Autobiography of Pierre Seel, a gay man sent to a concentration camp by the Nazis

Before the beginning of World War II, the homosexual people in Germany, especially in Berlin, enjoyed more freedom and acceptance than anywhere else in the world. However, upon the rise of Adolf Hitler, gay men and, to a lesser extent, lesbians, were two of several groups targeted by the Nazi Party and were ultimately among the roster of Holocaust victims. Beginning in 1933, gay organizations were banned, scholarly books about homosexuality, and sexuality in general, were burned, and homosexuals within the Nazi Party itself were murdered. The Gestapo compiled lists of homosexuals, and they were compelled to sexually conform to the German norm. An estimated 1.2 million men were homosexuals in Germany in 1928. Between 1933-45, an estimated 100,000 men were arrested as homosexuals, and of these, some 50,000 officially were sentenced. Most of these men spent time in regular prisons, and an estimated 5,000 to 15,000 of the total sentenced were incarcerted in concentration camps. It is unclear how many of these 5,000 to 15,000 eventually perished in the concentration camps. The leading scholar Ruediger Lautman however believes that the death rate in concentration camps of imprisoned homosexuals may have been as high as sixty percent. Homosexuals in camps were treated in an unusually cruel manner by their captors, and were also persecuted by their fellow inmates. This was a factor in the relatively high death rate for homosexuals, compared to other "anti-social groups". Image File history File links Pierre_seel3. ... Image File history File links Pierre_seel3. ... Pierre Seel (born August 16, 1923, at the family castle of Fillate in Haguenau, died November 25, 2005, in Toulouse) is the only French person to have testified openly about his experience of deportation during WWII due to his homosexuality. ... See also the related List of German concentration camps Concentration camp in Nazi Germany. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Homosexuality refers to sexual interaction and / or romantic attraction between individuals of the same sex. ... Berlin is the capital city and one of the sixteen states of the Federal Republic of Germany. ... Adolf Hitler became the Chancellor of Germany in January 1933. ... Hitler redirects here. ... GAY can mean: Gay, a term referring to homosexual men or women The IATA code for Gaya Airport Category: ... A lesbian is a woman who is romantically and sexually attracted only to other women. ... The Nazi Party, (German: , or NSDAP, English: National Socialist German Workers Party), was a political party in Germany between 1920 and 1945. ... The victims of the Holocaust were Jews, Serbs, Poles, Russians, Communists, homosexuals, Roma (also known as gypsies), the mentally ill and the physically disabled, intelligentsia and political activists, Jehovahs Witnesses, Roman Catholics, and Protestant clergy, trade unionists, psychiatric patients, some Africans, Asians, enemy nationals especially Spanish refugees from occupied... Year 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with List of gay-rights organizations. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Book burning is the practice of ceremoniously destroying by fire one or more copies of a book or other written material. ... The   (contraction of Geheime Staatspolizei; Secret State Police) was the official secret police of Nazi Germany. ... The ex-gay or exodus movement claims that homosexuals can become heterosexual or otherwise leave homosexuality behind through counselling, prayer, and other therapies if they choose to do so. ... Anti-social behaviour (which can be spelled with or without the hyphen) is often seen as public behaviour that lacks judgement and consideration for others and may cause them or their property damage. ...

After the war, the treatment of homosexuals in concentration camps went unacknowledged by most countries, and some men were even re-arrested and imprisoned based on evidence found during the Nazi years. It was not until the 1980s that governments acknowledged this episode, and not until 2002 that the German government apologized to the gay community. This period still provokes controversy, however; and in 2005, when the European Parliament drafted a resolution regarding the Holocaust, mention of the persecution of homosexuals was excised after debate. Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... The 1980s refers to the years of 1980 to 1989. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... Politics of Germany takes place in a framework of a federal parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the Federal Chancellor is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. ... The idea of a gay community is complex and can be very controversial. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The European Parliament (formerly European Parliamentary Assembly) is the parliamentary body of the European Union (EU), directly elected by EU citizens once every five years. ... Concentration camp inmates during the Holocaust The Holocaust was Nazi Germanys systematic genocide (ethnic cleansing) of various ethnic, religious, national, and secular groups during World War II. Early elements include the Kristallnacht pogrom and the T-4 Euthanasia Program established by Hitler that killed some 200,000 people. ... The Death of Orpheus In Albrecht Dürers 1494 drawing, the banner hung in the tree reads: Orfeus der erst puseran (Orpheus, the first sodomite). The word puseran(t) derives from the Latin bulgarus from which come also the terms bugger in English and bougre in French. ...

