The history of Texas as part of the United States began in 1845, but settlement of the region dates back to the end of the Upper Paleolithic Period, around 10,000 BC. Its history has been shaped by being part of six independent countries: Spain, France, Mexico, the Republic of Texas, the Confederate States of America, and the United States of America. Starting in the 1820s, American and European immigrants began arriving in the area; joined by Hispanic Tejanos they revolted against Mexico in 1836 and defeated an invasion army. After a decade as an independent country, Texas joined the Union (the United States) in 1845. The western frontier state was characterized by large-scale cattle ranching and cotton farming. In the 20th century, it grew rapidly, becoming the second largest state in population 1994, and became economically highly diversified, with a growing base in high technology. The state has been shaped by the interactions of Southern, Spanish, Tejano, Native American, African American, and German Texan cultures.^[1] Image File history File links This image, including all photography and graphics used in it, was taken and created by myself, Shem Daimwood. ... Spanish Texas is the name given by Texas history scholars to the period between 1690 and 1821 when Texas was goverened as a province of the Spanish colony of New Spain. ... The province of Coahuila and Texas in 1833, showing the major land grants Mexican Texas is the given name by Texas history scholars to the period between 1821 and 1836, when Texas was governed by Mexico. ... For the latter day independence movement surrounding Texas, see Republic of Texas (group). ... Texas seceded from the United States on February 1, 1861, and joined the Confederate States of America on March 2, 1861, replacing its governor, Sam Houston, when he refused to take an oath of allegiance to the Confederacy. ... For other uses, see Texas (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Texas (disambiguation). ... The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe, Africa and Asia. ... For the latter day independence movement surrounding Texas, see Republic of Texas (group). ... Motto Deo Vindice (Latin: Under God, Our Vindicator) Anthem (none official) God Save the South (unofficial) The Bonnie Blue Flag (unofficial) Dixie (unofficial)  States that seceded under CSA control  States and territories claimed by CSA without formal secession and/or control Capital Montgomery, Alabama (until May 29, 1861) Richmond, Virginia... Motto: (traditional) In God We Trust (official, 1956–present) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City Official language(s) None at the federal level; English de facto Government Federal Republic  - President George W. Bush (R)  - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence - Declared - Recognized... A Tejano (Spanish for Texan; archaic spelling texano) is a person of Hispanic descent born and living in the U.S. state of Texas. ... Combatants Texas Mexico Commanders Stephen F. Austin Sam Houston Antonio López de Santa Anna Martin Perfecto de Cos Strength c. ... Historic Southern United States. ... This article is about the people indigenous to the United States and their history after European contact, chiefly in what is now the United States. ... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ... German Texans are an ethnic category belonging to residents of the state of Texas who acknowledge German ancestry and self-identify with the term. ...

Indigenous peoples

Texas lies within the regions of three North American civilizations which had reached their developmental peak prior to the arrival of European explorers.^[2] Namely, the Pueblo from the upper Rio Grande region, the Mound Builder of the Mississippi Valley region, and the civilizations of the pre-Columbian cultures of Mexico and Central America.^[2] No one culture was dominant in the present-day Texas region and many different peoples inhabited the area.^[2] Native American tribes that lived inside the boundaries of present-day Texas include the Alabama, Apache, Atakapan, Bidai, Caddo, Coahuiltecan, Comanche, Cherokee, Choctaw, Coushatta, Hasinai, Jumano, Karankawa, Kickapoo, Kiowa, Tonkawa, and Wichita.^[3] The name Texas derives from táyshaʔ, a word in the Caddoan language of the Hasinai, which means "friends" or "allies".^[4][5][6] See also explorations, sea explorers, astronaut, conquistador, travelogue, the History of Science and Technology and Biography. ... Cliff Palace, Mesa Verde National Park White House Ruins, Canyon de Chelly National Monument Ancient Pueblo People or Ancestral Puebloans were a prehistoric Native American culture centered around the present-day Four Corners area of the Southwest United States, noted for their distinctive pottery and dwelling construction styles. ... “Río Bravo” redirects here. ... For other uses, see Mound builder (disambiguation). ... Length 6,270 km Elevation of the source 450 m Average discharge 16,200 m³/s Area watershed 2,980,000 km² Origin Lake Itasca Mouth Gulf of Mexico Basin countries United States (98. ... The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences on the American continents. ... For other uses, see Central America (disambiguation). ... This article is about the people indigenous to the United States and their history after European contact, chiefly in what is now the United States. ... Alabama-Coushatta Reservation welcome sign The Alabama or Alibamu (Albaamaha in the Alabama language) are a Southeastern culture people of Native Americans. ... For other uses, see Apache (disambiguation). ... Atakapa The Atakapa (also Attacapan) were a Southeastern culture of Native American tribes and with a common language that lived along the Gulf of Mexico. ... |- Link title |}]]]]</nowiki> and Caddo, Oklahoma. ... Coahuiltecan is a general name for a group of people who previously lived in the southern Texas region near the Rio Grande river. ... For other uses, see Comanche (disambiguation). ... This page contains special characters. ... For other uses, see Choctaw (disambiguation). ... The Coushatta (also Koasati) are a Native American people living primarily in the U.S. state of Louisiana. ... The Hasinai were a confederation of Caddo-speaking Native Americans. ... The Suma and the Jumano was a people northern Chihuahua in northwestern Mexico and in southwestern Texas. ... Karankawa A group of Native American peoples, now extinct, known collectively as the Karankawa (also Karankawan, Clamcoëhs, and called in their language Auia), played a pivotal part in early Texas history. ... This article is about the Native American tribe. ... This article is about the tribe. ... Seal of the Tonkawa Tribe of Oklahoma Tonkawa The Tonkawa are a people native to central Texas, speaking the Tonkawa language. ... Tribal flag Wichita camp, 1904 For other uses, see Wichita (disambiguation). ... The Caddoan languages are a family of Native American languages. ...

Native Americans determined the fate of European explorers and settlers depending on whether a tribe was friendly or warlike.^[7] Friendly tribes taught newcomers how to grow indigenous crops, prepare foods, and hunting methods for wild game. Warlike tribes made life unpleasant, difficult and dangerous for explorers and settlers through their attacks and resistance to European conquest.^[8] A family of Russian settlers in the Caucasus region, ca. ... Game is any animal hunted for food or not normally domesticated (such as venison). ...

A remnant of the Choctaw tribe in East Texas still lives in the Mt. Tabor Community near Amberly, Texas. Currently, there are three federally-recognized Native American tribes which reside in Texas: the Alabama-Coushatta Tribes of Texas, the Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas, and the Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo of Texas. The Alabama or Alibamu (Albaamaha in the Alabama language) are a Southeastern culture of Native Americans, originally from what is now southern Alabama, which is named after them. ... This article is about the Native American tribe. ... The Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo is a United States federally-recognized Native American tribal entity outside El Paso, Texas, comprising Tiwa (Spanish: Tigua) pueblo people who were displaced from New Mexico in 1680 during the Pueblo Revolt against the Spaniards. ...

Early European exploration

The first European to see Texas was Alonso Álvarez de Pineda, who led an expedition on behalf of the governor of Jamaica, Francisco de Garay, in 1519.^[9] While searching for a passage between the Gulf of Mexico and Asia,^[9] Álvarez de Pineda created the first map of the northern Gulf Coast.^[10] This map is the earliest recorded document of Texas history.^[10] Alonso Alvarez de Pineda (1494 - 1519) was a Spanish explorer and cartographer. ... Gulf of Mexico in 3D perspective. ... The Gulf of Mexico is a major body of water bordered and nearly landlocked by North America. ...

Between 1528 and 1535, four survivors of the Narváez expedition, including Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and Estevanico, spent six and a half years in Texas as slaves and traders among various native groups. The Narváez expedition was a Spanish attempt to install Pánfilo de Narváez as adelantado (governor) of Spanish Florida during the years 1527 – 1528. ... Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca (c. ... Estevanico (ca. ...

French Texas

The French flag of the Bourbons

Main article: Fort Saint Louis (Texas)

In April 1682, French nobleman René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle arrived at the Gulf of Mexico after traversing the Mississippi River from New France and claimed the entire Mississippi River Valley for France.^[11] La Salle believed the Mississippi River was very near the edge of New Spain,^[12] and knew that French control of the Mississippi would split Spanish Florida from New Spain.^[13] In 1683, he convinced Louis XIV to establish a colony near the Mississippi.^[14][15] Image File history File links ÃŽle-de-France_flag. ... Image File history File links ÃŽle-de-France_flag. ... This article or section should include material from France: Wars of Religion _ Bourbon Dynasty The House of Bourbon dates from at least the beginning of the 13th century, when the estate of Bourbon was ruled by a Lord, vassal of France. ... Engraving of Cavelier de La Salle A later engraving of Robert de LaSalle Memorial Plaque to de La Salle in Rouen René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, or Robert de LaSalle (November 22, 1643 – March 19, 1687) was a French explorer. ... For the river in Canada, see Mississippi River (Ontario). ... Capital Quebec Language(s) French Religion Roman Catholicism Government Monarchy King See List of French monarchs Governor See list of Governors Legislature Sovereign Council of New France Historical era Ancien Régime in France  - Royal Control 1655  - Articles of Capitulation of Quebec 1759  - Articles of Capitulation of Montreal 1760  - Treaty... map of New Spain in red, with territories claimed but not controlled in orange. ... Louis XIV King of France and Navarre By Hyacinthe Rigaud (1701) Louis XIV (Louis-Dieudonné) (September 5, 1638–September 1, 1715) reigned as King of France and King of Navarre from May 14, 1643 until his death. ...

