1888 German map of Shanghai

History of Shanghai Image File history File links File links The following pages link to this file: Shanghai ... Image File history File links File links The following pages link to this file: Shanghai ...

Early Shanghai

Shanghai was founded in the 10th century. The city is located in a swampy area east of Suzhou which was only recently irrigated, although other parts of the Yangtze valley saw irrigation as much as 1,500 years ago. Until 1127, Shanghai was a small market town of 12,000 households. That year, however Kaifeng was conquered and many refugees came to Shanghai, and the city grew to 250,000 inhabitants. Shanghai (Chinese: ; pinyin:  ; Shanghainese: ), situated on the banks of the Yangtze River Delta in East China, is the largest city of the Peoples Republic of China and the eighth largest in the world. ... Suzhou (Simplified Chinese: 苏州; Traditional Chinese: 蘇州; pinyin: SÅ«zhōu; Wade-Giles: Su-chou; sometimes seen transliterated as Su-chow, Suchow, or Soochow) is a famous city on the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and on the shores of Lake Taihu in the province of Jiangsu, China. ... Kaifeng (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: KāifÄ“ng; Wade-Giles: Kai-feng), formerly known as Bianliang (汴梁; Wade-Giles: Pien-liang), is a prefecture-level city in eastern Henan province, Peoples Republic of China. ...

Shanghai and the surrounding area became one of China's richest regions in the 13th century, when it became a cotton production and manufacturing center. The manufacturing was done using the cotton gin, a machine similar to that created by Eli Whitney. Cotton cloth was the backbone of Shanghai's economy from the 13th century until the early 19th. Canals, dikes and real estate were financed with private capital during Song and Yuan China. Eli Whitney Elias (Eli) Whitney (December 8, 1765, Westborough, Massachusetts – January 8, 1825, New Haven, Connecticut) was an American manufacturer. ... The Song Dynasty (Chinese: ; pinyin: ) was a ruling dynasty in China from 960-1279. ... The Yuan Dynasty (Chinese: ; pinyin: Yuáncháo; Mongolian: Dai Ön Yeke Mongghul Ulus), lasting officially from 1271 to 1368, followed the Song Dynasty and preceded the Ming Dynasty in the historiography of China. ...

The following autocratic government of the Ming dynasty imposed tight trade restrictions. In the 16th century, to guard against Japanese and Chinese pirates, trade was forbidden. After a hundred merchants died when Shanghai was pillaged by pirates, the Ming government evacuated the entire coastal population to the interior. In 1554 a wall was built to protect the city. The Ming Dynasty (Chinese: ; pinyin: ) was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644. ... This article is about sea pirates. ...

Early to Middle Qing China

Shanghai in the Qing Dynasty

Shanghai reached an economic peak in the early 19th century. The Qing Dynasty had little government control, so native place associations used their provincial networks to control the city and competed with each other. Bankers of different native place associations started cooperating with each other in the Shanghai Native Bankers Guild, which used a democratic decision-making process. Trade routes reached as far as Polynesia and Persia with cotton, silk and fertiliser as primary export products. Image File history File links Shanghai_19th_century. ... Image File history File links Shanghai_19th_century. ... The Qing Dynasty (Chinese: ; pinyin: Qīng cháo; Wade-Giles: Ching chao; Manchu: daicing gurun), occasionally known as the Manchu Dynasty, was a dynasty founded by the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro, in what is today northeast China, expanded into China and the surrounding territories, establishing the Empire... The Qing Dynasty (Chinese: ; pinyin: Qīng cháo; Wade-Giles: Ching chao; Manchu: daicing gurun), occasionally known as the Manchu Dynasty, was a dynasty founded by the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro, in what is today northeast China, expanded into China and the surrounding territories, establishing the Empire... Carving from the ridgepole of a Māori house, ca 1840 This article is about the wider region in the Pacific. ... For other uses of this term see: Persia (disambiguation) The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). ...

Foreign powers in Shanghai

The importance of Shanghai grew radically in the 19th century, as the city's strategic position at the mouth of the Yangtze River was perceived by the westerners as an ideal location for trade with the Chinese hinterland. Afternoon light on the jagged grey mountains rising from the Yangtze River gorge The Yangtze River or Chang Jiang (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: )   is the longest river in Asia and the third longest in the world after the Nile in Africa and the Amazon in South America. ... For alternative meanings for The West in the United States, see the U.S. West and American West. ...

