History of U.S. expansion and influence

American Empire (term)

Continental expansion

Foreign relations

List of military actions

List of military actions (2)

Non-interventionism

Opposition to expansion

Overseas expansion

Pax Americana

Post-1945 interventions

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After expanding across North America in the early and mid-nineteenth century, the United States soon began to expand overseas, emerging after World War II as a leading world power. Motto: E pluribus unum (1789 to 1956) (Latin: Out of Many, One) In God We Trust (1956 to present) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City Official language(s) None at federal level; English de facto Government • President • Vice President Federal Republic George... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_States. ... This article is about views of the historical expansionism and current international influence of the United States. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... President of the United States, George W. Bush (right) at Camp David in March 2003, hosting the British Prime Minister Tony Blair. ... Congressional Research Service report RL30172 From 1798 to 2004 there has been 311 instances of the employment of U.S. military forces abroad. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad. ... Non-interventionism, the diplomatic policy whereby a nation seeks to avoid alliances with other nations, has had a long history in the United States. ... As the United States grew into a global power, its government has become more involved with other countries. ... U.S. Marines on foot patrol in Port-au-Prince Haiti (2004) The term Pax Americana (Latin: American Peace) denotes the period of relative peace in the Western world since the end of World War II in 1945, coinciding with the dominant military and economic position of the United States. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... Combatants Allies: Poland, British Commonwealth, France/Free France, Soviet Union, United States, China, and others Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan, and others Casualties Military dead: 17 million Civilian dead: 33 million Total dead: 50 million Military dead: 8 million Civilian dead: 4 million Total dead: 12 million World War II...

Background

Post Spanish-American War U.S. political cartoon from 1898: "Ten Thousand Miles From Tip to Tip" meaning the extension of U.S. domination (symbolized by a bald eagle) from Puerto Rico to the Philippines. The cartoon contrasts this with a map of the smaller United States 100 years earlier in 1798.

A variety of factors coincided during this period to bring about an accelerated pace of U.S. expansionism: Image File history File links 10kMiles. ... Image File history File links 10kMiles. ... This early political cartoon by Ben Franklin was originally written for the French and Indian War, but was later recycled during the Revolutionary War An editorial cartoon, also known as a political cartoon, is an illustration or comic strip containing a political or social message. ... Binomial name Haliaeetus leucocephalus (Linnaeus, 1766) The Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) is a bird of prey originating in North America, most recognizable as the national bird of the United States. ...

• The industry and agriculture of the United States had grown beyond its need for consumption. Powerful business and political figures such as James G. Blaine believed that foreign markets were essential to further economic growth, promoting a more aggressive foreign policy.
• The prevalence of racism, notably Ernst Haeckel's "biogenic law," John Fiske's conception of Anglo-Saxon racial superiority, and Josiah Strong's call to "civilize and Christianize" - all manifestations of a growing Social Darwinism and racism in some schools of American political thought.
• The development of Frederick Jackson Turner's "Frontier Thesis," which stated that the American frontier was the wellspring of its creativity and virility as a civilization. As the Western United States was gradually becoming less of a frontier and more of a part of America, many believed that overseas expansion was vital to maintaining the American spirit.
• The publication of Alfred T. Mahan's The Influence of Sea Power upon History in 1890, which advocated three factors crucial to The United States' ascension to the position of "world power": the construction of a canal in South America (later influencing the decision for the construction of the Panama Canal), expansion of the U.S. naval power, and the establishment of a trade/military post in the Pacific, so as to stimulate trade with China. This publication had a strong influence on the idea that a strong navy stimulated trade, and influenced policy makers such as Theodore Roosevelt and other proponents of a large navy.