The expedition left on July 24, 1684, but one of the four ships was captured by Spanish privateers off the coast of Santo Domingo. Several people deserted the expedition on that island.^[16] A combination of inaccurate maps, La Salle's previous miscalculation of the latitude of the mouth of the Mississippi River, and overcorrecting for the Gulf currents led the ships to be unable to find the Mississippi.^[17] Instead, they landed at Matagorda Bay in early 1685, 400 miles (644 km) west of the Mississippi.^[17] In February, the colonists constructed Fort Saint Louis.^[15] is the 205th day of the year (206th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events France under Louis XIV makes Truce of Ratisbon separately with the Empire and Spain. ... This article is about the concept in naval history. ... For other uses, see Santo Domingo (disambiguation). ... Matagorda Bay is a large bay on the Texas coast, located between Calhoun and Matagorda counties. ... “Miles” redirects here. ... “km” redirects here. ...

René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle founded the French colony in Texas.

After the fort was constructed, one of the ships returned to France, and the other two were soon destroyed in storms. La Salle and his men searched overland for the Mississippi River, some traveling as far west as the Rio Grande^[15] and as far east as the Trinity River.^[18] By early January 1687, fewer than 45 people remained in the colony. That month, a third expedition left to explore East Texas. During a quarrel on March 19, 1687, La Salle was killed by other members of the expedition.^[19] Image File history File links This image was copied from wikipedia:fr. ... Image File history File links This image was copied from wikipedia:fr. ... Engraving of Cavelier de La Salle A later engraving of Robert de LaSalle Memorial Plaque to de La Salle in Rouen René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, or Robert de LaSalle (November 22, 1643 – March 19, 1687) was a French explorer. ... “Río Bravo” redirects here. ... The Trinity River is a river in the state of Texas in the United States. ... Red counties show the core of East Texas; pink and red counties may or may not be included in East Texas, and thus their inclusion varies from source to source. ... is the 78th day of the year (79th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events March 19 - The men under explorer Robert Cavelier de La Salle murder him while searching for the mouth of the Mississippi River. ...

The Spanish learned of the French colony in late 1685 from a Frenchman who had deserted in Santo Domingo. Feeling that the French colony was a threat to Spanish mines and shipping routes, Carlos II's Council of war thought that "Spain needed swift action 'to remove this thorn which has been thrust into the heart of America. The greater the delay the greater the difficulty of attainment.'"^[15] Having no idea where to find La Salle, the Spanish launched ten expeditions—both land and sea—over the next three years. The last expedition discovered a French deserter living in Southern Texas with the Coahuiltecans.^[20] Charles II of Spain. ... Jean Gery (b. ... Coahuiltecan is a general name for a group of people who previously lived in the southern Texas region near the Rio Grande river. ...

Using this guide, the Spanish reached the French fort in late April 1689.^[21] The fort and the five crude houses surrounding it were in ruins.^[22] Several months before, the Karankawa had become angry that the French had taken their canoes without payment and had attacked the settlement^[21] and spared only four children.^[19] Karankawa A group of Native American peoples, now extinct, known collectively as the Karankawa (also Karankawan, Clamcoëhs, and called in their language Auia), played a pivotal part in early Texas history. ...

Despite the failure of their colony in Texas, the French continued to claim Texas, even after the Spanish arrived and colonized it. The French period of Texan history is memorialized in the Texas state seal and as the first (or second) of the traditional "six flags over Texas." In 1762, the French abandoned their claims to Texas and ceded Louisiana to Spain for forty years (until 1800). On 1 October 1800 much of north Texas is retroceded to France but later sold to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. This article is about the theme park. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... // ON MAY 5 1853 MR.FADER HAD SEX WITH A MAN NAME MR WIEN THEN THEY HAD SON NAMEDMRS COTURE AND MR MANOOGIAN WENT INTO MRS HASKELLS OFFICE NAKED AND DANCED AROUND AND MASTERBATED ON HER CHEST AND SHE LICKED IT OFF THEN THEY HAD ORAL SEEX WITH NAPLOEAN OF... The Louisiana Purchase (French: Vente de la Louisiane) was the acquisition by the United States of America of 828,000 square miles (2,140,000 km²) of French territory (Louisiana) in 1803. ...

Spanish Texas

Main article: Spanish Texas

The Spanish flag of Burgundy.

Spanish Texas is the name given by Texas history scholars to the period between 1690 and 1821 when Texas was goverened as a province of the Spanish colony of New Spain. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_New_Spain. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_New_Spain. ...

Establishment of Spanish colony

Spain had learned a great deal about the geography of Texas during the many expeditions searching for Fort Saint Louis.^[23] News of the destruction of the French fort "created instant optimism and quickened religious fervor" in Mexico City.^[24] An expedition led by Alonso De León set out on March 26, 1690 to establish a mission in East Texas.^[25] Mission San Franciso de los Tejas was completed near the Hasinai village of Nabedaches in late May, and its first mass was conducted on June 1.^[25][26] On January 23, 1691, Spain appointed the first governor of Texas, General Domingo Terán de los Ríos.^[27] His expedition reached the existing mission in August 1691 and discovered that the priests there had established a second mission, Santisimo Nombre de Maria, 5 miles (8.0 km) east of San Francisco de los Tejas. One of the priests had died, leaving two to operate the missions. The Indians regularly stole their cattle and houses and were becoming insolent. With provisions running low, Terán chose not to establish any more missions.^[28] When he left Texas later that year, most of the missionaries chose to return with him, leaving only 3 religious people and 9 soldiers at the missions.^[29] The group also left behind a smallpox epidemic, angering the Indians.^[26] The angry Caddo threatened the remaining Spaniards, who soon abandoned the fledgling missions and returned to Coahuila. For the next 20 years, Spain again ignored Texas.^[30] Nickname: Location of Mexico City Coordinates: , Country Federal entity Boroughs The 16 delegaciones Founded c. ... Alonso De León (c. ... March 26 is the 85th day of the year (86th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events Giovanni Domenico Cassini observes differential rotation within Jupiters atmosphere. ... Red counties show the core of East Texas; pink and red counties may or may not be included in East Texas, and thus their inclusion varies from source to source. ... Founded in 1690 as San Francisco de los Tejas near present-day Weches, Texas, this was the first mission in Texas. ... The Hasinai were a confederation of Caddo-speaking Native Americans. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... is the 152nd day of the year (153rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 23rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events March 5 - French troops under Marshal Louis-Francois de Boufflers besiege the Spanish-held town of Mons March 20 - Leislers Rebellion - New governor arrives in New York - Jacob Leisler surrenders after standoff of several hours March 29 - Siege of Mons ends to the city’s surrender May 6... This article is about the disease. ... Coahuila (formal name: Coahuila de Zaragoza) is one of Mexicos 31 component states. ...

In 1711, Franciscan missionary Francisco Hidalgo, who had served in the earlier Texas missions two decades before, wanted to reestablish missions with the Caddos. The Spanish were unwilling to provide the funding and troops for the project, so Hidalgo approached the French governor of Louisiana for help.^[31] The French governor sent Louis Juchereau de St. Denis to assist Hidalgo.The Spanish recognized that the French could become a threat to other Spanish areas, and ordered the reoccupation of Texas as a buffer between French settlements in Louisiana and New Spain.^[32] In 1716, Domingo Ramon left for East Texas to establish four missions and a presidio. With him were the first recorded female settlers in Spanish Texas.^[33] After learning that the French were building a fort in Natchitoches, the Spanish founded two additional missions just west of Natchitoches.^[34] Flag In 1803, the United States concluded the Louisiana Purchase (green area) with France. ... Louis Juchereau de St. ... map of New Spain in red, with territories claimed but not controlled in orange. ... The city of Natchitoches (pronounced , or NAK-uh-tush) is the parish seat of Natchitoches Parish, in the U.S. state of Louisiana. ...

The new missions were over 400 miles (644 km) from the nearest Spanish settlement, San Juan Bautista.^[35] Martin de Alarcon, who had been appointed governor of Texas in late 1716, wished to establish a way station between the settlements along the Rio Grande and the new missions in East Texas.^[36] Alarcon led a group of 72 people, including 10 families, into Texas in April 1718, where they settled along the San Antonio River. Within the next week, the settlers had founded San Antonio de Valero, whose chapel was later known as the Alamo and a presidio, and chartered the municipality of San Antonio de Bexar, now San Antonio, Texas.^[37] This article is about the river in Texas. ... The Alamo (San Antonio de Valero Mission) is a former mission and fortress compound, now a museum, in San Antonio, Texas. ... San Antonio redirects here. ...

The following year, the War of the Quadruple Alliance pitted Spain against France, which immediately moved to take over Spanish interests in North America.^[38] In June 1719, 7 Frenchmen from Natchitoches took control of the mission of San Miguel de los Adeas from its sole defender, who did not know that the countries were at war. The French soldiers explained that 100 additional soldiers were coming, and the Spanish colonists, missionaries, and remaining soldiers abandoned the area and fled to San Antonio.^[39] The War of the Quadruple Alliance was a minor European war fought between 1718 and 1720, mostly in Italy, between Spain on the one side, and the Quadruple Alliance of Austria, France, Great Britain, and the United Provinces. ...