During the First Opium War in the early-19th century, British forces temporarily held Shanghai. The war ended with the 1842 Treaty of Nanjing, which saw the treaty ports, Shanghai included, opened for international trade, particularly of opium. According to Balfour, Great Britain destroyed the cotton industry of Shanghai. Ji emphasizes the backwardness of pre-1842 Shanghai and contends that trade increased thanks to the western powers. The Treaty of the Bogue signed in 1843, and the Sino-American Treaty of Wangsia signed in 1844 together saw foreign nations achieve extraterritoriality on Chinese soil, which officially lasted until 1943 but was functionally defunct by the late 1930s. Combatants Qing China British East India Company Commanders Unknown Charles Elliot, Anthony Blaxland Stransham The First Opium War or the First Anglo-Chinese War was fought between Great Britain and the Qing Empire in China from 1839 to 1842 with the aim of forcing China to import British opium. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1842 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Nanking, August 29, 1842, Peace Treaty between the Queen of Great Britain and the Emperor of China The Treaty of Nanking (南京條約) is the agreement which marked the end of the First Opium War between the United Kingdom and China. ... Treaty ports were port cities in China, Japan and Korea opened to foreign trade by the so-called Unequal Treaties, i. ... Opium, or opïum is a narcotic analgesic drug which is obtained from the unripe seed pods of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L. or the synonym paeoniflorum). ... 1843 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The Sino-American Treaty of Wanghia (Traditional Chinese: 中美望廈條約; Simplified Chinese: 中美望厦条约; Pinyin: ) is the first diplomatic agreement between China and the United States in history, signed on July 3, 1844. ... 1844 was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

The Taiping Rebellion broke out in 1850, and in 1853 Shanghai was occupied by a triad offshoot of the rebels called the Small Swords Society. The fighting devestated the countryside but left the foreign settlements untouched, and Chinese arrived seeking refuge. Although previously Chinese were forbidden to live in foreign settlements, 1854 saw new regulations drawn up making land available to Chinese. Land prices rose substantially, and real estate development became a source of considerable income for Shanghai's westerners, further increasing the westerners' control over the city's economy. Combatants Qing Empire Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Commanders Xianfeng Emperor, Tongzhi Emperor, Empress Dowager Cixi Hong Xiuquan The Taiping Rebellion (1851–1864) was perhaps the bloodiest civil war in human history, a clash between the forces of the Qing Empire in China and those inspired by a Hakka self-proclaimed mystic... 1850 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1853 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... Small Swords Society, or Xiao Dao Hui was a political and military organisation active in Shanghai, China and neighbouring areas during the Taiping Rebellion (commonly known in the West as the Boxer Rebellion). ... 1854 (MDCCCLIV) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

1854 also saw the first annual meeting of the Shanghai Municipal Council, created in order to manage the foreign settlements. In 1863, the British settlement, located along the western bank of the Huangpu river to the south of Suzhou creek (Huangpu district), and American settlement, located on the western bank of the Huangpu river and to the north of Suzhou creek (Hankou district) joined in order to form the International Settlement. The French opted out of the Shanghai Municipal Council, and instead maintained its own French Concession, located to the south of the International Settlement. Established in 1863, the Shanghai Municipal Council was the governing body which administered the combined British and American concessions in Shanghai, known as the International Settlement. ... 1863 (MDCCCLXIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar). ...

From this situation two cities emerged: a chaotic Chinese city and a western city, inhabitated mainly by Chinese.

The western part of Shanghai was one of the most modern "European" cities in the world. New inventions like electricity and trams were quickly introduced, and westerners turned Shanghai into a huge metropolis. British and American businessmen made a great deal of money in trade and finance, and Germany used Shanghai as a base for investing in China. Shanghai accounted for half of the imports and exports of China. The western part of Shanghai was four times larger then the Chinese part in the early 20th century.

