip is a Local Government Area in Victoria, Australia. ... William Lonsdale (September 9, 1794 - November 11, 1871), English geologist and palaeontologist, was born at Bath. ... 1839 (MDCCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Charles La Trobe (March 20, 1801 - December 4, 1875) was the first lieutenant-governor of the state of Victoria. ... The Treasury Gardens consist of 58,000 square metres on the south-eastern side of the Melbourne Central Business District, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. ... The Royal Exhibition Building in the Carlton Gardens The Carlton Gardens is a World Heritage Site located on the northeastern edge of the Central Business District in the suburb of Carlton, in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. ... Flagstaff Gardens is the oldest park in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, first established in 1862. ... Burke and Wills expedition monument in Royal Park with Melbourne skyline Royal Park is located 4 km north of the Melbourne Central Business District, Victoria, Australia, in the suburb of Parkville. ... One of many delightful vistas in Melbournes Royal Botanic Gardens. ... Robert Hoddle with his omnipresent surveying telescope Robert Hoddle (20 April 1794 - 24 October 1881) was a surveyor of Port Phillip in the 1830s, and the creator of the Hoddle Grid in central Melbourne. ... A ward is an electoral district used in local politics, most notably in England, Scotland, and Wales, as well as Australia, Canada, the Republic of Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa and many cities in the United States and the federal district of Washington, DC. Wards are usually named after neighbourhoods...

Collins Street, Melbourne, 1839. Watercolour by W. Knight

In 1851 the white population of the whole Port Phillip District was still only 77,000, although it had already become a centre of Australia's wool export trade, and only 23,000 people lived in Melbourne. Until the building boom which followed the gold rushes, most of Melbourne was built of timber, and almost nothing from this period survives. Two exceptions are St James Old Cathedral (1839) in Collins St (now relocated to the Flagstaff Gardens), and St Francis Catholic Church (1841) in Elizabeth St. Suburban development had already begun, with the wealthy building houses by the seashore at St Kilda, and a port developing at Williamstown. In 1848 Melbourne acquired an Anglican bishop. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (910x859, 236 KB) Watercolour of Melbourne, 1839, by W. Knight. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (910x859, 236 KB) Watercolour of Melbourne, 1839, by W. Knight. ... 1851 (MDCCCLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... St James Old Cathedral, Melbourne St James Old Cathedral, an Anglican church, is the oldest church in Melbourne, Australia, and one of only three buildings in the central city which predate the Gold Rush of 1851. ... 1839 (MDCCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... St Francis Church, Melbourne St Francis Church is the oldest Catholic church in Victoria, Australia. ... 1841 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... St Kilda ( ) is an inner city suburb of the Victorian capital of Melbourne, Australia. ... Royal Yacht Club of Victoria, Williamstown Nelson Place, a popular street to visit in Williamstown consisting of many cafés. ... Year 1848 (MDCCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

In July 1851 the successful agitation of the Port Phillip settlers led to the establishment of Victoria as a separate colony, and La Trobe became its first Lieutenant-Governor. A few months later gold was discovered at several locations around the colony, most notably at Ballarat and Bendigo. The ensuing gold rush radically transformed Victoria, and particularly Melbourne. 1851 (MDCCCLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Location of Ballarat in Victoria (red) Ballarat Base Hospital For the electoral division in the Australian House of Representatives, see Division of Ballarat. ... For the English bare-knuckle fighter,Abednego,Bendigo, see William Thompson (boxer). ... The Victorian gold rush was a period in the history of Victoria in Australia between approximately 1851 and the early 1860s. ...

Marvellous Melbourne

Parliament House, Melbourne

The discovery of gold led to a huge influx of people to Victoria, most of them arriving by sea at Melbourne. The town's population doubled within a year. In 1852 75,000 people arrived in the colony and this, combined with a very high birthrate, led to rapid population growth (as well as the equally rapid dispossession of the Aboriginal populations in those areas of inland Victoria which had not already been cleared for sheep runs). Victoria's population reached 400,000 in 1857 and 500,000 in 1860. As the easy gold ran out many of these people flooded back into Melbourne looking for work, and the city grew expeditiously as a service and manufacturing centre to serve the goldfields and inland towns. Melbourne quickly overtook Sydney as Australia's largest city, a title it retained until the late 19th century. This image was taken by me, Adam Carr, and is released into the public domain. ... This image was taken by me, Adam Carr, and is released into the public domain. ... 1852 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1857 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ...

