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Tibet is situated between the two ancient civilizations of China and India, but the tangled mountain ranges of the Tibetan Plateau and the towering Himalayas serve to distance it from both. The Tibetan language is a member of the Tibeto-Burman branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Tibetan history is characterized by a special dedication to the Buddhist religion, both in the eyes of its own people as well as for the Mongol and Manchu peoples. Tibet is nicknamed "the roof of the world" or "the land of snows". Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1536 × 2048 pixel, file size: 637 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Tibet Metadata This...
Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1536 × 2048 pixel, file size: 637 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Tibet Metadata This...
This article is about historical/cultural Tibet. ...
For other uses, see Civilization (disambiguation). ...
Tibet Autonomous Region, Qinghai Province and Sichuan Province of China lie on the Tibetan Plateau. ...
For the movie Himalaya, see Himalaya (film). ...
The Tibetan language is spoken primarily by the Tibetan people who live across a wide area of eastern Central Asia bordering South Asia, as well as by large number of Tibetan refugees all over the world. ...
The Tibeto-Burman linguistic subfamily of the proposed Sino-Tibetan language family is spoken in various central and south Asian countries: Myanmar (Burmese language), Tibet (Tibetan language), northern Thailand (Mong language), Nepal, Bhutan, India (Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura and the Ladakh region of...
Sino-Tibetan languages form a language family of about 250 languages of East Asia, in number of speakers worldwide second only to Indo-European. ...
A replica of an ancient statue found among the ruins of a temple at Sarnath Buddhism is a philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, SiddhÄrtha Gautama, a prince of the Shakyas, whose lifetime is traditionally given as 566 to 486 BCE. It had subsequently been accepted by...
Honorary guard of Mongolia. ...
The Manchu people (Manchu: Manju; Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: , Mongolian: Манж) are a Tungusic people who originated in Manchuria (todays Northeastern China). ...
[edit] Prehistory Chinese and "proto-Tibeto-Burman" may have split sometime before 4000 BC, when the Chinese began growing millet in the Yellow River valley while the Tibeto-Burmans remained nomads. Tibet split from Burma circa 500.[1][2].
Prehistoric Iron Age hill forts and burial complexes have recently been found on the Chang Tang plateau but the remote location hampers archaeological research. The initial identification of this culture is of the Zhang Zhung culture which is described in ancient Tibetan texts and is known as the original culture of the Bön religion. Iron Age Axe found on Gotland This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age, for the mythological Iron Age see Iron Age (mythology). ...
The term hill fort is commonly used by archeologists to describe fortified enclosures located to exploit a rise in elevation for defensive advantage. ...
Tibet Autonomous Region, Qinghai Province and Sichuan Province of China lie on the Tibetan Plateau. ...
Zhang Zhung culture (Tibetan: ཞང་ཞུང་; OTT: Shangshung) is an ancient culture of western and northwestern Tibet which pre-dated Tibetan Buddhism and is best known as the source of the Bön religion. ...
Bön[1] (Tibetan: བོན་; Wylie: bon; Lhasa dialect IPA: [) is the oldest spiritual tradition of Tibet. ...
[edit] Mythological origins The first Tibetan king, Nyatri Tsanpo (Wylie: Gnya'-khri-btsan-po), is supposed to have descended from the sky, or immigrated to Tibet from India. Because of his strange physical features such as having webbed hands, and eyes which close from below, he is supposed to have been greeted by the locals as a god. The king remained connected to the heavens with a rope, and rather than dying, ascended the same rope again. The Wylie transliteration scheme is a method for transliterating the Tibetan script using the keys on a typical English language typewriter. ...
The legendary King Drigum Tsenpo (Dri-gum-brtsan-po) provoked his groom Longam (Lo-ngam) to fight with him, and during the fight the King's heaven-cord was cut, and he was killed. Drigum Tsenpo and subsequent kings left corpses and were buried.[3]
In a later myth, first attested in the Maṇi bka' 'bum, the Tibetan people are the progeny of the union of a monkey and rock ogress. The Monkey is in fact a manifestation of the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara (Tib. Spyan-ras-gzigs) and the ogress in fact the goddess Tara (Tib. 'Grol-ma).[4] Avalokitesvara with a 1,000 arms, part of the Dazu Stone Carvings at Mount Baoding, Dazu County, Chongqing, China. ...
White Tara Tara or Arya Tara, also known as Jetsun Dolma in Tibetan, is a female Buddha typically associated with Buddhist tantra practice as preserved in Tibetan Buddhism. ...
[edit] First appearance in history Tibet appeared in an ancient Chinese historical text where it is referred to as fa. The first incident from recorded Tibetan history which is confirmed externally occurred when King Namri Löntsän (Gnam-ri-slon-rtsan) sent an ambassador to China in the early 7th century.[5]
[edit] Founding of the dynasty Tibet began at the castle named Taktsé (Stag-rtse) in the Chingba (Phying-ba) district of Chonggyä (Phyongs-rgyas). There, According to the Old Tibetan Chronicle Taktsé Castle (Tibetan: སྟག་རྩེ་; Wylie: Stag-rtse) was a castle located in the Chingwa (Wylie: Phying-ba) district of Chonggyä (Wylie: ’Phyongs-rgyas) in central Tibet. ...
"A group of conspirators convinced Stag-bu snya-gzigs [Tagbu Nyazig] to rebel against Dgu-gri Zing-po-rje [Gudri Zingpoje]. Zing-po-rje was in turn a vassal of the Zhang-zhung empire under the Lig myi dynasty. Zing-po-rje died before the conspiracy could get underway, and his son Gnam-ri-slon-mtshan [Namri Löntsen] instead led the conspiracy after extracting an oath of fealty from the conspirators."[6] The group prevailed against Zing-po-rje. At this point Namri Löntsän was the leader of a fledgling state that would become the Tibetan Empire. The government of Namri Löntsän sent two embassies to China in 608 and 609, marking the appearance of Tibet on the international scene.[7]
[edit] Tibetan Empire
 Map of Tibetan Empire in 820 in relation to other significant powers As has been noted, traditional Tibetan history preserves a lengthy list of rulers, whose exploits become suject to external verification by the seventh century. From the 7th to the 11th century a series of emperors ruled Tibet - see List of emperors of Tibet. Throughout the centuries from the time of the emperor Songtsän Gampo the power of the empire gradually increased over a diverse terrain so that by the reign of the emperor Ralpacan in the opening years of the ninth century its influence extended as far south as Bengal and as far north as Mongolia. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1200x600, 41 KB) Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1200x600, 41 KB) Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Emperor is also a Norwegian black metal band; see Emperor (band). ...