The rise of Nazism

Two "friends" in Berlin, 1926.

Prior to the Third Reich, Berlin was considered a liberal city, with many gay bars, nightclubs and cabarets. There were even many drag bars where tourists straight and gay would enjoy female impersonation acts. Hitler decried cultural degeneration, prostitution and syphilis in his book "Mein Kampf" blaming at least some of the phenomena on Jews. Two friends in Berlin. ... Two friends in Berlin. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Berlin is the capital city and one of the sixteen states of the Federal Republic of Germany. ... Look up liberal on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Liberal may refer to: Politics: Liberalism American liberalism, a political trend in the USA Political progressivism, a political ideology that is for change, often associated with liberal movements Liberty, the condition of being free from control or restrictions Liberal Party, members of... A gay bar is a drinking establishment which can vary in character as much as any other type of bar, but which caters exclusively or primarily to a gay and / or lesbian clientele. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Drag queens Luc DArcy and Jerry Cyr and friend at Montreals 2003 Divers/Cité pride parade. ... Hitler redirects here. ... A sex worker in Germany. ... Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by a spirochaete bacterium, Treponema pallidum. ... Cover of Mein Kampf Volume 1 (First Edition) Mein Kampf (English translation: My Struggle or My Fight) is the signature work of Adolf Hitler, combining elements of autobiography with an exposition of Hitlers political ideology of Nazism. ...

Berlin also had the most active LGBT rights movements in the world at the time. Jewish doctor Magnus Hirschfeld had co-founded the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee (Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee, WhK) in Berlin in 1897 to campaign against the notorious "Paragraph 175" law that made sex between men illegal. It also sought social recognition of homosexual and transgender men and women. It was the first public gay rights organization. LGBT movements is a collective term for a number of social movements that share related goals of social acceptance of homosexuality and/or gender variance. ... Magnus Hirschfeld in 1933 Magnus Hirschfeld (Kolberg, May 14, 1868 - Nice, May 14, 1935) was a prominent German-Jewish physician, sexologist, and gay rights advocate. ... The Scientific-Humanitarian Committee (Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee, WhK) was founded in Berlin in 1897 to campaign for social recognition of homosexual and transgender men and women, and against their legal persecution. ... 1897 (MDCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Paragraph 175 (known formally as §175 StGB; also known as Section 175 in English) was a provision of the German Criminal Code from 15 May 1871 to 10 March 1994. ... Transgender (IPA: , from trans (Latin) and gender (English) ) is an overarching term applied to a variety of individuals, behaviors, and groups involving tendencies that diverge from the normative gender role (woman or man) commonly, but not always, assigned at birth, as well as the role traditionally held by society. ...

In 1919, Hirschfeld had also co-founded the Institut für Sexualwissenschaft (Institute for Sex Research), a private sexology research institute. It had a research library and a large archive, and included a marriage and sex counseling office. In addition, the institute was a pioneer worldwide in the call for civil rights and social acceptance for homosexual and transgender people. Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... The Institut für Sexualwissenschaft was an early sexology research institute in Germany, 1919-1933. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Transgender (IPA: , from trans (Latin) and gender (English) ) is an overarching term applied to a variety of individuals, behaviors, and groups involving tendencies that diverge from the normative gender role (woman or man) commonly, but not always, assigned at birth, as well as the role traditionally held by society. ...

The advancements of the gay community were soon erased, however, with the coming to power of Hitler's Nazi Party.

