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Topics Communications Culture Demographics Economy Education Foreign relations Geography Government History Military Politics Religion Tourism Transport Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Telephones - main lines in use: 622,000 (1995) Telephones - mobile cellular: 40,000 (1995) Telephone system: some modern facilities domestic: most modern facilities concentrated in Montevideo; new nationwide microwave radio relay network international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) Radio broadcast stations: AM 94, FM 115, shortwave 14 (seven... The culture of Uruguay is rich, reflecting the amalgam between people of European, African and Indigenous origins dating back to the 16th century. ... Uruguayans share a Spanish linguistic and cultural background, even though almost a half of the population is of Italian origin and other ethnic groups. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require rewriting and/or reformatting. ... Uruguay is a democracy and representative republic with its capital in Montevideo. ... Uruguay This is about the history of Uruguay. See also the History of South America. Motto (Spanish) Liberty or Death Anthem Capital (and largest city) Montevideo Official languages Spanish Government Presidential democratic republic  -  President Tabaré Vázquez  -  Vice President Rodolfo Nin Independence from Brazil   -  Declared August 25, 1825   -  Recognised August 28, 1828  Area  -  Total 176,215 km² (90th) 68,038 sq mi   -  Water (%) 1. ... The title page to The Historians History of the World. ... While perhaps the last continent--except Antarctica-- to be inhabited by humans, South America has a history that spans the full range of human cultural and civilizational forms. ... Contents 1 Pre-Columbian times and colonization 2 Struggle for independence 3 The "Guerra Grande" 1839-1852 4 The War of the Triple Alliance 5 Social and economic developments up to 1890 6 20th century 7 Modern Uruguay 8 See also 9 External links [edit] Pre-Columbian times and colonization Uruguayan Indians Drawing from Hendrick Ottsen journal, 1603. The only inhabitants of Uruguay before European colonization of the area were the Charrua, a small tribe driven south by the Guaraní of Paraguay. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2829x1826, 4759 KB) Indians from Rio de la Plata. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2829x1826, 4759 KB) Indians from Rio de la Plata. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Colonialism. ... The Charrúa were an Amerindian people of southern South America in the area today known as Uruguay, northeastern Argentina and southern Brazil. ... Guaraní is the name for a group of culturally related indigenous peoples of South America, distinguished from the related Tupi by their use of the Guaraní language. ... The Spanish arrived in the territory of present-day Uruguay in 1516, but the people's fierce resistance to conquest, combined with the absence of gold and silver, limited settlement in the region during the 16th and 17th centuries. Uruguay became a zone of contention between the Spanish and the Portuguese empires. In 1603 the Spanish began to introduce cattle, which became a source of wealth in the region. The first permanent settlement on the territory of present-day Uruguay was founded by the Spanish in 1624 at Soriano on the Río Negro. In 1669-71, the Portuguese built a fort at Colonia del Sacramento. Spanish colonization increased as Spain sought to limit Portugal's expansion of Brazil's frontiers. // Events March - With the death of Ferdinand II of Aragon, his grandson Charles of Ghent becomes King of Spain as Carlos I. July - Selim I of the Ottoman Empire declares war on the Mameluks and invades Syria. ... General Name, Symbol, Number gold, Au, 79 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 6, d Appearance metallic yellow Standard atomic weight 196. ... General Name, Symbol, Number silver, Ag, 47 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 5, d Appearance lustrous white metal Standard atomic weight 107. ... cow and ox, see Cow (disambiguation) and Ox (disambiguation). ... Villa Soriano is a town located in the department of Soriano. ... Río Negro or Rio Negro (black river in, respectively, Spanish and Portuguese) may refer to: Rivers Río Negro (Honduras/Nicaragua), divides the nations of Honduras and Nicaragua Rio Negro, left tributary of the Amazon River Río Negro (Argentina) Río Negro (Uruguay), left tributary of the Uruguay... Colonia del Sacramento is a city in southwestern Uruguay, by the Río de la Plata, facing Buenos Aires, Argentina. ... Montevideo was founded by the Spanish in the early 18th century as a military stronghold; its natural harbor soon developed into a commercial center competing with Argentina's capital, Buenos Aires. Uruguay's early 19th century history was shaped by ongoing fights