James G. Blaine James Gillespie Blaine (January 31, 1830 – January 27, 1893) was a U.S. Representative, U.S. Senator from Maine and a two-time United States Secretary of State. ... A foreign policy is a set of political goals that seeks to outline how a particular country will interact with the other countries of the world. ... An African-American man drinks out of the colored only water cooler at a racially segregated street car terminal in the United States in 1939. ... This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... John Fiske (1842–1901), born Edmund Fisk Green, was an American philosopher and historian. ... The Anglo-Saxons refers collectively to the groups of Germanic tribes who achieved dominance in southern Britain from the mid-5th century, forming the basis for the modern English nation. ... Josiah Strong (1847-1916) was a Protestant clergyman and author. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Frederick Jackson Turner Frederick Jackson Turner (November 14, 1861–1932) was, with Charles A. Beard, the most influential American historian of the early 20th century. ... The Frontier Thesis or Turner Thesis is the conclusion of Frederick Jackson Turner that the wellsprings of American exceptionalism and vitality have always been the American frontier, the region between urbanized, civilized society and the untamed wilderness. ... In the United States and Canada the frontier was the term applied until the end of the 19th century to the zone of unsettled land outside the region of existing settlements of European immigrants and their descendants. ... The word civilization (or civilisation) has a variety of meanings related to human society. ... If you have been redirected here after viewing any statistical information, note that as defined by the Census Bureau, the western United States includes 13 states: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. ... Rear Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan (27 September 1840 - 1 December 1914) was a United States Navy officer, naval strategist, and educator, widely considered the foremost theorist of sea power. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... 1890 (MDCCCXC) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar). ... In the context of international relations and diplomacy, power (sometimes clarified as international power, national power, or state power) is the ability of one state to influence or control other states. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... A canal tug, making its way down to the Caribbean end of the canal, waits to be joined by a ship in the uppermost chamber of the Gatun Locks. ... The United States Navy (USN) is the branch of the United States armed forces responsible for naval operations. ... Oceania is a geographical, often geopolitical, region consisting of numerous lands – mostly islands but often including Australia – in the Pacific Ocean and vicinity. ... Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. ...

Annexation of Hawaii

In 1959, 94% of Hawaiians voted to relinquish all land claims (proposition 2) to the United States and become a state.

The Kingdom of Hawai'i was long an independent monarchy in the mid-Pacific Ocean. During the nineteenth century, the first American missionaries and then American business interests began to play major roles in the islands. Most notable were the powerful fruit and sugarcane corporations such as the Hawaiian Pineapple Company, founded by James Dole, and an oligarchy known as the Big Five, which included Castle & Cooke, Alexander & Baldwin, C. Brewer & Co., Amfac and Theo H. Davies & Co.. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (999x696, 111 KB) Summary Hawaii and all island groups voted at least 93% in favor of statehood (proposition 1), relinquishing all land claims and disputes to the United States (proposition 2), and full consent to terms of the Admission Act (proposition... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (999x696, 111 KB) Summary Hawaii and all island groups voted at least 93% in favor of statehood (proposition 1), relinquishing all land claims and disputes to the United States (proposition 2), and full consent to terms of the Admission Act (proposition... Princess Kaiulani, a member of the Kalākaua Dynasty, was in line to become Queen of Hawaii when her kingdom was overthrown by a small group of Hawaiian citizens (primarily of European descent) and United States citizens. ... Places where monarchies maintain rule appear in blue. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... A missionary is a propagator of religion, often an evangelist or other representative of a religious community who works among those outside of that community. ... Fruit stall in Barcelona, Catalonia. ... Species Saccharum arundinaceum Saccharum bengalense Saccharum edule Saccharum officinarum Saccharum procerum Saccharum ravennae Saccharum robustum Saccharum sinense Saccharum spontaneum Insert non-formatted text here Sugarcane or Sugar cane (Saccharum) is a genus of between 6 and 37 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation) of tall grasses (family Poaceae, tribe Andropogoneae), native... Dole Food Company, Inc. ... James Dole, formally James Drummond Dole and nicknamed the Pineapple King (September 27, 1877-May 1958), was a United States industrialist who developed the pineapple industry in Hawaii and established the Hawaiian Pineapple Company. ... Oligarchy is a political regime where most or all political power effectively rests with a small segment of society (typically the most powerful, whether by wealth, family, military strength, ruthlessness, or political influence). ... Territorial Hawai‘i was ruled by a corporate oligarchy of the Big Five sugar corporations. ... Castle & Cooke, Inc. ... Alexander & Baldwin, Inc. ... C. Brewer & Co. ... Amfac Hawaii, LLC was a land development company in Hawaii. ... Theo H. Davies & Co. ...

After a coup financed and directed by American interests overthrew the monarchy's last native Hawaiian leader, isolationist Queen Lili'uokalani, the island became a republic in 1894. A coup détat (pronounced ), or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government through unconstitutional means by a part of the state establishment that mostly replaces just the top power figures. ... Her Majesty Liliuokalani, Queen of Hawaii Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii (September 2, 1838 – November 11, 1917), originally named Lydia Kamakaeha, also known as Lydia Kamakaeha Paki, with the chosen royal name of Liliuokalani, and later named Lydia K. Dominis, was the last monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii. ... In a broad definition a republic is a state or country that is led by people who do not base their political power on any principle beyond the control of the people of that state or country. ...

