Native Americans

Mississippi was part of the Mississippian culture in the early part of the second millennium AD; descendant Native American tribes include the Chickasaw and Choctaw. Other tribes who inhabited the territory of Mississippi (and gave their names to local towns) include the Natchez, the Yazoo, and the Biloxi. Official language(s) English Capital Jackson Largest city Jackson Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 32nd 125,443 km² 275 km 545 km 3 30°13N to 35°N 88°7W to 91°41W Population  - Total (2000)  - Density Ranked 31st 2,697,243 23. ... The Mississippian culture was a mound-building Native American culture that flourished in the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States from approximately 900 to 1500 CE, varying regionally. ... In the Gregorian calendar, the 2nd millennium commenced on 1 January 1001, and ended at the end of 31 December 2000. ... An Atsina named Assiniboin Boy Photo by Edward S. Curtis. ... The Chickasaws are a Native American people of the United States, originally from present-day Mississippi, now mostly living in Oklahoma. ... The Choctaws are a Native American people originally from the southeast United States (Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana)of Muskoghean linguistic stock. ... Pre-contact distribution of Natchez peoples Although suffering a turbulent history since European contact, the Natchez Nation still represents a vital part of the United States Native American community. ...

The first expedition into the territory that became Mississippi was that of Hernando de Soto, who passed through in 1540. However, the first settlement was that of Ocean Springs (or Old Biloxi), settled by Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville in 1699. In 1716, Natchez was founded on the Mississippi River (as Fort Rosalie); it became the dominant town and trading post of the area. After spending some time under Spanish, British, and French nominal jurisdiction, the Mississippi area was deeded to the United States after the French and Indian War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris. Hernando de Soto Hernando de Soto (born 1500? in Barcarrota, Spain, died 21 May 1542, probably on a branch of the Mississippi river near present-day Lake Village, Arkansas) was a Spanish navigator and conquistador. ... Events January 6 - King Henry VIII of England marries Anne of Cleves, his fourth Queen consort. ... Ocean Springs is a city located in Jackson County, Mississippi, about 2 miles east of Biloxi. ... Pierre Le Moyne dIberville. ... Events January 26 - Treaty of Karlowitz signed March 30 - the tenth Sikh Master, Guru Gobind Singh created the Khalsa. ... // Events August 5 - In the Battle of Peterwardein 40. ... Natchez is a city located in Adams County, Mississippi. ... The conflict resulted in Frances loss of most of its possessions in North America. ... Painting by Benjamin West depicting John Jay, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Henry Laurens, and William Temple Franklin. ...

Population

• The 2000 Census reported Mississippi's population as 2,844,658 [1]. 2004 estimates show the population as having risen to 2,902,966. [2]

The United States Census of year 2000, conducted by the Census Bureau, determined the resident population of the United States on April 1, 2000, to be 281,421,906, an increase of 13. ...

Territory and Statehood

The Mississippi Territory was organized on April 7, 1798, from territory ceded by Georgia and South Carolina; it was later twice expanded to include disputed territory claimed by both the U.S. and Spain. Land was purchased (generally through unequal treaties) from Native American tribes from 1800 to about 1830. all about mississippi! Mississippi state bird is a mocking bird mississippi state tree is mangoila tree ... In the history of the United States, an organized territory is a territory for which the United States Congress has enacted an Organic Act. ... April 7 is the 97th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (98th in leap years). ... 1798 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Official language(s) English Capital Largest city Columbia Columbia Area  Ranked 40th  - Total 34,726 sq. ... Motto: E pluribus unum (1789 to 1956) (Latin: Out of Many, One) In God We Trust (1956 to present) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City Official language(s) None at federal level; English de facto Government • President • Vice President Federal Republic George... 1800 (MDCCC) was an common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

Mississippi was the 20th state admitted to the Union, on December 10, 1817. December 10 is the 344th day (345th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1817 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