The new governor of Coahuila and Texas, the Marquis de San Miguel de Aguayo, drove the French from Los Adaes without firing a shot. He then ordered the building of a new Spanish fort Nuetra Senora del Pilar de Los Adaes, located near present-day Robeline, Louisiana, only 12 mi (19 km) from Natchitoches. The new fort became the first capital of Texas, and was guarded by 6 cannon and 100 soldiers.^[40] The six East Texas missions were reopened,^[41] and an additional mission and presidio were established at Matagorda Bay on the site of Fort Saint Louis.^[42][43] Los Adaes was a Spanish settlement during the 18th century that included the Catholic mission San Miguel de los Adaes and the presidio Nuestra Senora del Pilar de Los Adaes (Our Lady of Pilar of the Adaes). ... Robeline is a village located in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana. ...

Difficulties with the Indians

In the late 1720s, the viceroy of New Spain appointed Colonel Pedro de Rivera y Villalon to inspect the entire northern frontier. His reports of Los Adaes, Presidio Nuetra Senora de Loreta, and the presidio at San Antonio were favorable, but he was unimpressed with Presidio de los Tejas, which had only 25 soldiers, and was guarding missions that contained no Indians.^[44] The viceroy followed Rivera's recommendations and closed Presidio de los Tejas and reduced the number of soldiers at the remaining presidios,^[45] leaving only 144 soldiers in the entire province. With no presidio to protect them, the East Texas missions relocated to San Antonio.^[46]

Spanish missions within the boundaries of what is now the state of Texas

Although the missionaries had been unable to convert the Tejas tribe of East Texas, they did become friendly with the natives. The Tejas were bitter enemies of the Lipan Apache, who transferred their enmity to Spain and began raiding San Antonio and other Spanish areas.^[47][48] Constant Apache raids led to the closure of several newly established missions along the San Gabriel River.^[49][50] A temporary peace was finally negotiated with the Apache in 1749,^[51] and at the request of the Indians a mission was established along the San Saba River northwest of San Antonio.^[52] The Apaches shunned the mission, but the fact that Spaniards now appeared to be friends of the Apache angered the Apache enemies, primarily the Comanche, Tonkawa, and Hasinai tribes, who promptly destroyed the mission.^[53] The Hasinai were a confederation of Caddo-speaking Native Americans. ... Lipan Apache are also known as Nde buffalo hunters, called by anthropologists and historians for many years as Eastern Apache, Apache de los Llanos, Lipan, Ipande, and other names. ... Map of the San Saba River and associated watershed The San Saba River (San Sabá) is a river in the U.S. state of Texas. ... For other uses, see Comanche (disambiguation). ... Seal of the Tonkawa Tribe of Oklahoma Tonkawa The Tonkawa are a people native to central Texas, speaking the Tonkawa language. ... The Hasinai were a confederation of Caddo-speaking Native Americans. ...

The eastern part of Texas became solely the property of Spain in 1762, when France ceded all of Louisiana west of the Mississippi River to Spain as part of the treaty to end the Seven Years War. Spain accepted the territory only because it signified that France was relinquishing its claim to Texas.^[54] With the addition of the territory of Louisiana, Spain commissioned the Marquis de Rubi to reexamine the northern frontier.^[55] He recommended the closure of Los Adaes, making San Antonio the new provincial capital.^[56] The residents of Los Adaes were relocated in 1773, first to San Antonio and then to a new community on the Trinity River.^[57] The settlers helped smuggle contraband goods from Louisiana to San Antonio and also helped the soldiers with coastal reconnaissance.^[58] Comanche raids in 1779 led the settlers to move without authorization, and they established the town of Nacogdoches.^[57] This article is about the 1756–1763 war. ... Nacogdoches (pronounced nack-a-doe-chis) is a city located in Nacogdoches County, Texas. ...

The Comanche agreed to a peace treaty in 1785.^[59] By late 1786, northern and western Texas were secure enough that Pedro Vial and a single companion safely "pioneered a trail from San Antonio to Santa Fe," a distance of 700 mi (1126 km).^[60] The Comanches were willing to fight the enemies of their new friends, and soon attacked the Karankawa. Over the next several years the Comanches killed many of the Karankawa in the area and drove the others into Mexico.^[61] In January 1790, the Comanche also helped the Spanish fight a large battle against the Mescalero and Lipan Apaches at Soledad Creek west of San Antonio. The Apaches were resoundingly defeated and the majority of the raids stopped.^[62] By the end of the 1700s only a small number of the remaining hunting and gathering tribes within Texas had not been Christianized. In 1793, mission San Antonio de Valero was secularized, and the following year the four remaining missions at San Antonio were partially secularized.^[63]

Encroachment

In 1799, Spain gave Louisiana back to France in exchange for the promise of a throne in central Italy. Although the agreement was signed on October 1, 1800, it did not go into effect until 1802. The following year, Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States. The original agreement between Spain and France had not explicitly specified the borders of Louisiana, and the descriptions in the documents were ambiguous and contradictory.^[64] The United States insisted that its purchase also included most of West Florida and all of Texas.^[64] Thomas Jefferson claimed that Louisiana stretched west to the Rocky Mountains and included the entire watershed of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers and their tributaries, and that the southern border was the Rio Grande. Spain maintained that Louisiana extended only as far as Natchitoches, and that it did not include the Illinois Territory.^[65] Texas was again considered a buffer province, this time between New Spain and the United States.^[66] The disagreement would continue until 1819, when Spain gave Florida to the United States in return for undisputed control of Texas.^[67] is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... // ON MAY 5 1853 MR.FADER HAD SEX WITH A MAN NAME MR WIEN THEN THEY HAD SON NAMEDMRS COTURE AND MR MANOOGIAN WENT INTO MRS HASKELLS OFFICE NAKED AND DANCED AROUND AND MASTERBATED ON HER CHEST AND SHE LICKED IT OFF THEN THEY HAD ORAL SEEX WITH NAPLOEAN OF... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ... Thomas Jefferson (13 April 1743 N.S.–4 July 1826) was the third President of the United States (1801–09), the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and one of the most influential Founding Fathers for his promotion of the ideals of Republicanism in the United States. ... For individual mountains named Rocky Mountain, see Rocky Mountain (disambiguation). ... Drainage basin. ... Categories: Stub | Illinois history | U.S. historical regions and territories ...

During much of the dispute with the United States, governship of New Spain was in question. In 1808, Napoleon forced the Spanish king to abdicate the throne and appointed Joseph Bonaparte as the new monarch.^[68] A shadow government operated out of Cadiz during Joseph's reign.^[69] Revolutionaries within Mexico and the United States unsuccessfully combined to declare Texas and Mexico independent.^[70] Spanish troops reacted harshly, looting the province and executing any Tejanos accused of having Republican tendencies. By 1820 fewer than 2000 Hispanic citizens remained in Texas.^[67] The situation did not normalize until 1821, when Agustin de Iturbide launched a drive for Mexican Independence. Texas became a part of the newly independent nation without a shot being fired, ending the period of Spanish Texas.^[71] Joseph Bonaparte Coat of arms of Joseph Bonaparte as King of Spain (1808-1813). ... This article is about the Spanish city. ... Agust n Cosme Dami n de Iturbide y Ar mburu (September 27, 1783 – July 19, 1824) was Emperor of Mexico from 1822 to 1823. ... Combatants Mexico Spain Commanders Miguel Hidalgo José María Morelos Vicente Guerrero Spanish colonial authorities Strength  ?  ? Casualties  ?  ? Mexican War of Independence (1810-1821), was an armed conflict between the people of Mexico and Spanish colonial authorities, which started on September 16, 1810. ...

Legacy

Mission Concepcion is one of the San Antonio missions which is part of a National Historic Landmark.

Spanish control of Texas was followed by Mexican control of Texas, and it can be difficult to separate the Spanish and Mexican influences on the future state. The most obvious legacy is that of the language; every major river in modern Texas, except the Red River, has a Spanish or Anglicized name, as do 42 of the state's 254 counties. Numerous towns also bear Spanish names.^[72] An additional obvious legacy is that of Roman Catholicism. At the end of Spain's reign over Texas, virtually all inhabitants practiced the Catholic religion, and it is still practiced in Texas by a large number of people.^[73] The Spanish missions built in San Antonio to convert Indians to Catholicism have been restored and are a National Historic Landmark.^[74] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2272x1704, 754 KB) Mission Concepción in San Antonio, Texas is a part of the San Antonio Missions National Historical Park. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2272x1704, 754 KB) Mission Concepción in San Antonio, Texas is a part of the San Antonio Missions National Historical Park. ... This article or section needs additional references or sources to improve its verifiability. ... Index: Contents: Top - 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A Anderson County formed in 1846 from part of Houston County. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... This article or section needs additional references or sources to improve its verifiability. ...

The Spanish introduced European livestock, including cattle, horses, and mules, to Texas as early as the 1690s.^[75] These herds grazed heavily on the native grasses, allowing mesquite, which was native to the lower Texas coast, to spread inland. Spanish farmers also introduced tilling and irrigation to the land, further changing the landscape.^[76] Species Many; see text. ...

Furthermore, although Texas eventually adopted much of the Anglo-American legal system, many Spanish legal practices were retained. Among these are the concepts of homestead exemption, community property, and adoption.^[77] A homestead exemption is a exemption from property taxes which can be applied to a home. ... Community property is a marital property regime that originated in civil law jurisdictions, and is now also found in some common law jurisdictions. ... For other uses, see Adoption (disambiguation). ...

Mexican Texas

Main article: Mexican Texas

Stephen F. Austin, the "Father of Texas."