between the British, Spanish, Portuguese, and colonial forces for dominance in the Argentina-Brazil-Uruguay region. In 1806 and 1807, the British army attempted to seize Buenos Aires as part of their war with Spain. As a result, at the beginning of 1807, Montevideo was occupied by a 10,000-strong British force who held it until the middle of the year when they left to attack Buenos Aires. Department Montevideo Department Altitude 43 m Coordinates 34º 53S 56º 10W Founded 1726 Founder Bruno Mauricio de Zabala Population 1,325,968 (2004) (1st) Demonym Montevideano Phone Code +02 Postal Code 10000 Montevideo (IPA: ) is the capital, largest city, and chief port of Uruguay. ... A harbor or harbour (see spelling differences), or haven, is a place where ships may shelter from the weather or are stored. ... For other uses, see Buenos Aires (disambiguation). ... [edit] Struggle for independence José Gervasio Artigas In 1811, José Gervasio Artigas, who became Uruguay's national hero, launched a successful revolt against Spain. In 1821, the Provincia Oriental del Río de la Plata, present-day Uruguay, was annexed to Brazil by Portugal under the name of Província Cisplatina. The Provincia Oriental declared independence from Brazil on August 25, 1825 (after numerous revolts in 1821, 1823, and 1825) and decided to adhere to a regional federation with the rest of the provinces of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata ("Provincias Unidas del Rio de la Plata" in Spanish), present-day Argentina. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (444x678, 129 KB) Sumario Obra del pintor uruguayo Juan Manuel Blanes (1830-1901) Datos Juan Manuel Blanes Artigas en la Ciudadela 1884 - Óleo. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (444x678, 129 KB) Sumario Obra del pintor uruguayo Juan Manuel Blanes (1830-1901) Datos Juan Manuel Blanes Artigas en la Ciudadela 1884 - Óleo. ... 1811 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... José Gervasio Artigas (June 19, 1764 - September 23, 1850) was a national hero of Uruguay and is sometimes called the father of Uruguayan independence. This is an ironic turn of events, considering that during his life he never sought the absolute independence of Uruguay as a separate State, but the... Year 1821 (MDCCCXXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 237th day of the year (238th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railway 1825 (MDCCCXXV) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... This article explains the origin and history of the names given to the South American country Argentina. ... The United Provinces of the Río de la Plata including Provincia Oriental fought Brazil during a 500-day war. Neither side gained the upper hand and in 1828 the Treaty of Montevideo, fostered by the United Kingdom, gave birth to Uruguay as an independent state. The nation's first constitution was adopted on July 18, 1830. The remainder of the 19th century under a series of elected and appointed presidents saw interventions by — and conflicts with — neighboring states, political and economic fluctuations, and large inflows of immigrants, mostly from Europe. Combatants Brazilian Empire United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (present Uruguay and Argentina) Commanders Pedro I of Brazil Juan Antonio Lavalleja Bernardino Rivadavia The Argentina-Brazil War (Portuguese: Guerra da Cisplatina, Spanish Guerra argentino-brasilera) was an armed conflict that took during the 1820s between the United... Year 1828 (MDCCCXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... There have been several treaties signed in Montevideo. ... The Constitution of Uruguay is the supreme law of Uruguay. ... is the 199th day of the year (200th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 (MDCCCXXX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... World map showing the location of Europe. ... [edit] The "Guerra Grande" 1839-1852 Further information: Uruguayan Civil War Manuel Oribe. Fructuoso Rivera. The political scene in Uruguay became split between two parties, the conservative Blancos ("Whites") and the liberal Colorados ("Reds"). The Colorados were led by Fructuoso Rivera and represented the business interests of Montevideo; the Blancos were headed by Manuel Oribe, who looked after the agricultural interests of the countryside and promoted protectionism. The two groups took their names from the color of the armbands that they wore; initially, the Colorados wore blue, but when it faded in the sun, they replaced it with red. The Uruguayan parties became associated with warring political factions in neighbouring Argentina. The Colorados favoured the exiled Argentinian liberal Unitarios, many of whom had taken refuge in Montevideo, while the Blanco president Manuel Oribe was a close friend of the Argentinian dictator Manuel de Rosas. Oribe took Rosas's side when the French navy blockaded Buenos