The History of architecture traces the changes in architecture through various countries and dates.

Architecture timeline (dated events)

Main articles: Architecture timeline and Timeline of architectural styles

To find important architectural event(s) for any year in history, use the "search" box to enter: "#### in architecture", where #### is a year or decade, for example: This page indexes the individual year in architecture pages. ... // 250 years 1000 years - The last 250 years (fine grid) is detailed above 8000 years - The last 1000 years (fine grid) is detailed above Voorthuis - Timelines Categories: | | ...

• 1700 in architecture (18th century to present, by year)
• 1690s in architecture (17th century and earlier, by decade)
• 23 BC in architecture ("BC" in capital letters)

See also: 1690s in architecture, other events of 1700, the year 1710 in architecture and the architecture timeline. ... See also: 1680s in architecture, other events of the 1690s, 1700s in architecture and the architecture timeline. ... See also: 2nd century BC in architecture, other events of the 1st century BC, 1st century in architecture and the architecture timeline. ...

Prehistoric architecture

Main article: Neolithic architecture

Excavated dwellings at Skara Brae

Neolithic architecture is the architecture of the Neolithic period. In Southwest Asia, Neolithic cultures appear soon after 10000 BC, initially in the Levant (Pre-Pottery Neolithic A and Pre-Pottery Neolithic B) and from there spread eastwards and westwards. There are early Neolithic cultures in Southeast Anatolia, Syria and Iraq by 8000 BC, and food-producing societies first appear in southeast Europe by 7000 BC, and Central Europe by c. 5500 BC (of which the earliest cultural complexes include the Starčevo-Koros (Cris), Linearbandkeramic, and Vinča). With very small exceptions (a few copper hatchets and spear heads in the Great Lakes region), the peoples of the Americas and the Pacific remained at the Neolithic level of technology up until the time of European contact. Excavated dwellings at Skara Brae Neolithic architecture is the architecture of the Neolithic period. ... A photograph of neolithic excavations at Skara Brae on Orkney in Scotland. ... A photograph of neolithic excavations at Skara Brae on Orkney in Scotland. ... For the music group, see Skara Brae (music). ... This article is about building architecture. ... An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools. ... For other uses, see Asia (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Culture (disambiguation). ... (Redirected from 10000 BC) (Pleistocene, Paleolithic – 10th millennium BC – 9th millennium BC – other millennia) Beginning of the Mesolithic, or Epipaleolithic time period, which is the first part of the Holocene epoch. ... The Levant The Levant (IPA: ) is an imprecise geographical term historically referring to a large area in the Middle East south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea on the west, and by the northern Arabian Desert and Upper Mesopotamia to the east. ... The Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (short PPNA) represents the early neolithic in the Levantine and upper Mesopotamian region of the Fertile Crescent. ... Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) is a division of the Neolithic developed by Dame Kathleen Kenyon during her archaeological excavations at Jericho in the southern Levant region. ... (9th millennium BC – 8th millennium BC – 7th millennium BC – other millennia) Events The south area of Çatalhöyük. ... (8th millennium BC – 7th millennium BC – 6th millennium BC – other millennia) Events circa 7000 BC – Agriculture and settlement at Mehrgarh in South Asia circa 6500 BC – English Channel formed circa 6100 BC – The Storegga Slide, causing a megatsunami in the Norwegian Sea circa 6000... (7th millennium BC – 6th millennium BC – 5th millennium BC – other millennia) Events c. ... The Starčevo-Körös culture is the name given by archaeologists to a widespread early Neolithic archaeological culture from Eastern Europe and the Balkans. ... Sherds of the late Linearbandkeramik, Rhine-Main area The Linearbandkeramic (abbreviated LBK) is the earliest neolithic culture of Central Europe. ... The Vinča culture was an early culture of Europe (between the 6th and the 3rd millennium BC), stretching around the course of Danube in Romania, Serbia, Bulgaria and Macedonia, although traces of it can be found all around the Balkans. ... A carpenters hatchet See Hatchet (novel) for the young adult novel. ... For other uses, see Spear (disambiguation) and Spears (disambiguation). ... The Great Lakes from space The Great Lakes are a group of five large lakes on or near the United States-Canadian border. ... World map showing the Americas CIA political map of the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the continents of North America[1] and South America with their associated islands and regions. ... For other meanings of Pacific, see Pacific (disambiguation). ... By the mid 20th century humans had achieved a mastery of technology sufficient to leave the surface of the Earth for the first time and explore space. ...

According to J.J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson,^[1] the Sulbasutras were appendices to the Vedas giving rules for constructing altars. "They contained quite an amount of geometrical knowledge, but the mathematics was being developed, not for its own sake, but purely for practical religious purposes." The Shulba Sutras (Sanskrit : string, cord, rope) are sutra texts belonging to the Åšrauta ritual and containing geometry related to altar construction, including the problem of squaring the circle. ... Veda redirects here. ...

The neolithic peoples in the Levant, Anatolia, Syria, northern Mesopotamia and Central Asia were great builders, utilising mud-brick to construct houses and villages. At Çatalhöyük, houses were plastered and painted with elaborate scenes of humans and animals. In Europe, long houses built from wattle and daub were constructed. Elaborate tombs for the dead were also built. These tombs are particularly numerous in Ireland, where there are many thousand still in existence. Neolithic people in the British Isles built long barrows and chamber tombs for their dead and causewayed camps, henges flint mines and cursus monuments. The Levant The Levant (IPA: ) is an imprecise geographical term historically referring to a large area in the Middle East south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea on the west, and by the northern Arabian Desert and Upper Mesopotamia to the east. ... This article is about two nested areas of Turkey, a plateau region within a peninsula. ... Mesopotamia was a cradle of civilization geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, largely corresponding to modern-day Iraq. ... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ... A Mudbrick is an unfired brick made of clay. ... Excavations at the South Area of Çatal Höyük Çatalhöyük (also Çatal Höyük and Çatal Hüyük, or any of the three without diacritics; çatal is Turkish for fork, höyük for mound) was a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic settlement in southern... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... The Neolithic long house was a long, narrow timber dwelling built by the first farmers in Europe around 7,000 years ago. ... Categories: Stub | Construction ... A long barrow is a prehistoric monument dating to the Neolithic period. ... A chamber tomb is a tomb for burial used in many different cultures. ... Causewayed enclosures are a type of large prehistoric earthworks common to the early Neolithic in southern Britain. ... A henge is a roughly circular or oval-shaped flat area over 20m in diameter which is enclosed and delimited by a boundary earthwork that usually comprises a ditch with an external bank. ... Cursus was a name given by early British archaeologists such as William Stukeley to the large parallel lengths of banks with external ditches which they thought were early Roman athletics tracks, hence the Latin name Cursus, meaning Circus. Cursus monuments are now understood to be Neolithic structures and may have...

Ancient architecture

Ceiling decoration in the peristyle hall of Medinet Habu- An example of ancient Egyptian Architecture.

At the beginning, humanity saw the world as thoroughly alive with gods, demons and spirits, a world that knew nothing of scientific objectivism^{[citation needed]}. The ways in which the people came to terms with their immediate environment were thus grounded in the omnipotence of Gods. Many aspects of daily life were carried out with respect to the idea of the divine or supernatural and the way it was manifest in the mortal cycles of generations, years, seasons, days and nights. Harvests for example were seen as the benevolence of fertility deities. Thus, the founding and ordering of the city and her most important buildings (the palace or temple) were often executed by priests or even the ruler himself and the construction was accompanied by rituals intended to enter human activity into continued divine benediction. Ancient architecture is characterised by this tension between the divine and mortal world. Cities would mark a contained sacred space over the wilderness of nature outside, and the temple or palace continued this order by acting as a house for the Gods. The architect, be he priest or king, was not the sole important figure; he was merely part of a continuing tradition. Image File history File links Egypt. ... Image File history File links Egypt. ... Mortuary Temple of Ramesses III, from the air. ... The Human Race could be: The Human race. ... This article discusses the term God in the context of monotheism and henotheism. ... “Fiend” redirects here. ... The English word spirit comes from the Latin spiritus (breath). // The English word spirit comes from the Latin spiritus, meaning breath (compare spiritus asper), but also soul, courage, vigor, ultimately from a PIE root *(s)peis- (to blow). In the Vulgate, the Latin word translates Greek (πνευμα), pneuma (Hebrew (רוח) ruah), as... Omnipotence (literally, all power) is power with no limits or inexhaustible, in other words, unlimited power. ... Look up Supernatural in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up Harvest in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Fertility is the natural capability of giving life. ... Look up city, City in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The quintessential medieval European palace: Palais de la Cité, in Paris, the royal palace of France. ... Temple of Hephaestus, an Doric Greek temple in Athens with the original entrance facing east, 449 BC (western face depicted) For other uses, see Temple (disambiguation). ... Rituals was an American soap opera that ran in syndication from September 1984 to September 1985 in 260 25 minutes episodes. ... A benediction is a short invocation for divine help, blessing and guidance, usually at the end of church worship service. ... “Natural” redirects here. ... This article is about religious workers. ... For other uses, see Monarch (disambiguation). ...

• Ancient Egyptian architecture
• Ancient Greek Architecture
• Assyrian architecture
• Babylonian architecture
• Etruscan architecture
• Inca architecture
• Minoan architecture
• Maya architecture
• Mycenaean architecture
• Persian architecture
• Sumerian architecture

For at least ten thousand years, the Nile valley has been the site of one of the most influential civilizations in the world which developed a vast array of structures known as Ancient Egyptian architecture. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... The culture of Assyria, and still more of Greece. ... The culture of Assyria, and still more of Greece. ... Arched gate, Etruscan lion, Pisa. ... View of Machu Picchu Incan architecture is the most significant pre-Columbian architecture in South America. ... As unique and spectacular as any Greek or Roman architecture, Maya architecture spans many thousands of years. ... The Baháí House of Worship by Fariborz Sahba, also known as the Lotus Temple. ... The Tigris-Euphrates plain lacked minerals and trees. ...

African Architecture

Main article: Architecture of Africa

The conical tower inside the Great Enclosure in Great Zimbabwe, a medieval city built by a prosperous culture.

Early African architecture consisted of the achievements of the Ancient Egyptians. Great Zimbabwe is the largest medieval city in sub-Saharan Africa. By the late nineteenth century, most buildings reflected the fashionable European eclecticism and pastisched Mediterreanean, or even Northern European, styles. In the Western Sahel region, Islamic influence was a major contributing factor to architectural development from the time of the Kingdom of Ghana. At Kumbi Saleh, locals lived in domed-shaped dwellings in the king's section of the city, surrounded by a great enclosure. Traders lived in stone houses in a section which possessed 12 beautiful mosques, as described by al-bakri, with one centered on Friday prayer. ^[2] The king is said to have owned several mansions, one of which was sixty-six feet long, forty-two feet wide, contained seven rooms, was two stories high, and had a staircase; with the walls and chambers filled with sculpture and painting.^[3] Sahelian architecture initially grew from the two cities of Djenné and Timbuktu. The Sankore Mosque in Timbuktu, constructed from mud on timber, was similar in style to the Great Mosque of Djenné. The rise of kingdoms in the West African coastal region produced architecture which drew on indigenous traditions, utilizing wood. The famed Benin City, destroyed by the Punitive Expedition, was a large complex of homes in coursed mud, with hipped roofs of shingles or palm leaves. The Palace had a sequence of ceremonial rooms, and was decorated with brass plaques. The architecture of Africa, like other aspects of the culture of Africa, is exceptionally diverse. ... Image File history File links Great-Zimbabwe-2. ... Image File history File links Great-Zimbabwe-2. ... Great Zimbabwe is the name given to the remains of stone, sometimes referred to as the Great Zimbabwe Ruins, of an ancient Southern African city, located at in present-day Zimbabwe which was once the centre of a vast empire known as the Munhumutapa Empire (also called Monomotapa or Mwene... Map of Ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt was the civilization of the Nile Valley between about 3000 BC and the conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great in 332 BC. As a civilization based on irrigation it is the quintessential example of an hydraulic empire. ... Great Zimbabwe is the name given to the remains of stone, sometimes referred to as the Great Zimbabwe Ruins, of an ancient Southern African city, located at in present-day Zimbabwe which was once the centre of a vast empire known as the Munhumutapa Empire (also called Monomotapa or Mwene... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... The Ghana Empire (existed c. ... Koumbi Saleh was the capital of the Ghana Empire. ... Abu Abdullah al-Bakri (1014–1094) (Arabic: أبو عبد الله البكري) was a Spanish-Arab geographer and historian. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Sudano-Sahelian is an architectural style common in the Sahel. ... Great Mosque of Djenné The location of Djenné within Mali Djenné (also Dienné or Jenne) is a city on the Bani River in southern Mali with a population of about 12,000 (in 1987). ... Timbuktu (Archaic English: Timbuctoo; Koyra Chiini: Tumbutu; French: Tombouctou) is a city in Tombouctou Region, Mali. ... Sankoré Madrasah, The University of Sankoré, or Sankore Masjid is one of three ancient centers of learning located in Timbuktu, Mali, West Africa. ... Timbuktu (Archaic English: Timbuctoo; Koyra Chiini: Tumbutu; French: Tombouctou) is a city in Tombouctou Region, Mali. ... The Great Mosques signature trio of minarets overlooks the central market of Djenné. The Great Mosque of Djenné is the largest mud brick building in the world and is considered by many architects to be the greatest achievement of the Sudano-Sahelian architectural style, albeit with definite Islamic influences. ... Location of Benin City in Nigeria Benin City, a city (2006 est. ... The Punitive Expedition of 1897 was a military excursion by a British force of 1,200 under Admiral Sir Harry Rawson that captured, burned, and looted the city of Benin, incidentally bringing to an end the highly sophisticated West African Kingdom of Benin. ... Look up shingle in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Benin Bronzes are a collection of more than 1,000 brass plaques from the royal palace of the Kingdom of Benin. ...

