Gregor Mendel, the "father of genetics"

The history of genetics is generally held to have started in 1865 when an Austrian monk, Gregor Mendel published his work on pea plants. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Gregor Johann Mendel Gregor Johann Mendel (July 20, 1822 – January 6, 1884) was an Austrian monk who is often called the father of genetics for his study of the inheritance of traits in pea plants. ... 1865 is a common year starting on Sunday. ... Gregor Johann Mendel Gregor Johann Mendel (July 20, 1822 – January 6, 1884) was an Austrian monk who is often called the father of genetics for his study of the inheritance of traits in pea plants. ...

Pre-Mendelian ideas on heredity

See heredity Heredity (the adjective is hereditary) is the transfer of characteristics from parent to offspring, either through their genes or through the social institution called inheritance (for example, a title of nobility is passed from individual to individual according to relevant customs and/or laws). ...

Mendel

In 1865 an Austrian monk Gregor Mendel first traced inheritance patterns of certain traits in pea plants and showed that they obeyed simple statistical rules. Although not all features show these patterns of Mendelian inheritance, his work acted as a proof that application of statistics to inheritance could be highly useful. Since that time many more complex forms of inheritance have been demonstrated. 1865 is a common year starting on Sunday. ... Gregor Johann Mendel Gregor Johann Mendel (July 20, 1822 – January 6, 1884) was an Austrian monk who is often called the father of genetics for his study of the inheritance of traits in pea plants. ... Mendelian inheritance (or Mendelian genetics or Mendelism) is a set of primary tenets that underlie much of genetics developed by Gregor Mendel in the latter part of the 19th century. ...

From his statistical analysis Mendel defined a concept that he described as an allele, which was the fundamental unit of heredity. The term allele as Mendel used it is nearly synonymous with the term gene, whilst the term allele now means a specific variant of a particular gene. An allele is any one of a number of viable DNA codings of the same gene (sometimes the term refers to a non-gene sequence) occupying a given locus (position) on a chromosome. ...

1859 Charles Darwin publishes The Origin of Species

1865 Gregor Mendel's paper, Experiments on Plant Hybridization

1859 is a common year starting on Saturday. ... In his lifetime Charles Darwin gained international fame as an influential scientist examining controversial topics. ... The title page of the 1859 edition of On the Origin of Species. ... 1865 is a common year starting on Sunday. ... Gregor Johann Mendel Gregor Johann Mendel (July 20, 1822 – January 6, 1884) was an Austrian monk who is often called the father of genetics for his study of the inheritance of traits in pea plants. ...

Post-Mendel, pre-re-discovery

Mendel's work was published in a relatively obscure scientific journal, and it was not given any attention in the scientific community. Instead, discussions about modes of heredity were galvanized by Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, in which mechanisms of non-Lamarckian heredity seemed to be required. Darwin's own theory of heredity, pangenesis, did not meet with any large degree of acceptance. A more mathematical version of pangenesis, one which dropped much of Darwin's Lamarckian holdovers, was developed as the "biometrical" school of heredity by Darwin's cousin, Francis Galton. Under Galton and his successor Karl Pearson, the biometrical school attempted to build statistical models for heredity and evolution, with some limited but real success, though the exact methods of heredity were unknown and largely unquestioned. Pangenesis was Charles Darwins hypothetical mechanism for heredity. ... Francis Galton Sir Francis Galton F.R.S. (February 16, 1822 – January 17, 1911) was a Victorian polymath, British anthropologist, eugenicist, tropical explorer, geographer, inventor, meteorologist, proto-geneticist, psychometrician, and statistician. ... Karl Pearson (pencil sketch in notebook; there is some see-through of writing on next page) Karl Pearson (March 27, 1857 – April 27, 1936) was a major contributor to the early development of statistics as a serious scientific discipline in its own right. ...

Classical genetics

The significance of Mendel's work was not understood until early in the twentieth century, after his death, when his research was re-discovered by other scientists working on similar problems. Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns and Erich von Tschermak Hugo Marie de Vries (16th February 1848-21st May 1935), a Dutch biologist, was one of three men - see also Carl Correns and Erich von Tschermak - who in 1900 rediscovered Gregor Mendels work on genetics. ... Carl Erich Correns (September 10, 1864, in Munich - February 14, 1933) was a German botanist and geneticist, who is notable primarily for his independent discovery of the principles of heredity, and for his rediscovery of Gregor Mendels earlier paper on that subject, which he achieved simultaneously but independent of... Erich von Tschermak-Seysenegg (1871-1962) was an Austrian agronomist. ...