In 1898, the American president of the Republic of Hawai'i, Sanford Dole, James Dole's cousin, agreed to the Republic's annexation by the United States. 1898 (MDCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Iolani Palace, Honolulu The Republic of Hawaii was the formal name of Hawaii from 1894 to 1898 when it was run as a republic. ... Former advisor to Queen Lili‘uokalani and justice of the Hawai‘i judiciary, Sanford B. Dole assumed the role of President of the Republic of Hawai‘i. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

The republic was dissolved in 1900 when the country became a territory of the US. Following voter approval of the Admission of Hawai'i Act, the Territory of Hawaii, on August 21, 1959, became the state of Hawai'i and the 50th state of the United States. United States territory is any extent of region under the jurisdiction of the federal government of the United States, including all waters (around islands or continental tracts). ... In April 1959, Hawaii Delegate John A. Burns prepared to slice the Hawaii Statehood Cake at Capitol Hill with Democrat Congressmen D. S. Saund of California, James Haley of Florida and Al Ullman of Oregon. ... On August 12, 1898, the flag of the Kingdom of Hawai‘i over ‘Iolani Palace was lowered to raise the United States flag to signify annexation. ... August 21 is the 233rd day of the year (234th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Official language(s) English, Hawaiian Capital Honolulu Largest city Honolulu Area  Ranked 43rd  - Total 10,941 sq. ... A state of the United States (a U.S. state) is any one of the fifty states (four of which officially favor the term commonwealth) which, along with the District of Columbia, form the United States of America. ...

Spanish-American War

Main article: Spanish-American War

1899 cartoon. Uncle Sam balances his new possessions, which are depicted as savage children. The figures are identified as Puerto Rico, Hawaii, Cuba, Philippines, and "Ladrones" (the Mariana Islands)

The Spanish-American War took place in 1898. The Treaty of Paris (1898), ended the Spanish-American war, giving the United States possession of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, and Cuba. British author Rudyard Kipling advocated the idea of The White Man's Burden to "civilize" the rest of the world. After the war, the United States greatly increased its international power. The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Download high resolution version (428x622, 103 KB)Political cartoon scanned from 1899 book Uncle Sam balances his new possessions, which are depicted as savage children. ... Download high resolution version (428x622, 103 KB)Political cartoon scanned from 1899 book Uncle Sam balances his new possessions, which are depicted as savage children. ... J. M. Flaggs Uncle Sam recruited soldiers for World War I. Uncle Sam is a national personification of the United States dating from the War of 1812. ... Official language(s) English, Hawaiian Capital Honolulu Largest city Honolulu Area  Ranked 43rd  - Total 10,941 sq. ... The Mariana Islands (also the Marianas; up to the early 20th century sometimes called Islas de los Ladrones meaning Islands of Thieves) are a group of islands made up by the summits of 15 volcanic mountains in the western Pacific Ocean. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... The Treaty of Paris of 1898, signed on December 10, 1898, ended the Spanish-American War. ... Rudyard Kipling Joseph Rudyard Kipling (December 30, 1865 – January 18, 1936) was a British author and poet, born in India. ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: The White Mans Burden The white mans burden - a satiric take This advertisement for soap uses the theme of the White Mans Burden, encouraging white people to teach cleanliness to members of other races. ...

This era also saw the first scattered protests against American imperialism. Noted Americans such as Mark Twain spoke out forcefully against these ventures. Opponents of the war, including Twain and Andrew Carnegie, organized themselves into the American Anti-Imperialist League. Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910), better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American humorist, novelist, writer, and lecturer. ... Andrew Carnegie (November 25, 1835 – August 11, 1919) was a Scottish businessman, a major philanthropist, and the founder of the Carnegie Steel Company which later became U.S. Steel. ... The American Anti-Imperialist League was formed on June 15, 1898 to fight U.S. annexation of the Philippines and other U.S. insular areas on economic, legal, moral, and even racial grounds. ...