Europeans and Americans inhabitants of Shanghai called themselves the Shanghailanders. The extensive public gardens along the waterfront of the International Settlement were reserved for the foreign communities and forbidden to Chinese (other than those who were British or other colonial subjects). The foreign city was build in the British style with a large racetrack in what was then the west of the city, now People's Park. A new class emerged, the compradors, which mixed with the local landlords to form a new class, the Chinese bourgeoisie. The compradors were indispensable mediators for the western companies. Many compradors were on the leading edge of the movement to modernize China. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

The Sino-Japanese War fought 1894-95 over control of Korea concluded with the Treaty of Shimonoseki, which saw Japan emerge as an additional foreign power in Shanghai. Japan built the first factories in Shanghai, which were soon copied by other foreign powers to effect the emergence of Shanghai industry. Japan and Qing China fought the First Sino-Japanese War (or the Qing-Japanese War) during 1894 and 1895, primarily over control of Korea. ... 1894 (MDCCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Korea (Korean: 한국 or 조선, see below) is a geographic area, civilization, and former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. ... The Shunpanrō hall where the Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed The Treaty of Shimonoseki (Japanese: 下関条約, Shimonoseki Jōyaku), known as the Treaty of Maguan (T. Chinese: 馬關條約, S. Chinese: 马关条约;) in China, was signed at the Shunpanrō hall on April 17, 1895 between the Empire of Japan and the Qing Empire. ...

Shanghai was then the biggest financial city in the Far East. Under the Republic of China, Shanghai was made a special city in 1927, and a municipality in May 1930. The far east as a cultural block includes East Asia, Southeast Asia, Northeast Asia and South Asia. ... Today the country officially known as the Republic of China (ROC) is commonly known by the international community as Taiwan and occasionally as Chinese Taipei. It should not be confused with the other country officially known as the Peoples Republic of China (PRC), which is commonly known as China. ... Special city refers to Special cities of Korea Former name for municipalities of China This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link is to a full 1930 calendar). ...

Chinese society

Chinese society was divided in native place associations or provincial guilds. These guilds defended the interests of people from certain areas. They had their own dresscodes and sub-cultures. Chinese government was hardly organized, instead society was controlled by the native place associations. The Guangdong native place associations represented the skilled workers of Shanghai. These native place associations belonged to the top of the Shanghainese society. Ningbo and Jiangsu native place associations were the most numerous. They represented the common workers. Many Chinese inhabitants came from the north of China. They were on the bottom of the society. Many of them were forced to work as seasonal workers or mobsters. Guangdong, often spelt as Kwangtung, is a province on the south coast of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Ningbo (Simplified Chinese: 宁波; Traditional Chinese: 寧波; pinyin: Níngbō; Wade-Giles: Ning-po; literally Tranquil Waves) is a seaport sub-provincial city with a population of 800,000 in northeastern Zhejiang province, Peoples Republic of China. ... Jiangsu (Simplified Chinese: 江苏; Traditional Chinese: 江蘇; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chiang-su; Postal System Pinyin: Kiangsu) is a province of the Peoples Republic of China, located along the east coast of the country. ...

The Tong Reng Tan was a neutral organization that tried to build up good governance in Shanghai. In 1905, the Tong Reng Tan was abolished and replaced by the Shanghai municipality. A Shanghainese native place association came into being called the Tongrengtang tongxianghui.

Chinese attempts at modernization

Many Chinese tried to take over the western inventions to make China stronger. The Self-strengthening movement was based in Shanghai in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The self-strenthening of China did not succeed because of the incompetence, corruption and inefficiency of many participants. Chinese Shanghai became a Chinese municipality in 1905, but it was hampered by the power of the native place associations. New, progressive native place associations tried to replace the old ones. These associations helped with the revolution in 1911. The Republic of China, which was a result of the revolution, quickly lost control of the country to provincial warlords, supported by their native place associations. The importation of goods from Europe stopped during the First World War. The Japanese founded many factories in Shanghai. They were followed by Chinese and British entrepreneurs, and Shanghai became an industrial city, unique in China. Self-Strengthening Movement (Chinese: 洋务运动 or 自強運動; c 1861–1894) was a period of political reforms aimed at modernizing and liberalizing Chinese institutions toward the end of the Qing Dynasty, following a series of military defeats and concessions to foreign powers. ... Today the country officially known as the Republic of China (ROC) is commonly known by the international community as Taiwan and occasionally as Chinese Taipei. It should not be confused with the other country officially known as the Peoples Republic of China (PRC), which is commonly known as China. ... Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ...