Aires in 1838. This led the Colorados and the exiled Unitarios to seek French backing against Oribe and on June 15, 1838, an army led by the Colorado leader Rivera overthrew the president, who fled to Argentina. The Argentinian Unitarios formed a government-in-exile in Montevideo and, with secret French encouragement, Rivera declared war on Rosas in 1839. The conflict would last thirteen years and become known as the "Guerra Grande" (the "Great War"). In 1840, an army of exiled Unitarios attempted to invade northern Argentina from Uruguay but they had little success. Two years later, an Argentinian army overran Uruguay on Oribe's behalf. They seized most of the country but failed to take the capital. The siege of Montevideo, which began in February 1843, would last nine years and capture the world's imagination. Alexandre Dumas, père compared it to a new Trojan War. The besieged Uruguayans called on resident foreigners for help and a French and an Italian legion were formed. The latter was led by the exiled Giuseppe Garibaldi, who was working as a mathematics teacher in Montevideo when the war broke out. Garibaldi was also made head of the Uruguayan navy. He was involved in many famous actions during the war, notably the Battle of San Antonio, which won him a worldwide reputation as a formidable guerrilla leader. The Argentinian blockade of Montevideo was ineffective as Rosas generally tried not to interfere with international shipping on the River Plate. But in 1845, when access to Paraguay was blocked, Britain and France allied against Rosas, seized his fleet and began a blockade of Buenos Aires, while Brazil joined in against Argentina. Rosas reached peace deals with Great Britain and France in 1849 and 1850 respectively. The French agreed to withdraw their legion if Rosas evacuated Argentinian troops from Uruguay. Oribe still maintained a loose siege of the capital. In 1851, the Argentinian caudillo Urquiza turned against Rosas and signed a pact with the exiled Unitarios, the Uruguayan Colorados and Brazil against him. Urquiza crossed into Uruguay, defeated Oribe and lifted the siege of Montevideo. He then overthrew Rosas at the Battle of Caseros on February 3, 1852. With Rosas's defeat and exile, the "Guerra Grande" finally came to an end. Slavery was abolished in 1852. Combatants Colorados With the support of: France British Empire Italian Legion The Empire of Brazil Blancos With the support of: Argentina Commanders Fructuoso Rivera Samuel Inglefield Giuseppe Garibaldi Manuel Oribe Juan Manuel de Rosas The Uruguayan Civil War, also known as Guerra Grande, was a series of armed conflicts that... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Image of General Fructuoso Rivera, President of Uruguay, as realized by Baldassare Verazzi (d. ... Image File history File links Image of General Fructuoso Rivera, President of Uruguay, as realized by Baldassare Verazzi (d. ... The National Party (Partido Nacional), also known as the White Party (Partido Blanco), is a major center-right political party in Uruguay, currently the major opposition party to the ruling Frente Amplio government. ... The Colorado Party (Spanish: Partido Colorado) is a political party in Uruguay. ... Gen. ... Manuel Oribe (1792 - 1857) was a Uruguayan political figure. ... Unitarians (Spanish Unitarios) was the name under which the liberal concept of a centralised government in Buenos Aires was known, during the years of civil war, short after the Declaration of Independence of Argentina in 1816, and opposed to the Federalism. ... Manuel Oribe (1792 - 1857) was a Uruguayan political figure. ... Juan Manuel José Domingo Ortiz de Rosas y López de Osornio (born Juan Manuel Ortiz de Rozas, 1793-1877) was a conservative Argentinian politician who ruled Argentina from 1829 to 1852. ... is the 166th day of the year (167th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... | Jöns Jakob Berzelius, discoverer of protein 1838 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Combatants Colorados With the support of: France British Empire Italian Legion The Empire of Brazil Blancos With the support of: Argentina Commanders Fructuoso Rivera Samuel Inglefield Giuseppe Garibaldi Manuel Oribe Juan Manuel de Rosas The Uruguayan Civil War, also known as Guerra Grande, was a series of armed conflicts that... Alexandre Dumas, père, born Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie (July 24, 1802 – December 5, 1870) was a French writer, best known for his numerous historical novels of high adventure which have made him one of the most widely read French authors in the world. ... The fall of Troy, by Johann Georg Trautmann (1713–1769). ... Garibaldi in 1866. ... Caudillo is a Spanish (caudilho in Portuguese) word usually used to designate a political-military leader at the head of an authoritative power. ... Urquiza can refer to the following: Justo José de Urquiza, an Argentine caudillo. ... Combatants