This accelerated growth and the enormous wealth of the goldfields fuelled a boom which lasted for forty years, and ushered in the era known as "marvellous Melbourne." The city spread eastwards and northwards over the surrounding flat grasslands, and southwards down the eastern shore of Port Phillip. Wealthy new suburbs like South Yarra, Toorak, Kew and Malvern grew up, while the working classes settled in Richmond, Collingwood and Fitzroy. The influx of educated gold seekers from England led to rapid growth of schools, churches, learned societies, libraries and art galleries. The University of Melbourne was founded in 1855 and the State Library of Victoria in 1856. The foundation stone of St Patrick's Catholic Cathedral was laid in 1858 and that of St Paul's Anglican Cathedral in 1880. The Philosophical Institute of Victoria received a Royal Charter in 1859 and became the Royal Society of Victoria. In 1860 this Society assembled Victoria's only attempt at inland exploration, the Burke and Wills expedition. Boom may refer to: Look up boom in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... South Yarra is an inner city suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. ... Toorak is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. ... Kew is a suburb of Melbourne, Australia, in the state of Victoria. ... Malvern is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. ... Richmond is an inner city suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. ... Collingwood is an inner city suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. ... Fitzroy is an inner city suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. ... The University of Melbourne, is a public university located in Melbourne, Victoria. ... Year 1855 (MDCCCLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... A panoramic view of the library facade, forecourt and lawns from Swanston Street The State Library lit up at night. ... 1856 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... St Patricks Cathedral, Melbourne St Patricks Cathedral, Melbourne, is the cathedral church of the Catholic Archdiocese of Melbourne and the seat of the Catholic Archbishop of Melbourne, currently His Grace, Archbishop Denis Hart. ... 1858 (MDCCCLVIII) is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... St Pauls Cathedral, Melbourne, is the metropolitical and cathedral church of the Anglican diocese of Melbourne, Victoria. ... Year 1880 (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar). ... Year 1859 (MDCCCLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The Royal Society of Victoria is the oldest learned society in the state of Victoria in Australia. ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... Robert OHara Burke by William Strutt William John Wills In 1860-61 Robert OHara Burke and William John Wills led an expedition of 19 men with the intention of crossing Australia from Melbourne in the south to the Gulf of Carpentaria in the north, a distance of around...

Another consequence of the gold rush was a demand for self-government. This demand was more widespread and urgent in Victoria than it was in the older colonies of New South Wales and Tasmania, because Victoria had not been founded as a convict settlement. Even the fast-growing working-class in Victoria thought of themselves as "free born Englishmen" (unless they were Irish). A Melbourne Town Council had been created in 1847, and one by one the new suburbs also gained Town Councils, complete with mayors. In 1851 a party-elected Legislative Council was created, but it had little real power and was dominated by rural interests. In December 1854 discontent with the licensing system on the goldfields led to the rising at the Eureka Stockade, one of only two armed rebellions in Australian history (the other being the Castle Hill convict rebellion of 1804). 1847 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1851 (MDCCCLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The Legislative Council, or upper house, is one of the two chambers of the Parliament of Victoria, Australia. ... 1854 (MDCCCLIV) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The Eureka Stockade was a gold miners revolt in 1854 in Ballarat, Victoria, Australia, against the officials supervising the mining of gold in the region of Ballarat. ... A cartoon of the Irish rebellion some years later The Castle Hill Rebellion of 4 March 1804, also called the Irish Rebellion and the Battle of Vinegar Hill, was Australias only successful large-scale convict rebellion. ... See also: 1803 in Australia, other events of 1804, 1805 in Australia and the Timeline of Australian history. ...