1920s

Suzhou Creek around 1920

Chinese industry in Shanghai had a hard time after the First World War and the competition with the western world started again. But the city's industrial and financial power increased, because the merchants were in control of Shanghai, while the rest of China was divided among warlords. A stock exchange was founded in 1920. According to Ji, stock exchanges are meant by merchants and bankers to control trade. The Chinese bankers and merchants were primarily aimed at getting the foreigners out of China. The Chinese warlord government didn't cooperate at all to achieve this goal, so the Chinese bankers and merchants of Shanghai opposed both the warlords and the foreigners. Image File history File links SuzhouCreekOld2. ... Image File history File links SuzhouCreekOld2. ... Suzhou Creek (Chinese: 苏州河; Pinyin: Sūzhōu Hé; Wade-Giles: Su-chou-ho; literally Suzhou River) is a river in China that passes through the Shanghai city centre. ...

Meanwhile, the traditional division of the society by native place associations was falling apart. The new working classes were not prepared to listen to the bosses of the same native place associations during the 1910s. Resentment against the foreign presence in Shanghai rose among both the entrepreneurs and the workers of Shanghai. In 1919, protests against the Treaty of Versailles of the May Fourth Movement brought the rise in power of the mafia. Shanghai in the 1920s and 1930s was a cynical battleground of ideologies. Uncompromising communists and autocratic nationalists fought against opportunistic mobsters and Shanghailanders. Entrepreneurs had a hard time to maintain their position and their liberal ideas. The Treaty of Versailles (3010) was the peace treaty which officially ended World War I between the Allied and Central Powers and the German Empire. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...

Shanghai became the centre of national and international opium smuggling during the 1920s. The Shanghai Green Gang(Quinbang) became a major influence in the Interational Settlement during the 1920's, with the Commissioner of the Shanghai Municipal Police reporting that corruption associated with the trade had affected a large proportion of his force. An extensive crack down in 1925 simply displaced the focus of the trade to the neighbouring French Concession. The French authorities made deals with the Green Gang, who controlled all Chinese affairs in the French Concession. The Green Gang (青幫, Qīng Bāng) was a criminal organization operating in Shanghai in the early 20th century. ... The Green Gang (青幫, Qīng Bāng) was a criminal organization operating in Shanghai in the early 20th century. ...

The Quinbang and other gangs comprised the middlemen of Shanghai politics. The Communist Party of China was founded in 1921 in the French Concession by members of the Green Gang. The Green Gang was divided on the issue of cooperating with the communists. Some gang leaders openly waged war against the communists, while another gangster became the minister of post in People's Republic of China. The Communist Party of China (CPC) (official name, though almost universally known in English as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)) (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng) is the ruling political party of the Peoples Republic of China, a position guaranteed by the countrys... The Green Gang (青幫, Qīng Bāng) was a criminal organization operating in Shanghai in the early 20th century. ...

In 1927, communists tried to end foreign rule. officially supported by the gangsters and the Guomindang nationalists. Leaders of the Green Gang however entered into informal alliances with Chiang Kai-shek and the Shanghailander capitalists to act against the communists and organised labour unions. The nationalists had cooperated with gangleaders since the revolution of 1911. Many communists were killed in a major gangster surprise attack in April 1927 in the Chinese administered part of Shanghai, although sporadic fighting between gangsters and communists had occurred previously. Zhou Enlai was lucky to flee the city, because suspected left-wingers were shot on sight. The Green Gang (青幫, Qīng Bāng) was a criminal organization operating in Shanghai in the early 20th century. ... Chiang Kai-shek (October 31, 1887 – April 5, 1975) was a Chinese military and political leader who assumed the leadership of the Kuomintang (KMT) after the 1925 death of Sun Yat-sen. ... 412 Incident was a large-scale purge to Communists in the Chinese Nationalist Party in Shanghai, which was ordered by Chiang Kai-shek, occured on 12 April 1927 during the Northern Expedition. ... This is a Chinese name, Zhou is the surname. ...