Indian Architecture

Main article: Indian architecture

Icons and sculptures of Hindu deities of temples - Star shaped tower, Somanathapura

Further information: Indus Valley Civilization

India’s urban civilization is traceable to Mohenjodaro and Harappa, now in Pakistan, where planned urban townships existed 5000 years ago. From then on, Indian architecture and civil engineering continued to develop, and was manifestated temples, palaces and forts across the Indian peninsula and neighbouring regions. Architecture and civil engineering was known as sthapatya-kala, literally "the art of constructing". This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (480x640, 52 KB) photographed by self Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (480x640, 52 KB) photographed by self Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... Hampi tower Vimana in South India architecture is the Tamil word for the towered roof of a Hindu temples sanctum sanctorum. ... The entrance of the temple, illustrating the various relief bands Somanathapura (also known as Somnathpur) is a town located in Mysore district, Karnataka, India. ... Excavated ruins of Mohenjo-daro. ... Mohenjo-daro (literally, mound of the dead), like Harappa, was a city of the Indus Valley civilization. ... Location of Harappa in the Indus Valley. ... This article is about building architecture. ... The Falkirk Wheel in Scotland. ... Temple of Hephaestus, an Doric Greek temple in Athens with the original entrance facing east, 449 BC (western face depicted) For other uses, see Temple (disambiguation). ... The quintessential medieval European palace: Palais de la Cité, in Paris, the royal palace of France. ... Fortifications (Latin fortis, strong, and facere, to make) are military constructions designed for defensive warfare. ...

During the Kushan Empire and Mauryan Empire, Indian architecture and civil engineering reached regions like Baluchistan and Afghanistan. Statues of Buddha were cut out, covering entire mountain cliffs, like in Buddhas of Bamyan, Afghanistan. Over a period of time, ancient Indian art of construction blended with Greek styles and spread to Central Asia. Boundary of the Kushan empire, c. ... The Mauryan empire (321 to 185 BCE), at its largest extent around 230 BCE. The Lion Capital of Asoka, erected around 250 BCE. It is the emblem of India. ... Major ethnic groups in Pakistan and surrounding areas, in 1980. ... Media:Example. ... The Buddhas of Bamyan (Pashto: د بودا بتان په باميانو کې De Buda butan pe bamiyano ke, Farsi: تندیس‌های بودا در باميان tandis-ha-ye buda dar bamiyaan) were two monumental statues of standing Buddhas carved into the side of a cliff in the Bamyan valley of central Afghanistan, situated 230 km (143 miles) northwest of Kabul at an altitude... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ...

Indian architecture encompasses a wide variety of geographically and historically spread structures, and was transformed by the history of the Indian subcontinent. The result is an evolving range of architectural production that, although it is difficult to identify a single representative style, none the less retains a certain amount of continuity across history. The diversity of Indian culture is represented in its architecture. It is a blend of ancient and varied native traditions, with building types, forms and technologies from West and Central Asia, as well as Europe. It includes the architecture of various dynasties, such as Hoysala architecture, Vijayanagara Architecture and Western Chalukyas Architecture. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Map of South Asia (see note) This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia. ... Categories: Buildings and structures stubs ... Vijayanagar Raya Gopura Belur, Karnataka The Vijayanagara Architecture of the period (1336 - 1565CE) was a unique building idiom evolved by the imperial Vijayanagar Empire that ruled the whole of South India from their regal capital at Vijayanagara on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in Karnataka, India. ... The Western Chalukyas ruled the western Deccan in South India between the tenth and the thirteenth centuries CE. They were related to the Chalukya dynasty of Badami who were a powerful dynasty who reigned over most of the Deccan between the seventh and the eight centuries. ...

Architectural styles range from Hindu temple architecture to Islamic architecture to western classical architecture to modern and post-modern architecture. Temple architecture in the Hindu tradition is connected to astronomy and sacred geometry. ... The interior of the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne. ... From the point of view of modern times, the ancient civilizations of the Mediterranean sometimes seem to blend smoothly into one melange we call the Classical. ... Modern architecture, not to be confused with contemporary architecture, is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament. ... 1000 de La Gauchetière, with ornamented and strongly defined top, middle and bottom. ...

The temples of Aihole and Pattadakal are the earliest known examples of Hindu temples, also known as mandirs in today's Hindi. There are numerous Hindi as well as Buddhist temples that are known as excellent examples of Indian rock-cut architecture. The Church of St. Anne which is cast in the Indian Baroque Architectural style under the expert orientation of the most eminent architects of the time. It is a prime example of the blending of traditional Indian styles with western European architectural styles. Aihole (Kannada ಐಹೊಳೆ)is in the Bagalkot district of Karnataka, India. ... Pattadakal (Kannada- ಪಟ್ಟದಕಲ್) is a town in the Indian state of Karnataka famous for its group of monuments that are the culmination of earliest experiments in vesara style of Hindu temple architecture. ... Temples Categories: Temples in India | Temples in USA | Temples in Singapore | Temples in Malaysia | Temples in SriLanka | Hindu temples ... An early group of caves at Kanheri Caves Primitive beds in early viharas at Kanheri Caves Rock cut stair leading to Kanheri Indian rock-cut architecture is more various and found in greater abundance than any other forms of rock-cut architecture around the world. ... This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ... For other uses, see Baroque (disambiguation). ...

The Taj Mahal, taken from a 360° view between the mosque and the mausoleum.

Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 277 pixel Image in higher resolution (4924 × 1708 pixel, file size: 3. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 277 pixel Image in higher resolution (4924 × 1708 pixel, file size: 3. ... Taj Mahal Location of the Taj Mahal within India The Taj Mahal (Devanagari: ताज महल, Nastaliq: تاج محل) is a mausoleum located in Agra, India. ...

Chinese Architecture

Main article: Chinese architecture

Inside the Forbidden City- an example of Chinese architecture from the 15th century.

From the Neolithic era Longshan Culture and Bronze Age era Erlitou culture, the earliest rammed earth fortifications exist, with evidence of timber architecture. The subterranean ruins of the palace at Yinxu dates back to the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600 BC–1046 BC). In historic China, architectural emphasis was laid upon the horizontal axis, in particular the construction of a heavy platform and a large roof that floats over this base, with the vertical walls not as well emphasized. This contrasts Western architecture, which tends to grow in height and depth. Chinese architecture stresses the visual impact of the width of the buildings. The deviation from this standard is the tower architecture of the Chinese tradition, which began as a native tradition and was eventually influenced by the Buddhist building for housing religious sutras — the stupa — which came from India. Ancient Chinese tomb model representations of multiple story residential towers and watchtowers date to the Han Dynasty (202 BC–220 AD). However, the earliest extant Buddhist Chinese pagoda is the Songyue Pagoda, a 40 m (131 ft) tall circular-based brick tower built in Henan province in the year 523 AD. From the 6th century onwards, stone-based structures become more common, while the earliest are from stone and brick arches found in Han Dynasty tombs. The Zhaozhou Bridge built from 595 to 605 AD is China's oldest extant stone bridge, as well as the world's oldest open-spandrel segmental arch bridge. The Liuhe Pagoda of Hangzhou, China, built in 1165 AD. Chinese architecture refers to a style of architecture that has taken shape in Asia over the centuries. ... Image File history File links Verbotenen Stadt (Peking) Fotografiert von Jintan, 2004. ... Image File history File links Verbotenen Stadt (Peking) Fotografiert von Jintan, 2004. ... For other uses, see Forbidden City (disambiguation). ... The Liuhe Pagoda of Hangzhou, China, built in 1165 AD. Chinese architecture refers to a style of architecture that has taken shape in Asia over the centuries. ... An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools. ... Longshan culture (龍山文化) was a late Neolithic culture centered around the central and lower Yellow River in China. ... The Bronze Age is a period in a civilizations development when the most advanced metalworking has developed the techniques of smelting copper from natural outcroppings and alloys it to cast bronze. ... The Erlitou culture (二里頭文化) (1900 BC to 1500 BC) is a name given by archaeologists to an Early Bronze Age society that existed in China. ... Rammed earth walls form part of the entrance building for the Eden Project in Cornwall, England. ... Braubach (Germany) Timber framing is the modern term for the traditional half-timbered construction in which timber provides a visible skeletal frame that supports the whole building. ... Yinxu, the ruins of Yin, the capital (1350 - 1046 BC) of the Shang (Yin) Dynasty. ... Remnants of advanced, stratified societies dating back to the Shang period have been found in the Yellow River Valley. ... A silhouette of a Buddha statue at Ayutthaya, Thailand. ... SÅ«tra (sex) (Sanskrit) or Sutta (Pāli) literally means a rope or thread that holds things together, and more metaphorically refers to an aphorism (or line, rule, formula), or a collection of such aphorisms in the form of a manual. ... The Great Stupa at Sanchi. ... Han Dynasty in 87 BC Capital Changan (202 BC–9 AD) Luoyang (25 AD–190 AD) Language(s) Chinese Religion Taoism, Confucianism Government Monarchy History  - Establishment 206 BC  - Battle of Gaixia; Han rule of China begins 202 BC  - Interruption of Han rule 9 - 24  - Abdication to Cao Wei 220... The Chinese Pagoda is a landmark in Birmingham. ... Songyue Pagoda commemorated on a Chinese postage stamp Songyue Pagoda, constructed in 523 CE, is at the Songyue Monastery on Mount Song, in Henan province, China. ... Henan (Chinese: 河南; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ho-nan), is a province of the Peoples Republic of China, located in the central part of the country. ... The Zhaozhou Bridge (Chinese: 赵州桥; Pinyin: ) is the worlds oldest open-spandrel segmental arch bridge located in Hebei Province, China. ... A spandrel is originally a term from Architecture, but has more recently been given an analogous meaning in Evolutionary biology. ... An arch bridge is a bridge with abutments at each end shaped as a curved arch. ...

The Iron Pagoda of Kaifeng, built in 1049 during the Song Dynasty.

The vocational trade of architect, craftsman, and engineer was not as highly respected in premodern Chinese society as the scholar-bureaucrats who were drafted into the government by the civil service examination system. Much of the knowledge about early Chinese architecture was passed on from one tradesman to his son or associative apprentice. However, there were several early treatises on architecture in China, with encyclopedic information on architecture dating back to the Han Dynasty. The height of the classical Chinese architectural tradition in writing and illustration can be found in the Yingzao Fashi, a building manual written by 1100 and published by Lie Jie (1065–1110) in 1103. In it there are numerous and meticulous illustrations and diagrams showing the assembly of halls and building components, as well as classifying structure types and building components. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (480 × 640 pixel, file size: 106 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) The Iron Pagoda of Kaifeng, China, built in 1049 AD during the Song Dynasty. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (480 × 640 pixel, file size: 106 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) The Iron Pagoda of Kaifeng, China, built in 1049 AD during the Song Dynasty. ... The Iron Pagoda of Kaifeng, China, built in 1049 AD during the Song Dynasty. ... Kaifeng (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: KāifÄ“ng; Wade-Giles: Kai-feng), formerly known as Bianliang (汴梁; Wade-Giles: Pien-liang), is a prefecture-level city in eastern Henan province, Peoples Republic of China. ... Northern Song in 1111 AD Capital Kaifeng (960–1127) Linan (1127–1276) Language(s) Chinese Religion Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism Government Monarchy Emperor  - 960-976 Emperor Taizu  - 1126–1127 Emperor Qinzong  - 1127–1162 Emperor Gaozong  - 1278–1279 Emperor Bing History  - Zhao Kuangyin taking over the throne of the Later Zhou... Scholar-bureaucrats or scholar-officials were civil servants appointed by the emperor of China to perform day-to-day governance during the Qing Dynasty. ... The imperial examinations (Chinese: 科舉; Pinyin: ) in dynastic China determined positions in the civil service based on merit and education, which promoted upward mobility among the population for centuries. ... Bracket arm clusters containing cantilevers, Yingzao Fashi The Yingzao Fashi (Chinese:營造法式; Treatise on Architectural Methods or State Building Standards) is a technical treatise on architecture and craftsmanship written by the Chinese author Li Jie (1065–1110),[1] the Directorate of Buildings and Construction during the mid Song Dynasty of China. ...

There were certain architectural features that were reserved solely for buildings built for the Emperor of China. One example is the use of yellow roof tiles; yellow having been the Imperial color, yellow roof tiles still adorn most of the buildings within the Forbidden City. The Temple of Heaven, however, uses blue roof tiles to symbolize the sky. The roofs are almost invariably supported by brackets, a feature shared only with the largest of religious buildings. The wooden columns of the buildings, as well as the surface of the walls, tend to be red in colour. For other uses, see Forbidden City (disambiguation). ... The Temple of Heaven, literally the Altar of Heaven (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Manchu: Abkai mukdehun) is a complex of Taoist buildings situated in southeastern urban Beijing, in Xuanwu District. ...

