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The Capsian culture brought Morocco into the Neolithic about 8000 BC, at a time when the Maghreb was less arid than it is today. The Berber language probably arrived at roughly the same time as agriculture (see Berber), and was adopted by the existing population as well as the immigrants that brought it. Modern DNA analysis (see link) has confirmed that various populations have contributed to the present-day gene pool of Morocco, including, in addition to the main ethnic groups - Berbers and Arabs - Phoenicians, Sephardic Jews, and sub-Saharan Africans. The Idrisids were the first Arab dynasty in the western Maghreb, ruling from 788 to 985, and can be thought of as the originators of an independent Morocco. ...
The Magrawa were a Berber tribe in central and western Algeria. ...
Almoravides (From Arabic المرابطون sing. ...
The Almohad Dynasty (From Arabic الموØدون al-Muwahhidun, i. ...
Marinid was the Dynasty that replaced the Almohad Dynasty in Morocco in 1196. ...
The Wattasids were a dynasty in Morocco. ...
The Saadi Dynasty of Saadi Empire began with the reign of Sultan Mohammed I in 1554, and ended in 1659 with the end of the reign of Sultan Ahmad II. The Saadi family claimed descent from the Islamic prophet Muhammad, through the line of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Fatima...
The Alaouite Dynasty is the name of the current Moroccan royal family. ...
The Capsian culture (named after the town of Gafsa) was a Mesolithic culture of the Maghreb, which lasted from about 10000 BC to 6000 BC. It was concentrated mainly in modern Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, with some sites attested in Cyrenaica (Libya). ...
An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools. ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
The Berber languages (or Tamazight) are a group of closely related languages mainly spoken in Morocco and Algeria. ...
Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. ...
Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. ...
For other uses, see Arab (disambiguation). ...
Phoenicia (or Phenicia ,[1] from Biblical Phenice [1]) was an ancient civilization centered in the north of ancient Canaan, with its heartland along the coast of modern day Lebanon and Syria. ...
In the strictest sense, a Sephardi (ספרדי, Standard Hebrew Səfardi, Tiberian Hebrew Səp̄ardî; plural Sephardim: ספרדים, Standard Hebrew Səfardim, Tiberian Hebrew Səp̄ardîm) is a Jew original to the...
Sub-Saharan Africa, Africa south of the Sahara Desert, is the term used to describe those countries of Africa that are not part of North Africa. ...
A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ...
Roman and sub-Roman Morocco The coastal regions of present-day Morocco shared in an early Neolithic culture that was common to the whole Mediterranean littoral. Archaeological remains point to the domestication of cattle and the cultivation of crops in the region during that period. Eight thousand years ago, south of the great mountain ranges in what is now the Sahara Desert, a vast savanna supported Neolithic hunters and herders whose culture flourished until the region began to desiccate as a result of climatic changes after 4000 B.C. The Berbers entered Moroccan history toward the end of the 2nd millennium B.C., when they made initial contact with oasis dwellers on the steppe who may have been the remnants of the earlier savanna people.[1] An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools. ...
The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ...
A littoral is the region near the shoreline of a body of fresh or salt water. ...
Dogs and sheep were among the first animals to be domesticated. ...
The Sahara is the worlds second largest desert (second to Antarctica), over 9,000,000 km² (3,500,000 mi²), located in northern Africa and is 2. ...
Savannah redirects here. ...
The Berbers (also called Imazighen, free men, singular Amazigh) are a predominantly Muslim ethnic group indigenous to the Maghreb, speaking the Berber languages of the Afroasiatic family. ...
This article is about the ecological zone type. ...
Phoenician traders, who had penetrated the western Mediterranean before the 12th century B.C., set up depots for salt and ore along the coast and up the rivers of the territory that is now Morocco.[1] The arrival of Phoenicians heralded many centuries of rule by foreign powers for the north of Morocco. Carthage developed commercial relations with the Berber tribes of the interior and paid them an annual tribute to ensure their cooperation in the exploitation of raw materials.[1] Phoenicia (or Phenicia ,[1] from Biblical Phenice [1]) was an ancient civilization centered in the north of ancient Canaan, with its heartland along the coast of modern day Lebanon and Syria. ...
Roman Carthage with former military harbor Carthage (Greek: , Latin: , from the Phoenician meaning new town; Arabic: ) refers both to an ancient city in Tunisia and to the civilization that developed within the citys sphere of influence. ...
By the 5th century B.C., Carthage had extended its hegemony across much of North Africa. By the 2nd century B.C., several large, although loosely administered, Berber kingdoms had emerged. The Berber kings ruled in the shadow of Carthage and Rome, often as satellites. After the fall of Carthage, the area was annexed to the Roman Empire in A.D. 40. One of the major Moroccan families to have been enslaved were the Jabrane royalty. Famous for their freckles and fair skin, the Berber kings felt uncomfortable for keeping hostages that are fairer in skin than themselves. Rome controlled the vast, ill-defined territory through alliances with the tribes rather than through military occupation, expanding its authority only to those areas that were economically useful or that could be defended without additional manpower. Hence, Roman administration never extended outside the restricted area of the coastal plain and valleys.[1] This strategic region formed part of the Roman Empire, governed as Mauretania Tingitana. In the 5th century, the region fell to the Vandals, Visigoths, and then Byzantine Greeks in rapid succession. During this time, however, the high mountains of most of modern Morocco remained unsubdued, and stayed in the hands of their Berber inhabitants. Northern Africa (UN subregion) geographic, including above North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Africa. ...