1927-1937

Jiujiang Road, Shanghai, late 1920s

Chiang Kai-shek started an autocratic rule supported by the progressive native place associations which lasted from 1927 to 1937. These associations consisted of workers, businessmen, gangsters and others from a given province. This was part of the policy to organize society in corporations. It was a major failure, because the Chinese refused to be subdued. Only a minority became members of the appointed native place associations. Chiang Kai-shek chose to cooperate with gangsters in order to maintain his grip on Chinese society. This meant that the gangsters remained middlemen during the rule of the nationalists, controlling society by frequently organizing strikes. Image File history File links Shanghai1920s. ... Image File history File links Shanghai1920s. ... This box:      Historically, corporatism or corporativism (Italian corporativismo) refers to a political or economic system in which power is given to civic assemblies that represent economic, industrial, agrarian, and professional groups. ...

The new architectural style of Shanghai was American. Cinemas were created all over the city. Shanghai was one of the largest cities in the world with 3,000,000 inhabitants in 1936, of whom only 35,000 were foreigners, though they were in charge of half of the city. Many Russian refugees came to Shanghai. They were regarded as an inferior (oriental or occidental) race by the Shanghighlanders. A lot of Russian women worked as prostitutes alongside Chinese, Korean and Japanese colleagues. The Great World was a place where opium, prostitution and gambling came together. Shanghai had turned into the commercial centre of East Asia, with banks from all over the world. This article is about the business concept. ...

The nationalist government of Chiang Kai-shek tried to turn Shanghai into the capital of China. Large residential areas were build north of the foreign concessions, which were between the old Chinese town and the new Chinese town. These residential areas were modern, with good roads and parking lots for automobiles. A new Chinese port was built, which could compete with the Shanghighlander's port. Chiang Kai-shek continuously demanded large amounts of money from the financial world in Shanghai. Some bankers and merchants resisted from the start while others were so enthusiastic in supporting the KMT, that they liquidated their companies to extract as much money as possible. Most bankers and merchants were willing to invest in the army, but this stopped in 1928. They refused to give what Chiang wanted. Chiang got angry and he demanded double the amount, followed by quadruple the amount. Bankers responded by refusing all subsidies and Chiang nationalised all enterprises. The brother-in-law of Chiang, Soong expressed the opinion of the Shanghai capitalists in 1930 by writing that it is better to strengthen the politics, the army and the economy instead of focusing only on the army. Chiang was very agitated about this.

The power of the gangsters rose in the early 1930s, especially the power of the Green Gang-leader Du Yuesheng. Du started his own native place association. Mobsters stormed the Shanghai Stock Exchange in order to get control over it. The police did not interfered, since they had been dominated by the mobsters since 1919. Shanghighlanders did not interfere as well, since it was an internal Chinese affair. The nationalist government did not interfered, because it tried to break the power of the entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs were forced to make a deal after a second storming of the mobsters. The Green Gang (青幫, Qīng Bāng) was a criminal organization operating in Shanghai in the early 20th century. ... Du Yuesheng (commonly known as Big-Eared Du) was born in Shanghai, China, in 1887. ... The Shanghai Stock Exchange is a stock exchange based in Shanghai, China. ...

During World War II and the Japanese Occupation (1937-1945)

The Japanese Navy bombed Shanghai on January 28, 1932, nominally in an effort to crush down Chinese student protests of the Manchurian Incident and the subsequent Japanese occupation. The Chinese fought back in what was known as the January 28 Incident. The two sides fought to a standstill and a ceasefire was brokered in May. In the Second Sino-Japanese War, the city fell after the Battle of Shanghai in 1937, and was occupied until Japan's surrender in 1945. January 28 is the 28th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will take you to a full 1932 calendar). ... One aspect of the Manchurian Incident (January 1931) was an engagement of the Imperial Japanese Army with Chinese forces. ... Combatants Republic of China, 19th Route Army, 5th Army Empire of Japan, Imperial Japanese Army, 2nd Independent Tank Company, Shanghai Expeditionary Force Commanders 19th Route Army: Jiang Guangnai (Chinese: 蔣光鼐), 5th Army: Zhang Zhizhong (Chinese: 張治中) Commander: Yoshinori Shirakawa (Japanese: 白川義則), Chief of staff: Kanichiro Tashiro (Japanese: 田代皖一郎) Strength 50,000 90,000 Casualties... Combatants Republic of China Empire of Japan Commanders Chiang Kai-shek, Mao Tse-Tung, Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, Zhu De, He Yingqin Hideki Tojo, Matsui Iwane, Jiro Minami, Kesago Nakajima, Toshizo Nishio, Yasuji Okamura. ... Combatants Republic of China Empire of Japan Commanders Chiang Kai-shek, Chen Cheng, Chu Shao-liang, Chang Fa-kuei Heisuke Yanagawa, Iwane Matsui Strength 600,000 troops in 75 divisions and 9 brigades, 250 airplanes 300,000 troops in 8 divisions and 6 brigades, 3000 airplanes, 300 tanks, 130 warships... 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ...

