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Numismatics

Terminology

Currency Coins, Banknotes, Forgery Circulating currencies Community currencies Image File history File links Mergefrom. ... Money is an invention of the human mind. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2816 × 2112 pixel, file size: 2. ... Numismatics is the scientific study of currency and its history in all its varied forms. ... This article is an attempt to combine and condense Numismatic and coin collecting terms into concise, informative explainations for the beginner or professional. ... This article is about monetary coins. ... A £20 Bank of England banknote. ... This list of circulating currencies contains the 194 current official or de facto currencies of the 192 United Nations member states, one UN observer state, three partially recognized sovereign states, six unrecognized countries, and 33 dependencies. ... In economics, a local currency, in its common usage, is a currency not backed by a national government (and not legal tender), and intended to trade only in a small area. ... Company scrip, LETS, Time dollars Fictional currencies Company scrip is currency issued in certain industries to pay workers. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Ithaca Hour is an example of time-based currency. ... Fictional currency is currency in works of fiction. ...

Ancient currencies Greek, Roman, Byzantine Medieval currencies Modern currencies Africa, The Americas, Europe, Asia, Oceania

Production Mint, Designers Coining, Milling, Hammering

Exonumia Credit cards, Medals, Tokens Notaphily A mint is a facility which manufactures coins for currency. ... Coining is a form of precision stamping. ... The term milled coinage is used to describe coins which are produced by some form of machine, rather than by manually hammering coin blanks between two dies (hammered coinage) or casting coins from dies. ... Hammered coinage describes the commonest form of coins produced since the invention of coins in the first millennium BC until the early modern period of ca. ... Exonumia is the study of coin-like objects such as token coins and medals, and other items used in place of legal currency or for commemoration. ... Look up credit card in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A medal is a small metal object, usually engraved with insignia, that is awarded to a person for athletic, military, scientific, academic or some other kind of achievement. ... A rare and historic Bechuanaland Border Police canteen token. ... Notaphily is the study of paper money or banknotes. ... Banknotes Scripophily A £20 Bank of England banknote. ... Scripophily is the study and collection of stocks and Bonds. ... Stocks, Bonds

The history of money is a story spanning thousands of years. Related to this, Numismatics is the scientific study of money and its history in all its varied forms. For other uses, see Stock (disambiguation). ... For alternative meanings, see bond (a disambiguation page). ... Numismatics is the scientific study of currency and its history in all its varied forms. ... For other uses, see Money (disambiguation). ... This article is about the study of time in human terms. ...

Money itself must be a scarce good. Many items have been used as money, from naturally scarce precious metals and conch shells through cigarettes to entirely artificial money such as banknotes. Modern money (and most ancient money too) is essentially a token — in other words, an abstraction. Paper currency is perhaps the most common type of physical money today. However, goods such as gold or silver retain many of money's essential properties. In economics, scarcity is defined as a condition of limited resources, where society does not have sufficient resources to produce enough to fulfill subjective wants. ... For the CSI episode of the same name, see Precious Metal (CSI episode). ... A conch shell A Conch is a sea creature, a marine gastropod. ... Two unlit filtered cigarettes. ... A £20 Bank of England banknote. ... GOLD refers to one of the following: GOLD (IEEE) is an IEEE program designed to garner more student members at the university level (Graduates of the Last Decade). ... This article is about the chemical element. ...

The emergence of money

Shells of the pea-sized snail Nassarius kraussianus. Blombos Cave, South Africa, 75,000 B.C. Wear marks indicate the shells were strung on a necklace or bracelet.

The use of proto-money may date back to at least 100,000 years ago. Trading in red ochre is attested in Swaziland, from about that date, and ochre seems to have functioned as a proto-money in Aboriginal Australia. Shell jewelery in the form of strung beads also dates back to this period^[1] and had the basic attributes needed of early money. In cultures where metal working was unknown, shell or ivory jewelery were the most divisible, easily storeable and transportable, scarce, and hard to counterfeit objects that could be made. It is highly unlikely that there were formal markets in 100,000 B.P. (any more than there are in recently observed hunter-gatherer cultures). Nevertheless, proto-money would have been useful in reducing the costs of less frequent transactions that were crucial to hunter-gatherer cultures, especially bride purchase, splitting property upon death, tribute, and inter-tribal trade in hunting ground rights (“starvation insurance”) and implements. In the absence of a medium of exchange, all of these transactions suffer from the basic problem of barter — they require an improbable coincidence of wants or events. Jewelery has often been used for currency and wealth storage in some historical and contemporary societies, especially those in which modern forms of money are scarce, in addition to being used for decoration and display of status and wealth. Image File history File links Snail shell beads from Blombos Cave, South Africa (c. ... Image File history File links Snail shell beads from Blombos Cave, South Africa (c. ... Red ochre and yellow ochre (pronounced //, from the Greek ochros, yellow) are pigments made from naturally tinted clay. ... Aboriginal Flag Australian Aborigines is a name used to collectively describe most of the indigenous peoples of the Australian continent and its nearby islands. ... Jewellery (spelled jewelry in American English) consists of ornamental devices worn by persons, typically made with gems and precious metals. ... Barter is a type of trade in which goods or services are exchanged for other goods and/or services; no money is involved in the transaction. ... The coincidence of wants problem (often double coincidence of wants) is an important category of transaction costs that impose severe limitations on economies lacking money and thus dominated by barter or other in-kind transactions. ...