Categories: Tibet ...
Ralpacan (born c. ...
For other uses, see Bengal (disambiguation). ...
The varied terrain of the empire and the difficulty of transportation, coupled with the new ideas that came into the empire as a result of its expansion, helped to create stresses and power blocs that were often in competition with the ruler at the center of the empire. Thus, for example, adherents of the Bon religion and the supporters of the ancient noble families gradually came to find themselves in competition with the recently-introduced Buddhism. Bon can refer to: Abbreviation for Business Object Notation The Bon programming language The original spiritual tradition of Tibet and Tibetan people, called Bön A village in Chad The late singer of AC/DC, Bon Scott This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages...
A statue of the Sakyamuni Buddha in Tawang Gompa, India. ...
Songtsän Gampo (Wylie: Srong-brtsan Sgam-po) (born ca. 604, died 650) is the great emperor who expanded Tibet's power and is traditionally credited with inviting Buddhism to Tibet. When his father, Namri Löntsän died by poisoning, circa 618,[8] Songtsän Gampo took control after putting down a brief rebellion. A statue of King Songtsän Gampo in his meditation cave at Yerpa Songtsen Gampo, Song-btsan-sgam-po or Songtsän Gampo, or Tsrong-tsong Gompo (སྲོང་བཙན་སྒམ་པོ་ Wylie: Srong-btsan Sgam-po) (died 650 CE) was the first emperor of a unified Tibet. ...
A statue of Emperor Srong-rtsan Sgam-po in his meditation cave at Yerpa Songtsen Gampo (སྲོང་བཙན་སྒམ་པོ་ Wylie: Srong-btsan Sgam-po) (604–650 CE) was the thirty-third king of the Yarlung Dynasty of Tibet. ...
The Wylie transliteration scheme is a method for transliterating the Tibetan script using the keys on a typical English language typewriter. ...
 A statue of Emperor Songtsän Gampo in a cave at Yerpa Songtsän Gampo proved adept at diplomacy as well as on the field. The emperor's minister Myang Mangpoje (Wylie: Myang Mang-po-rje Zhang-shang) defeated Sumpa ca. 627.[9] Six years later (c. 632-3) Myang Mangpoje was accused of treason and executed.[10][11][12] He was succeeded by minister Gar Songtsän (Mgar-srong-rtsan). I took this photo myself in 1993. ...
I took this photo myself in 1993. ...
Yerpa, 1993 Yerpa. ...
The Wylie transliteration scheme is a method for transliterating the Tibetan script using the keys on a typical English language typewriter. ...
The Chinese records record an envoy in 634. On that occasion the Emperor requested marriage to a Chinese princess and was refused. In 635-6 the Emperor attacked and defeated the Azha (‘A zha) people, who lived around Lake Koko Nur in the northeast corner of Tibet, and who controlled important trade routes into China. After a campaign against China in 635-6.[13] the Chinese emperor agreed to provide a Chinese princess to Songtsän Gampo.
Circa 639, after Songtsän Gampo had a dispute with his younger brother Tsänsong (Brtsan-srong), the younger brother was burnt to death by his own minister Khäsreg (Mkha’s sregs) (presumably at the behest of his older brother the emperor).[11][14]
The Chinese princess Wencheng (Tibetan Mung-chang Kung-co) departed China in 640 to marry Songtsän Gampo, she arrived a year later. Peace between China and Tibet prevailed for the remainder of Songtsän Gampo's reign. The Tibetan language is spoken primarily by the Tibetan people who live across a wide area of eastern Central Asia bordering South Asia, as well as by large number of Tibetan refugees all over the world. ...
Songtsän Gampo’s sister Sämakar (Sad-mar-kar) was sent to marry Lig-myi-rhya the king of Zhang Zhung. However, when the king refused to consummate the marriage, she then helped her brother to defeat Lig myi-rhya and incorporate Zhang Zhung into the Tibetan Empire. Zhang Zhung culture is a culture of western and northwestern Tibet which pre-dated Tibetan Buddhism and is best known as the source of the Bön religion. ...
In 645, Songtsän Gampo overran the kingdom of Zhang Zhung in what is now Western Tibet.
Songtsän Gampo died in 650, he was succeeded by his infant grandson Trimang Lön (Khri-mang-slon). Real power was left in the hands of the minister Gar Songtsän.
The minister Gar Songtsän died in 667, after having incorporated Azha into Tibetan territory. Between 665-670 Kotan was defeated by the Tibetans. Emperor Mangsong Mangtsen (Trimang Löntsen or Khri-mang-slon-rtsan) married Thrimalö (Khri-ma-lod), a woman who would be of great importance in Tibetan history. The emperor died in the winter of 676-677, and Zhang Zhung revolts thereafter. In the same year the emperor's son, 'Dus-rong Mang-po-rje (Tridu Songtsän or Khri-'dus-srong-rtsan), was born.[6] Mangsong Mangtsen, Trimang Löntsen or Khri-mang-slon-rtsan (r. ...
Mangsong Mangtsen, Trimang Löntsen or Khri-mang-slon-rtsan (r. ...
Zhang Zhung culture is a culture of western and northwestern Tibet which pre-dated Tibetan Buddhism and is best known as the source of the Bön religion. ...
Dus-rong Mang-po-rje (670-704; r. ...
Emperor 'Dus-rong Mang-po-rje or Tridu Songtsän ruled in the shadow of his powerful mother Thrimalö on the one hand and the influential Gar (Mgar) clan on the other hand. In 685, the minister, Gar Tännyädombu (Mgar Bstan-snyas-ldom-bu) died and his brother, Gar Thridringtsändrö (Mgar Khri-‘bring-btsan brod) was appointed to replace him.[15] In 692, the Tibetans lost the Tarim Basin to the Chinese. Gar Thridringtsändrö defeated the Chinese in battle in 696, and sued for peace. Two years later in 698 emperor Tridu Songtsän invited the Gar clan (over 2000 people) to a hunting party and had them executed. Gar Thridringtsändrö then committed suicide, and his troops loyal to him joined the Chinese. This brought to end the power of the Gar family.[6] Dus-rong Mang-po-rje (670-704; r. ...
Dus-rong Mang-po-rje (670-704; r. ...