Allied Army Buenos Aires forces Commanders Justo José Urquiza Juan Manuel Rosas Strength 25,000 to 27,000 22,000 Casualties 400 1,200 {{{notes}}} The Battle of Caseros (also known as Monte Caseros) was fought in Caseros , today Estación El Palomar, in the province of Buenos Aires... is the 34th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1852 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... [edit] The War of the Triple Alliance In 1855, new conflict broke out between the parties. It would reach its high point during the War of the Triple Alliance. In 1863, the Colorado general Venancio Flores organized an armed uprising against the Blanco president, Bernardo Prudencio Berro. Flores won backing from Brazil and, this time, from Argentina, who supplied him with troops and weapons, while Berro made an alliance with the Paraguayan leader Francisco Solano López. When Berro's government was overthrown in 1864 with Brazilian help, López used it as a pretext to declare war on Uruguay. The result was the War of the Triple Alliance, a five-year conflict in which Uruguayan, Brazilian and Argentinian armies fought Paraguay, and which Flores finally won, but only at the price of the loss of 95% of his own troops. Flores did not enjoy his Pyrrhic victory for long. In 1868, he was murdered on the same day as his rival Berro. Combatants Paraguay Uruguay, Argentina, Empire of Brazil Commanders Francisco Solano López José E. Díaz Pedro II of Brazil Duke of Caxias Bartolomé Mitre Venancio Flores Strength at the beginning of the war ca. ... Venancio Flores was a Uruguayan political figure. ... Francisco Solano López Francisco Solano López (24 July 1827 - 1 March 1870) was president of Paraguay from 1862 until his death in 1870. ... Combatants Paraguay Uruguay, Argentina, Empire of Brazil Commanders Francisco Solano López José E. Díaz Pedro II of Brazil Duke of Caxias Bartolomé Mitre Venancio Flores Strength at the beginning of the war ca. ... A Pyrrhic victory is a victory with devastating cost to the victor. ... Both parties were weary of the chaos. In 1870, they came to an agreement to define spheres of influence: the Colorados would control Montevideo and the coastal region, the Blancos would rule the hinterland with its agricultural estates. In addition, the Blancos were paid half a million dollars to compensate them for the loss of their stake in Montevideo. But the caudillo mentality was difficult to erase from Uruguay and political feuding continued. Caudillo is a Spanish (caudilho in Portuguese) word usually used to designate a political-military leader at the head of an authoritative power. ... [edit] Social and economic developments up to 1890 After the "Guerra Grande" there was a sharp rise in the number of immigrants, above all from Italy and Spain. The number of immigrants had risen to 48% of the population in 1860 to 68% in 1868. In the 1870s, a further 100,000 Europeans arrived, so that by 1879 about 438,000 people were living in Uruguay, a quarter of them in Montevideo. In 1857, the first bank was opened, three years later a canal system was begun, the first telegraph line was set up in 1860 and rail links were built between the capital and the countryside. The economy saw a steep upswing after the "Guerra Grande", above all in livestock raising and export. Between 1860 and 1868, the number of sheep rose from three to seventeen million. The reason for this increase lay above all in the improved methods of husbandry introduced by European immigrants. Montevideo became a major economic centre of the region. Thanks to its natural harbour, it became an entrepot for goods from Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. The towns of Paysandú and Salto, both on the River Uruguay, also experienced similar development. [edit] 20th century José Batlle y Ordóñez, president from 1903 to 1907 and again from 1911 to 1915, set the pattern for Uruguay's modern political development. He established widespread political, social, and economic reforms such as a welfare program, government participation in many facets of the economy, and a plural executive. Some of these reforms were continued by his successors. José Batlle y Ordóñez (May 21, 1856 - October 20, 1929) was the president of Uruguay from 1903 until 1907 and for a second term from 1911 to 1915. ... 1900 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Friday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... Year 1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday[1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... In 1930, Uruguay was chosen as the site of the first Football World Cup. Although the field was much smaller than the competitions of today, the event provided national pride when the home team won the tournament over neighbors Argentina. Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The FIFA World Cup Trophy, which has been awarded to the world champions since 1974. ... In the late 1950s, partly because of a decrease in demand in the world market for agriculturial products, Uruguay began having economic problems, which included inflation, mass unemployment, and a steep drop in the standard of living for Uruguayan workers. This led to student militancy and labor unrest. 1950 also saw Uruguay win its second Fifa World Cup, defeating Brazil 2-1 in the final in Rio, an event that became known as the Maracanazo. Year 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The FIFA World Cup, sometimes called the Football World Cup or the Soccer World Cup, but usually referred to simply as the World Cup, is an international football competition contested by the mens national football teams of the member nations of Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA... Maracanazo (Portuguese: ) is a term which is used to refer to the famous final group match of the 1950 FIFA World Cup, that took place in Brazil, when the Uruguayan team beat, against all odds, their Brazilian counterpart at the Maracanã stadium (therefore the term Maracanazo). ... An urban guerrilla movement known as the Tupamaros formed in the early 1960s, first robbing banks and distributing food and money in poor neighborhoods, then undertaking political kidnappings and attacks on security forces. Their efforts succeeded in first embarrassing, and then destabilizing, the government. Tupamaros, also known as the MLN (Movimiento de Liberación Nacional or National Liberation Army), was an urban guerrilla organization in Uruguay in the 1960s and 1970s. ... The US Office of Public Safety (OPS) began operating in Uruguay in 1965. The US Office of Public Safety trained Uruguayan police and intelligence in policing and interrogration techniques. The Uruguayan Chief of Police intelligence, Alejandro Otero, told a Brazilian newspaper in 1970 that the OPS, especially the head of the OPS in Uruguay, Dan Mitrione, had instructed the Uruguayan police how to torture suspects, especially with electrical implements. The Office of Public Safety (OPS) was a US government agency, established in 1957 by US President Eisenhower to train foreign police forces [1]. It officially depended of the USAID (US Agency for International Development), and was close to the CIA [1]. Police-training teams were also sent in South... Dan Mitrione was an American police officer, FBI agent and alleged torture expert who cooperated with the police in various Latin American countries. ... President Jorge Pacheco declared a state of emergency in 1968, followed by a further suspension of civil liberties in 1972 by his successor, President Juan María Bordaberry, who brought in the Army to combat the guerrillas MLN, led by Raúl Sendic. After defeating the Tupamaros, the military seized power in 1973. Torture was effectively used to decompose the MLN. Uruguay soon had the highest per capita percentage of political prisoners in the world. The MLN heads were isolated in improvised prisons and plunged into repeated acts of torture. Emigration numbers rose impressively, Uruguayans looked for political asylum throughout the world. Bordaberry was finally removed from his "president charge" in 1976. He was first succeeded by Alberto Demicheli. Subsequently a national council chosen by the military government elected Aparicio Méndez. Jorge Pacheco Areco (November 8, 1920–July 29, 1998) was a Uruguayan politician and member of the Colorado Party. ... Juan María Bordaberry Arocena is a Uruguayan statesman, who served as President from 1972 to 1973, when he dissolved the General Assembly and continued to rule as dictator until 1976, when disagreements with the military led to his deposition. ... Raul Sendic Antonaccio (1926-1989) was a prominent Uruguayan Marxist and founder of the Tupamaros, an urban guerilla movement that was active in 1960s and 1970s. ... Tupamaros, also known as the MLN (Movimiento de Liberación Nacional or National Liberation Army), was an urban guerrilla organization in Uruguay in the 1960s and 1970s. ... Year 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. ... Alberto Demicheli (Lizaso, Pedro) (1896 - 1980) was a Uruguayan political figure. ... Aparicio Méndez (1904-1988), was a Uruguayan political figure. ... In 1980, in order to legitimate their position, the army forces proposed a change in the constitution that would be passed with a referendum. The "No" to the constitution reforms won the vote with 57.2% of the votes, showing the unpopularity of the de facto government, that was later accelerated by an economic crisis. In 1981, General Gregorio Álvarez assumed the presidency. Gregorio Conrado Alvarez (sometimes Armellino) (born 1925) was a Uruguayan general and political figure. ... In 1984, massive protests against the dictatorship broke out. After a 24 hour general strike, talks began and the armed forces announced a plan for return to civilian rule. National elections were held in 1984; Colorado