For other uses, see Rome (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ...
In the first century A.D., the Emperor Claudius divided the Roman province of Mauretania into Mauretania Caesariensis and Mauretania Tingitana. ...
Vandal and Vandali redirect here. ...
A votive crown belonging to Reccesuinth (653–672) The Visigoths (Latin: ) were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe, the Ostrogoths being the other. ...
Byzantine redirects here. ...
Christianity was introduced in the second century and gained converts in the towns and among slaves and Berber farmers. By the end of the 4th century, the Romanized areas had been Christianized, and inroads had been made as well among the Berber tribes, who sometimes converted en masse. But schismatic and heretical movements also developed, usually as forms of political protest. The area had a substantial Jewish population as well.[1] Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box: Christianity is...
The word schism (IPA: or ), from the Greek σχίσμα, skhÃsma (from σχίζω, skhÃzÅ, to tear, to split), means a division or a split, usually in an organization or a movement. ...
For other uses, see Heresy (disambiguation). ...
The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination...
Early Islamic Morocco
 The Hassan Tower, an incomplete minaret in Rabat built during the Almohad dynasty Arabs conquered the region in the 7th century, bringing their civilization and Islam, to which most of the Berbers converted. While part of the larger Islamic Empire, client states were formed such as the Kingdom of Nekor. Arab conquerors converted the indigenous Berber population to Islam, but Berber tribes retained their customary laws. The Arabs abhorred the Berbers as barbarians, while the Berbers often saw the Arabs as only an arrogant and brutal soldiery bent on collecting taxes. Once established as Muslims, the Berbers shaped Islam in their own image and embraced schismatic Muslim sects, which, in many cases, were simply folk religion barely disguised as Islam, as their way of breaking from Arab control.[1] The region soon broke away from the control of the distant Abbasid caliphs in Baghdad under Idris ibn Abdallah who founded the Idrisid Dynasty. Morocco became a centre of learning and a major power. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1200x1600, 737 KB) Rabat (Maroc) Tour Hassan Auteur : Fabos 1/4/05 File links The following pages link to this file: Rabat Hassan Tower ...
ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1200x1600, 737 KB) Rabat (Maroc) Tour Hassan Auteur : Fabos 1/4/05 File links The following pages link to this file: Rabat Hassan Tower ...
The Hassan Tower The Giralda, the Hassan Towers sister Hassan Tower or Tour Hassan (Arabic: برج Øسان; transliterated: Burj Hassan) is the minaret of an incomplete mosque in Rabat, Morocco. ...
For other uses, see Arab (disambiguation). ...
For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ...
Template:Islamic Empire infobox The Ottoman Empire (1299 - 29 October 1923) (Ottoman Turkish: Devlet-i Aliye-yi Osmaniyye; literally, The Sublime Ottoman State, modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu), is also known in the West as the Turkish Empire. ...
The Kingdom of Nekor was an emirate in the Rif area of modern day Morocco, with its capital initially at Temsaman but later at Nekor. ...
Folk religion consists of beliefs, superstitions and rituals transmitted from generation to generation of a specific culture. ...
Mashriq Dynasties Maghrib Dynasties The Abbasid Caliphate Abbasid (Arabic: , ) is the dynastic name generally given to the caliph of Baghdad, the second of the two great Sunni dynasties of the Arab Empire, that overthrew the Umayyad caliphs from all but Spain. ...
Baghdad (Arabic: ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate. ...
Idris I, The founder of the Idrisid dynasty in the Maghreb, modern Morocco. ...
The Idrisids were the first Arab dynasty in the western Maghreb, ruling from 788 to 985, and can be thought of as the originators of an independent Morocco. ...
Morocco reached its height under a series of Berber dynasties, Queen Saida Zahira, that arose south of the Atlas Mountains and expanded their rule northwards, replacing the Arab Idrisids. The 11th and 12th centuries witnessed the founding of several great Berber dynasties led by religious reformers and each based on a tribal confederation that dominated the Maghrib (also seen as Maghreb; refers to North Africa west of Egypt) and Al-Andalus for more than 200 years. The Berber dynasties (Almoravids, Almohads, and Marinids) gave the Berber people some measure of collective identity and political unity under a native regime for the first time in their history, and they created the idea of an “imperial Maghrib” under Berber aegis that survived in some form from dynasty to dynasty. But ultimately each of the Berber dynasties proved to be a political failure because none managed to create an integrated society out of a social landscape dominated by tribes that prized their autonomy and individual identity. In 1559, the region fell to successive Arab tribes claiming descent from the Prophet Muhammad: first the Saadi Dynasty who ruled from 1511 to 1659 and then the Alaouites, who founded a dynasty that has remained in power since the 17th century. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
Al-Andalus is the Arabic name given the Iberian Peninsula by its Muslim conquerors; it refers to both the Caliphate proper and the general period of Muslim rule (711–1492). ...