From 700 until his death the emperor remained on campaign in the north-east, absent from Central Tibet, while his mother Thrimalö administrated in his name.[16] In 702 China and Tibet concluded peace. At the end of that year, the Tibetan imperial government turned to consolidating the administrative organization (Tibetan: khö chenpo; Wylie: mkhos chen-po) of the northeastern Sumru (Wylie: Sum-ru) area, which had been the Sumpa country conquered 75 years earlier. Sumru was organized as a new "horn" of the empire. During the summer of 703, Tridu Songtsän resided at Öljag (‘Ol-byag) in Ling (Gling), which was on the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, before proceeding with an invasion of Jang (‘Jang) or Nan-chao. In 704, he stayed briefly at Yoti Chuzang (Yo-ti Chu-bzangs) in Madrom (Rma-sgrom) on the Yellow River. He then invaded Mywa (probably = the Miao people)[17] but died during the prosecution of that campaign.[16] This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
The Wylie transliteration scheme is a method for transliterating the Tibetan script using the keys on a typical English language typewriter. ...
The Wylie transliteration scheme is a method for transliterating the Tibetan script using the keys on a typical English language typewriter. ...
Events Births Deaths Empress Jito of Japan In Other Fields 703 is the area code for telephone numbers in the Northern Virginia region of the United States. ...
The Yangtze River or Chang Jiang (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), or Drichu in Tibetan (Tibetan: འབ; Wylie: bri chu) is the longest river in Asia and the third longest in the world, after the Nile in Africa, and the Amazon in South America. ...
Nanzhao (Traditional Chinese: 南詔, Simplified Chinese: 南诏, pinyin: Nánzhāo, Alternate spellings: Nanchao， Nan Chao) was a Bai kingdom that flourished in East Asia during the 8th and 9th centuries. ...
Events Justinian II re-takes the throne of the Byzantine Empire Cenred succeeds to the throne of Mercia after his uncle Aethelred abdicates to become abbot of Bardney Births Deaths Adamnan, abbot of Iona (b. ...
For other Yellow Rivers, see Yellow River (disambiguation). ...
The Hmong, also known as Miao (Chinese: 苗: Miáo; Vietnamese: Mẹo or Hmông; Thai: ม้ง (mong) or แม้ว (maew)), are an Asian ethnic group whose homeland is in the mountainous regions of southern China (especially Guizhou) that cross into northern Southeast...
Gyältsugru (Wylie: Rgyal-gtsug-ru), later to become King Tride Tsuktsän (Khri-lde-gtsug-brtsan), generally known now by his nickname Mes-ag-tshoms ("Old Hairy"), was born in 704. Upon the death of 'Dus-rong Mang-po-rje (Tridu Songtsen), his wife Thrimalö ruled as regent for the infant Gyältsugru.[16] The following year the elder son of Tridu Songtsen, by the name of Lha Balpo (Lha Bal-pho) apparently contested the succession of his one-year-old brother but, at Pong Lag-rang, Lha Balpo was "deposed from the throne".[16][18] Mes-ag-tshoms (Wylie: Khri-lde-gtsug-btsan) (704-755 CE)[1] was a Tibetan emperor; the son of Dus-rong Mang-po-rje and his queen mChims-bza bTsan-ma Thog-thog-steng. ...
The Wylie transliteration scheme is a method for transliterating the Tibetan script using the keys on a typical English language typewriter. ...
Mes-ag-tshoms (Wylie: Khri-lde-gtsug-btsan) (704-755 CE)[1] was a Tibetan emperor; the son of Dus-rong Mang-po-rje and his queen mChims-bza bTsan-ma Thog-thog-steng. ...
Events Justinian II re-takes the throne of the Byzantine Empire Cenred succeeds to the throne of Mercia after his uncle Aethelred abdicates to become abbot of Bardney Births Deaths Adamnan, abbot of Iona (b. ...
Dus-rong Mang-po-rje (670-704; r. ...
Thrimalö had arranged for a royal marriage to a Chinese princess. The Princess Jincheng (金成) (Tibetan: Kyimshang Kongjo) arrived in 710, but it is somewhat unclear whether she married the seven year old Gyältsugru[19] or the deposed Lha Balpo.[20] He also married a lady from Jang (Nanzhao) and another born in Nanam.[21] // Events End of the Asuka period, the second and last part of the Yamato period and beginning of the Nara period in Japan. ...
Nanzhao (Traditional Chinese: å—è©”, Simplified Chinese: å—è¯, pinyin: NánzhÄo, Alternate spellings: Nanchao, Nan Chao) was a Bai kingdom that flourished in East Asia during the 8th and 9th centuries. ...
Gyältsugru was officially enthroned with the royal name Tride Tsuktsän in 712,[16] the same year that dowager emperess Thrimalö died. Events Ansprand succeeds Aripert as king of the Lombards. ...
The Arabs and Turgis became increasingly prominent during 710-720. The Tibetans were allied with the Arabs and eastern Turks. Tibet and China fought on and off in the late 720s. At first Tibet (with Turgis allies) had the upper hand, but then started losing battles. After a rebellion in southern China, and a major Tibetan victory in 730, the Tibetans and Turgis sued for peace. // Events End of the Asuka period, the second and last part of the Yamato period and beginning of the Nara period in Japan. ...
Events Umayyad caliph Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz succeeded by Yazid II ibn Abd al-Malik The Nihonshoki (日本書紀), one of the oldest history books in Japan, is completed Births Bertrada, wife of Pippin III (d. ...
Events Umayyad caliph Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz succeeded by Yazid II ibn Abd al-Malik The Nihonshoki (日本書紀), one of the oldest history books in Japan, is completed Births Bertrada, wife of Pippin III (d. ...
Events Emperor Leo III of the Byzantine Empire orders the destruction of all icons. ...
In 734 the Tibetans married their princess Dronmalön (‘Dron ma lon) to the Turgis Qaghan. The Chinese allied with the Arabs to attack the Turgis. After victory and peace with the Turgis, the Chinese attacked Tibet by surprise. The Tibetans suffered several defeats in the east, despite strength in the west. The Turgis empire collapsed from internal strife. In 737, the Tibetans launched an attack against the king of Bru-za (Gilgit), who asked for Chinese help, but was ultimately forced to pay homage to Tibet. In 747, the hold of Tibet was loosened by the campaign of general Gao Xianzhi, who tried to re-open the direct communications between Central Asia and Kashmir. By 750 the Tibetans had lost almost all of their central Asian colonial possessions to the Chinese. In 753, even the kingdom of Little Balur (Gilgit) was captured by the Chinese. For other uses, see Gilgit (disambiguation). ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Events Last Umayyad caliph Marwan II (744-750) overthrown by first Abbasid caliph, Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah Bold textItalic textLink title GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM...