During this same period the American people continued to strongly chastise the European powers for their imperialism. The Second Boer War was especially unpopular in the United States and soured Anglo-American relations. The anti-imperialist press would often draw parallels between America in the Philippines and the British in the Second Boer War.^[1] Combatants British Empire Orange Free State, South African Republic Commanders Frederick Roberts later Lord Kitchener Christiaan Rudolf de Wet and Paul Kruger Casualties Military dead:22,000 Civilian dead:N/A Total dead:22,000 Military dead:6,500 Civilian dead:24,000 Total dead:30,500 The Second Boer... Combatants British Empire Orange Free State, South African Republic Commanders Frederick Roberts later Lord Kitchener Christiaan Rudolf de Wet and Paul Kruger Casualties Military dead:22,000 Civilian dead:N/A Total dead:22,000 Military dead:6,500 Civilian dead:24,000 Total dead:30,500 The Second Boer...

Philippine-American War

Main article: Philippine-American War

Post-Spanish-American War map of "Greater America"

The Philippine-American War (1899 to 1913) is often cited as another instance of United States imperialism. While many Filipinos were initially delighted to be rid of the Spanish rule of the Philippines, the guerrilla fighters soon found that the Americans were not prepared to grant them much more autonomy than Spain had. Thus for the next six years American forces engaged in a war in the jungles of the Philippines against the Filipino resistance. An estimated 200,000 Filipinos died from war, war induced famine, and conditions in American concentration camps. American soldiers participated in widespread war crimes, including torture and killing POWs.^[2] Combatants United States The Philippines Commanders Elwell Stephen Otis Emilio Aguinaldo Strength 126,000 soldiers 80,000 soldiers Casualties 4,324 U.S. soldiers dead 2,840 wounded; 2,000 killed, dead, or wounded of the Philippine Constabulary 16,000 soldiers killed est. ... Map of Greater America, scanned from 1899 book. ... Map of Greater America, scanned from 1899 book. ... Combatants United States The Philippines Commanders Elwell Stephen Otis Emilio Aguinaldo Strength 126,000 soldiers 80,000 soldiers Casualties 4,324 U.S. soldiers dead 2,840 wounded; 2,000 killed, dead, or wounded of the Philippine Constabulary 16,000 soldiers killed est. ... This article describes the history of the Philippines. ... Box Log Falls, Lamington National Park, Queensland, Australia Jungle refers usually to a dense forest in a hot climate. ... A concentration camp is a large detention centre created for political opponents, aliens, specific ethnic or religious groups, civilians of a critical war-zone, or other groups of people, often during a war. ... The Water Torture. ...

Latin America

Main article: The Banana Wars

The early decades of the 20th century saw a great amount of intervention in Latin America by the U.S. government, often under the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, and most often openly in aid of U.S. corporate interests. President William Howard Taft viewed "Dollar Diplomacy" as a way for American corporations to benefit while assisting in the national security goal of preventing European powers, above all the United Kingdom and Germany, from filling any possible financial or power vacuum. US Marines with the captured flag of Augusto César Sandino in Nicaragua in 1932 The Banana Wars is an unofficial term that refers to the United States military interventions into Central and South America from 1898 (following the Spanish-American War) through 1934. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... ... The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (from 1901 to 1909) was a substantial alteration (called an amendment) of the Monroe Doctrine by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt. ... U.S. President James Monroe. ... William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930) was an American politician, the 27th President of the United States, the 10th Chief Justice of the United States, a leader of the progressive conservative wing of the Republican Party in the early twentieth century, a chaired professor at Yale Law... This article or section is missing references or citation of sources. ... Security measures taken to protect the Houses of Parliament in London, England. ... Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents of Earth which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiographic one, leading to various perspectives about Europes borders. ...

• 1901: Platt Amendment renders Cuba a protectorate of the United States, putting severe restrictions on the Cuban government's financial freedom, granting the U.S. its base at Guantanamo Bay, and reserving the right of the U.S. to intervene in Cuban affairs. Cuba is also pressured to write the provisions of the Platt Amendment into its constitution.
• 1903: US customs receivership in Haiti following collapse of Haitian government and threats by France and Italy to intervene to collect their debts.
• 1903: U.S. backed independence of Panama from Colombia in order to build the Panama Canal; Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty
• 30 Mar 1903 - 28 Mar 1905: U.S. occupation of the (former Spanish colony) Dominican Republic)
• 1904: Theodore Roosevelt announces his "Corollary" to the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States would intervene to protect Washington's interests in the Western Hemisphere should Latin American governments prove incapable or unstable.
• 28 March 1905 - 1941: U.S. protectorate of Dominican Republic
• 1909: forced resignation of President José Santos Zelaya after triumph of U.S.-backed rebels in Nicaragua
• 1912 to 1933: U.S. occupation of Nicaragua
• 1914 to 1916: Mexico conflict, including U.S. troops occupying northern portion of the country and port city of Veracruz
• 1915 to 1934: U.S. occupation of Haiti
• 29 November 1916 - 12 July 1924: U.S. occupation of Dominican Republic
• 28 April 1965 - 21 September 1966: U.S. and OAS occupation of Dominican Republic