Current Chinese architecture follows post-modern and western styles. Postmodernism (sometimes abbreviated pomo) is a term applied to a wide-ranging set of developments in critical theory, philosophy, architecture, art, literature, and culture, which are generally characterized as either emerging from, in reaction to, or superseding, modernism. ... Occident redirects here. ...

Islamic Architecture

Main article: Islamic architecture

the interior of the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne.

Islamic architecture has encompassed a wide range of both secular and religious architecture styles from the foundation of Islam to the present day, influencing the design and construction of buildings and structures within the sphere of Islamic culture. The interior of the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1800x1200, 1412 KB) Selimiye Mosque, Dome File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Islamic architecture Turkey Selimiye Mosque Ottoman architecture Portal:Turkey/Photo archive Metadata This file contains... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1800x1200, 1412 KB) Selimiye Mosque, Dome File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Islamic architecture Turkey Selimiye Mosque Ottoman architecture Portal:Turkey/Photo archive Metadata This file contains... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... “Adrianople” redirects here. ... The interior of the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne. ...

The principle architectural types of Islamic architecture are; the Mosque, the Tomb, the Palace and the Fort. The Masjid al-Haram in Mecca as it exists today A mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith. ... For the New York prison see The Tombs. ... The quintessential medieval European palace: Palais de la Cité, in Paris, the royal palace of France. ... Fortifications (Latin fortis, strong, and facere, to make) are military constructions designed for defensive warfare. ...

Some of the major types of Islamic Archiceture are Persian architecture, Moorish architecture Timurid architecture, Ottoman architecture, Fatimid architecture, Mamluks architecture, Mughal architecture, Sino-Islamic architecture, and Afro-Islamic architecture. The Baháí House of Worship by Fariborz Sahba, also known as the Lotus Temple. ... Interior of the Mezquita, Cordoba Moorish architecture is a term used to describe the Islamic architecture of North Africa and parts of Spain and Portugal where the Moors were dominant from 711C.E. to 1492C.E.. The best surviving examples are La Mezquita in Cordoba and the Alhambra palace[1... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Mughal architecture is the distinctive style of Islamic, Persian and Indian architecture, developed by the Mughal Empire in India in the 16th century. ... The Great Mosque of Xian, one of Chinas largest mosques Dongsi Mosque [1] Great Mosque, Huhhot [2] Great Mosque, Tianjin [3] Great Mosque, Xian [4] Huaisheng Mosque in Guangzhou [5] Huajue Mosque in Xian Id Kah Mosque in Kashgar [6] Najiahu Mosque in Yinchuan Nanguan Mosque... The architecture of Africa, like other aspects of the culture of Africa, is hugely diverse. ...

Many forms of Islamic architecture have evolved in different regions of the Islamic world. Notable Islamic architectural types include the early Abbasid buildings, T-type mosques, and the central-dome mosques of Anatolia. The oil-wealth of the 20th century drove a great deal of mosque construction using designs from leading non-Muslim modern architects and promoting the careers of important contemporary Muslim architects. Synthetic motor oil An oil is any substance that is in a viscous liquid state (oily) at ambient temperatures or slightly warmer, and is both hydrophobic (immiscible with water, literally water fearing) and lipophilic (miscible with other oils, literally fat loving). This general definition includes compound classes with otherwise unrelated...

Japanese Architecture

Main article: Japanese architecture

View of Himeji Castle from Nishi-no-maru

Japanese architecture has as long a history as any other aspect of Japanese culture. Influenced heavily by Chinese architecture, it also shows a number of important differences and aspects which are uniquely Japanese. Japanese architecture ) has as long a history as any other aspect of Japanese culture. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1767x1341, 114 KB) Summary Description: photo of Himeji Castle The Keep Towers(view from Nisi-no-maru) Source: ja:画像:Himeji-jo. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1767x1341, 114 KB) Summary Description: photo of Himeji Castle The Keep Towers(view from Nisi-no-maru) Source: ja:画像:Himeji-jo. ... Himeji Castle (Japanese: ; -jō) is a Japanese castle complex located in Himeji in Hyōgo Prefecture and comprising 82 wooden buildings. ...

Two new forms of architecture were developed in response to the militaristic climate of the times: the castle, a defensive structure built to house a feudal lord and his soldiers in times of trouble; and the shoin, a reception hall and private study area designed to reflect the relationships of lord and vassal within a feudal society. For other uses, see Castle (disambiguation). ...

Because of the need to rebuild Japan after World War II, Major japanese cities contain numerous examples of modern architecture. Japan played some role in modern skyscraper design, because of its long familiarity with the cantilever principle to support the weight of heavy tiled temple roofs. New city planning ideas based on the principle of layering or cocooning around an inner space (oku), a Japanese spatial concept that was adapted to urban needs, were adapted during reconstruction. Modernism became increasingly popular in architecture in Japan starting in the 1970s. babi Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... For other uses, see Skyscraper (disambiguation). ... Urban, city, or town planning, deals with design of the built environment from the municipal and metropolitan perspective. ... For Christian theological modernism, see Liberal Christianity and Modernism (Roman Catholicism). ...

Pre-Columbian

Overview of the central plaza of the Mayan city of Palenque(Chiapas, Mexico), a fine example of Classic period Mesoamerican Architecture

Pre-Columbian architecture mainly consisted of Mesoamerican architecture and Incan architecture. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2272x1704, 982 KB) This is a view of Palenque, a Maya ruin in Chiapas, Mexico taken from the top of one of the pyramids. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2272x1704, 982 KB) This is a view of Palenque, a Maya ruin in Chiapas, Mexico taken from the top of one of the pyramids. ... The Palace, Ruins of Palenque Palenque is a Maya archeological site near the Usumacinta River in the Mexican state of Chiapas, located at about 130 km south of Ciudad del Carmen (see map). ... Mesoamerican architecture is the set of architectural traditions produced by pre-Columbian cultures and civilizations of Mesoamerica, traditions which are best known in the form of public, ceremonial and urban monumental buildings and structures. ... A wall in the fortress of Ollantaytambo Inca architecture is the most significant pre-Columbian architecture in South America. ...

Mesoamerican architecture is the set of architectural traditions produced by pre-Columbian cultures and civilizations of Mesoamerica, traditions which are best known in the form of public, ceremonial and urban monumental buildings and structures. The distinctive features of Mesoamerican architecture encompass a number of different regional and historical styles, which however are significantly interrelated. These styles developed throughout the different phases of Mesoamerican history as a result of the intensive cultural exchange between the different cultures of the Mesoamerican culture area through thousands of years. Mesoamerican architecture is mostly noted for its pyramids which are the largest such structures outside of Ancient Egypt. This article is about building architecture. ... The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences on the Americas continent. ... This article is about the culture area. ... Mesoamerican chronology The chronology of Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica is usually divided into the following eras: Paleo-Indian Period c. ... Mesoamerican pyramids, pyramid-shaped structures, are an important part of Ancient Mesoamerican architecture. ... Khafres Pyramid and the Great Sphinx of Giza, built about 2550 BC during the Fourth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom,[1] are enduring symbols of the civilization of ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt was a civilization in Northeastern Africa concentrated along the middle to lower reaches of the Nile River...

View of Machu Picchu

Incan architecture consists of the major construction achievements developed by the Incas. The Incas developed an extensive road system spanning most of the western length of the continent. Inca rope bridges could be considered the world's first suspension bridges. Because the Incas used no wheels (the Inca, unlike many other large empires, never discovered the wheel) or horses they built their roads and bridges for foot and pack-llama traffic. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1536x2048, 1116 KB) This Picture was taken the 9th of April 2005 6. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1536x2048, 1116 KB) This Picture was taken the 9th of April 2005 6. ... Machu Picchu (Quechua: Machu Pikchu Old Peak) is a pre-Columbian Inca city located at 2,430 m (7,970 ft) altitude[1] on a mountain ridge above the Urubamba Valley in Peru, about 70 km (44 mi) northwest of Cusco. ... A wall in the fortress of Ollantaytambo Inca architecture is the most significant pre-Columbian architecture in South America. ... For other meanings of Inca, see Inca (disambiguation). ... Major highways of the Inca Empire Among the many roads and trails constructed in pre-Columbian South America, the Inca road system (El Camino Inca) of Peru was the most extensive. ... Inca Rope bridges were simple suspension bridges over canyons and gorges to provide access for the Inca Empire. ... Binomial name (Linnaeus, 1758) The llama (Lama glama) is a South American camelid, widely used as a pack animal by the Incas[1] and other natives of the Andes mountains. ...

Much of present day architecture at the former Inca capital Cuzco shows both Incan and Spanish influences. The famous lost city Machu Picchu is the best surviving example of Incan architecture. Another significant site is Ollantaytambo. The Inca were sophisticated stone cutters whose masonry used no mortar. The Church of La Compañía on the Plaza de Armas in Cuzco Cuzco is a city in southeastern Peru in the Huatanay Valley (Sacred Valley), of the Andes mountain range. ... Machu Picchu (Quechua: Machu Pikchu Old Peak) is a pre-Columbian Inca city located at 2,430 m (7,970 ft) altitude[1] on a mountain ridge above the Urubamba Valley in Peru, about 70 km (44 mi) northwest of Cusco. ... Ollantaytambo terraces Ollantaytambo is a town in southern Peru, located in the district of Ollantaytambo, province of Urubamba, Cusco region. ...

Western Architecture — Classical to Eclecticism

Classical architecture

Parthenon in Athens

Main article: Classical architecture

The architecture and urbanism of the Greeks and Romans were very different from those of the Egyptians or Persians in that civic life gained importance. During the time of the ancients, religious matters were the preserve of the ruling order alone; by the time of the Greeks, religious mystery had skipped the confines of the temple-palace compounds and was the subject of the people or polis. Greek civic life was sustained by new, open spaces called the agora which were surrounded by public buildings, stores and temples. The agora embodied the new found respect for social justice received through open debate rather than imperial mandate. Though divine wisdom still presided over human affairs, the living rituals of ancient civilizations had become inscribed in space, in the paths that wound towards the acropolis for example. Each place had its own nature, set within a world refracted through myth, thus temples were sited atop mountains all the better to touch the heavens Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (2048 × 1536 pixel, file size: 680 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Athen, Akropolis, Restaurierung - Athens, Acropolis, restoration works - Athènes, Akropolis, chantier de restauration - 2002-08-09 Autor/Author/Auteur: --wpopp 14:51, 12... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (2048 × 1536 pixel, file size: 680 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Athen, Akropolis, Restaurierung - Athens, Acropolis, restoration works - Athènes, Akropolis, chantier de restauration - 2002-08-09 Autor/Author/Auteur: --wpopp 14:51, 12... For other uses, see Parthenon (disambiguation). ... This article is about the capital of Greece. ... From the point of view of modern times, the ancient civilizations of the Mediterranean sometimes seem to blend smoothly into one melange we call the Classical. ... Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ... Persia redirects here. ... Stoa of the ancient agora de Thessaloniki An agora (αγορά), translatable as marketplace, was a public space and an essential part of an ancient Greek polis or city-state. ... Acropolis (Gr. ...

• Architecture of Ancient Greece
  • Ancient Agora of Athens
  • Parthenon
  • Delphic Oracle
  • Greek theatre

The Romans conquered the Greek cities in Italy around three hundred years before Christ and much of the Western world after that. The Roman problem of rulership involved the unity of disparity — from Spanish to Greek, Macedonian to Carthaginian — Roman rule had extended itself across the breadth of the known world and the myriad pacified cultures forming this ecumene presented a new challenge for justice. One way to look at the unity of Roman architecture is through a new-found realisation of theory derived from practice, and embodied spatially. Civically we find this happening in the Roman forum (sibling of the Greek agora), where public participation is increasingly removed from the concrete performance of rituals and represented in the decor of the architecture. Thus we finally see the beginnings of the contemporary public square in the Forum Iulium, begun by Julius Caesar, where the buildings present themselves through their facades as representations within the space. As the Romans chose representations of sanctity over actual sacred spaces to participate in society, so the communicative nature of space was opened to human manipulation. None of which would have been possible without the advances of Roman engineering and construction or the newly found marble quarries which were the spoils of war; inventions like the arch and concrete gave a whole new form to Roman architecture, fluidly enclosing space in taut domes and colonnades, clothing the grounds for imperial rulership and civic order. The restored Stoa of Attalus, Athens Architecture, defined as building executed to an aesthetically considered design, was extinct in Greece from the end of the Mycenaean period (about 1200 BC) to the 7th century BC, when urban life and prosperity recovered to a point where public building could be undertaken. ... Remains of the agora built in Athens in the Roman period (east of the classical agora). ... For other uses, see Parthenon (disambiguation). ... The word Sibyl comes (via Latin) from the ancient Greek word sibylla, meaning prophetess. ... Greek theatre or Greek Drama came into its own between 600 and 200 BC in the ancient city of Athens. ... This page is about the title, office or what is known in Christian theology as the Divine Person. ... Roman Carthage with former military harbor Carthage (Greek: , Latin: , from the Phoenician meaning new town; Arabic: ) refers both to an ancient city in Tunisia and to the civilization that developed within the citys sphere of influence. ... The Forum of Jerash, in Jordan. ... For other uses, see Julius Caesar (disambiguation). ... Engineering is the discipline of acquiring and applying knowledge to design, analysis, and/or construction of works for practical purposes. ... For other uses, see Marble (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Arch (disambiguation). ... This article is about the construction material. ... For other uses, see Dome (disambiguation). ... Enormous colonnade of the Kazan Cathedral in St Petersburg. ...