Nazism declared itself incompatible with homosexuality, because gays did not reproduce and perpetuate the master race. For the same reasons, masturbation was also considered harmful to the Reich, but treated lightly. There was also a fear among Nazis of a "gay gene" contamination. National Socialism redirects here. ... Reproduction is the creation of one thing as a copy of, product of, or replacement for a similar thing, e. ... The master race (German: die Herrenrasse,  ) is a concept in Nazi ideology, which holds that the Germanic and Nordic people represent an ideal and pure race. It derives from nineteenth century racial theory, which posited a hierarchy of races placing African Bushmen and Indigenous Australians at the bottom of the... Mulher sentada de coxas abertas, 1916 drawing by Gustav Klimt Masturbation refers to sexual stimulation, particularly of ones own genitals and often to the point of orgasm, which is performed manually, by other types of bodily contact (except for sexual intercourse), by use of objects or tools, or by...

Hitler believed that homosexuality was "degenerate behavior" which posed a threat to the capacity of the state and the "masculine character" of the nation. Gay men were denounced as "enemies of the state" and charged with "corrupting" public morality and posing a threat to the German birthrate. Public morality refers to moral and ethical standards enforced in a society, by law or police work or social pressure, and applied to public life, to the content of the media, and to conduct in public places. ...

Nazi leaders such as Himmler also viewed homosexuals as a separate people and ensured that Nazi doctors experimented on them in an effort to locate the hereditary weakness many party members believed caused homosexuality. Heinrich Himmler Heinrich Himmler (October 7, 1900 - May 23, 1945) was the commander of the German Schutzstaffel and one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany. ...

Some leaders clearly wanted gay people exterminated, while others wanted enforcement of laws banning sex between gay men or lesbians.

Ernst Röhm, a man Hitler perceived as a potential threat, and the leader of the SA, the Nazi Party's first militia, was discreetly gay until 1925 when he was outed by a Social Democratic newspaper that published a number of love letters written by Röhm, as were some other top leaders of the SA, such as Edmund Heines. After 1925, Röhm was quite open about his sexuality and was a member of the League for Human Rights, Germany's largest gay rights group. A photographic portrait of Ernst Röhm. ... The seal of SA The   or SA (German for Storm Division, usually translated as stormtroops or stormtroopers), functioned as a paramilitary organization of the NSDAP — the German Nazi party. ... 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar). ... SPD redirects here. ... Edmund Heines (* July 21, 1897 in Munich; † June 30, 1934 in Munich) was one of Ernst Röhms lovers in the 1920s. ...

German Jews played a prominent role in the gay rights movement in Germany. The German-Jewish arts and film community had a large concentration of homosexuals.

German Jews like Magnus Hirschfeld were heavily criticized. They were demonized for their controversial ideas which were shocking to many people in Europe. Even though Sigmund Freud had nothing to do with the gay rights movement in Germany (since he was an Austrian Jew), he was targeted because he was Jewish and had controversial ideas about sexuality. Anyone who promoted controversial sexual ideas was thought of as a deviant by German society and especially by the Nazis. Freud was particularly criticized for some incestuous concepts like Oedipus Complex and the Electra Complex in which he claimed were psychodevelopmental phenomena where children developed sexual feelings toward the opposite sex parent. Magnus Hirschfeld in 1933 Magnus Hirschfeld (Kolberg, May 14, 1868 - Nice, May 14, 1935) was a prominent German-Jewish physician, sexologist, and gay rights advocate. ... Sigmund Freud (born Sigismund Schlomo Freud) May 6, 1856 – September 23, 1939; (IPA pronunciation: [] in German, [] in English) was a Jewish-Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist who co-founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The Oedipus complex in Freudian psychoanalysis refers to stage of psychosexual development in childhood where children of both sexes regard their father as an adversary and competitor for the exclusive love of their mother. ... The Electra complex is an ambiguous psychiatric concept which attempts to explain the maturation of the human female. ...

Purge of Homosexuals

On May 10, 1933, Nazis in Berlin burned works of Jewish authors, the library of the Institut für Sexualwissenschaft, and other works considered "un-German".