Ante-Bellum

When cotton was king during the 1850s, Mississippi plantation owners—especially those of the Delta and Black Belt regions—became increasingly wealthy due to the high fertility of the soil and the high price of cotton on the international market. The severe wealth imbalances and the necessity of large-scale slave populations to sustain such income played a heavy role in both state politics and in the support for secession. King Cotton is a phrase used in the Southern United States before the American Civil War. ... // Events and Trends Technology Production of steel revolutionised by invention of the Bessemer process Benjamin Silliman fractionates petroleum by distillation for the first time First transatlantic telegraph cable laid First safety elevator installed by Elisha Otis Science Charles Darwin publishes The Origin of Species, putting forward the theory of evolution... Nile River delta, as seen from Earth orbit. ... Alabamas Black Belt is a region of the state encompassing part of the larger Black Belt Region of the Southern United States, which stretches from Texas to Virginia. ...

Civil War and Reconstruction

Mississippi was the second state to secede from the Union on January 9, 1861. It existed as the independent State of Mississippi for nearly a month, before joining with other states to form the Confederate States of America in February. After the defeat of the Confederacy, Mississippi was readmitted to the Union under the terms of Reconstruction, on February 23, 1870. January 9 is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Motto: Deo Vindice (Latin: With God As Our Vindicator) Anthem: God Save the South (unofficial) Dixie (popular) The Bonnie Blue Flag (popular) Capital Montgomery, Alabama February 4, 1861–May 29, 1861 Richmond, Virginia May 29, 1861–April 9, 1865 Danville, Virginia April 3–April 10, 1865 Largest city New Orleans... Reconstruction-era military districts in the South For other uses, see Reconstruction (disambiguation). ... February 23 is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1870 (MDCCCLXX) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ...

New South: 1877-1940

Mississippi was considered to typify the Deep South during the era of Jim Crow. However, at the same time, Mississippi became a center of rich, quintessentially American music traditions: gospel music, jazz music, blues, and rock and roll all were invented, promulgated, or heavily developed by Mississippi musicians. Mississippi was also noted for its authors in the early twentieth century, especially William Faulkner and Tennessee Williams. Regional definitions vary from source to source. ... Jim Crow may refer to: Jim Crow, the title character of the song Jump Jim Crow, performed by Thomas D. Rice beginning in 1828; The Jim Crow laws of the United States used to enforce racial segregation; Jim Crow, a character from the 1941 film Dumbo named for the Rice... Gospel music may refer either to the religious music that first came out of African-American churches in the 1930s or, more loosely, to both black gospel music and to the religious music composed and sung by white southern Christian artists. ... For other article subjects named Jazz see jazz (disambiguation). ... The blues is a vocal and instrumental form of music based on a pentatonic scale and a characteristic twelve-bar chord progression. ... Rock and roll (also spelled Rock n Roll, especially in its first decade), also called rock, is a form of popular music, usually featuring vocals (often with vocal harmony), electric guitars and a strong back beat; other instruments, such as the saxophone, are common in some styles. ... William Faulkner photographed 1954 by Carl Van Vechten William Cuthbert Faulkner (September 25, 1897 – July 6, 1962) was a Nobel Prize-winning novelist from Mississippi. ... Tennessee Williams, courtesy of Masters of Photography [1] Thomas Lanier Williams III (March 26, 1911 – February 25, 1983), better known by the pen name Tennessee Williams, was a major American playwright and one of the prominent playwriters in the twentieth century. ...

1945-2000

Mississippi was a center of the American Civil Rights Movement. While many in the state supported the effort to secure voting and other rights for African-Americans, the vocal opposition of many politicians and officials and the violent tactics of Ku Klux Klan members and sympathizers gave Mississippi a reputation as a reactionary state during the 1960s. Martin Luther King is perhaps most famous for his I Have a Dream speech, given in front of the Lincoln Memorial during the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom The Civil Rights Movement refers to a set of noted events and reform movements in the United States aimed... African Americans, also known as Afro-Americans or black Americans, are an ethnic group in the United States of America whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Sub-Saharan and West Africa. ... Members of the second Ku Klux Klan at a rally during the 1920s. ... The 1960s decade refers to the years from 1960 to 1969, inclusive. ...