Interior of the Pantheon, Rome

This was also a response to the changing social climate which demanded new buildings of increasing complexity — the coliseum, the residential block, bigger hospitals and academies. General civil construction such as roads and bridges began to be built. Image File history File links Italy_Rome_pantheon_inside. ... Image File history File links Italy_Rome_pantheon_inside. ... Facade of the Pantheon The Pantheon (Latin Pantheon[1], from Greek Πάνθεον Pantheon, meaning Temple of all the gods) is a building in Rome which was originally built as a temple to the seven deities of the seven planets in the state religion of Ancient Rome. ... Coliseum may refer to: The following structures: Araneta Coliseum, one of the biggest coliseums in Asia. ... For the town in the Republic of Ireland, see Hospital, County Limerick. ...

• Roman architecture
  • Roman villa
  • Roman Forum
  • Amphitheatre
  • Coliseum
  • Pantheon, Rome
  • Triumphal Arch
  • Aqueduct

‹ The template below (Expand) is being considered for deletion. ... The Roman Empire contained many kinds of villas. ... Part of the Roman Forum. ... The Colosseum in Rome, Italy. ... Coliseum may refer to: The following structures: Araneta Coliseum, one of the biggest coliseums in Asia. ... Facade of the Pantheon The Pantheon (Latin Pantheon[1], from Greek Πάνθεον Pantheon, meaning Temple of all the gods) is a building in Rome which was originally built as a temple to the seven deities of the seven planets in the state religion of Ancient Rome. ... A triumphal arch is a structure in the shape of a monumental archway, usually built to celebrate a victory in war. ... For other uses, see Aqueduct (disambiguation). ...

Medieval architecture

Main article: Medieval architecture

Western European architecture in the Early Middle Ages may be divided into Early Christian and Pre-Romanesque, including Merovingian, Carolingian, Ottonian, and Asturian. While these terms are problematic, they nonetheless serve adequately as entries into the era. Considerations that enter into histories of each period include Trachtenberg's "historicising" and "modernising" elements, Italian versus northern, Spanish, and Byzantine elements, and especially the religious and political maneuverings between kings, popes, and various ecclesiastic officials. Church of the Intercession on the Nerl(1165) - an archetypal example of early Russian architecture. ... Justinians wife Theodora and her retinue, in a 6th century mosaic from the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna. ... The Good Shepherd: Early Christian catacomb art Early Christian art and architecture is the art produced by Christians or under Christian patronage from about the year 200 to about the year 500. ... The royal palace, later church, of Santa María del Naranco, an example of Asturian architecture of the Ramirense period. ... A gold chalice from the Treasure of Gourdon. ... Lorsch monastery gatehouse The Palatine Chapel in Aachen Carolingian architecture is the style of North European architecture promoted by Charlemagne, King of the Franks, who was crowned Imperator Augustus in Rome on Christmas Day, 800 by Pope Leo III. The period of architecture spans the late 8th and 9th centuries... Ottonian Architecture evolved during the reign of Emperor Otto the Great (936-975). ... St Juliàn Prados, Oviedo Pre-Romanesque architecture in Asturias is framed between the years 718 and 910, the period of the rise, extension and disappearance of the kingdom of Asturias. ... Trachtenberg (or Trachtenburg) (Трахтенберг, טרחטנבּרג or טרכטנבּרג) is a surname of several people, typically an Ashkenazi Jewish surname, especially Ukrainian. ...

Surviving examples of medieval secular architecture mainly served for defense. Castles and fortified walls provide the most notable remaining non-religious examples of medieval architecture. Windows gained a cross-shape for more than decorative purposes: they provided a perfect fit for a crossbowman to safely shoot at invaders from inside. Crenelated walls (battlements) provided shelters for archers on the roofs to hide behind when not shooting. For other uses, see Castle (disambiguation). ... The defensive wall of Braşov, Romania. ... This article is about the weapon. ... Crenellation (or crenelation) is the name for the distinctive pattern that framed the tops of the walls of many medieval castles, often called battlements. ... It has been suggested that crenellation, crenel and merlon be merged into this article or section. ...

• Byzantine architecture
• Sassanid architecture
• Romanesque architecture
• Gothic architecture
• Tudor and Jacobean architecture

Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire. ... Sassanid architecture. ... South transept of Tournai Cathedral, Belgium, 12th century. ... Interior of Cologne Cathedral Interior of San Zanipolo, Venice, photo Giovanni dallOrto. ... The Tudor style, a term applied to the Perpendicular style, was originally that of the English architecture and decorative arts produced under the Tudor dynasty that ruled England from 1485 to 1603, characterized as an amalgam of Late Gothic style formalized by more concern for regularity and symmetry, with round... Jacobean - an early phase of English Renaissance architecture and decoration. ...

Renaissance architecture

The Ghent Altarpiece: The Adoration of the Lamb (interior view) painted 1432.

The Cortile del Belvedere in Rome by Donato Bramante.

Main article: Renaissance architecture

The Renaissance often refers to the Italian Renaissance that began in the 15th century, but recent research has revealed the existence of similar movements around Europe before the 15th century; consequently, the term "Early Modern" has gained popularity in describing this cultural movement. This period of cultural rebirth is often credited with the restoration of scholarship in the Classical Antiquities and the absorption of new scientific and philosophical knowledge that fed the arts. Hubert van Eyck, The Ghent Altarpiece “The Adoration of the Lamb”, painted 1432. ... Hubert van Eyck, The Ghent Altarpiece “The Adoration of the Lamb”, painted 1432. ... http://vandyck. ... http://vandyck. ... Donato Bramante Donato Bramante (1444 – March 11, 1514) was an Italian architect, who introduced the Early Renaissance style to Milan and the High Renaissance style to Rome, where his most famous design was St. ... Tempietto di San Pietro in Montorio, Rome, 1502, by Bramante. ... This article is about the European Renaissance of the 14th-17th centuries. ... The Italian Renaissance began the opening phase of the Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement in Europe that spanned the period from the end of the 14th century to about 1600, marking the transition between Medieval and Early Modern Europe. ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... The early modern period is a term used by historians to refer to the period in Western Europe and its first colonies, between the Middle Ages and modern society. ...

The development from Medieval architecture concerned the way geometry mediated between the intangibility of light and the tangibility of the material as a way of relating divine creation to mortal existence. This relationship was changed in some measure by the invention of Perspective which brought a sense of infinity into the realm of human comprehension through the new representations of the horizon, evidenced in the expanses of space opened up in Renaissance painting, and helped shape new humanist thought. The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times. ... For other uses, see Geometry (disambiguation). ... A cube in two-point perspective. ... See also the specific life stance known as Humanism For the Renaissance liberal arts movement, see Renaissance humanism Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people, based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appeal to universal human qualities...

Perspective represented a new understanding of space as a universal, a priori fact, understood and controllable through human reason. Renaissance buildings therefore show a different sense of conceptual clarity, where spaces were designed to be understood in their entirety from a specific fixed viewpoint. The power of Perspective to universally represent reality was not limited to describing experiences, but also allowed it to anticipate experience itself by projecting the image back into reality. The terms a priori and a posteriori are used in philosophy to distinguish between two different types of propositional knowledge. ...

Donato Bramante's Cortile del Belvedere project is one such instance where spaces were pictured/designed together before being built. Such a space was only possible due to the powers of abstraction, offered by perspective, that allowed the composition of heterogeneous activities into a metaphor for the legitimacy of current rule. The commission was set by Pope Julius II to connect an ancient pontifical palace on the right of St Peter's with the palace, built by Pollaiolo for Innocent VIII. In doing so Bramante organised the ascent through three courts that sees the lower, theatrical level move into the upper level through increasingly planned gardens thereby creating a tension between the human realm and an idealised vision of the "ideal city", Jerusalum, this is explicitly shown in Bramante's depiction of the ascent from the perspective of Pope Julius's bedroom window. Donato Bramante Donato Bramante (1444 – March 11, 1514) was an Italian architect, who introduced the Early Renaissance style to Milan and the High Renaissance style to Rome, where his most famous design was St. ... A carrousel in the Cortile del Belvedere: the anonymous mid 16th century engraver has exaggerated the vertical dimensions, but Bramantes monumental stairs are visible. ... Pope Julius II (December 5, 1443 – February 21, 1513), born Giuliano della Rovere, was Pope from 1503 to 1513. ...

The Renaissance spread to France in the late 15th century, when Charles VIII returned in 1496 with several Italian artists from his conquest of Naples. Renaissance chateaux were built in the Loire Valley, the earliest example being the Château d'Amboise, and the style became dominant under Francis I(1515-47). (See Châteaux of the Loire Valley). The Château de Chambord) is a combination of Gothic structure and Italianate ornament, a style which progressed under architects such as Sebastiano Serlio, who was engaged after 1540 in work at the Château de Fontainebleau. At Fontainebleau Italian artists such as Rosso Fiorentino, Francesco Primaticcio, and Niccolo dell' Abbate formed the First School of Fontainebleau. Charles VIII the Affable (French: Charles VIII lAffable) (June 30, 1470 – April 7, 1498) was King of France from 1483 to his death. ... it doesnt exist ... Francis I of France (French: François Ier) (September 12, 1494 – March 31, 1547), called the Father and Restorer of Letters (le Père et Restaurateur des Lettres), was crowned King of France in 1515 in the cathedral at Reims and reigned until 1547. ... The châteaux of the Loire Valley (Val de Loire) number more than 300. ... The front façade of the Château de Chambord, viewed from the south. ... The Royal Château of Fontainebleau (in the Seine-et-Marne département) is one of the largest French royal châteaux. ... Moses Defending the Daughters of Jethro by Rosso Fiorentino (c. ... The rape of Helena, 1530-1539. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Nicolo dellAbate. ... The Ecole de Fontainebleau refers to two periods of artistic production in France during the late Renaissance centered around the royal Château of Fontainebleau. ...

Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra

Architects such as Philibert Delorme, Androuet du Cerceau, Giacomo Vignola, and Pierre Lescot, were inspired by the new ideas. The southwest interior facade of the Cour Carree of the Louvre in Paris was designed by Lescot and covered with exterior carvings by Jean Goujon. Architecture continued to thrive in the reigns of Henri II and Henri III. Image File history File links General view of Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra. ... Image File history File links General view of Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra. ... The Trinity Lavra of St. ... Philibert de lOrme (c. ... Androuet du Cerceau was a family of French architects and designers active in the 16th and early 17th century. ... The five orders, engraving from Vignolas Regole delle cinque ordini darchitettura set the standards Giacomo (or Jacopo) Barozzi da Vignola (Vignola, near Modena, October 1, 1507 - July 7, 1573) was one of the great Italian architects of 16th century Mannerism, also known as Vignola. ... Pierre Lescot (Paris c. ... This article is about the museum. ... The Four Seasons (c. ...

In England the first great exponent of Renaissance architecture was Inigo Jones (1573 – 1652), who had studied architecture in Italy where the influence of Palladio was very strong. Jones returned to England full of enthusiasm for the new movement and immediately began to design such buildings as the Queen's House at Greenwich in 1616 and the Banqueting House at Whitehall three years later. These works, with their clean lines, and symmetry were revolutionary in a country still enamoured with mullion windows, crenelations and turrets. For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... Inigo Jones, by Sir Anthony van Dyck Inigo Jones (July 15, 1573–June 21, 1652) is regarded as the first significant English architect. ... Illustration from a 1736 English edition of I Quattro Libri dellArchitettura. ... The Queens House, Greenwich The Queens House, Greenwich, was designed and begun in 1616-1617 by architect Inigo Jones for Anne of Denmark (the queen of King James I of England) and completed, also by Jones, about 1635 for Queen Henrietta Maria, wife of King Charles I. The... Whitehall, London, looking south towards the Houses of Parliament. ...

Baroque architecture

Main article: Baroque architecture

Sicilian Baroque: San Benedetto in Catania.

If Renaissance architecture announced a rebirth of human culture, the periods of Mannerism and the Baroque that followed signalled an increasing anxiety over meaning and representation. Important developments in science and philosophy had separated mathematical representations of reality from the rest of culture, fundamentally changing the way humans related to their world through architecture. Baroque architecture, starting in the early 17th century in Italy, took the humanist Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical, theatrical, sculptural fashion, expressing the triumph of absolutist church and state. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (752x943, 307 KB) Author : Urban Description : Chiesa San Benedetto, Catane, Sicilia Body : Canon Powershot A80 Date : August, 2005 File links The following pages link to this file: Sicilian Baroque ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (752x943, 307 KB) Author : Urban Description : Chiesa San Benedetto, Catane, Sicilia Body : Canon Powershot A80 Date : August, 2005 File links The following pages link to this file: Sicilian Baroque ... Illustration 1: Sicilian Baroque. ... The Roman Odeon. ... In Parmigianinos Madonna with the Long Neck (1534-40), Mannerism makes itself known by elongated proportions, affected poses, and unclear perspective. ... For other uses, see Baroque (disambiguation). ...