In 1821, the Mexican War for Independence severed the control that Spain had exercised on its North American territories, and the new country of Mexico was formed from much of the lands that had comprised New Spain, including Spanish Texas.^[78] The 1824 Constitution of Mexico joined Texas with Coahuila to form the state of Coahuila y Tejas.^[79] The Congress did allow Texas the option of forming its own state "'as soon as it feels capable of doing so.'"^[80] The same year, Mexico enacted the General Colonization Law, which enabled all heads of household, regardless of race or immigrant status, to claim land in Mexico.^[81] The first empresarial grant had been made under Spanish control to Moses Austin. The grant was passed to his son Stephen F. Austin, whose settlers, known as the Old Three Hundred, settled along the Brazos River in 1822.^[82] The grant was later ratified by the Mexican government.^[83] Twenty-three other empresarios brought settlers to the state, the majority from the United States of America.^[82][84] The province of Coahuila and Texas in 1833, showing the major land grants Mexican Texas is the given name by Texas history scholars to the period between 1821 and 1836, when Texas was governed by Mexico. ... Stephen F. Austin Image taken from http://www. ... Stephen F. Austin Image taken from http://www. ... map of New Spain in red, with territories claimed but not controlled in orange. ... Spanish Texas is the name given by Texas history scholars to the period between 1690 and 1821 when Texas was goverened as a province of the Spanish colony of New Spain. ... The 1824 Constitution was the first full constitution adopted by the Mexican Republic. ... Coahuila (formal name: Coahuila de Zaragoza) is one of Mexicos 31 component states. ... Coahuila y Tejas (or Coahuila and Texas) was one of the constituent states of the newly established United Mexican States under its 1824 Constitution. ... Empresario within the UK refers to the manchunian collatoration between young and up and coming artists, producers and audio engineers within the North of England. ... Moses Austin (October 4, 1761–June 10, 1821) is best known for his efforts in the American lead industry and as the father of Stephen F. Austin. ... Stephen F. Austin Stephen Fuller Austin (November 3, 1793 – December 27, 1836), known as the Father of Texas led the second and ultimately successful colonization of the region by the United States. ... The Old Three Hundred is a term used to describe the 297 grantees, made up of families and some partnerships of unmarried men, who purchased 307 parcels of land from Stephen Fuller Austin and established a colony in south Texas, along the Texas gulf coast area between the [Colorado River... The Brazos River, originally called, the Rio Brazos de Dios which can be translated as The River of Gods Arms. is the 11th longest river in the United States at 2060 km (1280 miles) from its source of Blackwater Draw, Curry County, New Mexico[1] to its mouth at... Motto: (traditional) In God We Trust (official, 1956–present) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City Official language(s) None at the federal level; English de facto Government Federal Republic  - President George W. Bush (R)  - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence - Declared - Recognized...

Many of the Anglo-American settlers owned slaves. Texas was granted a one-year exemption from Mexico's 1829 edict outlawing slavery but Mexican president Anastasio Bustamante ordered that all slaves be freed in 1830.^[85][86] To circumvent the law, many Anglo colonists converted their slaves into indentured servants for life;^[87] by 1836 there were 5,000 slaves in Texas.^[88] Anastasio Bustamante (July 27, 1780, Jiquilpan Michoacán—February 6, 1853, San Miguel de Allende, Querétaro) was president of Mexico three times, from 1830 to 1832, from 1837 to 1839 and from 1839 to 1841. ...

As a result of multiple offers by the United States to buy Texas,^[89] Bustamente outlawed the immigration of United States citizens to Texas in 1830.^[86] Several new presidios were established in the region to monitor immigration and customs practices.^[90] Angry colonists held a convention in 1832 to demand that U.S. citizens be allowed to immigrate.^[91] The following year, their Convention of 1833 proposed that Texas become a separate Mexican state.^[92] Although Mexico implemented several measures to appease the colonists,^[93] Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna's measures to transform Mexico from a federalist to a centralist state provided an excuse for the Texan colonists to revolt.^[94] Presidio is a place in the State of Texas in the United States of America: see Presidio, Texas. ... In 1832, fifty-five delegates met at San Felipe de Austin to petition for changes within Coahuila y Texas with the goal of taking care of Texas first. ... The Convention of 1833 was a gathering of politicans and leaders of the state of Coahuila y Tejas (then part of Mexico) in San Felipe on April 1, 1833. ... Antonio López de Santa Anna Antonio López de Santa Anna Pérez de Lebrón (sometimes spelled de Santa Ana) (February 21, 1794 - 21 June 1876) was a Mexican general and dictator. ...

The first violent incident occurred on October 2, 1835 at the battle of Gonzales.^[95] On March 2, 1836, Texans signed the Texas Declaration of Independence. The revolt was justified as necessary to protect basic rights and because Mexico had annulled the federal pact. The colonists maintained that Mexico had invited them to move to the country and they were determined "to enjoy 'the republican institutions to which they were accustomed in their native land, the United States of America.'"^[96] The Texas Revolution ended on April 21, 1836 when Santa Anna was taken prisoner following the battle of San Jacinto.^[97][98] Although Texas then governed itself as the Republic of Texas, Mexico refused to recognize its independence.^[99] is the 275th day of the year (276th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... | Come and take it, slogan of the Texas Revolution 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Combatants Mexico Texas Commanders Francisco de Castañeda John Henry Moore Strength 100 dragoons 140 – 150 men Casualties one killed one wounded The Battles of Gonzales was a skirmish that took place on October 2, 1835, in the Mexican Texas town of Gonzales between the Texan settlers and a detachment... -1... Year 1836 (MDCCCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The Texas Declaration of Independence was the formal declaration of independence of the Republic of Texas from Mexico in the Texas Revolution. ... Combatants Texas Mexico Commanders Stephen F. Austin Sam Houston Antonio López de Santa Anna Martin Perfecto de Cos Strength c. ... is the 111th day of the year (112th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1836 (MDCCCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Combatants Mexico Republic of Texas Commanders Antonio López de Santa Anna{POW} Manuel Fernandez Castrillon† Juan Almonte{POW} Sam Houston{wounded} Strength about 1,400 800 Casualties 630 killed, 208 wounded, 730 captured 9 killed, 26 wounded For other battles of the same name, see San Jacinto. ... For the latter day independence movement surrounding Texas, see Republic of Texas (group). ...

Republic of Texas

Main article: Republic of Texas

The Republic of Texas. The present-day outlines of the U.S. states are superimposed on the boundaries of 1836–1845.

The first declaration of independence for modern Texas, by both Anglo-Texan settlers and local Tejanos, was signed in Goliad on December 20, 1835. The Texas Declaration of Independence was enacted at Washington-on-the-Brazos on March 2, 1836, effectively creating the Republic of Texas. For the latter day independence movement surrounding Texas, see Republic of Texas (group). ... Goliad is a city in Goliad County, Texas, United States. ... is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... | Come and take it, slogan of the Texas Revolution 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The Texas Declaration of Independence was the formal declaration of independence of the Republic of Texas from Mexico in the Texas Revolution. ... Washington-on-the-Brazos was a settlement along the Brazos River in Texas, then part of Mexico, which was the site of the Convention of 1836 and the signing of the Texas Declaration of Independence. ... -1... Year 1836 (MDCCCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Four days later, the two-week long Battle of the Alamo ended as Mexican General Antonio López de Santa Anna's forces defeated the nearly 200 Texans defending the small mission (which would eventually become the center of the city of San Antonio). "Remember the Alamo!" became the battle cry of the Texas Revolution. The Battle of San Jacinto was fought on April 21, 1836 near the present-day city of Houston. General Santa Anna's entire force of 1,600 men was killed or captured by Texas General Sam Houston's army of 800 Texans; only nine Texans died. This decisive battle resulted in Texas's independence from Mexico. Sam Houston, a native of Virginia, was President of the Republic of Texas for two separate terms, 1836–1838 and 1841–1844. He also was Governor of the state of Texas from 1859 to 1861. Combatants Republic of Mexico Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas Commanders Antonio López de Santa Anna Pérez de Lebrón William Travis† Jim Bowie† Davy Crockett† Strength 6,000 in attack (1,800 in assault-see below) 183 to 250 Casualties 650 killed 974 injured 180 killed The... Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón (February 21, 1794 – June 21, 1876)[1], often known as Santa Anna (pronounced as if one word, san-tah-nah)[2], was a Mexican political leader who greatly influenced early Mexican and Spanish... San Antonio redirects here. ... The Alamo (San Antonio de Valero Mission) is a former mission and fortress compound, now a museum, in San Antonio, Texas. ... Combatants Mexico Republic of Texas Commanders Antonio López de Santa Anna{POW} Manuel Fernandez Castrillon† Juan Almonte{POW} Sam Houston{wounded} Strength about 1,400 800 Casualties 630 killed, 208 wounded, 730 captured 9 killed, 26 wounded For other battles of the same name, see San Jacinto. ... is the 111th day of the year (112th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1836 (MDCCCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Houston redirects here. ... For other persons named Sam Houston, see Sam Houston (disambiguation). ... For other persons named Sam Houston, see Sam Houston (disambiguation). ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Categories: | | ... In politics, Governor of Texas is the title given to the chief executive of the state of Texas. ...