The state was the last to repeal prohibition and to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment, in 1966 and 1995 respectively. Prohibition agents destroying barrels of alcohol. ... Amendment XIII (the Thirteenth Amendment) of the United States Constitution abolished slavery and, with the exception of allowing punishments for crimes, prohibits involuntary servitude. ... 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1966 calendar). ... 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Since 2000

On August 17, 1969, Category 5 Hurricane Camille hit the Mississippi coast killing 248 people and causing US$1.5 billion in damage (1969 dollars). August 17 is the 229th day of the year (230th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1969 (MCMLXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ... The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale is a scale classifying most Western Hemisphere tropical cyclones that exceed the levels of tropical depression and tropical storm and thereby become hurricanes. ... Hurricane Camille was a Category 5 hurricane that struck the United States at peak intensity near the mouth of the Mississippi River on the night of August 17 during the 1969 Atlantic hurricane season, causing catastrophic damage. ...

On August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina caused even greater destruction across the entire 90 miles of Mississippi Gulf coast from Louisiana to Alabama. August 29 is the 241st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (242nd in leap years), with 124 days remaining. ... Template:Diffgggtgerent calendars 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Lowest pressure 902 mbar (hPa) Damages $75 billion (2005 USD) (costliest Atlantic hurricane in history) Fatalities ≥1,605 Areas affected Bahamas, South Florida, Cuba, Louisiana (especially Greater New Orleans), Mississippi, Alabama, Florida Panhandle, most of eastern North America Part of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season Hurricane Katrina was the costliest...

Mississippi in recent years has been noted for its political conservatism, improved civil rights record, and increasing industrialization. In addition, a decision in the 1990s to permit riverboat gambling has led to economic gains for the state. However, an estimated $500,000 per day in tax revenue was lost following Hurricane Katrina's severe damage to several riverboat casinos in August 2005. Gambling towns in Mississippi include the Gulf coast towns of Gulfport and Biloxi and the river towns of Vicksburg and Tunica. Prior to Katrina, Mississippi was the second largest gambling state in the Union, ahead of New Jersey and behind Nevada. The 1990s decade refers to the years from 1990 to 1999, inclusive. ... Lowest pressure 902 mbar (hPa) Damages $75 billion (2005 USD) (costliest Atlantic hurricane in history) Fatalities ≥1,605 Areas affected Bahamas, South Florida, Cuba, Louisiana (especially Greater New Orleans), Mississippi, Alabama, Florida Panhandle, most of eastern North America Part of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season Hurricane Katrina was the costliest... A Riverboat casino is a type of casino unique to several areas of the United States. ... August is the eighth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... Template:Diffgggtgerent calendars 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Gulfport, Mississippi city flag. ... Biloxi and Mississippi coast Biloxi is a city located in Harrison County, Mississippi. ... Vicksburg is a city located in Warren County, Mississippi, 234 miles (377 km) north by west of New Orleans on the Mississippi and Yazoo rivers. ... Tunica is a town located in Tunica County, Mississippi. ... Official language(s) None, English de facto Capital Largest city Trenton Newark Area  Ranked 47th  - Total 8,729 sq. ... Official language(s) None Capital Largest city Carson City Las Vegas Area  - Total   - Width   - Length    - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 7th 110,567 sq mi  286,367 km² 322 miles  519 km 490 miles  788 km 0. ...

See also

• Mississippi

Official language(s) English Capital Jackson Largest city Jackson Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 32nd 125,443 km² 275 km 545 km 3 30°13N to 35°N 88°7W to 91°41W Population  - Total (2000)  - Density Ranked 31st 2,697,243 23. ...