Alarmed by these developments, the colonial authorities reacted by giving the settlers what they wanted rather than trying to repress them. In November 1856 Victoria was given a constitution and in the following year full responsible government with a two house Parliament. For Melbourne, the major consequence was the magnificent edifice of Parliament House, Melbourne, which was started in December 1855 and completed in stages between 1856 and 1929. The boom fuelled by gold and wool lasted through the 1860s and '70s. Victoria suffered from an acute labour shortage despite its steady influx of migrants, and this pushed up wages until they were the highest in the world. Victoria was known as "the working man's paradise" in these years. The powerful trade unions won the eight-hour day in 1856 and celebrated by building the enormous Melbourne Trades Hall in Carlton. 1856 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Responsible government is a system of government that embodies the principle of parliamentary accountability which is the foundation of the Westminster system of parliamentary democracy. ... The Parliament of Victoria is a bicameral, or two-house, legislature. ... Parliament House, Melbourne Parliament House, Melbourne, has been the seat of the Parliament of Victoria, Australia, since 1855, except for the years 1901 to 1928, when it was occupied by the Parliament of Australia. ... Year 1855 (MDCCCLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... 1856 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The 8-hour day movement or 40-hour week movement (a. ... 1856 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Melbourne Trades Hall entrance on Lygon Street Melbourne Trades Hall is a Trades Hall building located in the suburb of Carlton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, and home to the Victorian Trades Hall Council. ... Carlton is an inner city suburb to the north-east of the city of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. ...

The Royal Exhibition Building, viewed from the west

Melbourne's population reached 280,000 in 1880 and 490,000 in 1890. For a time it was the second-largest city in the British Empire, after London. In terms of area, Melbourne was already one of the largest cities in the world. Rather than building high-density apartment blocks like European cities, Melbourne expanded in all directions in the characteristic Australian suburban sprawl, with the middle classes living in detached villas on large blocks of land, while even the working class lived in reasonably comfortable cottages in the northern and western suburbs, although older areas like Fitzroy and Collingwood became slums. Most of the new heavy industry was concentrated in the western suburbs. The wealthy built huge mansions beside the sea or in the picturesque Yarra Valley. The new suburbs were serviced by networks of trains and trams which were among the largest and most modern in the world. Melbourne's civic pride was demonstrated by the huge edifice of the Royal Exhibition Building, built in 1880 to house the Melbourne International Exhibition. This photo was taken by me, User:Adam Carr, and is released by me into the public domain This image has been (or is hereby) released into the public domain by its creator, Adam Carr. ... This photo was taken by me, User:Adam Carr, and is released by me into the public domain This image has been (or is hereby) released into the public domain by its creator, Adam Carr. ... Year 1880 (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar). ... 1890 (MDCCCXC) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar). ... The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Urban sprawl (also called suburban sprawl and Los Angelization) describes the growth of a metropolitan area, particularly the suburbs, over a large area. ... A boy from an East Cipinang trash dump slum in Jakarta, Indonesia shows his find. ... The Royal Exhibition Building from the main avenue of the Carlton Gardens The Royal Exhibition Building, viewed from the west The Royal Exhibition Building is located in Melbourne, Australia. ... Year 1880 (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar). ...

In the 1880s the long boom culminated in a frenzy of speculation and rapid inflation of land prices known as the Land Boom. Governments shared in the wealth and ploughed money into urban infrastructure, particularly railways. Huge fortunes were built on speculation, and Victorian business and politics became notorious for corruption. English banks lent freely to colonial speculators, adding to the mountain of debt on which the boom was built. In 1891 the inevitable happened: a spectacular crash brought the boom to an abrupt end. Banks and other businesses failed in large numbers, thousands of shareholders lost their money, tens of thousands of workers were put out of work. Although there are no reliable statistics, there was probably 20 percent unemployment in Melbourne throughout the 1890s. The city's growth stalled, and by 1905 Sydney had resumed its place as Australia's largest city. Year 1891 (MDCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar). ...