• Rococo architecture
• Moscow baroque
• Georgian architecture
• Petrine baroque

North side of the Catherine Palace in Tsarskoye Selo - carriage courtyard: all the stucco details sparkled with gold until 1773, when Catherine II had gilding replaced with olive drab paint. ... The Assumption church in Pokrovka Street, Moscow (1696-99) Naryshkin Baroque, also called Moscow Baroque, or Muscovite Baroque, is the name given to a particular style of architecture and decoration which was fashionable in Moscow at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries. ... A Georgian house in Salisbury Georgian architecture is the name given in English-speaking countries to the architectural styles current between about 1720 and 1840, named after the four British monarchs named George. ... Kikin Hall (1714), an example of private residence dating from Peter Is reign. ...

The Age of Enlightenment

Further information: The Age of Enlightenment

Rationality and the universals lead to the emancipation of history, Gottfried Semper leads the fray, filleting of "beauty" leads to contemporary notions of form, the seed of Modernity. The Age of Enlightenment refers to the 18th century in European philosophy, and is often thought of as part of a larger period which includes the Age of Reason. ... Rationality as a term is related to the idea of reason, a word which following Websters may be derived as much from older terms referring to thinking itself as from giving an account or an explanation. ... Gottfried Semper Gottfried Semper (1803-1879) was a German architect, art critic, and professor of architecture, who designed and built the Semper Oper in Dresden between 1838 and 1841. ... Modernity is a term used to describe the condition of being modern. Since the term modern is used to describe a wide range of periods, modernity must be understood in its context. ...

• • Regency architecture
  • Neo-Classical architecture
  • Greek Revival
  • Neo-Gothic architecture
  • Second Empire
  • Neo-Byzantine architecture
  • Neo-Romanesque architecture
  • Jacobethan architecture
  • Tudorbethan architecture

The Regency style of architecture refers primarily to buildings built in Britain during the period in the early 19th century when George IV of the United Kingdom was still Prince Regent, and also to later buildings following the same style. ... Neoclassicism (sometimes rendered as Neo-Classicism or Neo-classicism) is the name given to quite distinct movements in the visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture. ... Personal residence of Catherine the Great Greek Revival was a style of classical architecture which became fashionable in Europe in the 18th century, and in the United Kingdom and United States in the early 19th century. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Gothic Revival architecture. ... The canonical example of Second Empire style is the Opéra Garnier, in which Neo-Baroque meets Neo-Renaissance. ... Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia. ... Lazienkowski Palace in Warsaw The neoclassical movement that produced Neoclassical architecture began in the mid-18th century, as a reaction against both the surviving Baroque and Rococo styles, and as a desire to return to the perceived purity of the arts of Rome, the more vague perception (ideal) of Ancient... Jacobethan is a Revival style derived from the English Renaissance (1550 - 1625), with elements Elizabethan and Jacobean. ... Ascott House, Buckinghamshire. ...

Beaux-Arts architecture

Main article: Beaux-Arts architecture

Palais Garnier is a cornerpiece of Beaux-Arts architecture characterized by Émile Zola as "the opulent bastard of all styles".

"What Style Shall We Build In?" [Heinrich Huebsch]) Beaux-Arts architecture[1] denotes the academic classical architectural style that was taught at the École des Beaux Arts in Paris. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (802x602, 150 KB) Photo of the outside of the Paris Opera. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (802x602, 150 KB) Photo of the outside of the Paris Opera. ... The Palais Garnier, Paris The Palais Garnier, also known as the Opéra de Paris as well as the Opéra Garnier, is a 2,200 seat opera house in Paris, France. ... Émile Zola (2 April 1840 – 29 September 1902) was an influential French novelist, the most important example of the literary school of naturalism, and a major figure in the political liberalization of France. ...

Beaux-Arts architecture^[4] denotes the academic classical architectural style that was taught at the École des Beaux Arts in Paris. The style "Beaux-Arts" is above all the cumulative product of two and a half centuries of instruction under the authority, first of the Académie royale d'architecture, then, following the Revolution, of the Architecture section of the Académie des Beaux-Arts. The organization under the Ancien Régime of the competition for the Grand Prix de Rome in architecture, offering a chance to study in Rome, imprinted its codes and esthetic on the course of instruction, which culminated during the Second Empire (1850-1870) and the Third Republic that followed. The style of instruction that produced Beaux-Arts architecture continued without a major renovation until 1968.^[5] Architectural style is a way of classifying architecture largely by morphological characteristics - in terms of form, techniques, materials, etc. ... École des Beaux Arts refers to several art schools in France. ... This article is about the capital of France. ...

Modern architecture

Main article: Modern architecture

Le Corbusier's Villa Savoye, a well known example of modern architecture

Modern architecture is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament, that first arose around 1900. By the 1940s these styles had been consolidated and identified as the International Style and became the dominant architectural style, particularly for institutional and corporate building, for several decades in the twentieth century. Modern architecture, not to be confused with contemporary architecture, is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 529 pixelsFull resolution (1656 × 1096 pixel, file size: 259 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 529 pixelsFull resolution (1656 × 1096 pixel, file size: 259 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, who chose to be known as Le Corbusier (October 6, 1887 – August 27, 1965), was a Swiss-born architect and writer, who is famous for his contributions to what now is called Modern Architecture. ... The Villa Savoye is considered by many to be the seminal work of the Swiss architect Le Corbusier. ... In architecture, ornament is decorative detail on buildings. ... Ğ: For the film, see: 1900 (film). ... The 1940s decade ran from 1940 to 1949. ... The Weissenhof Estate in Stuttgart, Germany (1927) The Weissenhof Estate in Stuttgart, Germany (1930) The International style was a major architectural trend of the 1920s and 1930s. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s The 20th century lasted from 1901 to 2000 in the Gregorian calendar (often from (1900 to 1999 in common usage). ...

The exact characteristics and origins of modern architecture are still open to interpretation and debate.

The instrumentalisation of Architecture as argued under the maxim "form follows function". According to Immanuel Kant, a maxim is a subjective principle or rule, that the will of an individual uses in making a decision. ... Form follows function is a principle associated with Modern architecture and industrial design in the 20th Century, which states that the shape of a building or object should be predicated on its intended purpose. ...

• Postconstructivism
• Constructivism (art)
• De Stijl
• Heliopolis style
• Bauhaus
• Art Deco

Moscow, Park Kultury, Entrance pavillion, by G.T.Krutikov, V.S.Popov, 1935, demolished 1949. ... Tatlin Tower. ... De Stijl redirects here. ... Heliopolis style is an architectural style specific to an Egyptian district in eastern Cairo. ... For the British gothic rock band, see Bauhaus (band). ... Asheville City Hall. ...

Architects

• • Louis Sullivan
  • Frank Lloyd Wright
  • George Grant Elmslie

Louis Henri Sullivan (September 3, 1856 – April 14, 1924) was an American architect, called the father of modernism. ... Frank Lloyd Wright (June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959) was one of the worlds most prominent and influential architects. ... George Grant Elmslie (February 20, 1871 - April 23, 1952) was an American, though born in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, Prairie School architect whose work is mostly found in the Midwestern United States. ...

Functionalism

Main article: Functionalism (architecture)

The tower of the Helsinki Olympic Stadium (Y. Lindegren & T. Jäntti, built in 1934-38)

Functionalism, in architecture, is the principle that architects should design a building based on the purpose of that building. This statement is less self-evident than it first appears, and is a matter of confusion and controversy within the profession, particularly in regard to modern architecture. Functionalism, in architecture, is the principle that architects should design a building based on the purpose of that building. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (350x786, 154 KB) The tower of Helsinki Olympic Stadion (1934-38). ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (350x786, 154 KB) The tower of Helsinki Olympic Stadion (1934-38). ... Location of Helsinki in Northern Europe Coordinates: , Country Province Region Uusimaa Sub-region Helsinki Charter 1550 Capital city 1812 Government  - City manager Jussi Pajunen Area  - City 187. ... The tower of the Olympic Stadium The Helsinki Olympic Stadium, (in Finnish and Swedish: Olympiastadion) located in the Töölö district about 2 km from the center of the Finnish capital Helsinki, is the largest stadium in the country, nowadays mainly used for hosting sports events and big concerts. ... This article is about building architecture. ... Modern architecture, not to be confused with contemporary architecture, is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament. ...

The place of functionalism in building can be traced back to the Vitruvian triad, where 'utilitas' (variously translated as 'commodity', 'convenience', or 'utility') stands alongside 'venustas' (beauty) and 'firmitas' (firmness) as one of three classic goals of architecture. Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (born ca. ...

Expressionist architecture

Main article: Expressionist architecture

Goetheanum by Rudolph Steiner in 1923

Expressionist architecture was an architectural movement that developed in Northern Europe during the first decades of the 20th century in parallel with the expressionist visual and performing arts. Expressionist architecture occurs in architecture when an architect distorts a building or design for an emotional effect. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The Goetheanum is a center for the anthroposophical movement in Dornach, Switzerland. ... Rudolf Steiner Rudolf Steiner (February 27, 1861–March 30, 1925) was an Austrian philosopher, literary scholar, architect, playwright, educator, and social thinker (see section below with heading social threefolding), who is best known as the founder of Anthroposophy and its practical applications, including Waldorf School, Biodynamic agriculture, the Camphill... The Scream by Edvard Munch (1893) which inspired 20th century Expressionists Portrait of Eduard Kosmack by Egon Schiele Rehe im Walde by Franz Marc Elbe Bridge I by Rolf Nesch On White II by Wassily Kandinsky, 1923. ...

The style was characterised by an early-modernist adoption of novel materials, formal innovation, and very unusual massing, sometimes inspired by natural biomorphic forms, sometimes by the new technical possibilities offered by the mass production of brick, steel and especially glass. Many expressionist architects fought in World War I and their experiences, combined with the political turmoil and social upheaval that followed the German Revolution of 1919, resulted in a utopian outlook and a romantic socialist agenda.^[6] Economic conditions severely limited the number of built commissions between 1914 and the mid 1920s,^[7] resulting in many of the most important expressionist works remaining as projects on paper, such as Bruno Taut's Alpine Architecture and Hermann Finsterlin's Formspiels. Ephemeral exhibition buildings were numerous and highly significant during this period. Scenography for theatre and films provided another outlet for the expressionist imagination,^[8] and provided supplemental incomes for designers attempting to challenge conventions in a harsh economic climate. Modern architecture is a broad term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament, that first arose around 1900. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... “November Revolution” redirects here. ... Bruno Julius Florian Taut (May 4, 1880, Konigsberg, Germany - December 24, 1938, Istanbul), was a prolific German architect, urban planner and author active in the Weimar period. ... Hermann Finsterlin (born August 18 1887 in München, died September 16 1973 in Stuttgart) was a visionary architect, painter, poet, essayist, toymaker and composer. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Scenographer. ...

International Style

Main article: International style (architecture)

The Glass Palace, a celebration of transparency, in Heerlen, The Netherlands (1935)

The International style was a major architectural trend of the 1920s and 1930s. The term usually refers to the buildings and architects of the formative decades of modernism, before World War II. The term had its origin from the name of a book by Henry-Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson which identified, categorised and expanded upon characteristics common to modernism across the world. As a result, the focus was more on the stylistic aspects of modernism. The basic design principles of the international style thus constitute part of modernism. The Weissenhof Estate in Stuttgart, Germany (1927) The Weissenhof Estate in Stuttgart, Germany (1930) The International style was a major architectural trend of the 1920s and 1930s. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2553x1911, 172 KB) Summary Photograph made and uploaded by Dirk van der Made The front (north east) side of the Glaspaleis Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2553x1911, 172 KB) Summary Photograph made and uploaded by Dirk van der Made The front (north east) side of the Glaspaleis Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under... The Glaspaleis as seen from the market square (Bongerd) The mezzanine and ground floor The pillars and ventilation system The Glaspaleis (in English: Glass Palace or Crystal Palace) is the name of former fashion house and department store Schunck in Heerlen, The Netherlands, built in 1935, which is now the... Architectural style is a way of classifying architecture largely by morphological characteristics - in terms of form, techniques, materials, etc. ... The 1920s is sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age or the Roaring Twenties, usually applied to America. ... The 1930s (years from 1930–1939) were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression, also known as the World Depression. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Henry-Russell Hitchcock (1903-1987) was an American architectural historian and professor at Smith College. ... 1933 Portrait of Philip Johnson by Carl Van Vechten Philip Cortelyou Johnson (July 8, 1906 – January 25, 2005) was an influential American architect. ... For Christian theological modernism, see Liberal Christianity and Modernism (Roman Catholicism). ...

Around 1900 a number of architects around the world began developing new architectural solutions to integrate traditional precedents with new social demands and technological possibilities. The work of Victor Horta and Henry van de Velde in Brussels, Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona, Otto Wagner in Vienna and Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow, among many others, can be seen as a common struggle between old and new. Äž: For the film, see: 1900 (film). ... Maison and Atelier Horta, designed in 1898, now houses the Horta Museum, dedicated to his work. ... Henry Van de Velde (3 April 1863 – 15 October 1957) was a Belgian painter, architect and interior designer. ... Antoni Gaud i Cornet (more widely known in the English speaking world under the Spanish version of his first name, as Antonio Gaud , or, just simply, Gaudi), (25 June 1852–10 June 1926) was a Catalan architect famous for his unique designs expressing sculptural and individualistic qualities. ... Otto Wagner Otto Koloman Wagner (13 July 1841–11 April 1918) was an Austrian architect. ... For the chemist and inventor, see Charles Macintosh. ...