Almoravides (From Arabic المرابطون sing. ...
The Almohad Dynasty (From Arabic الموحدون al-Muwahhidun, i. ...
Marinid was the Dynasty that replaced the Almohad Dynasty in Morocco in 1196. ...
Muhammad in a new genre of Islamic calligraphy started in the 17th century by Hafiz Osman. ...
The Saadi Dynasty of Saadi Empire began with the reign of Sultan Mohammed I in 1554, and ended in 1659 with the end of the reign of Sultan Ahmad II. The Saadi family claimed descent from the Islamic prophet Muhammad, through the line of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Fatima...
The Alaouite Dynasty is the name of the current Moroccan royal family. ...
The Republic of Bou Regreg (1627-1666) was a shortlived republic based in Rabat and Salé. The Republic of Bou Regreg was a 17th century governmental unit[1] in present day western Morocco. ...
Mausoleum of Mohammed V through mosque ruins NASA image of Rabat Rabat (Arabic الرباط, transliterated ar-RabÄá¹ or ar-RibÄá¹), population 1. ...
Salé (from the Berber word asla, meaning rock) is the twin city to Rabat, capital of Morocco. ...
The beginning of Alaouite rule Moulay Ali Cherif consolidated power as the Sultan of Tafilalt and is considered to have been the founder of the Alaouite Dynasty. After the Saadite dynasty fell in 1659 the Alaouites began to take control of Morocco. Moulay Ali Cherif's son, Al-Rashid of Morocco, was proclaimed Sultan of Morocco in Fez, October 22, 1664. Al-Rashid went on and secured Marrakesh September 7, 1668. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 495 KB) Kasbahs_in_Aït Benhaddou, southern Morocco. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 495 KB) Kasbahs_in_Aït Benhaddou, southern Morocco. ...
Aït Benhaddou at evening light Aït Benhaddou is a fortified city or Ksar, along the former caravan route between the Sahara en Marrakech. ...
The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ...
Tafilalt or Tafilet is the most important oasis of the Moroccan Sahara, ten days journey south of Fez, across the Atlas. ...
Mawlaay al-Rashid (1631-1672) (Arabic: مولاي الرشيد) was Sultan of Morocco from 1666 to 1672. ...
Fes redirects here. ...
is the 295th day of the year (296th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Events March 12 - New Jersey becomes a colony of England. ...
is the 250th day of the year (251st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
1668 (MDCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ...
Morocco (1660-1912) The Alaouites succeeded in stabilizing their position, and while the kingdom was smaller than previous ones in the region, it remained quite wealthy. The Alaouites also managed to acquire territory in their region over the course of several centuries: in 1684, they annexed Tangier; in 1769, they conquered El Jadida, taking it from Portugal; in 1895, they bought Cape Juby from the British Empire. For other uses, see Tangier (disambiguation). ...
The medina of El Jadida El Jadida fortified town. ...
Cape Juby is a cape on the coast of southern Morocco, near its border with Western Sahara, directly east of the Canary Islands. ...
The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ...
Morocco was the first nation to recognize the fledgling United States as an independent nation, in 1777. The Moroccan-American Treaty of Friendship stands as the U.S.'s oldest non-broken friendship treaty. Signed by John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, it has been in continuous effect since 1783. The United States legation (consulate) in Tangier is the first property the American government ever owned abroad. The building now houses the Tangier American Legation Museum. // The 1786 Moroccan-American Treaty of Friendship was signed by President Thomas Jefferson and the great Moroccan king Muhammad III.[1] Muhammad III, or Sidi Muhammad ibn Abdallah, came to power towards the end of the 18th Century. ...
This does not cite any references or sources. ...
For other persons named John Adams, see John Adams (disambiguation). ...
Thomas Jefferson (13 April 1743 N.S.–4 July 1826) was the third President of the United States (1801–09), the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and one of the most influential Founding Fathers for his promotion of the ideals of Republicanism in the United States. ...
Tangier American Legation Museum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...
Despite the weakness of its authority, the Alaouite dynasty distinguished itself in the 18th and 19th centuries by maintaining Morocco’s independence while other states in the region succumbed to Turkish, French, or British domination. However, in the latter part of the 19th century Morocco’s weakness and instability invited European intervention to protect threatened investments and to demand economic concessions. The first years of the 20th century witnessed a rush of diplomatic maneuvering through which the European powers and France in particular furthered their interests in North Africa. Disputes over Moroccan sovereignty were links in the chain of events that led to World War I.[1] “The Great War †redirects here. ...