The Platt Amendment was a rider appended to the Army Appropriations Act, a United States federal law passed in March 1901. ... Map of Cuba with location of Guantánamo Bay indicated. ... A canal tug, making its way down to the Caribbean end of the canal, waits to be joined by a ship in the uppermost chamber of the Gatun Locks. ... Map of Panama, with Panama canal On November 18, 1903, the United States and the newly independent (since November 3) nation of Panama signed the Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty. ... Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. ... U.S. President James Monroe. ... José Santos Zelaya (November 1, 1853 - May 17, 1919) was president of Nicaragua from 1893 to 1909. ... Veracruz is the name of a city and a state in Mexico. ...

Asia

While American intervention had begun earlier with Matthew Perry forcibly opening Japan to the West with the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854, this period saw the United States expand its presence in Asia. The U.S. pushed through the Open Door Policy that guaranteed its economic access to China. It also vigorously acquired small islands in the Pacific, mostly to be used as coaling stations. Matthew Calbraith Perry (1794-1858). ... The term Western world or the West can have multiple meanings depending on its context. ... On March 31, 1854, the Convention of Kanagawa (Japanese: 神奈川条約, Kanagawa Jōyaku, or 日米和親条約, Nichibei Washin Jōyaku) was used by Commodore Matthew Perry of the U.S. Navy to force the opening of the Japanese ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American trade and ended Japans 200 year policy... World map showing the location of Asia. ... The Open Door Policy is the maintenance in a certain territory of equal commercial and industrial rights for the nationals of all countries. ... Coal Coal is a fossil fuel extracted from the ground by mining. ...

Not long before the turn of the 20th century, China was divided into what some call "spheres of influence"-- areas to which a foreign power (some involved were Austria, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, and Russia) had claimed exclusive trading rights, or even the territory itself. The United States, having recently captured the Philippines in the Spanish-American War and thereby becoming a power in Asia, was eager to reap its own benefits from China, but felt impeded by these "spheres of influence". In an effort to eliminate this hindrance, John Hay, Secretary of State at the time (under William McKinley), sent letters to European leaders suggesting an "open door" policy in China, one that would grant equivalent trading rights to all powers inside the spheres of influence. The proposal was gently rejected. Following the Boxer Rebellion, John Hay called again for an expanded "open door" policy effective throughout China, not just within "spheres of influence". The United States and the European powers agreed to preserve Chinese independence and government, but continued to use the country for monetary gain until World War II. The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... For other people named John Hay, see John Hay (disambiguation). ... Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice. ... William McKinley (January 29, 1843 – September 14, 1901) was the 25th President of the United States. ... Boxer forces, 1900 photograph The Boxer Uprising (Traditional Chinese: 義和團起義; Simplified Chinese: 义和团起义; Pinyin: Yìhétuán Qǐyì; The Righteous and Harmonious Fists) or Boxer Rebellion (義和團之亂 or 義和團匪亂) was a Chinese rebellion against foreign influence in areas such as trade, politics, religion and technology that occurred in China during the final... Combatants Allies: Poland, British Commonwealth, France/Free France, Soviet Union, United States, China, and others Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan, and others Casualties Military dead: 17 million Civilian dead: 33 million Total dead: 50 million Military dead: 8 million Civilian dead: 4 million Total dead: 12 million World War II...