In 755 Tride Tsuktsän was killed by the ministers Lang and Bal. Then Tagdra Lukong (Stag-sgra Klu-khong) presented evidence to prince Song Detsän (Srong-lde-brtsan) that "they were disloyal, were causing dissension in the country, and were about to injure him also. … Subsequently, Lang and ‘Bal really did revolt, they were killed by the army, their property was confiscated, and Klu khong was, one assumes, richly rewarded."[22] Events Abd-ar-rahman I lands in Spain, where the next year he will establish a new Umayyad dynasty. ...
In 756, Prince Song Detsän was crowned Emperor with the name Trisong Detsän (Wylie Khri sron lde brtsan) and took control of the government when he attained his majority[23] at 13 years of age (14 by Western reckoning) after a one-year interregnum during which there was no emperor. In 755 China had been greatly weakened by internal rebellion, which would last until 763. In contrast, Trisong Detsän's reign was characterized by the reassertion of Tibetan influence in Central Asia and against China. Early in his reign regions to the West of Tibet paid homage to the Tibetan court. From that time onward the Tibetans pressed into the territory of the Tang emperors, reaching the Chinese capital Chang'an (modern Xian) by 763/764. Tibetan troops occupied Chang'an for fifteen days and installed a puppet emperor while Emperor Daizong of Tang was in Luoyang. Nanzhao (in Yunnan and neighbouring regions) remained under Tibetan control from 750 to 794, when they turned on their Tibetan overlords and helped the Chinese inflict a serious defeat on the Tibetans. Trisong Detsän (Wylie: Khri-srong-lde-btsan), ruled from 755 until 797 or 804 CE. Trisong Detsen Trisong had five wives, all from Tibetan noble families. ...
Trisong Detsän (Tibetan: à½à¾²à½²à¼‹à½¦à¾²à½¼à½„་ལྡེ་བཙན་; Wylie: Khri-srong Lde-btsan; ZWPY: Chisong Dêzän) was the 38th King of Tibet, ruling from 755 until 797. ...
The Wylie transliteration scheme is a method for transliterating the Tibetan script using the keys on a typical English language typewriter. ...
For other uses, see Interregnum (disambiguation). ...
For the band, see Tang Dynasty (band). ...
1) The city of Xian in China 2) An alternative spelling of Christian, by analogy with Xmas as an alternative spelling of Christmas. ...
Emperor Tang Daizong å”代宗æŽè±« (726-779), born Li Chu (æŽä¿¶), and since 758, he renamed himself as Li Yu (æŽè±«). He was the eighth emperor of the Tang dynasty and reigned from 762 to 779. ...
Luoyang (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a prefecture-level city in western Henan province, Peoples Republic of China. ...
Nanzhao (Traditional Chinese: å—è©”, Simplified Chinese: å—è¯, pinyin: NánzhÄo, Alternate spellings: Nanchao, Nan Chao) was a Bai kingdom that flourished in East Asia during the 8th and 9th centuries. ...
Yunan redirects here. ...
In the meantime, the Kyrgyz negotiated an agreement of friendship with Tibet and other powers to allow free trade in the region. An attempt at a peace treaty between Tibet and China was made in 787, but hostilities were to last until the Sino-Tibetan treaty of 821 was inscribed in Lhasa in 823 (see below). At the same time, the Uyghurs, nominal allies of the Tang emperors, continued to make difficulties along Tibet's Northern border. Toward the end of this king's reign, in fact, Uyghur victories in the North caused the Tibetans to lose a number of their allies in the Southeast.[24] For the language spoken by this ethnic group, see Kyrgyz language. ...
For the language spoken by this ethnic group, see Uyghur language. ...
Recent historical research indicates the presence of Christianity in as early as the sixth and seventh centuries, a period when the White Huns had extensive links with the Tibetans.[25] A strong presence existed by the eighth century when Patriarch Timothy I (727-823) in 782 calls the Tibetans one of the more significant communities of the eastern church and wrote of the need to appoint another bishop in ca. 794.[26] Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box: Christianity is...
The Hephthalites, also known as White Huns, were a nomadic people who lived across northern China, Central Asia, and northern India in the fourth through sixth centuries. ...
The reign of Mune Tsenpo (Wylie Mu ne btsanpo) is scantily recorded. Muné Tsenpo (Tibetan: མུ་ནེ་བཙན་པོ་; Wylie: Mu-ne btsan-po) was the 39th Emperor of Tibet, reigning from 797 to 799. ...
Muné Tsenpo (Tibetan: མུ་ནེ་བཙན་པོ་; Wylie: Mu-ne btsan-po) was the 39th Emperor of Tibet, reigning from 797 to 799. ...
The Wylie transliteration scheme is a method for transliterating the Tibetan script using the keys on a typical English language typewriter. ...
Under Tride Songtsän (Khri lde srong brtsan - generally known as Sadnalegs) there was a protracted war with Arab powers to the West. It appears that Tibetans captured a number of Arab troops and pressed them into service on the Eastern frontier in 801. Tibetans were active as far West as Samarkand and Kabul. Arab forces began to gain the upper hand, and the Tibetan governor of Kabul submitted to the Arabs and became a Muslim about 812 or 815. The Arabs then struck East from Kashmir, but were held off by the Tibetans. In the meantime, the Uyghurs attacked Tibet from the Northeast. Strife between the Uyghurs and Tibetans continued for some time.[27] Sadnalegs (Wylie: Khri-lde-srong-btsan), or Tride Songsten, was the youngest son of King Trisong Detsen of Tibet (reigned circa 800-815 CE - though various accounts give the beginning of his reign as 797 or 804 CE). ...
Sadnalegs (Wylie: Khri-lde-srong-btsan), or Tride Songsten, was the youngest son of King Trisong Detsen of Tibet (reigned circa 800-815 CE - though various accounts give the beginning of his reign as 797 or 804 CE). ...
Samarkand (Tajik: Самарқанд, Persian: ‎ , Uzbek: , Russian: ), population 412,300 in 2005, is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of Samarqand Province. ...
For other places with the same name, see Kabul (disambiguation). ...
For other places with the same name, see Kabul (disambiguation). ...
There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ...
Kashmir (or Cashmere) may refer to: Kashmir region, the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent India, Kashmir conflict, the territorial dispute between India, Pakistan, and the China over the Kashmir region. ...
The Uyghur (Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر; Uighur Simplified Chinese: ç»´å¾å°”; Traditional Chinese: ç¶å¾çˆ¾; Pinyin: Wéiwúěr; Turkish: Uygur) are a Turkic people, forming one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the Peoples Republic of China. ...