European influence The successful Portuguese efforts to control the Atlantic coast in the 15th century did not affect the Mediterranean heart of Morocco. After the Napoleonic Wars, Egypt and the North African maghreb became increasingly ungovernable from Istanbul by the Ottoman Empire, the resort of pirates under local beys, and as Europe industrialized, an increasingly prized potential for colonization. The Maghreb had far greater proven wealth than the unknown rest of Africa and a location of strategic importance affecting the exit from the Mediterranean. For the first time, Morocco became a state of some import to the European Powers. France showed a strong interest in Morocco as early as 1830. Recognition by the United Kingdom in 1904 of France's "sphere of influence" in Morocco provoked a German reaction; the "crisis" of 1905-1906 was resolved at the Algeciras Conference (1906), which formalized France's "special position" and entrusted policing of Morocco jointly to France and Spain. A second "Moroccan crisis" provoked by Berlin, increased European Great Power tensions, but the Treaty of Fez (signed on March 30, 1912) made Morocco a protectorate of France. By the same treaty, Spain assumed the role of protecting power over the northern and southern (Ifni) zones on November 27 that year. Spain was given control of pieces of Morocco in the far north (Protectorate of Tetuan) and south (Cabe Juby). Tangier received special international status. From a strictly legal point of view, the treaty did not deprive Morocco of its status as a sovereign state. Theoretically, the sultan remained the sole source of sovereignty. He reigned, but he did not rule.[1] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1885x1372, 1678 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): History of Morocco Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1885x1372, 1678 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): History of Morocco Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or...
For other uses, see Artillery (disambiguation). ...
Mausoleum of Mohammed V through mosque ruins NASA image of Rabat Rabat (Arabic الرباط, transliterated ar-RabÄá¹ or ar-RibÄá¹), population 1. ...
The Atlantic Ocean, not including Arctic and Antarctic regions. ...
Combatants Austria[a] Portugal Prussia[a] Russia[b] Sicily[c] Sardinia Spain[d] Sweden[e] United Kingdom French Empire Holland[f] Italy Etruria[g] Naples[h] Duchy of Warsaw[i] Confederation of the Rhine[j] Bavaria Saxony Westphalia Württemberg Denmark-Norway[k] Commanders Archduke Charles Prince Schwarzenberg Karl Mack...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
Istanbul (Turkish: , Greek: , historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see other names) is Turkeys most populous city, and its cultural and financial center. ...
Ottoman redirects here. ...
Bey is originally a Turkish[1][2] word for chieftain, traditionally applied to the leaders of small tribal groups. ...
For the astrodynamics term, see sphere of influence (astrodynamics). ...
The Algeciras Conference of 1906 took place in Algeciras, Spain, and lasted from January 16 to April 7. ...
By the Treaty of fez, signed March 30, 1912, sultan Abdelhafid gave up the sovereignty of Morocco to the French, making the country a protectorate. ...
is the 89th day of the year (90th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...
This article is about states protected and/or dominated by a foreign power. ...
In diplomatic usage, the term protecting power refers to a relationship that may occur when two countries do not have diplomatic relations. ...
Ifni was a Spanish province on the African coast in what is now Morocco, south of Agadir and across from the Canary Islands. ...
is the 331st day of the year (332nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Spanish Morocco, was the area of Morocco ruled by Spain from up to 1956, when France and Spain recognised Moroccan independence. ...
Under the protectorate, French civil servants allied themselves with the French settlers (colons) and with their supporters in France to prevent any moves in the direction of Moroccan autonomy. As pacification proceeded, the French government promoted economic development, particularly the exploitation of Morocco’s mineral wealth, the creation of a modern transportation system, and the development of a modern agriculture sector geared to the French market. Tens of thousands of colons entered Morocco and bought up large amounts of the rich agricultural land. Interest groups that formed among these elements continually pressured France to increase its control over Morocco.[1]
Opposition to European control The separatist Republic of the Rif was declared on 18 September 1921, by the people of the Rif. It would be dissolved by Spanish and French forces on 27 May 1926. Flag of the Republic of the Rif The Republic of the Rif (full name The Confederal Republic of the Tribes of the Rif, or Dawlat al-Jumhuriyya ar-Rifiyya) was created in September 1921, when the people of the Rif (the Riffians) revolted and declared their independence from Spanish Morocco. ...
is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ...
RIF may refer to: Reading Is Fundamental, an organization promoting childrens literacy Reconnaissance in Force, a type of military operation used specifically to probe an enemys disposition Reduction in Force, a large-scale ending of employment Renju International Federation, Renju is the professional variant of board game Gomoku...
is the 147th day of the year (148th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
In December 1934, a small group of nationalists—members of the newly formed Moroccan Action Committee (Comité d’Action Marocaine—CAM)—proposed a Plan of Reforms that called for a return to indirect rule as envisaged by the Treaty of Fès, admission of Moroccans to government positions, and establishment of representative councils. The moderate tactics used by the CAM to obtain consideration of reform—petitions, newspaper editorials, and personal appeals to French officials—proved inadequate, and the tensions created in the CAM by the failure of the plan caused it to split. The rump CAM was reconstituted as a nationalist political party to gain mass support for more radical demands, but the French suppressed the party in 1937.[1]
Nationalist political parties, which subsequently arose under the French protectorate, based their arguments for Moroccan independence on such World War II declarations as the Atlantic Charter (a joint U.S.-British statement that set forth, among other things, the right of all people to choose the form of government under which they live). Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...
Winston Churchills edited copy of the final draft of the Atlantic Charter. ...