There was then a feud between Bateson and pearson over the hereditary mechanism. Fisher solved this in The Correlation Between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance The Correlation Between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance is a scientific paper by Ronald Fisher which was published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1918, (volume 52, pages 399—433). ...

1903 Chromosomes are discovered to be hereditary units

1905 British biologist William Bateson coins the term "genetics" in a letter to Adam Sedgwick

1908 Hardy-Weinberg law derived.

1910 Thomas Hunt Morgan shows that genes reside on chromosomes

1913 Alfred Sturtevant makes the first genetic map of a chromosome

1913 Gene maps show chromosomes containing linear arranged genes

1918 Ronald Fisher publishes On the correlation between relatives on the supposition of Mendelian inheritance - the modern synthesis of genetics and evolutionary biologystarts. See population genetics.

1927 Physical changes in genes are called mutations

1928 Frederick Griffith discovers a hereditary molecule that is transmissible between bacteria (see Griffiths experiment)

1931 Crossing over is the cause of recombination

1941 Edward Lawrie Tatum and George Wells Beadle show that genes code for proteins; see the original central dogma of genetics

1903 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Figure 1: Chromosome. ... 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... William Bateson (August 8, 1861—February 8, 1926) was a British geneticist. ... 1908 (MCMVIII) is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Hardy-Weinberg principle for two alleles: the horizontal axis shows the two allele frequencies p and q , the vertical axis shows the genotype frequencies and the three possible genotypes are represented by the different glyphs The Hardy-Weinberg principle (HWP) (also Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE), Hardy-Weinberg law, Chetverikov-Hardy... -1... Thomas Hunt Morgan Thomas Hunt Morgan (September 25, 1866 — December 4, 1945) was an American geneticist. ... 1913 (MCMXIII) is a common year starting on Wednesday. ... Alfred Henry Sturtevant ( November 21, 1891 - April 5, 1970) was an American geneticist, Sturtevant constructed the first genetic map of a chromosome in 1913. ... 1913 (MCMXIII) is a common year starting on Wednesday. ... A genetic map is a chromosome map of a species that shows the position of its known genes and/or markers relative to each other, rather than as specific physical points on each chromosome. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Sir Ronald Fisher Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher, FRS (17 February 1890 – 29 July 1962) was a British eugenicist, evolutionary biologist, geneticist and statistician. ... The modern evolutionary synthesis (often referred to simply as the modern synthesis), neo-Darwinian synthesis or neo-Darwinism, brings together Charles Darwins theory of the evolution of species by natural selection with Gregor Mendels theory of genetics as the basis for biological inheritance. ... Evolutionary biology is a subfield of biology concerned with the origin and descent of species, as well as their change over time, i. ... Population genetics is the study of the distribution of and change in allele frequencies under the influence of the five evolutionary forces: natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, migration and nonrandom mating. ... 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... This article has been identified as possibly containing errors. ... 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Frederick Griffith (1879 - 1941) was a British medical officer. ... Griffiths experiment was conducted in 1928 by Frederick Griffith which was one of the first experiments suggesting that bacteria are capable of transferring genetic information, otherwise known as the “transforming principle”, which was later discovered to be DNA. Griffith used two strains of Pneumococcus (which infects mice), a S... 1931 (MCMXXXI) is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Chromosomal crossover is the process by which two chromosomes, paired up during Prophase I of meiosis, exchange some distal portion of their DNA. Crossover occurs when two chromosomes, normally two homologous instances of the same chromosome, break and then reconnect but to the different end piece. ... Recombination usually denotes a genetic event that occurs during the formation of sperm and egg cells (especially in areas of study of biology topics). ... For the movie, see 1941 (film) 1941 (MCMXLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Tatum won the Nobel Prize for his work in genetics Edward Lawrie Tatum (December 14, 1909 – November 5, 1975) was an American geneticist. ... Beadle won a Nobel Prize in 1958 George Wells Beadle (October 22, 1903 – June 9, 1989) was an American scientist in the field of genetics. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... The central dogma of molecular biology (sometimes Cricks central dogma after Francis Crick who coined the term and discovered some of the principles) states that the flow of genetic information is DNA to RNA to protein. With a few notable exceptions, all biological cells conform to this rule. ...