Ralpacan (Wylie Khri gtsug lde brtsan) is important to Tibetan Buddhists as one of the three Dharma Kings who brought Buddhism to Tibet. He was a generous supporter of Buddhism and invited many craftsmen, scholars and translators to Tibet from neighbouring countries. He also promoted the development of written Tibetan and translations, which were greatly aided by the development of a detailed Sanskrit-Tibetan lexicon called the Mahavyutpatti which included standard Tibetan equivalents for thousands of Sanskrit terms.[28][29] Ralpacan (born c. ...
Ralpacan (born c. ...
The Wylie transliteration scheme is a method for transliterating the Tibetan script using the keys on a typical English language typewriter. ...
Tibetan Buddhism, (formerly also called Lamaism after their religious gurus known as lamas), is the body of religious Buddhist doctrine and institutions characteristic of Tibet and the Himalayan region. ...
A statue of the Sakyamuni Buddha in Tawang Gompa, India. ...
This article is about historical/cultural Tibet. ...
Sanskrit ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ...
Tibetans attacked Uyghur territory in 816 and were in turn attacked in 821. After successful Tibetan raids into Chinese territory, Buddhists in both countries sought mediation.[30] The Sino-Tibetan treaty completed in 821/822, which insured peace more than two decades.[31] A bilingual account of this treaty is inscribed on a stone pillar which stands outside the Jokhang temple in Lhasa.[32] The Uyghur (Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر; Uighur Simplified Chinese: ç»´å¾å°”; Traditional Chinese: ç¶å¾çˆ¾; Pinyin: Wéiwúěr; Turkish: Uygur) are a Turkic people, forming one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the Peoples Republic of China. ...
The Jokhang Temple, home of the most venerated statue in Tibet a golden roof cylinder The Jokhang, also called the Jokhang Temple or the Jokhang Monastery, is a famous Buddhist temple in Lhasa, Tibet. ...
He was apparently murdered by pro-Bon supporters who then placed his anti-Buddhist brother, Langdarma, on the throne.[33] Bon can refer to: Abbreviation for Business Object Notation The Bon programming language The original spiritual tradition of Tibet and Tibetan people, called Bön A village in Chad The late singer of AC/DC, Bon Scott This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages...
Langdarma was the last Tibetan emperor, who reigned from 838-841 CE. By tradition Langdarma is held to be have been anti-Buddhist and a follower of the Bön religion. ...
It was under the reign of Ralpacan that the political power of Tibet was at its greatest extent, stretching as far as Mongolia and Bengal, and entering into treaties with China on a mutual basis.
The reign of Langdarma (Wylie Glang dar ma, whose regal title was in fact Tri Uidumtsaen Khri 'U'i dum brtsan was plagued by external troubles. The Uyghur state to the North collapsed under pressure from the Kyrgyz in 840, and many displaced persons fled to Tibet. Langdarma himself was assassinated, apparently by a Buddhist hermit, in 842.[34][35] Langdarma was the last Tibetan emperor, who reigned from 838-841 CE. By tradition Langdarma is held to be have been anti-Buddhist and a follower of the Bön religion. ...
Langdarma was the last Tibetan emperor, who reigned from 838-841 CE. By tradition Langdarma is held to be have been anti-Buddhist and a follower of the Bön religion. ...
The Wylie transliteration scheme is a method for transliterating the Tibetan script using the keys on a typical English language typewriter. ...
The Uyghur (Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر; Uighur Simplified Chinese: ç»´å¾å°”; Traditional Chinese: ç¶å¾çˆ¾; Pinyin: Wéiwúěr; Turkish: Uygur) are a Turkic people, forming one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the Peoples Republic of China. ...
For the language spoken by this ethnic group, see Kyrgyz language. ...
[edit] Tibet divided Upon the death of Langdarma, there was a controversy over whether he would be succeeded by his alleged postumous heir Yumtän (Wylie: Yum brtan), or by another postumous son (or nephew) Ösung (Wylie: 'Od-srung) (either 843-905 or 847-885). A civil war ensued which effectively ended centralized Tibetan administration until the Sa-skya period. Ösung's allies managed to keep control of Lhasa, but Yumtän was forced to go to Yalung where he established a separate line of kings. [36] In 910 the tombs of the emperors were defiled.
The son of Ösung was Pälkhortsän (Wylie: Dpal 'khor brtsan) (either 893-923 or 865-895). The latter apparently maintained control over much of central Tibet for a time and sired two sons Trashi Tsentsän (Wylie: Bkra shis brtsen brtsan) and Thrikhyiding (Wylie: Khri khyi lding, also called Kyide Nyigön [Wylie: Skyid lde nyi ma mgon] in some sources). Thrikhyiding emigrated to the western Tibetan region of upper Ngari (Wylie: Stod Mnga ris) and married a woman of high central Tibetan nobility, with whom he founded a local dynasty. [37]
After the break-up of the Tibetan empire in 842, Nyima-Gon, a representative of the ancient Tibetan royal house founded the first Ladakh dynasty. Nyima-Gon's kingdom had its centre well to the east of present-day Ladakh. Kyide Nyigön's eldest son became ruler of the Mar-yul (Ladakh) region, and his two younger sons ruled western Tibet, founding the Kingdom of Guge and Pu-hrang. At a later period the king of Guge's eldest son Kor-re, also called Jangchub Yeshe Ö (Byang Chub Ye shes' Od), became a Buddhist monk. He sent young scholars to Kashmir for training and was responsible for inviting Atisha to Tibet in 1040, and thus ushering in the so called Chidar (Phyi dar) phase of Buddhism in Tibet. The younger son, Srong-nge, administered day-to-day governmental affairs; it was his sons who carried on the royal line. [38] , Ladakh (Tibetan script: ལ་དà¾à½‚ས་; Wylie: la-dwags, Ladakhi IPA: , Hindi: लदà¥à¤¦à¤¾à¤–़, Hindi IPA: , Urdu: لدّاخ; land of high passes) is a region in the state of Jammu and Kashmir in Northern India sandwiched between the Kuen Lun mountain range in the north and the main Great Himalayas to the south, inhabited by people...
Guge was an ancient kingdom in Western Tibet. ...
AtiÅ›a Dipamkara Shrijnana (Bangla: অতীশ দীপঙà§à¦•à¦° শà§à¦°à§€à¦œà§à¦žà¦¾à¦¨) (982 - 1054 CE) was a Buddhist teacher who reintroduced Buddhism into Tibet after King Langdharma had nearly destroyed it. ...