Many Moroccan Goumiere assisted the Americans in both World War I and World War II. During World War II, the badly divided nationalist movement became more cohesive, and informed Moroccans dared to consider the real possibility of political change in the post-war era. However, the nationalists were disappointed in their belief that the Allied victory in Morocco would pave the way for independence. In January 1944, the Istiqlal (Independence) Party, which subsequently provided most of the leadership for the nationalist movement, released a manifesto demanding full independence, national reunification, and a democratic constitution. The sultan had approved the manifesto before its submission to the French resident general, who answered that no basic change in the protectorate status was being considered. The general sympathy of the sultan for the nationalists had become evident by the end of the war, although he still hoped to see complete independence achieved gradually. By contrast, the residency, supported by French economic interests and vigorously backed by most of the colons, adamantly refused to consider even reforms short of independence. Official intransigence contributed to increased animosity between the nationalists and the colons and gradually widened the split between the sultan and the resident general.[1] // Introduction The Goumiere were the Algerian and Moroccon troops who fought alongside the Allied forces during their campaigns in WWII. From November 17, 1942 to July 14, 1943 their unrivalled persistence, and love of night invasion brought trembling and many a sleepless night into the hearts of the Italians and...
“The Great War †redirects here. ...
Istiqlal offices in Casablanca The Istiqlal or Independence Party (Arabic: Øزب الإستقلال hizb al-istiqlÄl, French: Parti de lIstiqlal) is a political party in Morocco. ...
In December 1952, a riot broke out in Casablanca over the murder of a Tunisian labor leader; this event marked a watershed in relations between Moroccan political parties and French authorities. In the aftermath of the rioting, the residency outlawed the new Moroccan Communist Party and the Istiqlal.[1] France's exile of the highly respected Sultan Mohammed V to Madagascar in 1953 and his replacement by the unpopular Mohammed Ben Aarafa, whose reign was perceived as illegitimate, sparked active opposition to the French protectorate both from nationalists and those who saw the sultan as a religious leader. Two years later, faced with a united Moroccan demand for the sultan’s return, rising violence in Morocco, and the deteriorating situation in Algeria, the French government brought Mohammed V back to Morocco. The negotiations that led to Moroccan independence began the following year.[1] The Independence Party (Istiqlal) Founded in the 1940s, Istiqlal is the nationalist party of Morocco. ...
Exile (band) may refer to: Exile - The American country music band Exile - The Japanese pop music band Category: ...
Mohammed V (August 10, 1909–February 26, 1961) was Sultan of Morocco from 1927 to 1961. ...
Mohammed Ben Aarafa, or Ben Arafa (1889 - 1976) a distant relative of Sultan Mohammed V of Morocco (Arabic: Ù…Øمد بن عرÙØ© بن Ù…Øمد), was put in Mohammed Vs place by the French after they exiled Mohammed V. Ben Aarafa was installed in August 1953, he abdicated in October 1955, while Mohammed V was still...
Independence in 1956 In late 1955, Mohammed V successfully negotiated the gradual restoration of Moroccan independence within a framework of French-Moroccan interdependence. The sultan agreed to institute reforms that would transform Morocco into a constitutional monarchy with a democratic form of government. In February 1956, Morocco acquired limited home rule. Further negotiations for full independence culminated in the French-Moroccan Agreement signed in Paris on March 2, 1956.[1] On April 7 of that year France officially relinquished its protectorate in Morocco. The internationalized city of Tangier was reintegrated with the signing of the Tangier Protocol on October 29, 1956. The abolition of the Spanish protectorate and the recognition of Moroccan independence by Spain were negotiated separately and made final in the Joint Declaration of April 1956.[1] Through this agreements with Spain in 1956 and another in 1958, Moroccan control over certain Spanish-ruled areas was restored, though attempts to claim other Spanish possessions through military action were less successful. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 521 pixelsFull resolution (1604 × 1044 pixel, file size: 331 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 521 pixelsFull resolution (1604 × 1044 pixel, file size: 331 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...
For other uses, see Casablanca (disambiguation). ...
ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 470 KB) Rabat (Maroc) Mausole de Mohammed V Auteur : Fabos 1/4/05 File links The following pages link to this file: Rabat ...
ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 470 KB) Rabat (Maroc) Mausole de Mohammed V Auteur : Fabos 1/4/05 File links The following pages link to this file: Rabat ...
Mausoleum of Mohammed V through mosque ruins The Mausoleum of Mohammed V contains the tombs of the Moroccan king and that of his two sons, Hassan II the former king and Abd allah. ...
April 7 is the 97th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (98th in leap years). ...
For other uses, see Tangier (disambiguation). ...
Tangier Protocol is an agreement signed between France, Spain and the United Kingdom by which Tangier became an international zone. ...
is the 302nd day of the year (303rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
A car from 1956 Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
The Ifni War, also known as the 1957 Invasion of Spanish Sahara and, in Spain, the Forgotten War (la Guerra Ignorada), was a series of armed incursions into Spanish West Africa by Moroccan insurgents and indigenous Sahrawi rebels that began in October 1957 and culminated with the abortive siege of...