After World War II

After helping defeat Nazi Germany, the United States occupied the southern portion of the Western sector of Germany (what later became West Germany) for ten years (1945 to 1955). More intense was the occupation of Japan from 1945 to 1951, during which time the US occupation force, led by General Douglas MacArthur staged a dramatic restructuring of Japanese society in order to prevent the nation from re-emerging as a military threat. (See also Japanese nationalism.) Although the occupation officially ended in the 1950's, large numbers of American troops remain today in bases in both countries. Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... The four occupation zones The Allied powers who defeated Germany in World War II divided the country west of the Oder River into four occupation zones for administrative purposes during the period 1945-1949. ... Douglas MacArthur GCB (January 26, 1880 – April 5, 1964) was an American general and medal of honor winner, who was Supreme Commander of Allied forces in the South West Pacific Area during World War II. He led the defense of Australia, and the recapture of New Guinea, the Philippines and... After several waves of immigration from the Asian continent and nearby Pacific islands, followed by a heavy importation of culture from Korea and China, the inhabitants of Japan experienced a long period of relative isolation from the outside world until the arrival of the Black Ships and the Meiji era. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

During this period, the United States actively intervened in the politics of many nations, usually for the stated purpose of curbing the expansion of the influence of the Soviet Union. Many of the post-war actions were implemented as the result of Cold War policy and anti-Communist sentiment, which were the basis of much of United States foreign policy. The Cold War (Russian: Холодная война , Kholodna-ya voina) was the protracted geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle that emerged after World War II between the global superpowers of the Soviet Union and the United States, supported by their alliance partners. ... Anti-communism is an ideology of opposition to communist organization, government and ideology. ...

The most notable aspects of this period tend to be American military interventions in areas such as Korea, Vietnam, Grenada, Panama, Afghanistan, and Iraq. Combatants Western Allied/UN combatants: South Korea, United States Communist combatants: North Korea, Peoples Republic of China Strength Note: All figures may vary according to source. ...

Europe

During the 1960s and 1970s it became fashionable to view the Soviet Empire in eastern Europe as comparable to the American domination of western Europe. It was frequently argued that, through economic and military pressure, the United States pursued hegemony just as aggressively as the Soviet Union. The post-revisionist school, which, since the fall of the USSR, has come to dominate the study of Cold War history, has rejected this view, arguing that the full extent of Soviet aggression has become apparent as a result of the opening of the Kremlin's archives. (See historiography of the Cold War.) Soviet Empire was a controversial, politically charged and pejorative term used to critically describe the actions and nature of the Soviet Union. ... Current division of Europe into five (or more) regions: one definition of Eastern Europe is marked in orange Eastern Europe as a region has several alternative definitions, whereby it can denote: the region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Central Europe and Russia. ... A common understanding of Western Europe in modern times. ... The Moscow Kremlin The Moscow Kremlin (Russian: Московский Кремль) is the best known kremlin (Russian citadel). ... The Cold War (Russian: Холодная война , Kholodna-ya voina) was the protracted geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle that emerged after World War II between the global superpowers of the Soviet Union and the United States, supported by their alliance partners. ...

Middle East

After World War Two, with the continued rise in the importance of oil to the world economy, the United States increased its interest in intervention in the Middle East. While it had no formal colonies, it had sufficient influence in several countries that they are sometimes viewed as client states; these include Israel, Iran under the Shah, and various Gulf states. Since 2001, and the September 11 attacks, the U.S. has had a large number of troops in Afghanistan. Since 2003, it has had an even larger number in Iraq. The U.S. denies any intention to maintain long-term control of these countries; this is disputed by many, though very few allege that the U.S. intends actual annexation. According to the notion of client states, just as a client of a corporation remains dependent on the corporation for a continued supply of products, and just as it is in the companys interest to make expendable products which need to be replaced regularly, client states of the two... Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi. ... Map of the Persian Gulf. ... The explosion resulting from the crashing of United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower. ... // The two points of view Main articles: The UN Security Council and the Iraq war and Public relations preparations for 2003 invasion of Iraq Prior to the election of George W. Bush as president, several members of the Bush team, including Dick Cheney, Donald Rumsfeld and Paul Wolfowitz wrote urging...