Central rule was largely nonexistent over the Tibetan region from 842 to 1247, yet Buddhism survived surreptitiously in the region of Kham. Durhing the reign of Langdarma three monks had escaped from the troubled region of Lhasa to the region of Mt. Dantig in Amdo. Their disciple Muzu Saelbar (Mu-zu gSal-'bar), later known as the scholar Gongpa Rabsal (Dgongs-pa rab-gsal) (832-915), was responsible for the renewal of Buddhism in Northeastern Tibet and is counted as the progenitor of the Nyingma (Rnying ma pa) school of Tibetan Buddhism. Meanwhile, according to tradition, one of Ösung's descendants, who had an estate near Samye sent ten young men to be trained by Gongpa Rabsal. Among the ten was Lume Sherab Tshulthrim (Klu-mes Shes-rab Tshul-khrims) (950-1015). Once trained, the young men were ordained to go back into the central Tibetan regions of U and Tsang. The young scholars were able to link up with Atisha shortly after 1042 and advance the spread and organization of Buddhism in Lho-kha. In that region the faith eventually coalesced again with the foundation of the Sakya Monastery in 1073.[39] Over the next two centuries Sakya monastery grew to a position of prominence in Tibetan life and culture. The Tsurpu monastery, home of the Karmapa sect of Buddhism, was founded in 1155. Situation of the east Tibetan region of Kham Kham (Wylie transliteration: Khams; Tibetan: à½à½˜à½¦; Simplified Chinese: 康; Pinyin: KÄng) province is one of several provinces comprising traditional Tibet (the others are Amdo and Ãœ-Tsang). ...
Situation of the east Tibetan region of Amdo Amdo (Tibetan: ཨ༌མདོ, Chinese: 安多, Pinyin: Ä€nduÅ) is one of the three former provinces of Tibet, the other two being Ãœ-Tsang and Kham; it is also the place from which Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, comes from. ...
Shannan Prefecture in Tibet Autonomous Region Shannan Prefecture (Tibetan: Lhokha Sakhül, ལྷོ་à½à¼‹à½¦à¼‹à½à½´à½£à¼‹; Wylie: Lho-kha Sa-khul; simplified Chinese: å±±å—地区; pinyin: ShÄnnán DìqÅ«) is a prefecture in the Southeastern part of the Tibet Autonomous Region. ...
Sakya Monastery is an important old Buddhist monastery of the Sakya school 128 kilometres west of Shigatse in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. ...
[edit] The Mongols and the Sakya school (1236-1354) Tibetans learned in 1207 that Genghis Khan was conquering the Tangut empire. The first documented contact between the Tibetans and the Mongols occurred when Genghis Khan met Tsangpa Dunkhurwa (Gtsang pa Dung khur ba) and six of his disciples, probably in the Tangut empire, in 1215. [40] This article is about the person. ...
After the Mongol Köden took control of the Kokonor region in 1239, he sent his general, Doorda Darqan, on a reconnaissance mission into Tibet in 1240 to investigate the possibility of attacking Song China from the west. During this expedition the Kadampa monasteries of Rwa-sgreng and Rgyal-lha-khang were burned and 500 people were killed. The death of Ögödei the Mongol Qaghan in 1241 brought Mongol military activity around the world temporarily to a halt. Mongol interests in Tibet resumed in 1244 when Köden sent an invitation to Bengali scholar Sakya Pandit'ta, the leader of the Sakya sect, to come to his capital and formally surrender Tibet to the Mongols. Sakya Pandi'ta arrived in Kokonor with his two nephews Drogön Chögyal Phagpa ('Phags-pa; 1235-80) and Chana Dorje (Phyag-na Rdo-rje; 1239-67) in 1246. This event marks the incorporation of Tibet into China, according to modern Chinese historians.[citation needed] Pro-Tibetan historians argue that China and Tibet remained two separate units within the Mongol Empire.[citation needed] The Kadampa (Bka-gdams-pa) Tradition was a Tibetan Mahayana Buddhist school. ...
Ögedei Khan, (Mongolian: , Ögöödei; also Ogotai or Oktay; c. ...
Sakya is one of four major schools (Nyingma, Sakya, Kagyu and Gelug) in Tibetan Buddhism (Vajrayana). ...
Drogön Chögyal Phagpa (Tibetan: འགྲོ་མགོན་ཆོས་རྒྱལ་འཕགས་པ་; Wylie: Gro mgon Chos rgyal Phags pa; also written Dongon Choegyal Phakpa, Dromtön Chögyal Pagpa, etc. ...
This article is about historical/cultural Tibet. ...
This is a list of historians. ...
Expansion of the Mongol Empire Historical map of the Mongol Empire The Mongol Empire, also known as the Mongolian Empire (Mongolian: , Mongolyn Ezent Güren; 1206–1405) was the largest contiguous empire in history and for sometime was the most feared in Eurasia. ...
When Möngke became Qaghan in 1251, he assigned the various districts of Tibet as appanages to his relatives. Kublai Khan was appointed by Möngke Khan to take charge over the Chinese campaigns in 1253. Since Sakya Padit'ta had already died by this time Kublai took Drogön Chögyal Phagpa into his camp as a symbol of Tibet's surrender. Kublai was elected Qaghan in 1260 following the death of his brother Möngke, although his ascendance was not uncontested. At that point he named Drogön Chögyal Phagpa 'state preceptor'. In 1265 Drogön Chögyal Phagpa returned to Tibet and for the first time made an attempt to impose Sakya hegemony with the appointment of Shakya Bzang-po (a long time servant and ally of the Sakyas) as the Dpon-chen ('great administrator') over Tibet in 1267. A census was conducted in 1268 and Tibet was divided into 13 myriarchies. This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...
This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...
Möngke Khan (1208-1259, also transliterated as Mongke, Mongka, Möngka, Mangu) was the fourth khan of the Mongol Empire. ...
Khagan or Great Khan (Old Turkic , alternatively spelled Chagan, Khaghan, Kagan, Qagan, Qaghan), is a title of imperial rank in the Mongolian and Turkic languages equal to the status of emperor and someone who rules a Khaganate (empire, greater than an ordinary Khan, but often referred to as such in...
For other uses, see Kublai Khan (disambiguation). ...