In the months that followed independence, Mohammed V proceeded to build a modern governmental structure under a constitutional monarchy in which the sultan would exercise an active political role. He acted cautiously, having no intention of permitting more radical elements in the nationalist movement to overthrow the established order. He was also intent on preventing the Istiqlal from consolidating its control and establishing a single-party state. In August 1957, Mohammed V assumed the title of king.[1] Forms of government Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box: A constitutional monarchy is a form of government established under a constitutional system which acknowledges an elected or hereditary monarch as head of state, as opposed to an absolute monarchy, where the monarch is not bound by a...
States in which the constitution mandates power to a sole party are colored brown. ...
The reign of Hassan II Hassan II became King of Morocco on March 3, 1961. His rule would be marked by political unrest, and the ruthless government response earned the period the name "the years of lead". The new king took personal control of the government as prime minister and named a new cabinet. Aided by an advisory council, he drew up a new constitution, which was approved overwhelmingly in a December 1962 referendum. Under its provisions, the king remained the central figure in the executive branch of the government, but legislative power was vested in a bicameral parliament, and an independent judiciary was guaranteed. In May 1963, legislative elections took place for the first time, and the royalist coalition secured a small plurality of seats. However, following a period of political upheaval in June 1965, Hassan II assumed full legislative and executive powers under a “state of exception,” which remained in effect until 1970. Subsequently, a reform constitution was approved, restoring limited parliamentary government, and new elections were held. However, dissent remained, revolving around complaints of widespread corruption and malfeasance in government. In July 1971 and again in August 1972, the regime was challenged by two attempted military coups. The atmosphere in the country remained tense.[1] King Hassan, pictured late in life. ...
is the 62nd day of the year (63rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
The Years of lead was a period in the history of Morocco marked by state violence against dissidents and democracy activists. ...
After neighbouring Algeria's 1962 independence from France, border skirmishes in the Tindouf area of south-western Algeria, escalated in 1963 into what is known as the Sand War. Morocco invaded to claim the areas for Greater Morocco, but the fighting stalemated within weeks, and Morocco was forced to retreat with no border adjustments. The border remained a contentious issue, but was later demarcated, and Morocco no longer makes any formals claim on Algerian territory. Tindouf, also written Tinduf, (Arabic: تندوÙ) is wilaya in the west of Algeria, population 30,000 (not including approximately 160,000 Sahrawi refugees). ...
Combatants Morocco Algeria The Sand War occurred along the Algerian-Moroccan border in October 1963, and was a Moroccan attempt to claim the Tindouf and the Bechar areas that France annexed to French Algeria a few decades earlier. ...
moroco, different maps. ...
Despite serious domestic turmoil, the patriotism engendered by Morocco’s participation in the Middle East conflict and by the events in Western Sahara contributed to Hassan’s popularity and strengthened his hand politically. The king had dispatched Moroccan troops to the Sinai front after the outbreak of Arab-Israeli War in October 1973. Although they arrived too late to engage in hostilities, the action won Morocco goodwill among other Arab states. Shortly thereafter, the attention of the government turned to the acquisition of Western Sahara from Spain, an issue on which all major domestic parties agreed.[1] A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ...
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The Western Sahara conflict -
The Spanish enclave of Ifni in the south became part of the new Morocco in 1969, but other Spanish possessions in the north (Ceuta, Melilla and some small islands) remain under Madrid's control, with Morocco viewing them as occupied territory. // Western Sahara area has never formed a state in the modern sense of the word. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Ifni was a Spanish province on the African coast in what is now Morocco, south of Agadir and across from the Canary Islands. ...
Capital Ceuta City Official language(s) Spanish Area – Total – % of Spain Ranked 28 km² Population – Total (2006) – % of Spain – Density Ranked 75,861 2,709. ...
Capital Official language(s) Spanish Area – Total – % of Spain Ranked 20 km² Population – Total (2006) – % of Spain – Density Ranked 66,871 3,343. ...
Plazas de soberanÃa (literally meaning places of sovereignty) is the term that has been historically given to the Spanish possesions in North Africa (as the opposite to what was a protectorate over the North of Morocco). ...
Belligerent military occupation occurs when the control and authority over a territory belonging to a state passes to a hostile army. ...
A defining theme of Moroccan history and foreign policy is the bitter struggle over Western Sahara. Moroccan claims to Western Sahara date to the 11th century. However, in August 1974, Spain formally acknowledged the 1966 United Nations (UN) resolution calling for a referendum on the future status of Western Sahara and requested that a plebiscite be conducted under UN supervision. A UN visiting mission reported in October 1975 that an overwhelming majority of the Saharan people desired independence. Morocco protested the proposed referendum and took its case to the International Court of Justice at The Hague, which ruled that despite historical “ties of allegiance” between Morocco and the tribes of Western Sahara, there was no legal justification for departing from the UN position on self-determination. Spain, meanwhile, had declared that even in the absence of a referendum, it intended to surrender political control of Western Sahara, and Spain, Morocco, and Mauritania convened a tripartite conference to resolve the territory’s future. But Madrid also announced that it was opening independence talks with the Algerian-backed Saharan independence movement known as the Polisario Front.[1] UN and U.N. redirect here. ...
A referendum (plural: referendums or referenda) or plebiscite is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. ...