During World War II in Europe, Shanghai was a centre for European refugees. It was the only city in the world that was open unconditionally to the Jews at the time. However, under pressure from their allies, the Nazis, the Japanese ghettoised the Jewish refugees in late 1941 in what came to be known the Shanghai ghetto, and hunger and infectious diseases such as amoebic dysentery became rife. The foreign population rose from 35,000 in 1936 to 150,000 in 1942 mainly due to the Jews. Germany wanted Japan to exterminate the Jews of Shanghai, but Japan only put them into a ghetto. The Japanese were harsher on the British, Americans and Dutch. They slowly lost their privileges and had to wear a B, A or N for their nationality when walking in public places. Their villas were turned into new brothels and gambling houses. The British, Americans and Dutch were forced marched into concentration camps in 1943. Combatants Major Allied powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Major Axis powers: Nazi Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Harry Truman Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead... The Nazi party used a right-facing swastika as their symbol and the red and black colors were said to represent Blut und Boden (blood and soil). ... In the course of history, Jewish populations have been expelled or ostracised by various local authorities and have sought asylum from Anti-Semitism numerous times. ... The Shanghai ghetto was an area of approximately one square mile in the Hongkew district of Shanghai where about 20,000 Jewish refugees, mainly from Nazi Germany and Austria, survived the Holocaust in the city occupied by Imperial Japan. ... An infectious disease is a clinically evident disease of humans or animals that damages or injures the host so as to impair host function, and results from the presence and activity of one or more pathogenic microbial agents, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, multicellular parasites, and aberrant proteins known as... Dysentery is an illness involving severe diarrhea that is often associated with blood in the feces. ...

End of Old Shanghai

The foreign concessions were closed in 1946 when the French departed. The major government controlled companies in Shanghai of KMT-China had gone corrupt after moving to inland China in 1937. Shanghai merchants and bankers had completely lost faith in a healthy economy under KMT-rule. Nationalists had no concern for local interests in Shanghai and tried to force everybody to accept autocratic rule. The main protectors of the mafia, the Shanghighlanders were gone and the mafia was ignored by the nationalist government. Du Yuesheng tried to become the mayor of Shanghai, but he was forced to leave the city. Communists gained control over the workers. The success of the communists had mainly to do with a different policy. Instead of exclusionism of non-communists, the communists tried to gather a broad coalition. Chinese business-people made a deal with the communists in 1949, which resulted in a peaceful takeover of Shanghai by the communists. The communists put an end to opium, prostitution, gambling and business. All private companies were nationalized in 1952. Du Yuesheng (commonly known as Big-Eared Du) was born in Shanghai, China, in 1887. ...

Communist rule

On May 27, 1949, Shanghai came under communist control and was one of the only two former ROC municipalities not merged into neighbouring provinces over the next decade (the other being Beijing). It underwent a series of changes in the boundaries of its subdivisions, especially in the next decade. May 27 is the 147th day (148th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 218 days remaining. ... 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1949 calendar). ... The Communist Party of China (CPC) (official name, though almost universally known in English as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)) (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng) is the ruling political party of the Peoples Republic of China, a position guaranteed by the countrys... Beijing [English Pronunciation] (Chinese: 北京 [Chinese Pronunciation]; Pinyin: Běijīng; IPA: ), a metropolis in northern China, is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ...