Architects

• • C.I.A.M.
  • Le Corbusier
  • Walter Gropius
  • Mies van der Rohe
  • Alvar Aalto
  • Louis Kahn
  • Team Ten
  • Philip Johnson
• Late Modern Architecture
  • Richard Rogers
  • Norman Foster
  • I.M. Pei
  • Nicholas Grimshaw
  • Michael Hopkins

The Congrès International dArchitecture Moderne (CIAM) (International Congress of Modern Architecture) (1928 - 1959) was the think tank of the Modern Movement (or International Style) in architecture. ... Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, who chose to be known as Le Corbusier (October 6, 1887 – August 27, 1965), was a Swiss-born architect and writer, who is famous for his contributions to what now is called Modern Architecture. ... Walter Adolph Georg Gropius (May 18, 1883 – July 5, 1969) was a German architect and founder of Bauhaus. ... Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (born Maria Ludwig Michael Mies) (March 27, 1886 - August 17, 1969) was an architect and designer. ... “Aalto” redirects here. ... Salk Institute, La Jolla, California Louis Isadore Kahn (February 20, 1901/1902 – March 17, 1974) was a world-renowned architect who practiced in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. ... Team X (or Team 10) is an architects group. ... 1933 Portrait of Philip Johnson by Carl Van Vechten Philip Cortelyou Johnson (July 8, 1906 – January 25, 2005) was an influential American architect. ... For the American composer, see Richard Rodgers. ... The restored Reichstag in Berlin, housing the German parliament. ... Ieoh Ming Pei (貝聿銘 pinyin Bèi Yùmíng) is a Chinese American architect born in Suzhou, China on April 26, 1917. ... Sir Nicholas Grimshaw (born 1939) is a prominent English architect, particularly noted for several modernist buildings, including the international railway terminal at Londons Waterloo Station and the Eden Project in Cornwall. ... Wellcome Trust building on Euston Road Sir Michael Hopkins CBE (b. ...

Stalinist architecture

Main article: Stalinist architecture

Moscow State University, a prime example of the Stalinist style.

Stalinist architecture was the architectural style developed in the Soviet Union between 1933 (the date of the final competition to design the Palace of Soviets) and 1955 (when the Soviet Academy of Architecture was abolished). Unrealised design for the Palace of Soviets, Moscow, by Boris Iofan, 1933 Stalinist architecture (also referred to as Stalins Empire style or Socialist Classicism) is a term given to constructions that were built in the Soviet Union between 1933, when Boris Iofans draft for Palace of Soviets was... Download high resolution version (1024x768, 170 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (1024x768, 170 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University (Russian: Московский государственный университет имени М.В.Ломоносова, often abbreviated МГУ, MSU, MGU) is the largest and the oldest university in Russia, founded in 1755. ... This article is about building architecture. ... The Palace of Soviets (Russian: , Dvorec Sovetov) was a project to construct an administrative center and a congress hall in Moscow, Russia, near the Kremlin, on the site of the demolished Cathedral of Christ the Saviour. ...

Just like any other form of art in Joseph Stalin's Soviet Union, architecture was destined to serve the purpose of glorifying communism as the ideal social order. It was Stalin's goal to "wipe clean the slate of the past...and rebuild the world from top to bottom." To do this, Stalin subjected architects (though not as dramatically as artists and writers) to a considerable amount of state control. On April 23, 1932, the Communist Party Central Committee passed the resolution On Structural Changes in the Literary and Artistic organizations. The resolution outlawed all independent organizations. The formerly independent organizations were forced to form unions where the communist party could decide what was "fruitful, creative and correct". By July 1932, all independent organizations were abolished and replaced with the Union of Soviet Architects, a government-funded membership organization charged with architectural censorship. The following year, 1933, the Soviet Academy of Architecture was founded; this marked the "official" beginning of the time of Stalinist Architecture. Josef Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili (Georgian: , Ioseb Besarionis Dze Jughashvili; Russian: , Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili) (December 18 [O.S. December 6] 1878[1] – March 5, 1953), better known by his adopted name, Joseph Stalin (alternatively transliterated Josef Stalin), was General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Unions Central Committee from... Communism is an ideology that seeks to establish a classless, stateless social organization based on common ownership of the means of production. ... is the 113th day of the year (114th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1932 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Russian: Коммунисти́ческая Па́ртия Сове́тского Сою́за, transliterated Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza, acronym: КПСС (KPSS)) was the ruling political party in the Soviet Union. ... For other uses, see Censor. ... Year 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Postmodern architecture

Main article: Postmodern architecture

1000 de La Gauchetière, with ornamented and strongly defined top, middle and bottom. Contrast with the modernist Seagram Building and Torre Picasso.

Kyoto Station.

Postmodern architecture is an international style whose first examples are generally cited as being from the 1950s, and which continues to influence present-day architecture. Postmodernity in architecture is generally thought to be heralded by the return of "wit, ornament and reference" to architecture in response to the formalism of the International Style of modernism. As with many cultural movements, some of postmodernism's most pronounced and visible ideas can be seen in architecture. The functional and formalized shapes and spaces of the modernist movement are replaced by unapologetically diverse aesthetics: styles collide, form is adopted for its own sake, and new ways of viewing familiar styles and space abound. 1000 de La Gauchetière, with ornamented and strongly defined top, middle and bottom. ... 1000 de La Gauchetière, seen from Mount Royal. ... 1000 de La Gauchetière, seen from Mount Royal. ... Le 1000 de La Gauchetière 1000 de la Gauchetière is Montreals tallest skyscraper, simply named for its address at 1000, La Gauchetiere Street, West, in the citys downtown. ... The Seagram Building is a skyscraper in New York City, located at 375 Park Avenue, between 52nd Street and 53rd Street in Midtown Manhattan. ... The entrance arch Torre Picasso (Picasso Tower) is a skyscraper located in Madrid, Spain, on Pablo Picasso Square, within the business and commercial complex AZCA next to Paseo de la Castellana, in the financial district of the Spanish capital. ... Kyoto Station Train station JR West Kyoto Kansai Japan Hiroshi Hara I took this photograph and contribute it to the public domain. ... Kyoto Station Train station JR West Kyoto Kansai Japan Hiroshi Hara I took this photograph and contribute it to the public domain. ... Christmas tree in Kyoto Station, as viewed from outside the main JR gate, looking west. ... Postmodernity (also called post-modernity or the postmodern condition) is a term used to describe the social and cultural implications of postmodernism. ... The Weissenhof Estate in Stuttgart, Germany (1927) The Weissenhof Estate in Stuttgart, Germany (1930) The International style was a major architectural trend of the 1920s and 1930s. ... Functionalism is a term with several senses: For functionalism in sociology, see Functionalism (sociology). ... For Christian theological modernism, see Liberal Christianity and Modernism (Roman Catholicism). ... The Parthenons facade showing an interpretation of golden rectangles in its proportions. ...

Classic examples of modern architecture are the Lever House and the Seagram Building in commercial space, and the architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright or the Bauhaus movement in private or communal spaces. Transitional examples of postmodern architecture are the Portland Building in Portland and the Sony Building (New York City) (originally AT&T Building) in New York City, which borrows elements and references from the past and reintroduces color and symbolism to architecture. A prime example of inspiration for postmodern architecture lies along the Las Vegas Strip, which was studied by Robert Venturi in his 1972 book Learning from Las Vegas celebrating the strip's ordinary and common architecture. Venturi opined that "Less is a bore", inverting Mies Van Der Rohe's dictum that "Less is more". Modern architecture, not to be confused with contemporary architecture, is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament. ... Lever House, designed by Gordon Bunshaft of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill and located at 390 Park Avenue in New York City, is the quintessential and seminal glass box International Style skyscraper, and holds the distinction of being the first curtain wall in New York City. ... The Seagram Building is a skyscraper in New York City, located at 375 Park Avenue, between 52nd Street and 53rd Street in Midtown Manhattan. ... Frank Lloyd Wright (June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959) was one of the worlds most prominent and influential architects. ... For the British gothic rock band, see Bauhaus (band). ... The Portland Building is a fifteen-story office building in downtown Portland, Oregon designed by Michael Graves and opened in 1980. ... Mayor Tom Potter County Multnomah County Population (2003) 538,544 Time zone Pacific (UTC−8) Portland is the largest city in Oregon, and county seat of Multnomah County. ... The AT&T Building, now the Sony Building, is a 37-story highrise in Manhattan, on Madison Avenue between 55th and 56th streets. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... The south end of The Strip; approximately one third of the entire Strip is represented here. ... Robert Charles Venturi (June 25, 1925 -) is an award winning American architect. ... Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (born Maria Ludwig Michael Mies) (March 27, 1886 - August 17, 1969) was an architect and designer. ...

Architects

• Charles Jencks
• Robert Venturi & Denise Scott Brown
• Colin Rowe
• Jane Jacobs
• Aldo Rossi
• Herzog & de Meuron
• James Stirling
• Vilen Künnapu

Jencks Landform at the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art Charles Jencks (b. ... Robert Charles Venturi (June 25, 1925 -) is an award winning American architect. ... Denise Scott Brown, (born October 3, 1931) is an architect, urban designer, planner and principal of the Philadelphia firm Venturi, Scott Brown and Associates. ... Colin Rowe (born 1920 - died November 5, 1999, Arlington County, Virginia, USA) was a British architect, architectural critic and teacher. ... Jane Jacobs Jane Jacobs, OC, O.Ont (May 4, 1916 – April 25, 2006) was an American-born Canadian urbanist, writer and activist. ... Aldo Rossi, (May 3, 1931- September 4, 1997 Milan, Italy) was an Italian architect. ... Allianz Arena in Munich. ... Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Harvard University. ... Vilen Künnapu (July 30, 1948-) is one of the most important Estonian architect of the last three decades, among the first postmodernist theoreticians and architects in the 1970s. ...

Googie architecture

Main article: Googie architecture

The Seattle Space Needle, built for Seattle's World's Fair, 1962- an example of Googie architecture.

Googie architecture is a subdivision of expressionist, or futurist architecture influenced by car culture and the Space Age, originating from southern California in the late 1940s and continuing approximately into the mid-1960s. With upswept roofs and, often, curvaceous, geometric shapes, and bold use of glass, steel and neon, it decorated many a motel, coffee house and bowling alley in the 1950s and 1960s. It epitomizes the spirit a generation demanded, looking excitedly towards a bright, technological and futuristic age. The Space Needle, built for Seattles 1962 Worlds Fair GoogIe (with a capital i) redirects here. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1536 × 2048 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1536 × 2048 pixel, file size: 1. ... City nickname Emerald City City bird Great Blue Heron City flower Dahlia City mottos The City of Flowers The City of Goodwill City song Seattle, the Peerless City Mayor Greg Nickels County King County Area   - Total   - Land   - Water   - % water 369. ... Space Needle from Volunteer Park The Space Needle is a tower in Seattle, Washington. ... The Space Needle, built for Seattles 1962 Worlds Fair GoogIe (with a capital i) redirects here. ... On White II by Wassily Kandinsky, 1923. ... Perspective drawing from La Citta Nuova by SantElia, 1914. ... “Car” and “Cars” redirect here. ... The Space Shuttle takes off on a manned mission to space. ... This article is about the region of Southern California. ... The 1940s decade ran from 1940 to 1949. ... The 1960s decade refers to the years from 1960 to 1969. ... Geometry (from the Greek words Ge = earth and metro = measure) is the branch of mathematics first introduced by Theaetetus dealing with spatial relationships. ... This article is about the material. ... For other uses, see Steel (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Neon (disambiguation). ... Holiday Inn Great Sign Exterior of a Howard Johnsons motor lodge. ... A Street Cafe, Jerusalem, Henry Fenn (1838- ): steel engraving in Picturesque Palestine, ca 1875 A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or caf shares some of the characteristics of a bar, and some of the characteristics of a restaurant. ... Bowling is the common name for several sports that involve rolling a ball towards a target or to knock down pins. ... the first thing that was invented was the automatic DILDO. Education grew explosively because of a very strong demand for high school and college education. ... Technology (Gr. ... For the meaning in finance, see futures contract. ...

As it became clear that the future would not look like The Jetsons, the style came to be timeless rather than futuristic. As with the art deco style of the 1930s, it has remained undervalued until many of its finest examples had been destroyed. The style is related to and sometimes synonymous with the Raygun Gothic style as coined by writer William Gibson. The Jetsons is a prime-time animated television series that was produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions. ... Asheville City Hall. ... The 1930s (years from 1930–1939) were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression, also known as the World Depression. ... Definition A catchall term for various facets of the googie, Streamline Moderne and Art Deco architectural styles. ... For other persons named William Gibson, see William Gibson (disambiguation). ...

Deconstructivist Architecture

Main article: Deconstructivism

Libeskind's Imperial War Museum North in Manchester comprises three apparently intersecting curved volumes.