Australia's capital

The Shrine of Remembrance

Melbourne's status as Australia's largest city lasted long enough, however, for it to become the seat of government of the new Commonwealth of Australia when the six colonies federated in 1901. Parliament House in Spring St was lent to the Parliament of Australia, while Victoria's Parliament found temporary accommodation in the Royal Exhibition Building. Due to long delays in establishing permanent capital at Canberra, Melbourne remained Australia's capital until 1927. This had important long-term consequences. Melbourne became the centre of the Commonwealth Public Service, the defence forces, the diplomatic corps (admittedly very small until World War II), and also to a large extent of the legal profession, all of which reinforced the supremacy of Melbourne University and exclusive schools such as Melbourne Grammar School, Scotch College and Xavier College. Although Sydney gradually usurped Melbourne's position as a financial centre, Melbourne retained its intellectual and cultural dominance for many years. Conservative politics were also centred on Melbourne, with Alfred Deakin, William Irvine, Stanley Bruce, John Latham and Robert Menzies representing Melbourne's dominance. this photo was taken by me, User:Adam Carr, and is released by me into the public domain This image has been (or is hereby) released into the public domain by its creator, Adam Carr. ... this photo was taken by me, User:Adam Carr, and is released by me into the public domain This image has been (or is hereby) released into the public domain by its creator, Adam Carr. ... 1901 (MCMI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The main entrance to Parliament House in Canberra, with the flag mast visible. ... For other uses, see Canberra (disambiguation). ... Year 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Melbourne Grammar School is an independent school in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, founded in 1858. ... Scotch College is the name of several schools affiliated with either the Uniting Church or Presbyterian Church in Australia: Scotch College, Adelaide in Torrens Park and Mitcham, South Australia Scotch College, Melbourne in Hawthorn, Victoria (Presbyterian) Scotch College, Perth in Swanbourne, Western Australia Scotch College, Launceston in Launceston, Tasmania amalgamated... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... Alfred William Deakin (3 August 1856 – 7 October 1919), Australian politician, was a leader of the movement for Australian federation and later second Prime Minister of Australia. ... Sir William Irvine William Hill Irvine (6 July 1858 - 20 August 1943), Australian politician and judge, was the 21st Premier of Victoria. ... Rt Hon Stanley Bruce Stanley Melbourne Bruce (15 April 1883 - August 25, 1967), Australian politician and diplomat, later Viscount Bruce of Melbourne and Westminster, was the eighth Prime Minister of Australia. ... John Latham John Latham (June 27, 1740 - February 4, 1837) was an English physician, naturalist and author. ... Sir Robert Gordon Menzies, KT, AK, CH, FRS, QC (20 December 1894 – 14 May 1978), Australian politician, was the twelfth and longest-serving Prime Minister of Australia, serving eighteen and a half years. ...