Party leader Julio María Sanguinetti won the presidency and served from 1985 to 1990. The first Sanguinetti administration implemented economic reforms and consolidated democratization following the country's years under military rule. Nonetheless, Sanguinetti never supported the human rights claims, and his government didn't prosecute the military officials who engaged in repression and torture. Year 1984 (MCMLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar). ... The Colorado Party (Spanish: Partido Colorado) is a political party in Uruguay. ... Julio María Sanguinetti Coirolo (born 1936), was President of Uruguay from 1 March 1985 to 1 March 1990 and from 1 March 1995 to 1 March 2000. ... Year 1985 (MCMLXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar). ... [edit] Modern Uruguay Sanguinetti's economic reforms, focusing on the attraction of foreign trade and capital, achieved some success and stabilized the economy. In order to promote national reconciliation and facilitate the return of democratic civilian rule, Sanguinetti secured public approval by plebiscite of a controversial general amnesty for military leaders accused of committing human rights violations under the military regime and sped the release of former guerrillas. The National Party's Luis Alberto Lacalle won the 1989 presidential election and served from 1990 to 1995. President Lacalle executed major economic structural reforms and pursued further liberalization of trade regimes, including Uruguay's inclusion in the Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR) in 1991. Despite economic growth during Lacalle's term, adjustment and privatization efforts provoked political opposition, and some reforms were overturned by referendum. Luis Alberto Lacalle Herrera (July 13, 1941-) Born in Montevideo, Uruguay. ... Year 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar). ... Flag of Mercosur Mercosur or Mercosul (Spanish: Mercado Común del Sur, Portuguese: Mercado Comum do Sul, English: Southern Common Market) is a trading zone among Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay, founded in 1991. ... Official Languages Portuguese, Spanish and Guaraní Members  Argentina (1991)  Brazil (1991)  Paraguay (1991)  Uruguay (1991)  Venezuela (2006)2 Associate Members  Bolivia (1997)  Chile (1996)  Colombia (2004)  Ecuador (2004)  Peru (2003) Observer  Mexico (2004)3 Presidency Carlos Chacho Álvarez Seat of Secretariat Montevideo Area 12. ... Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ... In the 1994 elections, former President Sanguinetti won a new term, which ran from 1995 until March 2000. As no single party had a majority in the General Assembly, the National Party joined with Sanguinetti's Colorado Party in a coalition government. The Sanguinetti government continued Uruguay's economic reforms and integration into MERCOSUR. Other important reforms were aimed at improving the electoral system, social security, education, and public safety. The economy grew steadily for most of Sanguinetti's term until low commodity prices and economic difficulties in its main export markets caused a recession in 1999, which has continued into 2002. The 1999 national elections were held under a new electoral system established by a 1996 constitutional amendment. Primaries in April decided single presidential candidates for each party, and national elections on October 31 determined representation in the legislature. As no presidential candidate received a majority in the October election, a runoff was held in November. In the runoff, Colorado Party candidate Jorge Batlle, aided by the support of the National Party, defeated Broad Front candidate Tabaré Vázquez. is the 304th day of the year (305th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Jorge Batlle Ibáñez (born 25 October 1927) has been the President of Uruguay since 2000. ... Flag of the Frente Amplio The Broad Front or FA (in Spanish: Frente Amplio) is an Uruguayan coalition of centre-left political parties and organizations. ... Tabaré Ramón Vázquez Rosas (pron IPA: ) (born 17 January 1940) is the current President of Uruguay. ... The Colorado and National Parties continued their legislative coalition, as neither party by itself won as many seats as the 40% of each house won by the Broad Front coalition. The formal coalition ended in November 2002, when the Blancos withdrew their ministers from the cabinet, although the Blancos continued to support the Colorados on most issues. Batlle's five-year term was marked by economic recession and uncertainty, first with the 1999 devaluation of the Brazilian real, then with the outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (aftosa) in Uruguay's key beef sector in 2001, and finally with the political and economic collapse of Argentina. Unemployment rose to close to twenty percent, real wages fell, the peso was devalued and the percentage of Uruguayans in poverty