Deconstructivism in architecture is a development of postmodern architecture that began in the late 1980s. It is characterized by ideas of fragmentation, non-linear processes of design, an interest in manipulating ideas of a structure's surface or skin, and apparent non-Euclidean geometry,^[9] (i.e., non-rectilinear shapes) which serve to distort and dislocate some of the elements of architecture, such as structure and envelope. The finished visual appearance of buildings that exhibit the many deconstructivist "styles" is characterised by a stimulating unpredictability and a controlled chaos. Libeskinds Imperial War Museum North in Manchester comprises three apparently intersecting curved volumes. ... Download high resolution version (1024x768, 163 KB)East face of the Imperial War Museum North by the Salford Quays. ... Download high resolution version (1024x768, 163 KB)East face of the Imperial War Museum North by the Salford Quays. ... Daniel Libeskind in front of his extension to the Denver Art Museum. ... The main entrance of the Imperial War Museum North, with the air shard tower. ... This article is about the City of Manchester in England. ... 1000 de La Gauchetière, with ornamented and strongly defined top, middle and bottom. ... In the arts, the word nonlinear is used to describe events portrayed in a non-chronological manner. ... Behavior of lines with a common perpendicular in each of the three types of geometry The term non-Euclidean geometry describes hyperbolic, elliptic and absolute geometry, which are contrasted with Euclidean geometry. ... Rectilinear: Characterized by straight lines, as opposed to curvilinear which is characterized by curved lines. ... Design principles and elements Design principles and elements are the basic design tactics in every design discipline. ... A building envelope is the exterior assembly that encloses the interior space of a building. ...

Important events in the history of the deconstructivist movement include the 1982 Parc de la Villette architectural design competition (especially the entry from Jacques Derrida and Peter Eisenman^[10] and Bernard Tschumi's winning entry), the Museum of Modern Art’s 1988 Deconstructivist Architecture exhibition in New York, organized by Philip Johnson and Mark Wigley, and the 1989 opening of the Wexner Center for the Arts in Columbus, designed by Peter Eisenman. The New York exhibition featured works by Frank Gehry, Daniel Libeskind, Rem Koolhaas, Peter Eisenman, Zaha Hadid, Coop Himmelblau, and Bernard Tschumi. Since the exhibition, many of the architects who were associated with Deconstructivism have distanced themselves from the term. Nonetheless, the term has stuck and has now, in fact, come to embrace a general trend within contemporary architecture. A folly in the Parc de la Villette The Parc de la Villette is a park in Paris at the outer edge of the 19th arrondissement, bordering Seine-Saint-Denis. ... An architectural design competition is a special type of competition in which an organization or government body that plans to build a new (often public) building asks for architects to enter differing designs for the building. ... Jacques Derrida (IPA: in French [1], in English ) (July 15, 1930 – October 8, 2004) was an Algerian-born French philosopher, known as the founder of deconstruction. ... Installation art by Peter Eisenman in the courtyard of Castelvecchio Museum in Verona, Italy, Entitled: Il giardino dei passi perduti, (The garden of the lost steps) Peter Eisenman (born August 11, 1932 in Newark, New Jersey) is one of the foremost practitioners of deconstructivism in American architecture. ... Bernard Tschumi (born January 25, 1944 Lausanne, Switzerland) is an architect, writer, and educator. ... This article is about the museum in New York City. ... 1933 Portrait of Philip Johnson by Carl Van Vechten Philip Cortelyou Johnson (July 8, 1906 – January 25, 2005) was an influential American architect. ... Mark Wigley is an architect, author, and educator. ... The south side of the Wexner Center. ... Nickname: Location in the state of Ohio, USA Coordinates: , Country State Counties Franklin, Delaware, and Fairfield Government  - Mayor Michael B. Coleman (D) Area  - City  212. ... Frank Owen Gehry (born Ephraim Owen Goldberg, February 28, 1929) is a Pritzker Prize winning architect based in Los Angeles, California. ... Daniel Libeskind in front of his extension to the Denver Art Museum. ... Seattle Central Library, designed by OMA Rem Koolhaas (born November 17, 1944 in Rotterdam, Netherlands) is a Dutch architect, former journalist and screenwriter who studied architecture at the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London. ... Installation art by Peter Eisenman in the courtyard of Castelvecchio Museum in Verona, Italy, Entitled: Il giardino dei passi perduti, (The garden of the lost steps) Peter Eisenman (born August 11, 1932 in Newark, New Jersey) is one of the foremost practitioners of deconstructivism in American architecture. ... Interior of Phaeno Science Center in Wolfsburg, Germany Bergisel Ski Jump, Innsbruck BMW Central Building, Leipzig Vitra fire station, Weil am Rhein, Germany Maggies Centre, Kirkcaldy Zaha Hadid (Arabic: زها حديد) CBE (born October 31, 1950, Baghdad, Iraq) is a notable Iraqi-British deconstructivist architect. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... Bernard Tschumi (born January 25, 1944 Lausanne, Switzerland) is an architect, writer, and educator. ...

Architects

• • Zaha Hadid
  • Daniel Libeskind
  • Rem Koolhaas
  • Coop Himmelb(l)au
  • Frank Gehry
  • Peter Eisenman
• Biomorphism
  • Foreign Office Architects
  • NOX
  • Kas Oosterhuis
  • Greg Lynn

Interior of Phaeno Science Center in Wolfsburg, Germany Bergisel Ski Jump, Innsbruck BMW Central Building, Leipzig Vitra fire station, Weil am Rhein, Germany Maggies Centre, Kirkcaldy Zaha Hadid (Arabic: زها حديد) CBE (born October 31, 1950, Baghdad, Iraq) is a notable Iraqi-British deconstructivist architect. ... Daniel Libeskind in front of his extension to the Denver Art Museum. ... Seattle Central Library, designed by OMA Rem Koolhaas (born November 17, 1944 in Rotterdam, Netherlands) is a Dutch architect, former journalist and screenwriter who studied architecture at the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London. ... UFA-Palast in Dresden Groninger Museum, in the Netherlands Arteplage in Biel/Bienne from Expo. ... Frank Owen Gehry (born Ephraim Owen Goldberg, February 28, 1929) is a Pritzker Prize winning architect based in Los Angeles, California. ... Installation art by Peter Eisenman in the courtyard of Castelvecchio Museum in Verona, Italy, Entitled: Il giardino dei passi perduti, (The garden of the lost steps) Peter Eisenman (born August 11, 1932 in Newark, New Jersey) is one of the foremost practitioners of deconstructivism in American architecture. ... Biomorphism was an art movement of the 20th century. ... Greg Lynn (born 1964) is an American architect, philosopher, and science-fiction writer who advocates increased used of computer-aided design to produce irregular, biomorphic architectural forms. ...

Critical Regionalism

Main article: Critical Regionalism

The Sydney Opera House - designed to evoke the sails of yachts in Sydney harbour

The Baha'i House of Worship in Delhi resembles lotus which is considered by Indians as a symbol of peace.

Critical regionalism is an approach to architecture that strives to counter the placelessness and lack of meaning in Modern Architecture by using contextual forces to give a sense of place and meaning. The term critical regionalism was first used by Alexander Tzonis and Liane Lefaivre and later more famously by Kenneth Frampton. The Sydney Opera House - designed to evoke the sails of yatchs in Sydney harbour Critical regionalism is an approach to architecture that strives to counter the placelessness and lack of meaning in Modern Architecture by using contextual forces to give a sense of place and meaning. ... Sydney Opera House, clearly showing the outline of its sails File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Sydney Opera House, clearly showing the outline of its sails File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The Sydney Opera House is located in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 528 pixel Image in higher resolution (1200 × 792 pixel, file size: 559 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 528 pixel Image in higher resolution (1200 × 792 pixel, file size: 559 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... There are currently seven Baháí Houses of Worship around the world, although Baháí communities own many properties where they plan for Houses of Worship to be constructed as the Baháí community grows and develops. ... For other uses, see Delhi (disambiguation). ... Look up lotus in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is about building architecture. ... Modern architecture, not to be confused with contemporary architecture, is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament. ... Kenneth Frampton (born 1930, Woking, UK), is a British architect, critic, historian and Professor of Architecture at the Graduate School of Architecture and Planning, Columbia University, New York. ...

Frampton put forth his views in "Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six points of an architecture of resistance." He evokes Paul Ricoeur's question of "how to become modern and to return to sources; how to revive an old, dormant civilization and take part in universal civilization". According to Frampton, critical regionalism should adopt modern architecture critically for its universal progressive qualities but at the same time should value responses particular to the context. Emphasis should be on topography, climate, light, tectonic form rather than scenography and the tactile sense rather than the visual. Frampton draws from phenomenology to supplement his arguments. Paul Ricœur (February 27, 1913 Valence France – May 20, 2005 Chatenay Malabry France) was a French philosopher best known for combining phenomenological description with hermeneutic interpretation. ... This article is about the philosophical movement. ...

Critical Regionalists

• Alvar Aalto
• Kenzo Tange
• Alvaro Siza
• Tadao Ando
• Sverre Fehn
• Juhani Pallasmaa
• Carlo Scarpa

“Aalto” redirects here. ... Tokyo Metropolitan Government Office, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo Kenzo Tange (丹下健三, Tange Kenzō; September 4, 1913 - March 22, 2005) was a Japanese architect, and winner of the 1987 Pritzker Prize for architecture. ... Álvaro Siza (Álvaro Joaquim de Meio Siza Vieira, born 25 June 1933 in Matosinhos), is a contemporary Portuguese architect. ... The famous Church of the Light in Ibaraki-shi, Osaka, Japan The Westin Awaji Island designed by Ando Hyogo Prefectural Museum of Art, Kobe, Japan Image:Ando. ... Sverre Fehn was born in Kongsberg, Norway, on August 14, 1924. ... Juhani Uolevi Pallasmaa (born September 14, 1936, Hämeenlinna, Finland) is a Finnish architect and former professor of Architecture at the Helsinki University of Technology. ... Brion-Vega Cemetery, 1968-1978. ...

Futurist architecture

Main article: Futurist architecture

Ferrohouse in Zurich (Justus Dahinden, 1970)- an example of futurist architecture

Futurist architecture began as an early-20th century form of architecture characterized by anti-historicism and long horizontal lines suggesting speed, motion and urgency. Technology and even violence were among the themes of the Futurists. The movement was founded by the poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, who produced its first manifesto, the Manifesto of Futurism in 1909). The movement attracted not only poets, musicians, artist (such as Umberto Boccioni, Giacomo Balla, Fortunato Depero, and Enrico Prampolini) but also a number of architects. Among the latter there was Antonio Sant'Elia, who, though he built little, translated the Futurist vision into bold urban form. Perspective drawing from La Citta Nuova by SantElia, 1914. ... Image File history File links Ferrohaus_Zuerich. ... Image File history File links Ferrohaus_Zuerich. ... Justus Dahinden (* May 18, 1925 in Zürich, Switzerland) is a notable Swiss architect, teacher and writer about architecture. ... Year 1970 ([[Rf 1970 == January 1 - The Unix epoch begins at 00:00:00 UTC January 2 - The last studio performance of The Beatles oman numerals|MCMLXX]]) was a common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999... The Futurists in Paris, February 1912. ... Unique Forms of Continuity in Space (Museum of Modern Art, New York) Umberto Boccioni (October 19, 1882–August 16, 1916) was an Italian painter and sculptor and a member of the Futurist movement. ... Giacomo Balla (July 24, 1871 - March 1, 1958) was an Italian painter. ... Fortunato Depero (March 30, 1892 - November 29, 1960) was an Italian futurist painter, writer, sculptor and graphic designer. ... Perspective drawing from La Citta Nuova, 1914. ...

Modern architecture and beyond

• Arts and Crafts Movement
• Art Nouveau
• Art Deco
• Constructivist architecture
• Chicago school
• De Stijl
• Nazi architecture
• Socialist realism

Artichoke wallpaper, by John Henry Dearle for William Morris & Co. ... Vitebsk Railway Station one of the finest examples of Art Nouveau architecture. ... Asheville City Hall. ... Tatlin Tower. ... Chicago architecture is famous throughout the world and one style is referred to as the Chicago School. ... De Stijl redirects here. ... Germany pavilion at the Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne in Paris, 1937. ... Roses for Stalin, Boris Vladimirski, 1949 For other meanings of the term realism, see realism (disambiguation). ...

References

Fine art is a term used to refer to fields traditionally considered to be artistic. ...