In cultures, of any era, that lack money, bartering and some system of in-kind "credit" or "gift exchange" would be the only ways to exchange goods. Bartering has several problems, most notably the coincidence of wants problem. If one wishes to trade fruit for wheat, it can only be done when the fruit and wheat are both available at the same time and place, which may be for a very brief time, or may be never. With an intermediate commodity (whether it be shells, rum, gold, etc.) fruit can be sold when it is ripe in exchange for the intermediate commodity. This intermediate commodity can then be used to buy wheat when the wheat harvest comes in. Thus the use of money makes all commodities become more liquid. Barter is a type of trade in which goods or services are exchanged for other goods and/or services; no money is involved in the transaction. ... The coincidence of wants problem (often double coincidence of wants) is an important category of transaction costs that impose severe limitations on economies lacking money and thus dominated by barter or other in-kind transactions. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Market liquidity is a business or economics term that refers to the ability to quickly buy or sell a particular item without causing a significant movement in the price. ...

Where trade is common, barter systems usually lead quite rapidly to several key goods being imbued with monetary properties. In the early British colony of New South Wales in Australia, rum emerged quite soon after settlement as the most monetary of goods. When a nation is without a fiat currency system it is quite common for the fiat currency of a neighboring nation to emerge as the dominant monetary good. In some prisons where conventional money is prohibited, it is quite common for goods such as cigarettes to take on a monetary quality. Gold has emerged naturally from the world of barter again and again to take on a monetary function. It should be noted that the emergence of monetary goods is not dependent on central authority or government. It is a quite natural market phenomenon. Barter is a type of trade in which goods or services are exchanged for other goods and/or services; no money is involved in the transaction. ... “NSW” redirects here. ...

Standardized coinage

A Roman denarius, a standardized silver coin.

It was the discovery of the touchstone which led the way for metal-based commodity money and coinage. Any soft metal can be tested for purity on a touchstone, allowing one to quickly calculate the total content of a particular metal in a lump. Gold is a soft metal, which is also hard to come by, dense, and storable. As a result, monetary gold spread very quickly from Asia Minor, where it first gained wide usage, to the entire world. Maximinus denarius that I scanned. ... Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ... First row : c. ... Silver coins are possibly the oldest form of money. ... A touchstone is a small tablet of dark stone such as fieldstone or slate, used for probing of precious metal alloys. ... Anatolia (Greek: ανατολη anatole, rising of the sun or East; compare Orient and Levant, by popular etymology Turkish Anadolu to ana mother and dolu filled), also called by the Latin name of Asia Minor, is a region of Southwest Asia which corresponds today to...

Using such a system still required several steps and mathematical calculation. The touchstone allows one to estimate the amount of gold in an alloy, which is then multiplied by the weight to find the amount of gold alone in a lump. An alloy is a homogeneous hybrid of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. ...

A Persian coin.

To make this process easier, the concept of standard coinage was introduced. Coins were pre-weighed and pre-alloyed, so as long as the manufacturer was aware of the origin of the coin, no use of the touchstone was required. Coins were typically minted by governments in a carefully protected process, and then stamped with an emblem that guaranteed the weight and value of the metal. It was, however, extremely common for governments to assert the value of such money lay in its emblem and thus to subsequently debase the currency by lowering the content of valuable metal. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Persia redirects here. ... This article is about monetary coins. ... A mint is a facility which manufactures coins for currency. ...

Although gold and silver were commonly used to mint coins, other metals could be used. For instance, Ancient Sparta minted coins from iron to discourage its citizens from engaging in foreign trade. In the early seventeenth century Sweden lacked more precious metal and so produced "plate money," which were large slabs of copper approximately 50 cm or more in length and width, appropriately stamped with indications of their value. For other uses see Sparta (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Iron (disambiguation). ...