Melbourne had 490,000 people in 1890, and this figure scarcely changed for the next 15 years as a result of the crash and subsequent long slump. Immigration dried up, emigration to the goldfields of Western Australia and South Africa increased, and the high birthrate of the mid 19th century fell sharply. Not until about 1910 did economic growth resume, and Melbourne's population reached 670,000 by 1914. But the boom years did not return, and the level of wages remained far lower than it had been in the 1880s. As a result urban poverty became a feature of city life, and the slum areas of the inner industrial suburbs spread. Organised crime was rife, with gang fights in the streets of Collingwood and underworld figures like Squizzy Taylor legendary. There was, however, surprisingly little successful revolutionary politics in response to these conditions. Even the Labor Party was much less successful in Melbourne than it was in Sydney and other Australian cities. Labor did not form a majority government in Victoria until 1952. 1890 (MDCCCXC) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar). ... Capital Perth Government Constitutional monarchy Governor Ken Michael Premier Alan Carpenter (ALP) Federal representation  - House seats 15  - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2004-05)  - Product ($m)  $100,900 (4th)  - Product per capita  $50,355/person (3rd) Population (December 2006)  - Population  2,050,900 (4th)  - Density  0. ... 1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... Year 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Joseph Leslie Theodore Taylor, known as Squizzy Taylor, due to a droop in his left eye. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... 1952 (MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Melbourne's mood was also darkened by the terrible sacrifices of World War I, in which 112,000 Victorians enlisted and 16,000 were killed. There were bitter political divisions during the war, with Melbourne's Irish-born Catholic Archbishop Daniel Mannix leading opposition to conscription for the war and the Labor Party suffering a traumatic split. Another 4,000 Victorians died in the Spanish flu epidemic which followed the war. There was a modest revival of prosperity in the 1920s, and the population reached 1 million in 1930, but in 1929 the Wall Sreet Crash ushered in another Depression, which lasted until World War II. During these years Melbourne acquired another great landmark, the Shrine of Remembrance in St Kilda Road, largely built by unemployed workers during the Depression. The population stagnated again, and was still only 1.1 million in 1940. During World War II, although Canberra was officially the capital, most of the military and civilian administration was centred in Melbourne, and the city's economy benefitted from wartime full employment and the influx of American service personnel (including General Douglas MacArthur, who made his headquarters in Collins St). “The Great War ” redirects here. ... Statue of Daniel Mannix outside St Patricks Cathedral, Melbourne For other people called Daniel Mannix, see Daniel Mannix (disambiguation) Daniel Patrick Mannix (March 4, 1864 - November 2, 1963), Irish-born Australian Catholic clergyman, Archbishop of Melbourne for 46 years, was one of the most influential public figures in 20th... Chart of deaths in major cities The 1918 flu pandemic, commonly referred to as the Spanish flu, was a category 5 influenza pandemic between 1918 and 1920 caused by an unusually severe and deadly Influenza A virus strain of subtype H1N1. ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Great Depression was a time of economic down turn, which started after the stock market crash on October 29, 1929, known as Black Tuesday. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... The Shrine of Remembrance, located in St Kilda Road, Melbourne, is one of the largest war memorials in Australia. ... St. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Douglas MacArthur (January 26, 1880 - April 5, 1964), was an American Field Marshal (only in the Philippines) and general who played a prominent role in the Pacific theater of World War II. He was poised to command the invasion of Japan in November 1945 but was instead instructed to accept...

Post-war Melbourne

A view of the Yarra River at twilight, with Melbourne's central business district on the left and Southbank on the right

After World War II, a new era of increasing prosperity arrived, fuelled by high prices for Victoria's wool, increased government spending on transport and education, and the stimulus of renewed high immigration. Unlike prewar immigration, which had been mostly from the British Isles, the postwar program brought an influx of Europeans, at first mostly refugees from eastern and central Europe. A large proportion of these immigrants were Jews, and the Jewish population of Melbourne became the largest population proportionally of any Australian city. (at about 1.4% in 1970 [2]) They were followed by migrants from Britain, Italy, Greece and the Netherlands. Later, in the 1960s, migrants came from Yugoslavia, Turkey and Lebanon. These inflows rapidly transformed the city's demographic profile and many aspects of its life. This new growth required new spending on infrastructure such as roads, schools and hospitals, which had been neglected during the long decades of recession and low growth between 1890 and 1940. Sir Henry Bolte, Premier from 1955 to 1972, was responsible for much of this rapid development of infrastructure. Under Bolte, some of the old inner-city slums were bulldozed and the dislocated poor were put into high-rise blocks of state-owned apartments. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1517x700, 396 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Melbourne ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1517x700, 396 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Melbourne ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... 1890 (MDCCCXC) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar). ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Sir Henry Edward Bolte (20 May 1908 - 4 January 1990), Australian politician, was the longest serving Premier of the state of Victoria. ... 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Since the 1970s, the pace of change in Melbourne has been increasingly rapid. The end of the White Australia Policy brought the first significant Asian migration to Melbourne since the gold rushes, with large numbers of people from Vietnam, Cambodia and China arriving. For the first time, Melbourne acquired a large Muslim population, and the official policy of multiculturalism encouraged Melbourne's various ethnic and religious minorities to maintain and celebrate their identities. At the same time, the practice of mainstream Christianity largely declined, leading to a secularisation of public life. State patronage of the arts led to a boom in festivals, theatre, music and the visual arts. Tourism became a major industry, bringing still more foreign faces to Melbourne's streets. Two new universities opened, Monash University in 1961 and La Trobe University in 1967, followed by others in the 1980s, maintaining Melbourne's place as a leader in tertiary education. This badge from 1906 shows the use of the expression White Australia at that time The White Australia policy is a generic term used to describe a collection of historical legislation and policies, intended to restrict non-white immigration to Australia, and to promote European immigration, from 1901 to 1973. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... Multiculturalism is the idea that modern societies should embrace and include distinct cultural groups with equal social status. ... Christianity percentage by country, purple is highest, orange is lowest Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch... Tourists on Oahu, Hawaii Tourism is travel for predominantly recreational or leisure purposes or the provision of services to support this leisure travel. ... Robert Menzies Building at the Clayton Campus Monash University is Australias largest university with about 55,000 students. ... 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1961 calendar). ... La Trobe University is a multi-campus university in Victoria, Australia. ... 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ...