Architecture by Nation

v • d • e Architecture of the world Series

v • d • e Architecture of Europe Albania · Andorra · Austria · Azerbaijan1 · Belarus · Belgium · Bosnia and Herzegovina · Bulgaria · Croatia · Czech Republic · Denmark · Estonia · Finland · France · Georgia1 · Germany · Greece · Hungary · Iceland · Ireland · Italy · Latvia · Liechtenstein · Lithuania · Luxembourg · Republic of Macedonia · Malta · Moldova · Monaco · Montenegro · Netherlands · Norway · Poland · Portugal · Romania · Russia1 · San Marino · Serbia · Slovakia · Slovenia · Spain · Sweden · Switzerland · Turkey1 · Ukraine · United Kingdom Montenegro has a number of significant cultural and historical sites, including heritage sites from the pre-Romanesque, Gothic and Baroque periods. ... Dependencies, autonomies and other territories Abkhazia1 · Adjara1 · Åland · Akrotiri and Dhekelia · Crimea · Faroe Islands · Gibraltar · Guernsey · Isle of Man · Jersey · Nagorno-Karabakh1 · Nakhichevan1 · Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus1 A dependent territory, dependent area or dependency is a territory that does not possess full political independence or sovereignty as a State. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Types of administrative and/or political territories include: A legally administered territory, which is a non-sovereign geographic area that has come under the authority of another government. ... 1 Has significant territory in Asia. This is a list of countries spanning more than one continent. ... v • d • e Architecture of Asia Afghanistan · Armenia · Azerbaijan · Bahrain · Bangladesh · Bhutan · Brunei · Cambodia · China (People's Republic of China (Hong Kong · Macau) · Republic of China (Taiwan)) · Cyprus · East Timor · Georgia · India · Indonesia · Iran · Iraq · Israel (See also Palestinian territories) · Japan · Jordan · Kazakhstan · Korea (North Korea · South Korea) · Kuwait · Kyrgyzstan · Laos · Lebanon · Malaysia · Maldives · Mongolia · Myanmar · Nepal · Oman · Pakistan · Philippines · Qatar · Russia · Saudi Arabia · Singapore · Sri Lanka · Syria · Tajikistan · Thailand · Turkey · Turkmenistan · United Arab Emirates · Uzbekistan · Vietnam · Yemen Bank of China Tower at night. ... Korean architecture refers to the architecture of Korea. ... Subcategories There is one subcategory to this category shown below (more may be shown on subsequent pages). ... v • d • e Architecture of Africa Algeria · Angola · Benin · Botswana · Burkina Faso · Burundi · Cameroon · Cape Verde · Central African Republic · Chad · Comoros · Democratic Republic of the Congo · Republic of the Congo · Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) · Djibouti · Egypt · Equatorial Guinea · Eritrea · Ethiopia · Gabon · The Gambia · Ghana · Guinea · Guinea-Bissau · Kenya · Lesotho · Liberia · Libya · Madagascar · Malawi · Mali · Mauritania · Mauritius · Morocco · Mozambique · Namibia · Niger · Nigeria · Rwanda · São Tomé and Príncipe · Senegal · Seychelles · Sierra Leone · Somalia · South Africa · Sudan · Swaziland · Tanzania · Togo · Tunisia · Uganda · Zambia · Zimbabwe The architecture of Africa, like other aspects of the culture of Africa, is exceptionally diverse. ... Subcategories There are 2 subcategories to this category shown below (more may be shown on subsequent pages). ... Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory · Mayotte · Réunion · St. Helena · Western Sahara (SADR) A dependent territory, dependent area or dependency is a territory that does not possess full political independence or sovereignty as a State. ... Types of administrative and/or political territories include: A legally administered territory, which is a non-sovereign geographic area that has come under the authority of another government. ... v • d • e Architecture of North America Antigua and Barbuda · Bahamas · Barbados · Belize · Canada · Costa Rica · Cuba · Dominica · Dominican Republic · El Salvador · Grenada · Guatemala · Haiti · Honduras · Jamaica · Mexico · Nicaragua · Panama · Saint Kitts and Nevis · Saint Lucia · Saint Vincent and the Grenadines · Trinidad and Tobago · United States The United States has a history of architecture that includes a wide variety of styles. ... Dependencies and other territories Anguilla · Aruba · Bermuda · British Virgin Islands · Cayman Islands · Greenland · Guadeloupe · Martinique · Montserrat · Navassa Island · Netherlands Antilles · Puerto Rico · Saint-Pierre and Miquelon · Turks and Caicos Islands · U.S. Virgin Islands A dependent territory, dependent area or dependency is a territory that does not possess full political independence or sovereignty as a State. ... Types of administrative and/or political territories include: A legally administered territory, which is a non-sovereign geographic area that has come under the authority of another government. ... v • d • e Architecture of South America Argentina · Bolivia · Brazil · Chile · Colombia · Ecuador · Guyana · Panama · Paraguay · Peru · Suriname · Trinidad and Tobago · Uruguay · Venezuela Territories Aruba · Falkland Islands · French Guiana · South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Types of administrative and/or political territories include: A legally administered territory, which is a non-sovereign geographic area that has come under the authority of another government. ... v • d • e Architecture of Oceania Australia Image File history File links Australia. ... Australia · Norfolk Island · Christmas Island · Cocos (Keeling) Islands Melanesia Copyright 2004 Affordable Solutions Pty Ltd Aust. ... Map showing Melanesia. ... East Timor · Fiji · New Caledonia · Papua New Guinea · Solomon Islands · Vanuatu Micronesia Image File history File links Micronesia. ... Guam · Kiribati · Marshall Islands · Northern Mariana Islands · Federated States of Micronesia · Nauru · Palau Polynesia Image File history File links Polynesia. ... Carving from the ridgepole of a Māori house, ca 1840 Polynesia (from Greek: πολύς many, νῆσος island) is a large grouping of over 1,000 islands scattered over the central and southern Pacific Ocean. ... American Samoa · Cook Islands · French Polynesia · New Zealand · Niue · Pitcairn · Samoa · Tokelau · Tonga · Tuvalu · Wallis and Futuna Subcategories There are 2 subcategories to this category shown below (more may be shown on subsequent pages). ...

See also

• Tensile architecture
• Architecture
• Skyscraper
• Thin-shell structure
• History of construction

Tensile architecture is a relatively new field of architecture devoted to lightweight membrane structures. ... This article is about building architecture. ... For other uses, see Skyscraper (disambiguation). ... The worlds first double curvature lattice steel Shell by V.G.Shukhov (during construction), Vyksa near Nizhny Novgorod, 1897 Thin-shell structures can be defined as curved structures capable of transmitting loads in more than two directions to supports. ... Man has constructed buildings and other structures since prehistory. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... // 250 years 1000 years - The last 250 years (fine grid) is detailed above 8000 years - The last 1000 years (fine grid) is detailed above Voorthuis - Timelines Categories: | | ... Excavated dwellings at Skara Brae Neolithic architecture is the architecture of the Neolithic period. ... For at least ten thousand years, the Nile valley has been the site of one of the most influential civilizations in the world which developed a vast array of structures known as Ancient Egyptian architecture. ... Coptic architecture is the architecture of the Copts, who form the majority of Christians in Egypt. ... Dravidian architecture, as unique and spectacular as any Greek, Roman or Egyptian architecture, spans many thousands of years. ... As unique and spectacular as any Greek or Roman architecture, Maya architecture spans many thousands of years. ... The Tigris-Euphrates plain lacked minerals and trees. ... From the point of view of modern times, the ancient civilizations of the Mediterranean sometimes seem to blend smoothly into one melange we call the Classical. ... Mesoamerican architecture is the set of architectural traditions produced by pre-Columbian cultures and civilizations of Mesoamerica, traditions which are best known in the form of public, ceremonial and urban monumental buildings and structures. ... The restored Stoa of Attalus, Athens Architecture, defined as building executed to an aesthetically considered design, was extinct in Greece from the end of the Mycenaean period (about 1200 BC) to the 7th century BC, when urban life and prosperity recovered to a point where public building could be undertaken. ... ‹ The template below (Expand) is being considered for deletion. ... A wall in the fortress of Ollantaytambo Inca architecture is the most significant pre-Columbian architecture in South America. ... Sassanid architecture. ... Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire. ... The interior of the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne. ... Stupa at Swayambhunath Newari architecture is the architecture developed by Newars. ... Buddhist religious architecture developed in the Indian subcontinent in the third century BCE. Two types of structures are associated with early Buddhism: stupas and viharas. ... Church of the Intercession on the Nerl(1165) - an archetypal example of early Russian architecture. ... Iranian architecture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... South transept of Tournai Cathedral, Belgium, 12th century. ... Interior of Cologne Cathedral Interior of San Zanipolo, Venice, photo Giovanni dallOrto. ... Categories: Buildings and structures stubs ... Vijayanagar Raya Gopura Belur, Karnataka The Vijayanagara Architecture of the period (1336 - 1565CE) was a unique building idiom evolved by the imperial Vijayanagar Empire that ruled the whole of South India from their regal capital at Vijayanagara on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in Karnataka, India. ... Dodda Basappa Temple at Dambal, a unique 24 pointed, uninterrupted stellate (star shaped), 7 tiered dravida plan, 12th c. ... Tempietto di San Pietro in Montorio, Rome, 1502, by Bramante. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Baroque architecture, starting in the early 17th century in Italy, took the humanist Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical, theatrical, sculptural fashion, expressing the triumph of absolutist church and state. ... The Cathedral of Vilnius (1783), by Laurynas Gucevičius. ... Château de Ferrières 1855 Mentmore Towers English Neo-Renaissance of the 1850s. ... Victoria Tower at the Palace of Westminster, London: Gothic details provided by A.W.N. Pugin San Sebastian Church in Manila, Philippines made entirely of steel. ... Modern architecture, not to be confused with contemporary architecture, is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament. ... 1000 de La Gauchetière, with ornamented and strongly defined top, middle and bottom. ...

References

• Francis Ching, Mark Jarzombek, Vikram Prakash, A Global History of Architecture, Wiley, 2006.
• Copplestone, Trewin. (ed). (1963). World architecture - An illustrated history. Hamlyn, London.
• Watkin, David (Sep 2005), A History of Western Architecture, Hali Publications, ISBN
• Nuttgens, Patrick (1983), The Story of Architecture, Prentice Hall, ISBN
• Curl, James Stevens [2006]. A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (Paperback), Second (in English), Oxford University Press, 880. ISBN. 

Mark Jarzombek is a US-born author and architectural historian, and (since 1995) Director of the History Theory Criticism Section of the Department of Architecture at MIT, Cambridge MA, USA. Jarzombek received his architectural training at the ETH Zurich, where he graduated in 1980. ...

Modernism

• Banham, Reyner, (1 Dec 1980) Theory and Design in the First Machine Age Architectural Press. ISBN
• Curtis, William J. R. (1987), Modern Architecture Since 1900, Phaidon Press, ISBN-X
• Frampton, Kenneth (1992). Modern Architecture, a critical history. Thames & Hudson- Third Edition. ISBN
• Jencks, Charles, (1993) Modern Movements in Architecture. Penguin Books Ltd - second edition. ISBN-X
• Pevsner, Nikolaus, (28 Mar 1991) Pioneers of Modern Design: From William Morris to Walter Gropius, Penguin Books Ltd. ISBN

External links

• The Roman walls of Lugo. Past, present and future Unusual promotion of a technological strength
• Tolomeus VR Panoramas about Architectural History
• The Society of Architectural Historians web site
• SAHANZ The Society of Architectural Historians of Australia and New Zealand weblink

SAHANZ (The Society of Architectural Historians, Australia and New Zealand) was founded in South Australia in 1984. ... Modern architecture, not to be confused with contemporary architecture, is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament. ... Asheville City Hall. ... Vitebsk Railway Station one of the finest examples of Art Nouveau architecture. ... Future Systems blobitecture design for the 2003 Selfridges department store, was intended to evoke the female sillouette and a famous chainmail dress designed by Paco Rabanne in the 1960s. ... Brutalism is an architectural style that spawned from the modernist architectural movement and which flourished from the 1950s to the 1970s. ... Constructivist architecture was a form of modern architecture that flourished in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and early 1930s. ... The Sydney Opera House - designed to evoke the sails of yatchs in Sydney harbour Critical regionalism is an approach to architecture that strives to counter the placelessness and lack of meaning in Modern Architecture by using contextual forces to give a sense of place and meaning. ... De Stijl redirects here. ... Libeskinds Imperial War Museum North in Manchester comprises three apparently intersecting curved volumes. ... Expressionist architecture occurs in architecture when an architect distorts a building or design for an emotional effect. ... Functionalism, in architecture, is the principle that architects should design a building based on the purpose of that building. ... Perspective drawing from La Citta Nuova by SantElia, 1914. ... The Space Needle, built for Seattles 1962 Worlds Fair GoogIe (with a capital i) redirects here. ... An architecture style developed in the 1970s, High Tech Architecture got its name from High Tech: The Industrial Style and Source Book for The Home, a book published in 1978 by Joan Kron and Suzanne Slesin. ... The Weissenhof Estate in Stuttgart, Germany (1927) The Weissenhof Estate in Stuttgart, Germany (1930) The International style was a major architectural trend of the 1920s and 1930s. ... Jugendstil is defined as a style of architecture or decorative art similar to Art Nouveau, popular in German-speaking areas of Europe during the late 19th and early 20th centuries [1]. Jugendstil was also popular in the Nordic countries, where it became integrated with the National Romantic Style. ... Mid-Century modern is an architectural, interior and product design form that generally describes post-war developments in modern design from roughly 1949 to 1965. ... Modernisme in Catalan, (not to be confused with modernism) is the Catalan variant of Art Nouveau. ... Walter Gropius Bauhaus, Dessau For the literary and artistic aspects of this movement, see New Objectivity. ... Fallingwater by Frank Lloyd Wright Organic architecture is a philosophy of architecture which promotes harmony between human habitation and the natural world through design approaches so sympathetic and well integrated with its site that buildings, furnishings, and surroundings become part of a unified, interrelated composition. ... It has been suggested that Prairie Houses be merged into this article or section. ... 1000 de La Gauchetière, with ornamented and strongly defined top, middle and bottom. ... Bathers building, now a Maritime Museum at San Franciscos Aquatic Park, 1937, evokes a streamlined double–ended ferryboat Judges tower at San Franciscos Aquatic Park The Bauhaus style, also kown as Art Moderne, the International Style or Streamline Moderne succeeded the closely related Art Deco style... Sustainable architecture applies techniques of sustainable design to architecture. ...