After the communist takeover in 1949, most foreign firms moved their offices from Shanghai to Hong Kong. During the 1950s and 1960s, Shanghai became an industrial center and center for revolutionary leftism. Yet, even during the most tumultuous times of the Cultural Revolution, Shanghai was able to maintain high economic productivity and relative social stability. For most of the history of the PRC, Shanghai has been the largest contributor of tax revenue to the central government compared with other Chinese provinces and municipalities. This came at the cost of severely crippling Shanghai's infrastructure and capital development. Its importance to China's fiscal well-being also denied it economic liberalizations that were started in the far southern provinces such as Guangdong during the mid-1980s. At that time Guangdong province paid nearly no taxes to the central government, and thus was perceived as fiscally expendable for experimental economic reforms. Shanghai was not permitted to initiate economic reforms until 1991. The 1950s was the decade spanning from the 1st of January, 1950 to the 31st December, 1959. ... The 1960s decade refers to the years from January 1, 1960 to December 31, 1969, inclusive. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Left-Right politics. ... The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ; literally Proletarian Cultural Great Revolution; often abbreviated to 文化大革命 wénhuà dà gémìng, literally Great Cultural Revolution, or even simpler, to 文革 wéngé, Cultural Revolution) in the Peoples Republic of China was a struggle for power within the... Guangdong, often spelt as Kwangtung, is a province on the south coast of the Peoples Republic of China. ... 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Political power in Shanghai has traditionally been seen as a stepping stone to higher positions within the PRC central government. In the 1990s, there was what was often described as the politically right-of-center "Shanghai clique," which included the president of the PRC Jiang Zemin and the premier of the PRC Zhu Rongji. Starting in 1992, the central government under Jiang Zemin, a former Mayor of Shanghai, began reducing the tax burden on Shanghai and encouraging both foreign and domestic investment in order to promote it as the economic hub of East Asia and to encourage its role as gateway of investment to the Chinese interior. Since then it has experienced continuous economic growth of between 9–15% annually, arguably at the expense of growth in Hong Kong, leading China's overall development. In politics, right-wing, the political right, or simply The Right, are terms that refer to the segment of the political spectrum often associated with any of several strains of conservatism, the religious right, and areas of classical liberalism, or simply the opposite of left-wing politics. ... The Shanghai clique is an informal name for officials in Chinese Communist Party especially central government of the Peoples Republic of China or CCP centre who rose to prominence in the Shanghai city administration under Jiang Zemin or used to be subordinates of Jiang. ... Jiāng Zémín (Traditional Chinese: 江澤民, Simplified Chinese: 江泽民, Hanyu Pinyin: Jiāng Zémín, Wade-Giles: Chiang Tse-min, Cantonese (Jyutping): gong1 zaak6 man4) (born August 17, 1926) was the core of the third generation of Communist Party of China leaders, serving as General Secretary of the Communist... The Premier (Chinese: 总理 pinyin: zŏnglĭ), sometimes referred to as the Prime Minister, is the Chairman of the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China and head of government. ... ZhÅ« RóngjÄ« (born October 1, 1928, Simplified Chinese: 朱镕基; Traditional Chinese: 朱鎔基; Wade-Giles: Chu Jung-chi) was the 9th Premier of the Peoples Republic of China State Council (March 1998-March 2003), and was a Standing Committee member of the Politburo of 15th CPC Central Committee (September 1997-November... 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ... The Mayor of Shanghai (上海市长) is the highest ranking official in the Peoples Government of Shanghai. ... East Asia is a subregion of Asia that can be defined in either geographical or cultural terms. ...

History of the economic development of Shanghai

Shanghai is an especially interesting example of spatial development as China’s largest and most important industrial and commercial city, and also as a city that was largely stagnant during theMaoist period (1949–1976). Its modern transformation really did not begin until the Dengist period (1978), and most strikingly not until President Jiang Zemin came to power in 1992. The remarkable development of the Pudong zone offers a compelling example of the various political mechanisms, players, complexity and character of urban land development and spatial change in the context of China’s rapidly growing transitional economy. Shanghai (Chinese: ; pinyin:  ; Shanghainese: ), situated on the banks of the Yangtze River Delta in East China, is the largest city of the Peoples Republic of China and the eighth largest in the world. ... Maoism or Mao Zedong Thought (Chinese: 毛澤東思想, pinyin: Máo Zédōng Sīxiǎng), also called Marxism-Leninism–Mao Zedong Thought or Marxism-Leninism-Maoism (MLM), is a variant of communism derived from the teachings of Mao Zedong (1893&#8211... 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1949 calendar). ... 1976 (MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ... Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of the United States (1861-1865) The majority of this article is about heads of states. ... Jiāng Zémín (Traditional Chinese: 江澤民, Simplified Chinese: 江泽民, Hanyu Pinyin: Jiāng Zémín, Wade-Giles: Chiang Tse-min, Cantonese (Jyutping): gong1 zaak6 man4) (born August 17, 1926) was the core of the third generation of Communist Party of China leaders, serving as General Secretary of the Communist... 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ... Pudong seen from the Bund Pudong (浦东, pinyin: PÇ”dōng), officially known as Pudong New District (浦东新区, pinyin: PÇ”dōng XÄ«n QÅ«), is a district of Shanghai, China. ... A transitional economy is an economy which is changing from a planned economy to a free market. ...