In late February 1933, as the moderating influence of Ernst Röhm weakened, the Nazi Party launched its purge of homosexual (gay, lesbian, and bisexual; then known as homophile) clubs in Berlin, outlawed sex publications, and banned organized gay groups. As a consequence, many fled Germany (e.g. Erika Mann, Richard Plaut). In March 1933, Kurt Hiller, the main organizer of Magnus Hirschfeld's Institute of Sex Research, was sent to a concentration camp. Image File history File links 1933-may-10-berlin-book-burning. ... Image File history File links 1933-may-10-berlin-book-burning. ... The Institut für Sexualwissenschaft was an early sexology research institute in Germany, 1919-1933. ... Year 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ... A photographic portrait of Ernst Röhm. ... Cover of French homophile literary journal Arcadie, 1975 The word homophile is an alternative to the word homosexual, preferred by some because it emphasizes love (-phile from Greek φιλία) over sex. ... Erika Mann Erika Julia Hedwig Mann (November 9, 1905 – August 27, 1969) was the eldest daughter of novelist Thomas Mann and Katia Mann. ... Richard Plant (July 22, 1910 — March 3, 1998), German-American writer. ... It has been suggested that Internment be merged into this article or section. ...

On May 6, 1933, Nazi Youth of the Deutsche Studentenschaft made an organised attack on the Institute of Sex Research. A few days later the Institute's library and archives were publicly hauled out and burned in the streets of the Opernplatz. Around 20,000 books and journals, and 5,000 images, were destroyed. Also seized were the Institute's extensive lists of names and addresses of LGBT people. In the midst of the burning, Joseph Goebbels gave a political speech to a crowd of around 40,000 people. May 6 is the 126th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (127th in leap years). ... Flag of the Hitler Youth The Hitler Youth (German: Hitler-Jugend, abbreviated HJ) was a paramilitary organization of the Nazi Party that existed from 1922 to 1945. ... Paul Joseph Goebbels (29 October 1897–1 May 1945) was a German politician and Minister for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda during the Nazi regime from 1933 to 1945. ...

Hitler initially protected Röhm from other elements of the Nazi Party which held his homosexuality to be a violation of the party's strong anti-gay policy. However, Hitler later changed course when he perceived Röhm to be a potential threat to his power. During the Night of the Long Knives in 1934, a purge of those who Hitler deemed threats to his power took place. He had Röhm murdered and used Röhm's homosexuality as a justification to subside outrage within the ranks of the SA. After solidifying his power, Hitler would include gay men among those sent to concentration camps during the Holocaust. The Night of the Long Knives (Saturday June 30 and Sunday July 1, 1934) (German, Nacht der langen Messer), also known as Reichsmordwoche, Operation Hummingbird or the Blood Purge, was a lethal purge of Adolf Hitlers potential political rivals in the Sturmabteilung (SA; also known as storm troopers or... 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Himmler had initially been a supporter of Röhm, arguing that the charges of homosexuality against him were manufactured by Jews. But after the purge, Hitler elevated Himmler's status and he became very active in the suppression of homosexuality. He exclaimed, "We must exterminate these people root and branch... the homosexual must be eliminated." (Plant, 1986, p. 99).

Memorial to Gay Victims of the Holocaust in Berlin (its inscription: Totgeschlagen - Totgeschwiegen (Struck Dead - Hushed Up))

Shortly after the purge in 1934, a special division of the Gestapo was instituted to compile lists of gay individuals. In 1936, Heinrich Himmler, Chief of the SS, created the "Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion." Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1944x2592, 2020 KB) Summary Template:PD-Self Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1944x2592, 2020 KB) Summary Template:PD-Self Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... The   (contraction of Geheime Staatspolizei; Secret State Police) was the official secret police of Nazi Germany. ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ...   (October 7, 1900 – May 23, 1945) was the commander of the German Schutzstaffel (SS) and one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany. ... The double-Sig Rune SS insignia. ...

Gays were not initially treated in the same fashion as the Jews, however; Nazi Germany thought of German gay men as part of the "Master Race" and sought to force gay men into sexual and social conformity. Gay men who would or could not conform and feign a switch in sexual orientation were sent to concentration camps under the "Extermination Through Work" campaign. Sexual orientation describes the direction of an individuals sexuality, often in relation to their own sex or gender. ...