By the end of the 20th century Melbourne had 3.8 million people, inhabiting an urban sprawl from Werribee in the south-west to Healesville in the north-east and encompassing the whole of the Mornington Peninsula and Dandenong Ranges to the south and east. The growth of private car use and lack of further expansion of rail and tram networks by successive governments, led to a program of freeway building in the 1970s and 1980s, solving some problems but creating others. Partly as a result of the increasing difficulty of travelling across the city, the old business centre declined, and satellite suburbs such as Frankston, Dandenong and Ringwood, and further out Melton, Sunbury and Werribee, became centres of manufacturing, retailing and administration. As a result, industrial employment in the old working class inner suburbs declined, with these areas rapidly gentrifying in the 1990s and 2000s. Werribee is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. ... Location of Healesville in Victoria (red) Healesville is an outer-eastern suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 52km from the Melbourne centre and situated on the Watts river, a tributary of the Yarra River. ... The Dandenong Ranges are a set of mountain ranges, east of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. ... Frankston is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. ... Dandenong coat of arms See also Mount Dandenong, Victoria for the mountain and a different suburb with similar name. ... Ringwood Clocktower Ringwood is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. ... For other uses of the term Melton, see Melton (disambiguation). ... Sunbury is a town in located in Victoria, Australia. ...

These trends, along with cyclical recession and poor governance contributed to a financial crash in 1989, leading to the forced sale of one of Victoria's best-known symbols, the State Savings Bank of Victoria. This was followed by a deep recession. Melbourne's population began a slight decline as employment contracted, with many people leaving for a more progressive Queensland. In turn this contributed to the fall of John Cain's Labor government and the election in 1992 of a radical free-market Liberal government under Jeff Kennett. Kennett's team restored Victoria's finances by making sweeping cuts to public expenditure, closing many schools, privatising the tramways and electricity production, and reducing the size of the public service. These reforms came at a high social cost, but ultimately restored confidence in Melbourne's economy and led to a resumption of growth. By 1999 Kennett was voted out, but key landmarks his government commissioned, such as the Crown Casino, the Melbourne Exhibition and Convention Centre and the new Melbourne Museum, remain. Year 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar). ... John Cain John Cain (born 26 April 1931), Australian politician, was Labor Premier of the state of Victoria from 1982 to 1990. ... Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ... This article or section cites very few or no references or sources. ... Jeffrey Gibb Kennett AC (born 25 July 1948), Australian politician, was one of the most influential and controversial men to hold the office of Premier of Victoria (6th October, 1992 to 20th October, 1999). ... Year 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar). ... The Atrium at Crown Crown Casino and Entertainment Complex is a casino and entertainment precinct on the south bank of the Yarra River, in Melbourne, Australia. ... The Melbourne Exhibition and Convention Centre is located in Southbank to the south of the CBD. The Centre was built as a replacement for the Royal Exhibition Building and it consists of the Convention Centre and the Exhibition Centre, both were opened at diffenrent times. ... Exhibit space Museum hall The Melbourne Museum is located in the Carlton Gardens in Melbourne, Australia. ...

On the 8 February, 1983 Melbourne was engulfed by a large duststorm, the result of drought conditions across much of Australia. Satellite photo of a Saharan dust cloud (2000) over the Eastern Atlantic Ocean. ... A drought is a period of time when there is not enough water to support agricultural, urban, human, or environmental water needs. ...

External Sites

Local History of the city of Melbourne

• http://www.whitehat.com.au
• http://www.museum.vic.gov.au