reached almost forty percent. ISO 4217 Code BRL User(s) Brazil Inflation 3. ... Not to be confused with hand, foot and mouth disease. ... These worsening economic conditions played a part in turning public opinion against the free market economic policies adopted by the Batlle administration and its predecessors, leading to popular rejection through plebiscites of proposals for privatization of the state petroleum company in 2003 and of the state water company in 2004. In 2004 Uruguayans elected Tabaré Vázquez as president, while giving the Broad Front coalition a majority in both houses of parliament. The newly elected government, while pledging to continue payments on Uruguay's external debt, has also promised to undertake a crash jobs programs to attack the widespread problems of poverty and unemployment. A free market is an idealized market, where all economic decisions and actions by individuals regarding transfer of money, goods, and services are voluntary, and are therefore devoid of coercion and theft (some definitions of coercion are inclusive of theft). Colloquially and loosely, a free market economy is an economy... A referendum (plural: referendums or referenda) or plebiscite is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. ... This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... [edit] See also Uruguay [edit] External links U.S. State Department Background Note: Uruguay History of Uruguay The Economic History of Uruguay from EH.NET's Encyclopedia Uruguayan Gay Advocate Experience v • d • e History of South America Sovereign states Argentina · Bolivia · Brazil · Chile · Colombia · Ecuador · Guyana · Panama* · Paraguay · Peru · Suriname · Trinidad and Tobago* · Uruguay · Venezuela Dependencies Aruba* (Netherlands) · Falkland Islands (UK) · French Guiana (France) · Netherlands Antilles* (Netherlands) · South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (UK) * Territories also in or commonly reckoned elsewhere in the Americas (North America). While perhaps the last continent--except Antarctica-- to be inhabited by humans, South America has a history that spans the full range of human cultural and civilizational forms. ... This is an alphabetical list of the sovereign states of the world, including both de jure and de facto independent states. ... The history of Trinidad and Tobago begins with the settlements of the islands by Amerindians. ... Image File history File links South_America. ... A dependent territory, dependent area or dependency is a territory that does not possess full political independence or sovereignty as a State. ... // Pre-colonial French Guiana was originally inhabited by a number of Native American peoples, among them the Carib, Arawak, Emerillon, Galibi, Palikour, Wayampi (also known as Oyampi) and Wayana. ... XVII-XIX Century The South Atlantic island of South Georgia, situated south of the Antarctic Convergence, was the first Antarctic territory ever discovered. ... A transcontinental nation is a country belonging to more than one continent. ... World map showing the Americas CIA political map of the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World consisting of the continents of North America[1] and South America with their associated islands and regions. ... North America North America is a continent[1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ... Categories: History of Uruguay | National histories

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	Travel in Montevideo, Uruguay - History (655 words) Uruguay's fragile independence was repeatedly threatened during the 19th century - militarily by Argentina and Brazil, and economically by Britain. Uruguay soon flourished on the back of the rural livestock sector but its failure to grow, coupled with the country's lack of natural resources, meant the welfare state became increasingly fictitious over time. Uruguay was the scene of complicated interaction of local, Argentine, and Brazilian influences that culminated in the nine-year siege of Montevideo by a combined Argentine-Uruguayan army from 1843 to 1851. EH.Net Encyclopedia: An Overview of the Economic History of Uruguay since the 1870s (2412 words) Without silver or gold, without valuable species, scarcely peopled by gatherers and fishers, the Eastern Strand of the Uruguay River (Banda Oriental was the colonial name; República Oriental del Uruguay is the official name today) was, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, distant and unattractive to the European nations that conquered the region. Uruguay was on the border between the Spanish and Portuguese empires, a feature which would be decisive for the creation, with strong British involvement, in 1828-1830, of an independent state. Uruguay's strong initial position tended to deteriorate in relation to the successful core countries during the late 1800s, as shown in Figure 2.
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