The DNA era

James Watson and colleagues discovered the structure of DNA

1944 Oswald Theodore Avery, Colin McLeod and Maclyn McCarty isolate DNA as the genetic material (at that time called transforming principle)

1950 Erwin Chargaff shows that the four nucleotides are not present in nucleic acids in stable proportions, but that some general rules appear to hold (e.g., that the amount of adenine, A, tends to be equal to that of thymine, T). Barbara McClintock discovers transposons in maize

1952 The Hershey-Chase experiment proves the genetic information of phages (and all other organisms) to be DNA

1953 DNA structure is resolved to be a double helix by James D. Watson and Francis Crick

1956 Jo Hin Tjio and Albert Levan established the correct chromosome number in humans to be 46

1958 The Meselson-Stahl experiment demonstrates that DNA is semiconservatively replicated

1961 The genetic code is arranged in triplets

1964 Howard Temin showed using RNA viruses that Watson's central dogma is not always true

1970 Restriction enzymes were discovered in studies of a bacterium, Haemophilius influenzae, enabling scientists to cut and paste DNA

From http://wwwihm. ... From http://wwwihm. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Oswald Avery in 1937 Oswald Theodore Avery ( 1877- 1955) was a physician, medical researcher and early molecular biologist. ... Colin Monroe McLeod (1909 – 1972) was a Canadian-American geneticist. ... Maclyn McCarty (June 9, 1911–January 2, 2005) was an American geneticist. ... Space-filling model of a section of DNA molecule Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions specifying the biological development of all cellular forms of life (and most viruses). ... Griffiths experiment was conducted in 1928 by Frederick Griffith which was one of the first experiments suggesting that bacteria are capable of transferring genetic information, otherwise known as the “transforming principle”, which was later discovered to be DNA. Griffith used two strains of Pneumococcus (which infects mice), a S... 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Erwin Chargaff (August 11, 1905 – June 20, 2002) was an Austrian biochemist. ... Barbara McClintock Barbara McClintock (June 16, 1902 – September 2, 1992) was a pioneering American scientist and one of the worlds most distinguished cytogeneticists. ... Transposons are sequences of DNA that can move around to different positions within the genome of a single cell, a process called Transposition. ... Binomial name Zea mays L. Maize (Zea mays ssp. ... 1952 (MCMLII) was a [[leap year starting on Tueday] (link will take you to calendar). ... The Hershey-Chase experiment was a series of experiments conducted in 1952 by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase that identified DNA to be the genetic material of phages and, ultimately, of all organisms. ... A phage (short for bacteriophage, from bacteria and Greek phagein, meaning to eat) is a small virus that infects only bacteria. ... 1953 (MCMLIII) is a common year starting on Thursday. ... A helix (pl: helices), from the Greek word έλικας/έλιξ, is a twisted shape like a spring, screw or a spiral staircase. ... James Dewey Watson (born April 6, 1928) is one of the discoverers of the structure of the DNA molecule. ... Professor Francis Harry Compton Crick, OM FRS (8 June 1916 – 28 July 2004) was a British physicist, molecular biologist and neuroscientist, most noted for being one of the co-discoverers of the structure of the DNA molecule in 1953. ... 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Albert Levan (1905-1998) was a Swedist botanist and geneticist, best known for publishing his findings in 1956 that humans had forty-six chromosomes (instead of forty-eight, as previously believed). ... Figure 1: Chromosome. ... 1958 (MCMLVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Meselson-Stahl experiment was an experiment by Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl to prove that DNA replication was semiconservative. ... Semiconservative replication describes the method by which DNA is replicated in all known cells. ... 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... RNA codons. ... For the Nintendo 64 emulator, see 1964 (Emulator). ... Howard Martin Temin (1934 - 1994) was a U.S. geneticist. ... An RNA virus is a virus that either uses RNA as its genetic material, or whose genetic material passes through an RNA intermediate during replication. ... The central dogma of molecular biology (sometimes Cricks central dogma after Francis Crick who coined the term and discovered some of the principles) states that the flow of genetic information is DNA to RNA to protein. With a few notable exceptions, all biological cells conform to this rule. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... A restriction enzyme (or restriction endonuclease) is an enzyme that cuts double-stranded DNA. The enzyme makes two incisions, one through each of the phosphate backbones of the double helix without damaging the bases. ...