More than one million gay German men were targeted, of whom at least 100,000 were arrested and 50,000 were serving prison terms as convicted gay men.^[1] Hundreds of European gay men living under Nazi occupation were castrated under court order.^[2]

Some persecuted under these laws would not have identified themselves as gay. Such "anti-homosexual" laws were widespread throughout the western world until the 1960s and 1970s, so many gay men did not feel safe to come forward with their stories until the 1970s when many so-called "sodomy laws" were repealed. The 1960s decade refers to the years from January 1, 1960 to December 31, 1969, inclusive. ... The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, inclusive. ... A sodomy law is a law which makes certain sexual acts into sex crimes. ...

Lesbians were not widely persecuted under Nazi anti-gay laws, as it was considered easier to persuade or force them to comply with accepted heterosexual behavior. However, they were viewed as a threat to state values and were often branded "anti-social." See black triangle. A lesbian is a woman who is romantically and sexually attracted only to other women. ... This article is about the Black Triangle as a badge or symbol: for other uses see the disambiguation page Black triangle. ...

Concentration Camps

Pink triangle prisoner Erwin Schimitzek, interned in Auschwitz in 1941, died in 1942.

Estimates vary wildly as to the number of gay men killed in concentration camps during the Holocaust ranging from 5,000 to 15,000. Larger numbers include those who were Jewish and gay, or even Jewish, gay and communist. In addition, records as to the specific reasons for internment are non-existent in many areas, making it hard to put an exact number on just how many gay men perished in death camps. See pink triangle. Erwin Schimitzek, Clerk Born Feb 16th, 1918 in Breslau (Wroclaw) Interned in Auschwitz on Aug 28th, 1941 Died on Feb 28th, 1942, aged 24 years This work is copyrighted. ... Erwin Schimitzek, Clerk Born Feb 16th, 1918 in Breslau (Wroclaw) Interned in Auschwitz on Aug 28th, 1941 Died on Feb 28th, 1942, aged 24 years This work is copyrighted. ... The pink triangle, a popular gay pride symbol, was originally used to denote homosexual men as a Nazi concentration camp badge. ... Auschwitz (Konzentrationslager Auschwitz) was the largest of the Nazi German concentration camps. ... Communism is an ideology that seeks to establish a classless, stateless social organization based on common ownership of the means of production. ... The pink triangle, a popular gay pride symbol, was originally used to denote homosexual men as a Nazi concentration camp badge. ...

Gay men suffered unusually cruel treatment in the concentration camps. They faced persecution not only from German soldiers but also from other prisoners, and many gay men were beaten to death. Additionally, gay men in forced labor camps routinely received more grueling and dangerous work assignments than other non-Jewish inmates, under the policy of "Extermination Through Work". German soldiers also were known to use gay men for target practice, aiming their weapons at the pink triangles their human targets were forced to wear.

Infamous Nazi doctor Carl Vaernet who conducted medical experiments on gay prisoners.

The harsh treatment can be attributed to the view of the SS guards toward gay men, as well as to the homophobic attitudes present in German society at large. The marginalization of gay men in Germany was reflected in the camps. Many died from unsympathetic beatings, some of them caused by other prisoners. And Nazi doctors often used gay men for scientific experiments in an attempt to locate a "gay gene" to "cure" any future Aryan children who were gay. museum of government entity File links The following pages link to this file: History of gays during the Holocaust Categories: Public domain images ... Dr. Carl Vaernet was a danish SS major and a doctor at Buchenwald. ... Homophobia is the fear of, aversion to, or discrimination against homosexuality or homosexuals. ... For other meanings of this term, see gene (disambiguation). ...

An account of a gay Holocaust survivor, Pierre Seel, details life for gay men during Nazi control. In his account he states that he participated in his local gay community in the town of Mulhouse. When the Nazis gained power over the town his name was on a list of local gay men ordered to the police station. He obeyed the directive to protect his family from any retaliation. Upon arriving at the police station he notes that he and other gay men were beaten. Some gay men who resisted the SS had their fingernails pulled out. Others were raped with broken rulers and had their bowels punctured, causing them to bleed profusely. After his arrest he was sent to the concentration camp at Schirmeck. There, Seel stated that during a morning roll-call, the Nazi commander announced a public execution. A man was brought out, and Seel recognized his face. It was the face of his eighteen-year-old lover from Mulhouse. Seel then claims that the Nazi guards stripped the clothes of his lover and placed a metal bucket over his head. Then the guards released trained German Shepherd dogs on him, which mauled him to death. Pierre Seel (born August 16, 1923, at the family castle of Fillate in Haguenau, died November 25, 2005, in Toulouse) is the only French person to have testified openly about his experience of deportation during WWII due to his homosexuality. ... The idea of a gay community is complex and can be very controversial. ... Mulhouse (French: Mulhouse, pronounced ; Alsatian: Milhüsa; German: Mülhausen) is a town and commune in eastern France close to Swiss and German border. ... The intestine is the portion of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine. ... Published Monday to Thursday when the United States Congress is in session and Mondays only during recess, Roll Call provides its readers with up-to-the-minute news of the legislative and political maneuvers that happen every day on Capitol Hill. ... The German Shepherd Dog or Alsatian (see Breed names), is a breed of dog. ...