The first Congress of the Republic of Texas convened in October 1836 at Columbia (now West Columbia). Stephen F. Austin, known as the Father of Texas, died December 27, 1836, after serving two months as Secretary of State for the new Republic. In 1836, five sites served as temporary capitals of Texas (Washington-on-the-Brazos, Harrisburg, Galveston, Velasco and Columbia) before Sam Houston moved the capital to Houston in 1837. In 1839, the capital was moved to the new town of Austin. Capital Washington-on-the-Brazos, Harrisburg, Galveston, Velasco, Columbia (1836) Houston (1837–1839) Austin (1839–1845) Language(s) English (de facto) Spanish, French, German and Native American languages regionally Government Republic President1  - 1836-1838 Sam Houston  - 1838-1841 Mirabeau B. Lamar  - 1841-1844 Sam Houston  - 1844-1845 Anson Jones Vice... West Columbia is a city located in Brazoria County, Texas. ... West Columbia is a city in Brazoria County in the U.S. state of Texas within the Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown metropolitan area. ... Stephen Fuller Austin (November 3, 1793 - December 27, 1836), known as the Father of Texas, led the Anglo American colonization of the region. ... The following alphabetical lists includes men and women commonly known as the father or mother of something. ... December 27 is the 361st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (362nd in leap years). ... Year 1836 (MDCCCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... In several countries, Secretary of State is a senior government position. ... Categories: Texas stub | Texas history | Texas state parks ... Harrisburg was founded before 1825 on the east shore of the Buffalo Bayou in present-day Harris County, Texas, on land belonging to John Richardson Harris. ... Galveston redirects here. ... Founded in 1831, Velasco, TX is situated on the east side of the Brazos River in southeast Texas. ... West Columbia is a city located in Brazoria County, Texas. ... Houston redirects here. ... Nickname: Location in the state of Texas Coordinates: , Country State County Travis Williamson Hays Settled 1835 Incorporated December 27, 1839 Government  - Type Manager-Council  - Mayor Will Wynn  - City Manager Marc Ott Area  - City 296. ...

Internal politics of the Republic were based on the conflict between two factions. The nationalist faction, led by Mirabeau B. Lamar, advocated the continued independence of Texas, the expulsion of the Native Americans, and the expansion of Texas to the Pacific Ocean. Their opponents, led by Sam Houston, advocated the annexation of Texas to the United States and peaceful co-existence with Native Americans. The first flag of the republic was the "Burnet Flag" (a gold star on an azure field), followed shortly thereafter by official adoption of the Lone Star Flag. The Republic received diplomatic recognition from the United States, France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the Republic of Yucatán. Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar (August 16, 1798 – December 19, 1859) was the third president of the Republic of Texas, following David G. Burnet (1836 as interim president) and Sam Houston. ... This article is about the people indigenous to the United States and their history after European contact, chiefly in what is now the United States. ... Flag of Texas The flag of Texas is defined by law as follows: The flag is known as the Lone Star Flag (giving Texas its nickname of the Lone Star State). This flag was introduced to the Congress of the Republic of Texas on December 28, 1838, by Senator William... The Yucatán Peninsula separates the Caribbean Sea from the Gulf of Mexico. ...

In London, the original Embassy of the Republic of Texas still stands. Immediately opposite the gates to St James Palace, Sam Houston's original Embassy of the Republic of Texas to His Majesty's Court is now a hat shop, but is clearly marked with a large plaque. This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Main entrance of St Jamess Palace, London St Jamess Palace is one of Londons oldest and most historic palaces. ...

Important dates

• 1835: The Texas Revolution began. Early in 1835 Stephen F. Austin announced that only war with Mexico could secure Texan freedom.
• 2 October 1835: Texans fought a Mexican cavalry detachment at the town of Gonzales, which began the actual revolution.
• 28 October 1835: At the "Battle of Concepcion", 90 Texans defeated 450 Mexicans.
• 2 March 1836: The "Convention of 1836" signed the Texas Declaration of Independence, making an attempt at a clear break from Mexican rule.
• 6 March 1836: A Mexican army (numbering 4,000 to 5,000) besieged approximately 230 Texans, led by William B. Travis, at the Alamo in San Antonio. The thirteen-day siege resulted in the deaths of all of the male defenders, including Davy Crockett, Jim Bowie and Travis. The women, children, and slaves, who were not considered to have participated in the battle of their own free wills, were released.
• 27 March 1836: By the order of General Antonio López de Santa Anna, the Mexicans executed James Fannin and nearly 400 Texans in the Massacre at Goliad. The battleplace-names Goliad, Alamo, San Jacinto, etc. line the rim of the Rotunda of the Capitol in Austin.
• 21 April 1836: Having seemingly defeated the Texas rebellion, General Santa Anna divided his forces to conduct mopping up operations. Those forces directly under Santa Anna's command advanced to San Jacinto in pursuit of the fleeing rebels. Led by Sam Houston, the Texans won their independence in one of the most decisive battles in history when they defeated the Mexican forces of Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto. Houston's army of 800 killed or captured the entire Mexican force of 1,600 men, themselves suffering only nine fatal casualties. Santa Anna himself passed into captivity.
• 14 May 1836: Republic of Texas officials and General Santa Anna signed the treaty of Velasco.
• 1836: Five cities (Washington-on-the-Brazos, Galveston, Harrisburg, Velasco, and Columbia) each served as temporary capitals of Texas before Sam Houston moved the capital to Houston in 1837.
• 1839: Austin is chosen to become the capital of the Republic of Texas.
• 5 March 1842: A Mexican force of over 500 men, led by Rafael Vasquez, invaded Texas for the first time since the revolution. They soon headed back to the Rio Grande after briefly occupying San Antonio.
• 11 September 1842: 1,400 Mexican troops, led by Adrian Woll, captured San Antonio again. They retreated, as before, but with prisoners this time.

Combatants Texas Mexico Commanders Stephen F. Austin Sam Houston Antonio López de Santa Anna Martin Perfecto de Cos Strength c. ... Stephen F. Austin Stephen Fuller Austin (November 3, 1793 – December 27, 1836), known as the Father of Texas led the second and ultimately successful colonization of the region by the United States. ... is the 275th day of the year (276th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... | Come and take it, slogan of the Texas Revolution 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Combatants Mexico Texas Commanders Francisco de Castañeda John Henry Moore Strength 100 dragoons 140 – 150 men Casualties one killed one wounded The Battles of Gonzales was a skirmish that took place on October 2, 1835, in the Mexican Texas town of Gonzales between the Texan settlers and a detachment... is the 301st day of the year (302nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... | Come and take it, slogan of the Texas Revolution 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The Battle of Concepción was a 19th Century Battle between the Republic of Mexico and the rebellious Mexican state of Texas on October 28, 1835, during the Texas Revolution. ... -1... Year 1836 (MDCCCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The Texas Declaration of Independence was the formal declaration of independence of the Republic of Texas from Mexico in the Texas Revolution. ... is the 65th day of the year (66th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1836 (MDCCCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... William Travis William Barret Travis (August 1 or 9, 1809 – March 6, 1836) was a 19th Century lawyer and soldier. ... The Alamo (San Antonio de Valero Mission) is a former mission and fortress compound, now a museum, in San Antonio, Texas. ... San Antonio redirects here. ... Colonel David Crockett (August 17, 1786 – March 6, 1836) was a celebrated 19th-century American folk hero, frontiersman, soldier and politician; usually referred to as Davy Crockett and by the popular title King of the Wild Frontier. He represented Tennessee in the U.S. House of Representatives, served in the... James Bowie James Bowie (probably April 10, 1796 - March 6, 1836), aka Jim Bowie, was a nineteenth century pioneer and soldier who took a prominent part in the Texas Revolution and was killed at the Battle of the Alamo. ... is the 86th day of the year (87th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1836 (MDCCCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón (February 21, 1794 – June 21, 1876)[1], often known as Santa Anna (pronounced as if one word, san-tah-nah)[2], was a Mexican political leader who greatly influenced early Mexican and Spanish... James Fannin James Walker Fannin, Jr. ... The Goliad Campaign was a series of battles that took place in Texas in 1836, which ultimately led to the Goliad massacre. ... is the 111th day of the year (112th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1836 (MDCCCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... San Jacinto may refer to: San Jacinto, California Battle of San Jacinto San Jacinto Mountains This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... For other persons named Sam Houston, see Sam Houston (disambiguation). ... Combatants Mexico Republic of Texas Commanders Antonio López de Santa Anna{POW} Manuel Fernandez Castrillon† Juan Almonte{POW} Sam Houston{wounded} Strength about 1,400 800 Casualties 630 killed, 208 wounded, 730 captured 9 killed, 26 wounded For other battles of the same name, see San Jacinto. ... Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón (February 21, 1794 – June 21, 1876)[1], often known as Santa Anna (pronounced as if one word, san-tah-nah)[2], was a Mexican political leader who greatly influenced early Mexican and Spanish... is the 134th day of the year (135th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1836 (MDCCCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Washington-on-the-Brazos was a settlement along the Brazos River in Texas, then part of Mexico, which was the site of the Convention of 1836 and the signing of the Texas Declaration of Independence. ... Galveston redirects here. ... Harrisburg was founded before 1825 on the east shore of the Buffalo Bayou in present-day Harris County, Texas, on land belonging to John Richardson Harris. ... Founded in 1831, Velasco, TX is situated on the east side of the Brazos River in southeast Texas. ... West Columbia is a city located in Brazoria County, Texas. ... Houston redirects here. ... Nickname: Location in the state of Texas Coordinates: , Country State County Travis Williamson Hays Settled 1835 Incorporated December 27, 1839 Government  - Type Manager-Council  - Mayor Will Wynn  - City Manager Marc Ott Area  - City 296. ... This article is about the day. ... 1842 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... is the 254th day of the year (255th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1842 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

Statehood

The U.S. and Texas flags at the Texas State Capitol.