In 1269 Drogön Chögyal Phagpa returned to Kublai's side at his new capital Khanbaliq (modern day Beijing). He presented the Qaghan with a new script designed to represent all of the languages of the empire. The next year he was named Dishi ('imperial preceptor'), and his position as ruler of Tibet (now in the form of its thirteen myriarchies) was reconfirmed. The Sakya hegemony over Tibet continued into the middle of the 14th century, although it was challenged by a revolt of the Drikung Kagyu sect with the assistance of Hülegü Khan of the Ilkhanate in 1285. The revolt was suppressed in 1290 when the Sa-skyas and eastern Mongols burned Drikung Monastery and killed 10,000 people.[41] Khanbaliq or Cambuluc (great residence of the Khan) is the ancient Mongol name[1] for the city at the present location of Beijing, the current capital of the Peoples Republic of China. ...
Drikung Kagyu or Drigung Kagyu (Wylie: Bri-khung Bka-brgyud) is one of the eight minor lineages of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism. ...
Hulagu Khan, also known as Hulagu, Hülegü or Hulegu (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Chaghatay/Persian: ; Arabic:هولاكو; c. ...
Khanates of Mongolian Empire: Il-Khanate, Chagatai Khanate, Empire of the Great Khan (Yuan Dynasty), Golden Horde The Ilkhanate (also spelled Il-khanate or Il Khanate) was one of the four divisions within the Mongol Empire. ...
[edit] Rise of the Phagmodru (1354-1434) The Phagmodru (Phag mo gru) myriarchy centered at Neudong (Sne'u gdong) was granted as an appanage to Hülegü in 1251. The area had already been associated with the Lang (Rlang) family, and with the waining of Ilkhanate influence it was ruled by this family within the Mongol-Sakya framework headed by the Mongol appointed Pönchen (Dpon chen) at Sakya. The areas under Lang administration were continually encroached upon during the late 13 and early 14 centuries. Janchub Gyaltsän (Byang chub rgyal mtshan, 1302-1364) saw these encroachments as illegal and sought the restoration of Phagmodru lands after his appointment as the Myriarch in 1322. After prolonged legal struggles the struggle became violent when Phagmodru was attacked by its neighbours in 1346. Jangchub Gyaltsän was arrested and released in 1347. When he latter refused to appear for trial, his domains were attacked by the Pönchen in 1348. Janchung Gyaltsän was able to defend Phagmodru, and continued to have military successes until by 1351 he was the strongest political figure in the country. Military hositlities ended in 1354 with Jangchub Gyaltsän as the unquestioned victor. He continued to rule central Tibet until his death in 1364, although he left all Mongol institutions in place as hollow formalities. Power remained in the hands of the Phagmodru family until 1434. [42]
[edit] Rise of the Geluk school Lobsang Gyatso (Wylie transliteration: Blo-bzang Rgya-mtsho), the Great Fifth Dalai Lama, (1617-1682) was the first Dalai Lama to wield effective political power over central Tibet. Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso (Wylie transliteration: Blo-bzang Rgya-mtsho), (also Lobsang Gyatso) the Great Fifth Dalai Lama, (1617 – 1682), The fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso was a political and religious leader in seventeenth century Tibet. ...
The Wylie transliteration scheme is a method for transliterating the Tibetan script using the keys on a typical English language typewriter. ...
Events Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Ahmed I (1603-1617) to Mustafa I (1617-1623). ...
Year 1682 (MDCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ...
This article is about the Dalai Lama lineage. ...
The 5th Dalai Lama is known for unifying Tibet under the control of the Geluk school of Tibetan Buddhism, after defeating the rival Kagyu and Jonang sects and the secular ruler, the prince of Shang, in a prolonged civil war. His efforts were successful in part because of aid from Gushi Khan, a powerful Oirat military leader. The Jonang monasteries were either closed or forcibly converted, and that school remained in hiding until the latter part of the 20th century. The Geluk or Gelug (Wylie transliteration: Dge-lugs, Tibetan: དགེ་ལུགས་པ་) school of Buddhism was founded by Tsongkhapa (1357-1419), a philosopher and tibetan religious leader. ...
Tibetan Buddhism is the body of religious Buddhist doctrine and institutions characteristic of Tibet, the Himalayan region (including northern Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim and Ladakh), Mongolia, Buryatia, Tuva and Kalmykia (Russia), and northeastern China (Manchuria: Heilongjiang, Jilin). ...
The Kagyu (Tibetan: བཀའ་བརྒྱུད་; Wylie: Bka-brgyud) school, also known as the Oral Lineage and the Spotless Practice Lineage school, is one of four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism, the other three being Nyingma (Rnying-ma), Sakya (Sa-skya), and Gelug (Dge-lugs). ...
The Jonang or Jonangpa school of Tibetan Buddhism was founded in the early 14th century by Sherab Gyeltsen, a monk trained in the Sakyapa school. ...
Güshi Khan was a 17th century Mongol military leader and the leader of the Tibetan Buddhist school of Karmapa. ...
The Oyirad (also spelled Oirat) is an alliance of the western Mongols. ...
(19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999...
In 1652 the Fifth Dalai Lama visited the Manchu emperor, Shunzhi. He was not required to kowtow and received a seal. // Events April 6 - Dutch sailor Jan van Riebeeck establishes a resupply camp for the Dutch East India Company at the Cape of Good Hope, and founded Cape Town. ...
The Manchu people (Manchu: Manju; Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: , Mongolian: Манж) are a Tungusic people who originated in Manchuria (todays Northeastern China). ...
The Shunzhi Emperor (March 15, 1638–February 5, 1661?) was the second emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty, and the first Qing emperor to rule over China proper from 1644 to 1661. ...
The fifth Dalai lama initiated the construction of the Potala Palace in Lhasa, and moved the centre of government there from Drepung. The Potala Palace (Tibetan: པོ་à½à¼‹à½£à¼) located in Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, in Peoples Republic of China. ...
For other uses, see Lhasa (disambiguation). ...
Drepung monastery Drepung Monastery is one of the great three Gelukpa university monasteries of Tibet. ...
 The Potala Palace in Lhasa The death of the fifth Dalai Lama in 1680 was kept hidden for 15 years by his assistant, confidant, and possibly son Desi Sangay Gyatso (De-srid Sangs-rgyas Rgya-'mtsho). The Dalai Lamas remained Tibet's titular heads of state until 1959. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Events First Portuguese governor was appointed to Macau The Swedish city Karlskrona was founded as the Royal Swedish Navy relocated there. ...