The genomics era

See genomics, history of genomics Genomics is the study of an organisms genome and the use of the genes. ...

1977 DNA is sequenced for the first time by Fred Sanger, Walter Gilbert, and Allan Maxam working independently. Sanger's lab complete the entire genome of sequence of Bacteriophage Φ-X174;.

1983 Kary Banks Mullis discovers the polymerase chain reaction enabling the easy amplification of DNA

1989 The first human gene is sequenced by Francis Collins and Lap-Chee Tsui, it encodes the CFTR protein, defects in this gene cause cystic fibrosis

1995 The genome of Haemophilus influenzae is the first genome of a free living organism to be sequenced

1996 Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the first eukaryote genome sequence to be released

1998 The first genome sequnce for a multicellular eukaryote, C. elegans is released

2001 First draft sequences of the human genome are released simultaneously by the Human Genome Project and Celera Genomics.

2003 (14 April) Successful completion of Human Genome Project with 99% of the genome sequenced to a 99.99% accuracy [1]

For the album by Ash, see 1977 (album). ... In genetics and biochemistry, sequencing means to determine the primary structure (or primary sequence) of an unbranched biopolymer. ... This article or section should be merged with Frederick Sanger Fred Sanger (born 1918), is an English biochemist, the winner of two Nobel prizes in Chemistry. ... Walter Gilbert Walter Gilbert (born March 21, 1932) is an American physicist, biochemist, entrepreneur, and molecular biology pioneer. ... A phage (also called bacteriophage) (in Greek phageton = food/consumption) is a small virus that infects only bacteria. ... The Phi-X174 phage was the first organism to have its genome sequenced. ... 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Kary Banks Mullis (born December 28, 1944) is a biochemist. ... Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a molecular biology technique for enzymatically replicating DNA without using a living organism, such as E. coli or yeast. ... 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... Professor Dr. Lap-chee Tsui BA, MA, PhD, O.C., O.Ont. ... CFTR is also abbreviation for cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. ... 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Binomial name Haemophilus influenzae Lehmann & Neumann, 1896 Haemophilus influenzae, formerly called Pfeiffers bacillus, is a non-motile Gram-negative coccobacillus first described in 1892 by Dr. Robert Pfeiffer during the influenza pandemic. ... 1996 (MCMXCVI) is a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ... Kingdoms Animalia - Animals Fungi Plantae - Plants Protista A eukaryote (also spelled eucaryote) is an organism with complex cells, in which the genetic material is organized into membrane-bound nuclei. ... 1998 (MCMXCVIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean. ... Binomial name Caenorhabditis elegans Wild-type C. elegans hermaphrodite stained to highlight the nuclei of all cells Caenorhabditis elegans () is a free-living nematode (a roundworm), about 1 mm in length, which lives in a temperate soil environment. ... 2001: A Space Odyssey. ... The Human Genome Project (HGP) endeavored to map the human genome down to the nucleotide (or base pair) level and to identify all the genes present in it. ... Celera Genomics was established in May 1998 by the Perkin-Elmer Corporation (now Applera Corporation), with Dr. J. Craig Venter from The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) as its first president. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 14 is the 104th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (105th in leap years). ... In science, engineering, industry and statistics, accuracy is the degree of conformity of a measured or calculated quantity to its actual, nominal, or some other reference, value. ...

External links

• http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEPC/WWC/1994/geneticstln.html
• http://www.esp.org/books/sturt/history/
• http://cogweb.ucla.edu/ep/DNA_history.html
• http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/sci_tech/2000/human_genome/749026.stm

Further Reading

• Elof Axel Carlson, Mendel's Legacy: The Origin of Classical Genetics (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2004.) ISBN 0879696753