On February 28, 1845, the U.S. Congress passed a bill that would authorize the United States to annex the Republic of Texas and on March 1 U.S. President John Tyler signed the bill. The legislation set the date for annexation for December 29 of the same year. On October 13 of the same year, a majority of voters in the Republic approved a proposed constitution that specifically endorsed slavery and the slave trade. This constitution was later accepted by the U.S. Congress, making Texas a U.S. state on the same day annexation took effect (therefore bypassing a territorial phase). One of the primary motivations for annexation was that the Texas government had incurred huge debts which the United States agreed to assume upon annexation. In the Compromise of 1850, in return for this assumption of $10 million of debt, a large portion of Texas-claimed territory, now parts of Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Wyoming, was ceded to the Federal government. Image File history File linksMetadata Texas_Capitol_Flags. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Texas_Capitol_Flags. ... Flag ratio: 10:19; nicknames: Stars and Stripes, Old Glory The flag of the United States of America consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing 50 small, white, five-pointed stars... Flag of Texas The flag of Texas is defined by law as follows: The flag is known as the Lone Star Flag (giving Texas its nickname of the Lone Star State). This flag was introduced to the Congress of the Republic of Texas on December 28, 1838, by Senator William... The Capitol Building is brilliantly illuminated at night The Texas State Capitol, located in Austin, Texas, is the fourth building to serve as the seat of Texas government. ... is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1845 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Congress in Joint Session. ... is the 60th day of the year (61st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... John Tyler, Jr. ... is the 363rd day of the year (364th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 286th day of the year (287th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Texas (disambiguation). ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  US Government Portal      A U.S. state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of... Henry Clay takes the floor of the Old Senate Chamber; Millard Fillmore presides as Calhoun and Webster look on. ... Official language(s) English Demonym Coloradan Capital Denver Largest city Denver Largest metro area Denver-Aurora Metro Area Area  Ranked 8th in the US  - Total 104,185 sq mi (269,837 km²)  - Width 280 miles (451 km)  - Length 380 miles (612 km)  - % water 0. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... For other uses, see Oklahoma (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see New Mexico (disambiguation). ... Official language(s) English Capital Cheyenne Largest city Cheyenne Area  Ranked 10th  - Total 97,818 sq mi (253,348 km²)  - Width 280 miles (450 km)  - Length 360 miles (580 km)  - % water 0. ...

The annexation resolution has been the topic of some incorrect historical beliefs—chiefly, that the resolution was a treaty between sovereign states, and granted Texas the explicit right to secede from the Union. This was a right argued by some to be implicitly held by all states at the time, and until the conclusion of the Civil War. However, no such right was explicitly enumerated in the resolution. The resolution did, however, include two unique provisions: first, it gave the new state of Texas the right to divide itself into as many as five states (a proposal never seriously considered). Second, Texas did not have to surrender its public lands to the federal government. Thus the only lands owned by the federal government within Texas have actually been purchased by the government, and the vast oil discoveries on state lands have provided a major revenue flow for the state universities. The first two pages of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, in (left to right) German, Hungarian, Bulgarian, Ottoman Turkish and Russian A treaty is an agreement under international law entered into by actors in international law, namely states and international organizations. ... Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Commanders Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties 110,000 killed in action, 360,000 total dead, 275,200 wounded 93,000 killed in action, 258,000 total...

Post-war Texas grew rapidly as migrants poured into the cotton lands of the state.^[100] German immigrants started to arrive in the early 1840s because of economic, social and political conditions in their states. In 1842, German nobles organized the Adelsverein, banding together to buy land in central Texas to enable German settlement. The Revolutions of 1848 acted as another catalyst for so many immigrants that they became known as the "48ers". Many were educated artisans and businessmen. Germans continued to arrive in considerable numbers until 1890.^[101] Logo of Verein zum Schutze Deutscher Einwanderer in Texas Adelsverein, The Society for the Protection of German Immigrants in Texas, organzied on April 20, 1842, was a colonial attempt to establish a new Germany [1] within the borders of Texas. ... Germany at the time of the Revolutions of 1848 had been a collection of 38 states loosely bound together in the German Confederation. ...

With their investments in cotton cultivation, Texas planters imported enslaved blacks from the earliest years of settlemetn. They established cotton plantations mostly in the eastern part of the state, where labor was done by enslaved African Americans. The central area of the state had more subsistence farmers.

Civil War and Reconstruction: 1860–1876

See the main article Texas in the Civil War and Category:Texas in the American Civil War. Texas played a part in the war of which this and all future generations of Texans may be justly proud. ...

As part of the Cotton Kingdom, planters in parts of Texas depended on slave labor. In 1860 30% of the population of state total of 604,215 were enslaved.^[102] In the statewide election on the secession ordinance, Texans voted to secede from the Union by a vote of 46,129 to 14,697 (a 76% majority). The Secession Convention immediately organized a government, replacing Sam Houston when he refused to take an oath of allegiance to the Confederacy. For other persons named Sam Houston, see Sam Houston (disambiguation). ...

Texas seceded from the United States on February 1, 1861, and joined the Confederate States of America on March 2, 1861. Texas was mainly a "supply state" for the Confederate forces until mid 1863, when the Union capture of the Mississippi River made large movements of men, horses or cattle impossible. Texas regiments fought in every major battle throughout the war. is the 32nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1861 (MDCCCLXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Motto Deo Vindice (Latin: Under God, Our Vindicator) Anthem (none official) God Save the South (unofficial) The Bonnie Blue Flag (unofficial) Dixie (unofficial)  States that seceded under CSA control  States and territories claimed by CSA without formal secession and/or control Capital Montgomery, Alabama (until May 29, 1861) Richmond, Virginia... -1... Year 1861 (MDCCCLXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

On 1 August 1862 Confederate troops killed 34 pro-Union German Texans in the "Nueces Massacre" of civilians. The last battle of the Civil War, the Battle of Palmito Ranch, was fought in Texas on May 12, 1865. is the 213th day of the year (214th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about 1862 . ... German Texans have historiclly played a significant role in Texas history. ... The Nueces massacre was a violent confrontation between Confederate soldiers and German Texans [1] on August 10, 1862 in Kinney County, Texas. ... Combatants United States of America Confederate States of America Commanders Theodore H. Barrett John Rip Ford Strength Detachments from the: 62nd U.S. Colored Infantry Regiment, 2nd Texas Cavalry Regiment, 34th Indiana Volunteer Infantry Detachments from: Gidding’s Regiment, Anderson’s Battalion of Cavalry, and other Confederate units and Southern... is the 132nd day of the year (133rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1865 (MDCCLXV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Clampitt (2005) suggests that Confederate soldiers of the Army of the Trans-Mississippi in Texas after the Confederacy's collapse in April 1865 were undisciplined. Due to low morale, a lack of discipline, and a large number of desertions, disbanded regiments and deserters pillaged government and private property as they made their way homeward. Moreover, a lack of participation in the larger campaigns of the war, a feeling that their sacrifice had been a waste, and the fact that they had not been paid in more than 16 months all made the former soldiers feel entitled to take government property (however, most Texas soldiers, being from a "supply state," conducted themselves well in armies such as Lee's Army of Northern Virginia). The Army of Northern Virginia was the primary military force of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War in the eastern theater. ...

Reconstruction, Democratic control and disfranchisement

When the news arrived in Galveston, on June 19, 1865, of the Confederate collapse, the freed slaves rejoiced, creating the celebration of Juneteenth. The State had suffered little during the War but trade and finance was disrupted. Angry returning veterans seized state property and Texas went through a period of extensive violence and disorder. Most outrages took place in northern Texas and were committed by outlaws who had their headquarters in the Indian Territory and plundered and murdered without distinction of party. President Andrew Johnson appointed Union General A. J. Hamilton as provisional governor on June 17, 1865. Hamilton had been a prominent politician before the war. He granted amnesty to ex-Confederates if they promised to support the Union in the future, appointing some to office. On March 30, 1870, although Texas did not meet all the requirements, the United States Congress readmitted Texas into the Union. is the 170th day of the year (171st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1865 (MDCCLXV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... For other uses, see Juneteenth (disambiguation). ... Indian Territory in 1836 Indian Country redirects here. ... is the 168th day of the year (169th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1865 (MDCCLXV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 89th day of the year (90th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1870 (MDCCCLXX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives President of the Senate President pro tempore Dick Cheney, (R) since January 20, 2001 Robert C. Byrd, (D) since January 4, 2007 Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, (D) since January 4, 2007 Members 535 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political... Animated map of secession, Civil War and re-admission:  States of the Union  Territories of the Union (including occupied territory)  States of the Confederacy  Territories claimed by Confederacy During the American Civil War, the Union was a name used to refer to the twenty-three states of the United States...

Like other Southern states, by the late 1870s white Democrats regained control, often with a mix of intimidation and terrorism by paramilitary groups operating for the Democratic Party. They passed a new constitution in 1876 that segregated schools and established a poll tax to support them, but it was not originally required for voting.^[103] In 1901 the legislature passed a poll tax as a prerequisite for voter registration. Given the economic difficulties of the times, the poll tax caused participation by poor whites, African Americans and Mexican Americans to drop sharply. By the early 20th century, the Democratic Party in Texas started using a "white primary", which the state legislature authorized in 1923.^[104] Since the Democratic Party dominated the state after 1900 for decades, the "white primary" provision reduced what little minority participation there was as the primaries were the true competitive contest. These provisions extended deep into the 20th century.^[104] Paramilitary designates forces whose function and organization are similar to those of a professional military force, but which are not regarded as having the same status. ... The Texas Constitution is the document that describes the structure and function of the government of Texas. ... A poll tax, head tax, or capitation is a tax of a uniform, fixed amount per individual (as opposed to a percentage of income). ... White primaries were primary elections in the Southern States of the United States of America in which any non-White voter was prohibited from participating. ...