Experiences such as these can account for the relatively high death rate of gay men in the camps as compared to the other "anti-social groups." A study by Ruediger Lautmann found that 60 percent of gay men in concentration camps died, as compared to 41 percent for political prisoners and 35 percent for Jehovah's Witnesses. The study also shows that survival rates for gay men were slightly higher for internees from the middle and upper classes and for married bisexual men and those with children.

Post-War

One point of the Homomonument, in Amsterdam, to gay and lesbian victims of persecution, which is formed of three large pink triangles made of granite.

After the war, homosexual concentration camp prisoners were not acknowledged as victims of Nazi persecution.^[3] Reparations and state pensions available to other groups were refused to gay men, who were still classified as criminals — the Nazi anti-gay law was not repealed until 1969. They could be re-imprisoned for "repeat offences," and were kept on the modern lists of "sex offenders." Under the Allied Military Government of Germany, some homosexuals were forced to serve out their terms of imprisonment, regardless of the time spent in concentration camps. Download high resolution version (1280x960, 341 KB)I took this myself File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Download high resolution version (1280x960, 341 KB)I took this myself File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... One point of the Homomonument in Amsterdam, showing part of the inscription The Homomonument is a memorial in the centre of Amsterdam, the capital of the Netherlands. ... The pink triangle, a popular gay pride symbol, was originally used to denote homosexual men as a Nazi concentration camp badge. ... For the Stargate SG-1 episode, see 1969 (Stargate SG-1). ...

Since the 1980s, some cities around the world have erected memorials to remember the thousands of gay people who were murdered and persecuted during the Holocaust. Major memorials can be found in Berlin, Germany; Amsterdam, Netherlands; Montevideo, Uruguay; and San Francisco, United States.^[4] In 2002 the German government released an official apology to the gay community. The 1980s refers to the years of 1980 to 1989. ... Berlin is the capital city and one of the sixteen states of the Federal Republic of Germany. ... Amsterdam Location Flag Country Netherlands Province North Holland Population 741,329 (1 August 2006) Agglomeration - 1. ... Department Montevideo Department Altitude 43 m Coordinates 34º 53S 56º 10W Founded 1726 Founder Bruno Mauricio de Zabala Population 1,325,968 (2004) (1st) Demonym Montevideano Phone Code +02 Postal Code 10000 Montevideo -pron IPA: is the capital, largest city, and chief port of Uruguay. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ...

In 2005, the European Parliament marked the 60th anniversary of the liberation of the Auschwitz camp with a minute's silence and the passage of a resolution. In its early draft, this resolution included the following text:
"The death camp at Auschwitz-Birkenau, where hundreds of thousands of Jews, Roma, homosexuals, Poles and other prisoners of various nationalities were murdered, is not only a major occasion for European citizens to remember and condemn the enormous horror and tragedy of the Holocaust, but also for addressing the disturbing rise in anti-Semitism, and especially anti-Semitic incidents, in Europe, and for learning anew the wider lessons about the dangers of victimizing people on the basis of race, ethnic origin, religion, politics, or sexual orientation." However, in the final version of this resolution, the reference to homosexuals was removed. 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The European Parliament (formerly European Parliamentary Assembly) is the parliamentary body of the European Union (EU), directly elected by EU citizens once every five years. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... The Roma people (pronounced rahma, singular Rom, sometimes Rroma, and Rrom) along with the closely related Sinti people are commonly known as Gypsies in English, and as Tsigany in most of Europe. ... In English usage, nationality is the legal relationship between a person and a country. ... The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ... This article is 150 kilobytes or more in size. ... The term race serves to distinguish between populations or groups of people based on different sets of characteristics which are commonly determined through social conventions. ... The concept of ethnic origin is an attempt to classify people, not according to their current nationality, but according to where their ancestors came from. ... Politics is the process by which groups make decisions. ... Sexual orientation describes the direction of an individuals sexuality, often in relation to their own sex or gender. ...