To assist in the decolonization process of the Spanish Sahara (now Western Sahara), a colony in North Africa, the United Nations General Assembly in 1975 dispatched a visiting mission to the territory and the surrounding countries, in accordance with its resolution 3292 (December 13, 1974). ...
The International Court of Justice (known colloquially as the World Court or ICJ; French: ) is the primary judicial organ of the United Nations. ...
Coordinates: , Country Netherlands Province South Holland Area (2006) - Municipality 98. ...
The Madrid Accords were a series of behind-the-scenes meetings between Spain, Morocco, and Mauritania to partition the territory of Spanish Sahara held in 1975. ...
The Polisario, Polisario Front, or Frente Polisario, from the Spanish abbreviation of Frente Popular de Liberación de SaguÃa el Hamra y RÃo de Oro (Popular Front for the Liberation of Saguia el-Hamra and [[RÃo de Oro]]) is a Sahrawi rebel movement working for the separation...
In early 1976, Spain ceded Western Sahara administration's to Morocco and Mauritania. Morocco assumed control over the northern two-thirds of the territory and conceded the remaining portion in the south to Mauritania. An assembly of Saharan tribal leaders duly acknowledged Moroccan sovereignty. However, buoyed by the increasing defection of the chiefs to its cause, the Polisario drew up a constitution and announced the formation of the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR). A new dimension was thereby added to the dispute because the liberation movement could now present its claims as a government-in-exile.[1] The Saharawi (or Sahrawi) Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) is the long-form English translation of the government of Western Sahara. ...
Morocco eventually sent a large portion of its combat forces into Western Sahara to confront the Polisario’s forces, which were relatively small but well-equipped, highly mobile, and resourceful, using Algerian bases for quick strikes against targets deep inside Morocco and Mauritania as well as for operations in Western Sahara. In August 1979, after suffering military losses, Mauritania renounced its claim to Western Sahara and signed a peace treaty with the Polisario. Morocco then annexed the entire territory and, in 1985, built a 2,500-kilometer sand berm around three-quarters of it. In 1988, Morocco and the Polisario Front finally agreed on a United Nations (UN) peace plan, and a cease-fire and settlement plan went into effect in 1991. Even though the UN Security Council created a peacekeeping force to implement a referendum on self-determination for Western Sahara, it has yet to be held, periodic negotiations have failed, and the status of the territory remains unresolved.[1] It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ...
More than any other issue since independence, the objective of securing Western Sahara had unified the Moroccan nation. Because of the firm stand the king had taken, it also enhanced his popularity in the country. But the war against the Polisario guerrillas put severe strains on the economy, and Morocco found itself increasingly isolated diplomatically. Successive governments showed little inclination to move seriously against pressing economic and social issues. As a result, popular discontent with social and economic conditions persisted. Political parties continued to proliferate but produced only a divided and weakly organized opposition or were suppressed. Through the force of his strong personality, the legacy of the monarchy, and the application of political repression, the king succeeded in asserting his authority and controlling the forces threatening the existing social order. Gradual political reforms in the 1990s culminated in the constitutional reform of 1996, which created a new bicameral legislature with expanded, although still limited, powers. Although reportedly marred by irregularities, elections for the Chamber of Representatives were held in 1997.[1] Guerrilla (also called a partisan) is a term borrowed from Spanish (from guerra meaning war) used to describe small combat groups. ...
Mohammed VI Gradual political reforms in the 1990s resulted in the establishment of a bicameral legislature in 1997, and with the death of King Hassan II of Morocco in 1999, the more liberal-minded Crown Prince Sidi Mohammed, who assumed the title of Mohammed VI, took the throne. He has since enacted successive reforms to modernize Morocco, and the country has seen a marked improvement in its human rights record. One of the new king’s first acts was to free some 8,000 political prisoners and reduce the sentences of another 30,000. He also established a commission to compensate families of missing political activists and others subjected to arbitrary detention. In September 2002, new legislative elections were held, and the Socialist Union of Popular Forces (Union Socialiste des Forces Populaires—USFP) led all other parties in the voting. International observers regarded the elections as free and fair, noting the lack of irregularities that had plagued the 1997 elections. Under Muhammad VI, Morocco has continued down a path toward economic, political, and social reform and modernization. In May 2003, in honor of the birth of a son and heir to the throne, the king ordered the release of 9,000 prisoners and the reduction of 38,000 sentences. Also in 2003, Berber-language instruction was introduced in primary schools, prior to introducing it at all educational levels. In 2004, the government implemented reforms of the family code improving the status of women—first proposed in 2000—despite the objections of traditionalists.[1] This is a partial list of Kings of Morocco. ...
King Hassan, pictured late in life. ...
Look up liberal on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Liberal may refer to: Politics: Liberalism American liberalism, a political trend in the USA Political progressivism, a political ideology that is for change, often associated with liberal movements Liberty, the condition of being free from control or restrictions Liberal Party, members of...
His Majesty King Mohammed VI (Arabic: الملك محمد السادس للمغرب) a. ...
Human rights are rights which some hold to be inalienable and belonging to all humans. ...