References

Secondary sources

• Abbott, Dorothy. ed. Mississippi Writers: Reflections of Childhood and Youth. Vol. 2: Nonfiction, (1986).
• Ballard, Michael B. Civil War Mississippi: A Guide (2000)
• Bolton, Charles C. Poor Whites of the Antebellum South: Tenants and Laborers in Central North Carolina and Northeast Mississippi (1994)
• Busbee, Westley F. Mississippi: A History (2005), good survey
• Cobb, James C. The Most Southern Place on Earth: The Mississippi Delta and the Roots of Regional Identity (1992)
• Cresswell, Stephen. Multiparty Politics in Mississippi, 1877-1902 (1995)
• Dittmer, John. Local People: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Mississippi (1994)
• Dollard, John. Caste and Class in a Southern Town (1957) sociological case study.
• Garner, James Wilford. Reconstruction in Mississippi (1901) reflects Dunning School
• Gonzales, Edmond, ed. A Mississippi Reader: Selected Articles from the Journal of Mississippi History (1980)
• Harris, William C. The Day of the Carpetbagger: Republican Reconstruction in Mississippi (1979)
• James, Dorris Clayton. Ante-Bellum Natchez' (1968)
• Key, V.O. Southern Politics in State and Nation (1949), has famous chapter on Mississippi, pp 229-53.
• Kirwan, Albert D. Revolt of the Rednecks: Mississippi Politics: 1876-1925 (1965)
• Krane, Dale and Stephen D. Shaffer. Mississippi Government & Politics: Modernizers versus Traditionalists (1992)
• Lesseig, Corey T. “ ‘Out of the Mud’: The Good Roads Crusade and Social Change in Twentieth-Century Mississippi.” Journal of Mississippi History 60 (Spring 1998): 51–72. (not online)
• Loewen, James W. and Charles Sallis, eds. Mississippi: Conflict and Change (1974)
• McLemore, Richard, ed. A History of Mississippi 2 vols. (1973)
• McLemore, Nannie Pitts. "James K. Vardaman, a Mississippi Progressive," Journal of Mississippi History 29 (1967): 1-11
• McMillen, Neil R. Dark Journey: Black Mississippians in the Age of Jim Crow (1989)
• Moody, Anne. Coming of Age in Mississippi. (1968) memoir of Black girlhood
• Morris, Christopher. Becoming Southern: The Evolution of a Way of Life, Warren County and Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1770–1860 (1995)
• Nelson, Lawrence J. "Welfare Capitalism on a Mississippi Plantation in the Great Depression." Journal of Southern History 50 (May 1984): 225–50. online at JSTOR
• Olsen, Christopher J. Political Culture and Secession in Mississippi: Masculinity, Honor, and the Antiparty Tradition, 1830-1860 (2000)
• Osborn, George Coleman. James Kimble Vardaman: Southern Commoner (1981).
• Owens, Harry P. Steamboats and the Cotton Economy: River Trade in the Yazoo-Mississippi Delta (1990).
• Peirce, Neal R. The Deep South States of America: People, Politics, and Power in the Seven Deep South States (1974) see chapter 4 on Mississippi
• Polk, Noel. Natchez before 1830 (1989)
• Ownby, Ted. American Dreams in Mississippi: Consumers, Poverty & Culture, 1830-1998 (1998)
• Rosengarten, Theodore. All God's Dangers: The Life of Nate Shaw (1974) memoir of a Black Mississippian
• Silver, James W. Mississippi: The Closed Society (1963)
• Skates, John Ray. Mississippi: A Bicentennial History (1979)
• Smith, Lewis H. and Robert S. Herren, "Mississippi" in Richard P. Nathan, Fred C. Doolittle, eds. Reagan and the States (1987), pp. 208-30.
• Swain, Martha H. ed. Mississippi Women: Their Histories, Their Lives (2003). 17 short biographies
• Sydnor, Charles S. Slavery in Mississippi. (1933).
• Wayne, Michael. The Reshaping of Plantation Society: The Natchez District, 1860–1880 (1983)
• Willis, John C. Forgotten Time: The Yazoo-Mississippi Delta After the Civil War (2000)

The Dunning School was from 1900 to 1960 the dominant school of historiography regarding the Reconstruction period in American history, 1865-1877. ...

Primary sources

• Bond, Bradley G. ed. Mississippi: A Documentary History (2003)