References

1. ^ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum[[1]]
2. ^ Giles, Geoffrey J. "'The Most Unkindest Cut of All': Castration, Homosexuality and Nazi Justice," Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 27 (1992): pp. 41-61.
3. ^ Burleigh, Michael and Wolfgang Wipperman. The Racial State: Germany, 1933-1945. New York: Cambridge, 1991. p.183
4. ^ Memorials of the Gay Holocaust, Matt & Andrej Koymasky

See also

• Karl Gorath
• Kurt von Ruffin
• Albrecht Becker
• Friedrich-Paul von Groszheim
• Heinz Dormer
• Karl Lange
• Paul Gerhard Vogel
• Ernst Röhm
• Pierre Seel
• Homomonument
• Historikerstreit
• Adolf Hitler's sexual orientation
• The Pink Swastika
• Nazi eugenics

Karl Gorath (born 12 December 1912, Bad Zwischenahn, Germany) is a gay man who was arrested in 1938 and imprisoned for the crime of homosexuality at Neuengamme and Auschwitz. ... Kurt von Ruffin (born 1901, Munich, Germany, died 17 November 1996, Berlin, Germany) was a German actor and opera singer who was imprisoned by the Nazis for the crime of homosexuality. ... Albrecht Becker (14 November 1906 – 22 April 2002) was a production designer, photographer, and actor, who was imprisoned by the Nazi regime for the charge of homosexuality. ... Friedrich-Paul von Groszheim (born April 27, 1906 in Lübeck, Germany) was a German man who was imprisoned by the Nazis for the crime of homosexuality. ... Heinz Dörmer (born 1912, Berlin, Germany) was a gay man who was imprisoned by the Nazis for the crime of homosexuality. ... Karl Lange (born October 28, 1915, Hamburg, Germany) was the son of an American father and a German mother, who was imprisoned by the Nazis for the crime of homosexuality. ... Paul Gerhard Vogel is a German man who was imprisoned by the Nazis for the crime of homosexuality. ... A photographic portrait of Ernst Röhm. ... Pierre Seel (born August 16, 1923, at the family castle of Fillate in Haguenau, died November 25, 2005, in Toulouse) is the only French person to have testified openly about his experience of deportation during WWII due to his homosexuality. ... One point of the Homomonument in Amsterdam, showing part of the inscription The Homomonument is a memorial in the centre of Amsterdam, the capital of the Netherlands. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... ... The Pink Swastika is a book that claims that one of the founding groups of the Nazi party was a gay-activist goup. ... Nazi eugenics pertains to Nazi Germanys nazism and race social policies that placed the improvement of the race through eugenics at the centre of their concerns and targeted those humans they identified as Life Unworthy of Life, including but not limited to: criminal, degenerate, dissident, feeble-minded, homosexual, idle...

External links

• Becker le marqué, Quasimodo
• Nazi Persecution of Gays 1933-1945 - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
• Official Site Of German Government's Memorial For Gay Victims of the Holocaust in Berlin
• Night of the Long Knives - Murder of Ernst Röhm
• Boston Globe - Gay Holocaust Survivor Speaks
• BBC News - Berlin to Mark Nazis' Gay Victims
• The Independent - Survivors of a Forgotten Holocaust
• History of the Gay & Lesbian Experience During World War II
• The Nazi Persecution of Gays - Annotated Bibliography of Nonfiction Sources
• Pierre Seel - An Account of a Gay Holocaust Survivor
• Gays & the Holocaust
• Article On Various Experiments Conducted On Gay Men In Concentration Camps
• The Pink Swastika - 3rd edition
• The Pink Swastika - 4th edition