Shanghai is China’s largest and greatest commercial and industrial city. With 0.1% of the land area of the country, it supplies over 12% of the municipal revenue and handles more than a quarter of total trade passing through China’s ports. Its year 2000 population, according to China’s latest census, was 16.74 million and represented an increase of 3.4 million from the 1990 size with an average annual growth rate through the decade of the 1990s of 2.2% and a total increase of 25.5%. Shanghai (Chinese: ; pinyin:  ; Shanghainese: ), situated on the banks of the Yangtze River Delta in East China, is the largest city of the Peoples Republic of China and the eighth largest in the world. ... This article is about the year 2000. ... 1870 US Census for New York City A census is the process of obtaining information about every member of a population (not necessarily a human population). ... This article is about the year. ... This article is about the year. ...

The average size of a family in Shanghai had declined to less that 3 people during the last decade, and it is clear that most of Shanghai’s population growth is driven by migration rather than natural factors based on high birth and fertility rates. Shanghai has for many years had the lowest birth rate in China, a rate lower than large American cities such as New York. Shanghai (Chinese: ; pinyin:  ; Shanghainese: ), situated on the banks of the Yangtze River Delta in East China, is the largest city of the Peoples Republic of China and the eighth largest in the world. ... Shanghai (Chinese: ; pinyin:  ; Shanghainese: ), situated on the banks of the Yangtze River Delta in East China, is the largest city of the Peoples Republic of China and the eighth largest in the world. ... This is a list of the cities, towns, and villages of the United States. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ...

As with most cities in China, Shanghai is overbounded in its administrative territory. The city in the year 2000 was comprised of 17 urban districts and three counties together occupying 6300 km² of land area. The three counties contain substantial rural land and a number of rural residents who continue to farm for their livelihood. The city has the highest population density of all the first order administrative units in China, with 2657 people per km² in 2000. Owing to its continued growth and industrial and commercial development, Shanghai also has the highest index of urbanization among all of China’s first order administrative units, with 88.3% of the official population (14.78 million) classified as urban. Shanghai (Chinese: ; pinyin:  ; Shanghainese: ), situated on the banks of the Yangtze River Delta in East China, is the largest city of the Peoples Republic of China and the eighth largest in the world. ... This article is about the year 2000. ...

The amount of building activity in Shanghai fueled by government investment expenditures continues to be astounding. During the same period following Deng’s national ‘‘Opening and Reform’’ movement in 1978 propelling modernization, Shanghai’s economy shifted from over 77% of gross domestic product in secondary sector manufacturing to a more balanced sectoral distribution of 48% in industry and 51% in services in 2000 and 2001. Deng may mean: The Chinese surname Deng Deng Xiaoping, ruler of China from 1979 or 1980 until his death in 1997 Dèng LìjÅ«n, one of the most famous singers in Asia, from Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. ... 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ... For other uses, see number 77. ...

Employment in manufacturing reached almost 60% in 1990 and has declined steadily since to 41% in 2001, while employment in the tertiary sector has grown from 30% in 1990 to more than 47% in 2001, a remarkable expansion of employment in service activities in step with Shanghai’s reemergence as a commercial city. Employment is a contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. ... This article is about the year. ... This article is about the year 2001. ... This article is about the year. ... This article is about the year 2001. ... Shanghai (Chinese: ; pinyin:  ; Shanghainese: ), situated on the banks of the Yangtze River Delta in East China, is the largest city of the Peoples Republic of China and the eighth largest in the world. ...

Increasing population and economic activity in areas between established suburbs and major East Asian cities, a process known as periurbanization, result from entirely different causes than those driving ‘‘in-filling’’ in western metropolitan areas. As powerful central government control that formerly stabilized the economic activity of the population devolved during the 1990s, new forms were encouraged to anchor and attract workers in peripheral areas. These included township and village enterprises and rural industries popping up in peri-urban development zones. East Asia is a subregion of Asia. ...

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