Year 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
During the rule of the Great Fifth, two Jesuit missionaries, the German Johannes Gruber and Belgian Albert Dorville, stayed in Lhasa for two months, October and November, 1661 on their way from Peking to Goa in India.[43] They described the Dalai Lama as a "powerful and compassionate leader" and "a devilish God-the-father who puts to death such as refuse to adore him."-->. Another Jesuit Ippolito Desideri stayed 5 years in Lhasa (1716-1721) and was the first missionnary to master the language. He even produced a few Christian books in Tibetan. Capuchin fathers took over the mission till all missionaries were expelled in 1745. The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu), commonly known as the Jesuits, is a Roman Catholic religious order. ...
Johann Grueber (28 October 1623, Linz - 30 September 1680, Sárospatak, Hungary) was a German Jesuit missionary and astronomer in China, and noted explorer. ...
Albert Dorville, (also known as Albert Le Comte d’Orville) (12 August 1621, Brussels, Belgium - 8 April 1662, Agra, India) was a Belgian Jesuit priest, Missionary in China and cartographer. ...
1661 (MDCLXI) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ...
For other uses, see Goa (disambiguation). ...
Ippolito Desideri (21 December 1684, Pistoia, Italy - 14 April 1733, Roma, Italy) was an Italian Jesuit, missionary in Tibet, and the first European expert on Tibetan language and culture. ...
The term capuchin can refer to: the capuchin monkeys, genus Cebus, a group of highly intelligent New World monkeys. ...
// Events May 11 - War of Austrian Succession: Battle of Fontenoy - At Fontenoy, French forces defeat an Anglo-Dutch-Hanoverian army including the Black Watch June 4 – Frederick the Great destroys Austrian army at Hohenfriedberg August 19 - Beginning of the 45 Jacobite Rising at Glenfinnan September 12 - Francis I is elected...
In the late 17th century, Tibet entered into a dispute with Bhutan, which was supported by Ladakh. This resulted in an invasion of Ladakh by Tibet. Kashmiri help restored Ladakhi rule on the condition of that a mosque be built in Leh and that the Ladakhi king convert to Islam. The Treaty of Temisgam in 1684 settled the dispute between Tibet and Ladakh, but its independence was severely restricted. , Ladakh (Tibetan script: ལ་དà¾à½‚ས་; Wylie: la-dwags, Ladakhi IPA: , Hindi: लदà¥à¤¦à¤¾à¤–़, Hindi IPA: , Urdu: لدّاخ; land of high passes) is a region in the state of Jammu and Kashmir in Northern India sandwiched between the Kuen Lun mountain range in the north and the main Great Himalayas to the south, inhabited by people...
Kashmir (or Cashmere) may refer to: Kashmir region, the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent India, Kashmir conflict, the territorial dispute between India, Pakistan, and the China over the Kashmir region. ...
For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ...
[edit] 18th and 19th centuries -
The Sixth Dalai Lama enjoyed a lifestyle that included drinking, the company of women, and writing love songs. Declaring him to be unworthy as a monk, Mongol leader Lha-bzang Khan invaded Tibet with the approval of China's Kangxi emperor in 1705. The Dalai Lama died soon afterwards, probably killed by someone. Tibetans angrily rejected the spurious Dalai Lama candidate Lha-bzang brought with him and turned to the Dzungar Mongols for relief. The Dzungars defeated and killed Lha-bzang, but then proceeded to sack Lhasa and loot the tomb of the fifth Dalai Lama. They stayed until a Chinese expedition expelled them in 1720. The Chinese were hailed as liberators and patrons of Kelzang Gyatso, who they installed as the seventh Dalai Lama. Following the Qing withdrawal from central Tibet in 1723, there was a period of civil war. Amdo, meanwhile, was declared a Chinese territory under the name Kokonor ('Blue Lake'). (This became the province of Qinghai in 1929.) Tibetan plateau Tibet has attracted European explorers for well over 100 years, when the country was forbidden to all foreigners. ...
Lha-bzang Khan, the last Khoshut King of Tibet Lha-bzang Khan (d. ...
Jüün Ghar was a tribe of the Oyirad Mongols. ...
Kokonor Is an alternative name of Qinghai province in China. ...
Qinghai (Chinese: é’æµ·; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ching-hai; Postal System Pinyin: Tsinghai; Tibetan: མཚོ་སྔོན་ mtsho-sngon; Mongolian: Köke Naγur; Manchu: Huhu Noor) is a province of the Peoples Republic of China, named after the enormous Qinghai Lake. ...
China began posting two high commissioners, or ambans, to Lhasa in 1727. Pro-Chinese historians argue that the ambans' presence was an expression of Chinese sovereignty, while those favouring Tibetan claims tend to equate the ambans with ambassadors. "The relationship between Tibet and (Qing) China was that of priest and patron and was not based on the subordination of one to the other," according to the 13th Dalai Lama.[44] The Ambans were imperial administrators of Qing China in Tibet. ...
Pho-lha-nas, an important Tibetan aristocrat, ruled Tibet with Chinese support in 1728-47. In 1728 the young 7th Dalai Lama, Kelzang Gyatso was invited to visit Beijing,[45] but Pho-lha-nas only had him moved from Lhasa to Litang to make it more difficult for him to influence the government. After Pho-lha-nas died, his son ruled until he was killed by the ambans in 1750. This provoked riots during which the ambans were killed. A Chinese army entered the country and restored order. Kelzang Gyatso (Wylie: Bskal-bzang Rgya-mtsho) (1708 – 1757), also spelled Kelsang Gyatso and Kezang Gyatso was the 7th Dalai Lama of Tibet. ...
Yaks in the Ganden Thubchen Choekhorling monastery courtyard. ...
Year 1750 (MDCCL) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday [1] of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ...
[edit] Removal of the Regents and establishment of the Kashag There are two main versions of how this occurred. The Chinese version is that:
In 1751, the Qianlong Emperor (1711-1799; ruled 1737-1796) issued a 13-point decree which abolished the position of regent (desi), put the Tibetan government in the hands of a four-man Kashag, or Council of Ministers, and gave the ambans formal powers. The Dalai Lama moved back to Lhasa to preside (in name) over the new government.[citation needed] The Qianlong Emperor (born Hongli, September 25, 1711 – February 7, 1799) was the fifth emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China. ...
The Tibetan version has it that:
In 1751, at the age of forty-three, Kelzang Gyatso constituted the "Kashag" or council of ministers to administer the Tibetan government and the abolished the post of Regent or Desi, as it placed too much power in one man’s hand and the Dalai Lama became the spiritual and political leader of Tibet.[46]
- "The 'king' or governor of Tibet was no longer appointed by the Chinese after 1750, and the Dalai Lama was tacitly recognized as sovereign of Tibet, with the exception of Kham and
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