Coups

Declassified British Cabinet papers, published in The Guardian in 1994, indicate the possibility that the CIA and MI6 both provided backing for the 1963 military coup of Iraqi Colonel Abdul Salam Arif which overthrew Brigadier General Abdul Karim Qassim. Qassim had attempted to nationalize the Iraq Petroleum Company, of which U.S. companies were major shareholders, and in order to assert Iraqi rights to the territory of Kuwait. Following the coup, both these policies, disapproved of by the governments of both the U.S. and the United Kingdom, were abandoned. (See also History of Iraq.) Similar tactics were used in Iran in 1953 to install the Shah dictatorship, see Operation Ajax, and in Chile in 1973 to install General Pinochet, see Chilean coup of 1973. In these cases US interest lay in maintaining control over Iran's oil and Chile's copper. It is also widely believed that the US was behind the Venezuelan coup attempt of 2002. In British politics, the Cabinet is comprised of the most senior government ministers, most of them heads of government departments with the title Secretary of State. The Cabinet is actually a committee of the Privy Council and all Cabinet members are also Privy Councillors and therefore have the prefix of... The Guardian is a British newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. ... The CIAs seal features an eagle atop a sixteen-point compass. ... The Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), more commonly known as MI6 (originally Military Intelligence Section 6), or the Secret Service, is the United Kingdom external security agency. ... Abdul Salam Arif (1921, Baghdad - April 13, 1966), president of Iraq (1963-1966). ... A Brigadier General, or one-star general, is the lowest rank of general officer in the United States and some other countries, ranking just above Colonel and just below Major General. ... Abdul Karim Qassim (Arabic: عبد الكريم قاسم ) (also various other spellings; including Kassem, Quasim; popularly known as az-Za’im (Arabic: الزعيم ) the leader) (1914 - 9 February 1963) was an Iraqi military officer involved in the 1958 military coup détat. ... The Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC), until 1929 called Turkish Petroleum Company (TPC), was an oil company jointly owned by by some of the worlds largest oil companies, which had virtual monopoly on all oil exploration in Iraq from 1925 to 1961. ... This history of Iraq includes an overview from prehistory to the present in the region of the current state of Iraq in Mesopotamia. ... Shah is an Iranian term in Persian language for a monarch (king or emperor), and has also been adopted in many other languages. ... Soldiers surround the Parliament building in Tehran on August 19, 1953. ... General Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte1 (born November 25, 1915) was head of the military government that ruled Chile from 1973 to 1990. ... The Chilean coup détat was a watershed event in the history of Chile and the Cold War. ... Hugo Chávez, surrounded by resolute supporters, makes a dramatic return to power on April 13, 2002 after the collapse of the first Latin American coup of the 21st century. ...

Cultural imperialism

Main article: Cultural imperialism

Since the end of the Second World War the United States has been dominant in most cultural industries. US movies, television, food, and music are popular throughout the world. Thus the US has often been accused of cultural imperialism, a form of expansion overseas certainly more subtle than military conquest but perhaps with similar problems. Cultural imperialism is the practice of promoting the culture or language of one nation in another. ... Film refers to the celluloid media on which movies are printed. ... Music is conceptual time expressed in the structures of tones and silence. ... Cultural imperialism is the practice of promoting the culture or language of one nation in another. ...

Former American possessions

The following areas have at one time or another been under the control of the United States of America and have not been fully incorporated into the country as states.

• American Samoa (1900-)
• Cuba (1899-1902, obtained by treaty with Spain following the Spanish-American War)
  • (now independent; however, Guantanamo Bay remains under the control of the U.S. military)
• Dominican Republic (occupied 1916-1924)
• Guam (1898-, obtained by treaty with Spain following the Spanish-American War)
• Haiti (occupied 1915-1934)
• Liberia (occupied by proxy of the American Colonization Society 1820-1847, now independent)
• Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (1944-1990)
  • (Trusteeship assigned by the UN comprises the modern nations of the Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, and Palau; as well the Northern Mariana Islands, a US commonwealth.)
• Panama Canal Zone (1903-1979) (now part of Panama)
• Republic of the Philippines (1898-1946, acquired through the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and now independent through the Philippine Independence Act of 1935
• Puerto Rico (1898-1952, obtained by treaty with Spain following the Spanish-American War, now a US commonwealth)

The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Map of Cuba with location of Guantánamo Bay indicated. ... The armed forces of the United States of America consist of the United States Army United States Navy United States Air Force United States Marine Corps United States Coast Guard Note: The United States Coast Guard has both military and law enforcement functions. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... National motto: ? Official language English? Capital Saipan Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 78 (United States) 1,779 km² Negligible Population  - Total  - Density 132,929 (1980) N/Akm² GDP  - Total  - GDP/head N/A Currency US Dollar Time zone UTC: ? Independence UN trusteeship administered by the US Internet TLD none? Calling code... United Nations Trust Territories were the successors of the League of Nations mandates and came into being when the League of Nations ceased to exist in 1946. ... United Nations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... For other uses of Commonwealth, see Commonwealth. ... The Panama Canal Zone was a 553 mile² (1,432 km²) territory inside of Panama, consisting of the Panama Canal and an area extending 5 mi (8. ... The Tydings-McDuffie Act (officially the Philippine Independence Act; Public Law 73-127) approved on March 24, 1934 was a United States federal law which provided for self-government of the Philippines and for Filipino independence (from the United States) after a period of ten years. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...