Texas in prosperity, depression, and war

Galveston, the fourth-largest city in Texas and then the major port, was destroyed by a hurricane with 100 mi (160 km) winds on September 8, 1900. The storm created a 20 ft (6 m) storm surge when it hit the island, 6–9 ft (2–3 m) higher than any previously recorded flood. Water covered the entire island, killing between 6,000 and 8,000 people, destroying 3,500 homes as well as the railroad causeway and wagon bridge that connected the island to the mainland.^[105] To help rebuild their city, citizens implemented a reformed government featuring a five-man city commission. Galveston was the first city to implement a city commission government, and its plan was adopted by 500 other small cities across the United States.^[106] Galveston redirects here. ... Lowest pressure 936 mbar (hPa; 27. ... is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Äž: For the film, see: 1900 (film). ... Impact of a storm surge A storm surge is an offshore rise of water associated with a low pressure weather system, typically a tropical cyclone. ... City Commission government is a form of municipal government that was once common in the United States, but has fallen out of favor, most cities formerly governed by Commission having switched to the Council-Manager form. ...

In the aftermath of the Galveston disaster, action proceeded on building the Houston Ship Channel to create a more protected inland port. Houston quickly grew once the Channel was completed, and rapidly became the primary port in Texas. Railroads were constructed in a radial pattern to link Houston with other major cities such as Dallas-Fort Worth, San Antonio, and Austin. The Port of Houston is the port of Houston, Texas, the fourth largest city in the United States. ...

Anthony F. Lucas, an experienced mining engineer drilled the first major oil well at Spindletop, on the morning of January 10, 1901 the little hill south of Beaumont, Texas. The East Texas Oil Field, discovered on October 5, 1930 is located in east central part of the state, and is the largest and most prolific oil reservoir in the contiguous United States. Other oil fields were later discovered in West Texas and under the Gulf of Mexico. The resulting "Oil Boom" permanently transformed the economy of Texas, and led to the first significant economic expansion after the Civil War. Spindletop is a salt dome oil field located in south Beaumont, Texas (approx. ... is the 10th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1901 (MCMI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Location in the state of Texas Coordinates: , Counties Settled 1835 Incorporation 1838 Gentilic Beaumonter Government  - Type Council-Manager  - Mayor Becky Ames  - City Manager Kyle Hayes  - Mayor Pro - Tem Nancy Beaulieu Area  - City 222. ... The East Texas oilfield, located in central Gregg, western Rusk, southern Upshur, southeastern Smith, and northeastern Cherokee counties in the east central part of the state, is the largest and most prolific oil reservoir in the contiguous United States. ... For other uses, see 5th October (Serbia). ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... An oil reservoir, petroleum system or petroleum reservoir is often thought of as being an underground lake of oil, but it is actually composed of hydrocarbons contained in porous rock formations. ... This page is a candidate to be moved to Wiktionary. ... West Texas is a region in Texas that has more in common geographically with the Southwestern United States than it does with the rest of the state. ... Gulf of Mexico in 3D perspective. ...

The creation of the New Mexico Territory in 1850 fixed the boundary with the state of Texas at the Rio Grande. Between then and 1912, when New Mexico became a state, the course of the river shifted. In what became known as the Country Club Dispute, a boundary dispute case was filed with the Supreme Court of the United States in 1913. The court settled the matter in 1927 by determining where the river had flowed in 1850, largely in agreement with the claims of Texas. The New Mexico Territory became an organized territory of the United States on September 9, 1850, and it existed until New Mexico became the 47th state on January 6, 1912. ... “Río Bravo” redirects here. ... For other uses, see New Mexico (disambiguation). ... The Country Club Area is a suburb of El Paso, Texas. ... The Supreme Court of the United States (sometimes colloquially referred to by the acronym SCOTUS[1]) is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. ...

The economy, which had experienced significant recovery since the Civil War, was dealt a double blow by the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl. After the Stock Market Crash of 1929, the economy suffered significant reversals and thousands of city workers became unemployed, many of whom depended on federal relief programs such as FERA, WPA and CCC. Farmers and ranchers were especially hard hit, as prices for cotton and livestock fell sharply. Beginning in 1934 and lasting until 1939, an ecological disaster of severe wind and drought caused an exodus from Texas and Arkansas, the Oklahoma Panhandle region and the surrounding plains, in which over 500,000 Americans were homeless, hungry and jobless.^[107] Thousands left the region forever to seek economic opportunities along the West Coast. Immediately preceding and during World War II, existing military bases in Texas were expanded and numerous new training bases were built, especially for aviation training. Hundreds of thousands of American (and some allied) soldiers, sailors and airmen trained in the state. All sectors of the economy boomed as the homefront prospered. The Great Depression was a decade of unemployment, low profits, low prices, high poverty and stagnant trade that affected the entire world in the 1930s. ... Farmer and two sons during a dust storm, Cimarron County, Oklahoma, 1936 The Dust Bowl, or the dirty thirties, was a period of horrible dust storms causing major ecological and agricultural damage to American and Canadian prairie lands from 1930 to 1936 (in some areas until 1940), caused by severe... Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) was the committee established as a result of Federal Emergency Relief Act. ... WPA is a three-letter abbreviation with multiple meanings: Washington Project for the Arts, an arts organization based in Washington, D.C. Walter Payton Award, in U.S. Division I-AA football War Powers Act, a U.S. federal law, also known as the Trading with the Enemy Act and... CCC may refer to: // Clear Channel Communications, a media company based in the United States of America The Coca-Cola Company, the worlds largest manufacturer, distributor and marketer of nonalcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups Consolidated Contractors Company, a large Middle East multinational contractor Color Climax Corporation, Danish pornography company... This article is about the U.S. State. ... The Oklahoma Panhandle is the extreme western region of the state of Oklahoma, comprising Cimarron County, Texas County, and Beaver County. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Homefront-United States-World War II covers all the developments inside the United States, 1940-1945. ...

Texas modernizes: 1945–Present

From 1950 through the 1960s, Texas modernized and dramatically expanded its system of higher education. Under the leadership of Governor John B. Connally, the state produced a long-range plan for higher education, a more rational distribution of resources, and a central state apparatus that managed state institutions with greater efficiency. Because of these changes, Texas universities received federal funds for research and development during the John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson administrations. [Blanton 2005] John Bowden Connally, Jr. ...

Footnotes

The Handbook of Texas (ISBN 0-87611-151-7) is a comprehensive encyclopedia of Texas geography, history, and historical persons published jointly by the Texas State Historical Association (TSHA) and the General Libraries at the University of Texas at Austin. ... is the 117th day of the year (118th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... The Handbook of Texas (ISBN 0-87611-151-7) is a comprehensive encyclopedia of Texas geography, history, and historical persons published jointly by the Texas State Historical Association (TSHA) and the General Libraries at the University of Texas at Austin. ... April 12 is the 102nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (103rd in leap years). ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... The University of Texas System comprises fifteen educational institutions in Texas, of which nine are general academic universities, and six are health institutions. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 131st day of the year (132nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

References

• Barr, Alwyn (1996), Black Texans: A history of African Americans in Texas, 1528–1995 (2nd ed.), Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, ISBN 080612878X 
• Chipman, Donald E. (1992), Spanish Texas, 1519-1821, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, ISBN 0292776594 
• Edmondson, J.R. (2000), The Alamo Story-From History to Current Conflicts, Plano, TX: Republic of Texas Press, ISBN 1-55622-678-0 
• Manchaca, Martha (2001), Recovering History, Constructing Race: The Indian, Black, and White Roots of Mexican Americans, The Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long Series in Latin American and Latino Art and Culture, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, ISBN 0292752539 
• Munsart, Craig A. (1997), American History through Earth Science, Englewood, CO: Teacher Ideas Press, ISBN 1563081822 
• Richardson, Rupert N.; Adrian Anderson, Cary D. Wintz & Ernest Wallace (2005). Texas: the Lone Star State, 9th edition, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, p 9. ISBN 0131835505. 
• Turner, Elizabeth Hayes (1997), Women, Culture, and Community: Religion and Reform in Galveston, 1880-1920, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0195086880 
• Vazquez, Josefina Zoraida (1997), “The Colonization and Loss of Texas: A Mexican Perspective”, in Rodriguez O., Jaime E. & Vincent, Kathryn, Myths, Misdeeds, and Misunderstandings: The Roots of Conflict in U.S.–Mexican Relations, Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources Inc., ISBN 0842026622 
• Weber, David J. (1992), The Spanish Frontier in North America, Yale Western Americana Series, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, ISBN 0300051980 
• Weddle, Robert S. (1995), Changing Tides: Twilight and Dawn in the Spanish Sea, 1763–1803, Centennial Series of the Association of Former Students Number 58, College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, ISBN 0890966613 

Bizzel Library, University of Oklahoma Norman is a major city located in Cleveland County, Oklahoma and is part of the Oklahoma City Metropolitan Area. ... The University of Oklahoma Press is a university press that is part of the University of Oklahoma. ... Skyline from Town Lake Austin is the capital of the state of Texas, within the United States of America. ... The University of Texas Press is a university press that is part of the University of Texas at Austin. ... Plano is a northern suburb of Dallas, Texas located in Collin County, Texas. ... Skyline from Town Lake Austin is the capital of the state of Texas, within the United States of America. ... The University of Texas Press is a university press that is part of the University of Texas at Austin. ... Englewood is a city located in Arapahoe County, Colorado. ... Pearson can mean Pearson PLC the media conglomerate. ... Oxford University Press (OUP) is a highly-respected publishing house and a department of the University of Oxford in England. ... Location in Delaware Founded  -Incorporated  {{{incorporated}}} County New Castle County Mayor James M. Baker (Dem) Area  - Total  - Water 44. ... This article is about the city in Connecticut. ... Yale University Press is a book publisher founded in 1908. ... City nicknames: Aggieland, heart of the Research Valley Location in the State of Texas County Brazos County Mayor Ron Silvia Area  - Land  - Water 104. ... Texas A&M University Press is a scholarly publishing house associated with Texas A&M University. ...