Politics of Morocco Categories: Moroccan political parties | Politics stubs ...
Afro-Asiatic - Berber The Berber languages (or Tamazight) are a group of closely related languages mainly spoken in Morocco and Algeria. ...
In March 2000, women's groups organised demonstrations in Casablanca proposing reforms to the legal status of women in the country. 40,000 women attended, calling for a ban on polygamy and the introduction of civil divorce law (divorce being a purely religious procedure at that time). Although a counter-demonstration attracted half a million participants, the movement for change started in 2000 was influential on King Mohammed, and he enacted a new Mudawana, or family law, in early 2004, meeting some of the demands of women's rights activists. For other uses, see Casablanca (disambiguation). ...
Polygamy has been a feature of human culture since earliest history. ...
Divorce or dissolution of marriage is the ending of a marriage before the death of either spouse, which can be contrasted with an annulment, which is a declaration that a marriage is void, though the effects of marriage may be recognized in such unions, such as spousal support, child custody...
Mudawana is new Moroccan family code introduced in February 2004 by King Mohammed VI. The code has angered some fundamentalists. ...
In July 2002, a crisis broke with Spain over an uninhabited small island lying just less than 200 meters from the Moroccan coast, named Toura or Leila by Moroccans, and Isla Perejil by Spain. After mediation by the United States, Both Morocco and Spain agreed to return to the status quo by which the Island remains deserted and almost a no man's land. A satellite NASA World Wind caption of Isla Perejil seen as a tiny island (top middle) The Isla Perejil (Parsley Island in English; Arabic: Leila, night , local, i. ...
Internationally, Morocco has maintained a moderate stance, with strong ties to the West. It was one of the first Arab and Islamic states to denounce the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the United States. In May 2003, Morocco itself was subjected to the more radical forces at work in the Arab world when Islamist suicide bombers simultaneously struck a series of sites in Casablanca, killing 45 and injuring more than 100 others. The Moroccan government responded with a crackdown against Islamist extremists, ultimately arresting several thousand, prosecuting 1,200, and sentencing about 900. Additional arrests followed in June 2004. That same month, the United States designated Morocco a major non-North Atlantic Treaty Organization ally in recognition of its efforts to thwart international terrorism. On January 1, 2006, a comprehensive bilateral free trade agreement between the United States and Morocco took effect.[1] The agreement had been signed in 2004 along with a similar agreement with the European Union, its main trade partner. The World Trade Center on fire The September 11, 2001 attacks were a series of coordinated terrorist attacks against the United States on September 11, 2001. ...
A suicide bombing is a bomb attack on people or property, committed by a person who knows the explosion will cause his or her own death in addition to the attacks primary purpose (see suicide, suicide weapons). ...
The 2003 Casablanca bombings were a series of suicide bombings on May 16, 2003, in Casablanca, Morocco. ...
NATO 2002 Summit The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), sometimes called North Atlantic Alliance, Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for defence collaboration established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, DC, on April 4, 1949. ...
Free trade is an economic concept referring to the selling of products between countries without tariffs or other trade barriers. ...
In 2005, demonstrations and riots in support of independence for Western Sahara broke out in Moroccan-controlled El-Aaiun. Criticism from groups such as Amnesty International, Freedom House and Human Rights Watch has resulted from perceived police abuse of demonstrators and independence advocates. The demonstrations are labeled the "Independence Intifada" by its participants and are supported by the Polisario Front. Sporadic unrest is still occurring in January 2007. For other uses, see Demonstration. ...
Teamsters, armed with pipes, riot in a clash with riot police in the Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934. ...
Laâyoune Laâyoune, also El Aaiún, is the unofficial capital of Western Sahara, a former Spanish country now mostly controlled and occupied by Morocco. ...
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Amnesty international Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is an international non-governmental organization which defines its mission as to undertake research and action focused on preventing and ending grave abuses of the rights to physical and mental integrity, freedom of conscience...
Freedom House is a non-profit organization headquartered in Washington, D.C. with field offices in about a dozen countries. ...
Human Rights Watch Banner Human Rights Watch is a United States-based international non-government organization that conducts research and advocacy on human rights. ...
The Independence Intifada (intifada is Arabic for uprising) is a Sahrawi name for the disturbances, demonstrations and riots that broke out in May 2005 in the Moroccan-held parts of Western Sahara. ...
See also // Introduction The Goumiere were the Algerian and Moroccon troops who fought alongside the Allied forces during their campaigns in WWII. From November 17, 1942 to July 14, 1943 their unrivalled persistence, and love of night invasion brought trembling and many a sleepless night into the hearts of the Italians and...
System of the Moroccan Walls in Western Sahara (territory outside them in yellow) The Moroccan Wall is a 2,720 km-long system of defensive walls/berms, running mainly through Moroccan-controlled Western Sahara. ...
Notes - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Text used in this cited section originally came from: Morocco profile from the Library of Congress Country Studies project.
The Country Studies are works published by the Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress ( USA), freely available for use by researchers. ...
References The Country Studies are works published by the Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress ( USA), freely available for use by researchers. ...
The U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1789 by a constitutional convention, sets down the basic framework of American government in its seven articles. ...
The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...
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