Historiography

Main article: American Empire (term)

Views on the concept of United State imperialism have often been influenced by the opinions of the well-known historians of that period, who, in turn, are often influenced by the cultural and social attitude of their eras. Historians known for their views on the topic include: This article is about views of the historical expansionism and current international influence of the United States. ...

• Tariq Ali, author of Clash of the Fundamentalisms (2002)
• Niall Ferguson, author of Colossus: the Price of America's Empire (2004)
• Walter LaFeber
• Goldwin Smith, author of Commonwealth or Empire? (1902)
• Howard Zinn

Tariq Ali Tariq Ali (born 1943) is an author, filmmaker, and historian. ... Niall Ferguson Niall Ferguson (b. ... Walter LaFeber (born 1933, Walkerton, Indiana) is Marie Underhill Noll Professor and a Steven Weisse Presidential Teaching Fellow of History at Cornell University. ... Goldwin Smith (August 13, 1823-June 7, 1910), was a British historian and journalist. ... Howard Zinn Howard Zinn (born August 24, 1922) is an American historian and political scientist. ...

See also

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

History of United States overseas expansion

• American Exceptionalism
• Black Legend (in relation to the Spanish-American War)
• List of U.S. foreign interventions since 1945
• Manifest Destiny
• Project for the New American Century
• Spread-eagleism
• History of the United States (1865-1918)
• New Imperialism and the emerging empires.

Image File history File links Wikiquote-logo-en. ... Wikiquote logo Wikiquote is a sister project of Wikipedia, using the same MediaWiki software. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with . ... This painting (circa 1872) by John Gast called American Progress is an allegorical representation of Manifest Destiny. ... The Project for the New American Century (PNAC) is a neo-conservative American think tank, based in Washington, DC. The controversial group was established in early 1997 as a non-profit organization with the goal of promoting American global leadership. ... The Spirit of 76 by Archibald McNeal Willard, 1891 Jingoism is a term describing chauvinistic patriotism, especially with regard to a hawkish political stance. ... // Era Overview At the end of the Civil War, the United States was still bitterly divided. ... // Background: Before New Imperialism For details, see the main articles mercantilism, American Revolution, and Pax Britannica. ...

External links

• "Imperial Amnesia" by John B. Judis in Foreign Policy
• "Imperial Amnesia" by John B. Judis in Foreign Policy (Full article, no subscription needed)
• "American Benevolence quotes on wikiquote"
• On the Coming Decline and Fall of the US Empire
• "Basic Statistics of US Imperialism" (death toll, interventions, air war campaigns, debt-leverage imperialism, proxy wars, etc.)

A foreign policy is a set of political goals that seeks to outline how a particular country will interact with the other countries of the world. ... A foreign policy is a set of political goals that seeks to outline how a particular country will interact with the other countries of the world. ...

Notes

1. ↑  Miller, p. 136, 163 "Will Show No Mercy Real Warfare Ahead For Filipino Rebels Kitchener Plan Adopted The Administration Weary of Protracted Hostilities." Boston Herald, November 19, 1900.
2. ↑  See Lodge Committee, Jacob H. Smith, J. Franklin Bell, for more detailed accounts, see the imperialist newspaper accounts wikisource: Lodge Committee testimony from the New York Times, wikiquote: Philippine-American War Quotes
3. ↑  "Alternative words for U.S.A. nationals." Reference.com. URL accessed on January 21, 2006.

The Earl Kitchener The Right Honourable Horatio Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener, KG, KP, GCB, OM, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, ADC, PC (24 June 1850–5 June 1916) was a British Field Marshal, diplomat and statesman. ... The Lodge Committee began in January 1902 and adjourned on June 28, 1902. ... General Jacob H. Smith was a veteran of the Wounded Knee massacre and well known among Indian campaigners. ... J. Franklin Bell (1856- January 1919) was Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 1906 to 1910. ... January 21 is the 21st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Colonialism
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