Bibliography

• The Handbook of Texas Online - Published by the Texas State Historical Association thousands of scholarly articles on every aspect of Texas history
• Alvin R. Bailey Jr. and Light Townsend Cummins, eds. A Guide to the History of Texas. Greenwood Press. 1988.

Surveys

• Randolph B. Campbell, Gone to Texas: a History of the Lone Star State (Oxford University Press, 2003, 500 pages.
• De Leon, Arnoldo. Mexican Americans in Texas: A Brief History 2nd ed. Harlan Davidson, 1999.
• Patricia Evridge Hill. Dallas: The Making of a Modern City U of Texas Press, 1996.
• Great River, The Rio Grande in North American History, Paul Horgan, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, reprint, 1977, ISBN 0-03-029305-7
• Terry G. Jordan. Texas, a Geography Westview Press. 1984.
• David G. McComb. Houston, a History U of Texas Press, 1981.
• D. W. Meinig, Imperial Texas: An Interpretive Essay in Cultural Geography, University of Texas Press, 1969, 145 pages.
• Montejano, David. Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1836–1986 University of Texas Press, 1987.
• Wooster, Ralph A. and Robert A. Calvert, eds. Texas Vistas (1987) reprinted scholarly essays

Paul Horgan was an American author of fiction and non-fiction, most of which was set in the Southwestern United States. ...

Pre–1865

• Campbell, Randolph B. An Empire for Slavery: The Peculiar Institution in Texas, 1821–1865 Louisiana State University Press, 1989.
• Campbell, Randolph B., and Richard G. Lowe. Wealth and Power in Antebellum Texas Texas A&M University Press, 1977.
• De Leon, Arnoldo. The Tejano Community, 1836–1900 University of New Mexico Press, 1982.
• Silverthorne, Elizabeth. Plantation Life in Texas Texas A&M University Press, 1986.

Spanish Texas

• Chipman, Donald E., and Harriett Denise Joseph. Notable Men and Women of Spanish Texas. University of Texas Press, 1999.

Mexican Texas/Republic of Texas

• Campbell, Randolph B. Sam Houston and the American Southwest HarperCollins, 1993.
• Cantrell, Gregg. Stephen F. Austin: Empresario of Texas. Yale University Press, 1999.
• Carroll, Mark M. Homesteads Ungovernable: Families, Sex, Race, and the Law in Frontier Texas, 1823–1860 University of Texas Press, 2001.
• Friend, Llerena B. Sam Houston: The Great Designer University of Texas Press, 1954.
• Hardin, Stephen L. Texian Iliad: A Military History of the Texas Revolution, 1835–1836 University of Texas Press, 1994.
• Jordan, Terry G. German Seed in Texas Soil: Immigrant Farmers in Nineteenth Century Texas University of Texas Press, 1966.
• Lack, Paul D. The Texas Revolutionary Experience: A Political and Social History, 1835–1836 Texas A&M University Press, 1992.
• Lowrie, Samuel H. Culture Conflict in Texas, 1821–1835 Columbia University Press, 1932.
• Poyo, Gerald E., ed. Tejano Journey, 1770–1850 University of Texas Press, 1996.

Civil War Era

• Baum, Dale. The Shattering of Texas Unionism: Politics in the Lone Star State during the Civil War Era Louisiana State University Press, 1998.
• Bell, Walter F. "Civil War Texas: A Review of the Historical Literature" Southwestern Historical Quarterly 2005 109(2): 204-232. Issn: 0038-478x
• Buenger, Walter L. Secession and the Union in Texas. University of Texas Press, 1984.
• Kerby, Robert L. Kirby Smith's Confederacy: The Trans-Mississippi South, 1863–1865 Columbia University Press, 1972.
• Lowe, Richard G., and Randolph B. Campbell. Planters and Plain Folk: Agriculture in Antebellum Texas Southern Methodist University Press, 1987.

1865–1920

• Barr, Alwyn. Reconstruction to Reform: Texas Politics, 1876–1906 University of Texas Press, 1971.
• Buenger, Walter L. The Path to a Modern South: Northeast Texas between Reconstruction and the Great Depression University of Texas Press, 2001.
• Campbell, Randolph B. Grass-Roots Reconstruction in Texas, 1865–1880 Louisiana State University Press, 1997.
• Clampitt, Brad R. "The Breakup: the Collapse of the Confederate Trans-Mississippi Army in Texas, 1865" Southwestern Historical Quarterly 2005 108(4): 498-534. Issn: 0038-478x
• Cotner, Robert C. James Stephen Hogg: A Biography. University of Texas Press, 1959.
• Crouch, Barry A. The Freedmen's Bureau and Black Texans. University of Texas Press, 1992.
• Gould, Lewis N. Progressives and Prohibitionists: Texas Democrats in the Wilson Era University of Texas Press, 1973.
• Jordan, Terry G. Trails to Texas: Southern Roots of Western Cattle Ranching University of Nebraska Press, 1981.
• McArthur, Judith N. Creating the New Woman: The Rise of Southern Women's Progressive Culture in Texas, 1893–1918. University of Illinois Press, 1998.
• Martin, Roscoe C. The People's Party in Texas: A Study in Third Party Politics University of Texas Press, 1933.
• Pitre, Merline. Through Many Dangers, Toils, and Snares: The Black Leadership of Texas, 1868–1900 Eakin Press, 1985.
• Ramsdell, Charles William. Reconstruction in Texas Columbia University Press, 1910.
• Rice, Lawrence D. The Negro in Texas, 1874–1900 Louisiana State University Press, 1971
• Spratt, John Stricklin. The Road to Spindletop: Economic Change in Texas, 1875–1901. Southern Methodist University Press, 1955.
• Utley, Robert M. Lone Star Justice: The First Century of the Texas Rangers Oxford University Press, 2002.

1920–2006

• Blackwelder, Julia Kirk. Women of the Depression: Caste and Culture in San Antonio, 1929–1939. Texas A&M University Press, 1984.
• Brown, Norman D. Hood, Bonnet, and Little Brown Jug: Texas Politics, 1921–1928 Texas A&M University Press, 1984.
• Robert A. Caro. The Path to Power (The Years of Lyndon Johnson, Volume 1) (1990); Means of Ascent (The Years of Lyndon Johnson, Volume 2) (1991)
• Cox, Patrick. Ralph W. Yarborough, The People's Senator. University of Texas Press, 2001.
• Dallek, Robert. Lone Star Rising: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1908–1960. Oxford University Press, 1991.
• Davidson, Chandler. Race and Class in Texas Politics. Princeton University Press, 1990.
• Foley, Neil. The White Scourge: Mexicans, Blacks, and Poor Whites in Texas Cotton Culture University of California Press, 1997.
• Green, George Norris. The Establishment in Texas Politics: The Primitive Years, 1938–1957 Greenwood Press, 1979.
• Knaggs, John R. Two-Party Texas: The John Tower Era, 1961–1984 Eakin Press, 1986.
• Lee, James Ward, et al., eds. 1941: Texas Goes to War. University of North Texas Press, 1991.
• Char Miller. Deep in the Heart of San Antonio: Land and Life in South Texas Trinity University Press 2004.
• Olien, Diana Davids, and Roger M. Olien. Oil in Texas: The Gusher Age, 1895–1945 University of Texas Press, 2002.
• Patenaude, Lionel V. Texans, Politics, and the New Deal Garland Publishing, 1983.
• Perryman, M. Ray. Survive and Conquer, Texas in the '80s: Power—Money—Tragedy … Hope! Dallas: Taylor Publishing Company, 1990.
• James Reston. The Lone Star: The Life of John Connally (1989)
• San Miguel, Guadalupe, Jr. “Let All of Them Take Heed”: Mexican Americans and the Campaign for Educational Equality in Texas, 1910–1981 University of Texas Press, 1987.
• Volanto, Keith J. Texas, Cotton, and the New Deal Texas A&M University Press, 2005.
• Whisenhunt, Donald W. The Depression in Texas: The Hoover Years Garland Publishing, 1983.
• The End of Cheap Oil National Geographic Society, 2004.

Primary source collections

• Gallaway, B. P., ed. Texas, The Dark Corner of the Confederacy: Contemporary Accounts of the Lone Star State in the Civil War 3rd. Ed. University of Nebraska Press, 1994.

See also

• Texas Historical Commission
• Forts of Texas

Image File history File links This image, including all photography and graphics used in it, was taken and created by myself, Shem Daimwood. ... The Texas Historical Commission is an agency within the State of Texas dedicated to historic preservation. ... The Forts of Texas include a number of historical and operational military installations. ...

External links

• The State of Texas website
• Texas Historical Commission
• The Texas State History Museum
• Focus on Texas History: Colonization through Annexation (online collection of primary documents from Center of American History at the University of Texas at Austin)
• Texas State Historical Association
• Selected Texas History Primary Source Documents
• The Portal to Texas History
• Texas history 1795 to 1895