Metal based coins had the advantage of carrying their value within the coins themselves — on the other hand, they induced manipulations: the clipping of coins in the attempt to get and recycle the precious metal. A greater problem was the simultaneous co-existence of gold, silver and copper coins in Europe. English and Spanish traders valued gold coins more than silver coins, as many of their neighbors did, with the effect that the English gold-based guinea coin began to rise against the English silver based crown in the 1670s and 1680s. Consequently, silver was ultimately pulled out of England for dubious amounts of gold coming into the country at a rate no other European nation would share. The effect was worsened with Asian traders not sharing the European appreciation of gold altogether — gold left Asia and silver left Europe in quantities European observers like Isaac Newton, Master of the Royal Mint observed with unease.

Stability came into the system with national Banks guaranteeing to change money into gold at a promised rate; it did, however, not come easily. The Bank of England risked a national financial catastrophe in the 1730s when customers demanded their money be changed into gold in a moment of crisis. Eventually London's merchants saved the bank and the nation with financial guarantees.

See also: Roman currency, coinage metal, for conversions of the European coins before the introduction of paper money: The Marteau Early 18th-Century Currency Converter. The main Roman currency during most of the Roman Republic and the western half of the Roman Empire consisted of coins including the aureus (gold), the denarius (silver), the sestertius (bronze), the dupondius (bronze), and the as (copper). ... The Group 11 Elements (IB) of the periodic table consist of the traditional coinage metals of copper, silver, and gold. ...

Representative money

An example of representative money, this 1896 note could be exchanged for five US Dollars worth of silver.

The system of commodity money in many instances evolved into a system of representative money. This occurred because banks would issue a paper receipt to their depositors, indicating that the receipt was redeemable for whatever precious goods were being stored (usually gold or silver money). It didn't take long before the receipts were traded as money, because everyone knew they were "as good as gold". Representative paper money made possible the practice of fractional reserve banking, in which bankers would print receipts above and beyond the amount of actual precious metal on deposit. This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons, a repository of free content hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation. ... This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons, a repository of free content hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation. ... The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ... This article is about the chemical element. ... Commodity money is money whose value comes from a commodity out of which it is made. ... Representative money refers to money that consists of a token or certificate that can be exchanged for a fixed quantity of a commodity such as gold, silver or potentially water, oil or food. ... In economics, particularly in financial economics, fractional-reserve banking is the near-universal practice of banks of retaining only a fraction of their deposits and notes as reserves to satisfy demands for withdrawals, investing the remainder at interest to obtain income that can be used to pay interest to depositors...

So in this system, paper currency and non-precious coinage had very little intrinsic value, but achieved significant market value by being backed by a promise to redeem it for a given weight of precious metal, such as silver. This is the origin of the term "British Pound" for instance; it was a unit of money backed by a Tower pound of sterling silver, hence the currency Pound Sterling. For much of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, many currencies were based on representative money through use of the gold standard. The pound or pound-mass (abbreviations: lb, lbm, or sometimes in the United States, #) is a unit of mass (sometimes called weight in everyday parlance) in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... Sterling silver is an alloy of silver containing 92. ... “GBP” redirects here. ... Representative money refers to money that consists of a token or certificate that can be exchanged for a fixed quantity of a commodity such as gold, silver or potentially water, oil or food. ... For other uses, see Gold standard (disambiguation). ...

Fiat money

Fiat money refers to money that is not backed by reserves of another commodity. The money itself is given value by government fiat (Latin for "let it be done") or decree, enforcing legal tender laws, previously known as "forced tender", whereby debtors are legally relieved of the debt if they (offer to) pay it off in the government's money. By law the refusal of "legal tender" money in favor of some other form of payment is illegal, and has at times in history (Rome under Diocletian, and post-revolutionary France during the collapse of the assignats) invoked the death penalty. Fiat money or fiat currency, is money that is current or legal tender as satisfaction for money debts by government fiat, that is by law. ... Look up fiat in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... Legal tender or forced tender is payment that cannot be refused in settlement of a debt denominated in the same currency by virtue of law. ... For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ... Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus (c. ... The French Revolution (1789–1815) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on... Capital punishment, or the death penalty, is the execution of a convicted criminal by the state as punishment for crimes known as capital crimes or capital offences. ...

Governments through history have often switched to forms of fiat money in times of need such as war, sometimes by suspending the service they provided of exchanging their money for gold, and other times by simply printing the money that they needed. When governments produce money more rapidly than economic growth, the money supply overtakes economic value. Therefore, the excess money eventually dilutes the market value of all money issued. This is called inflation. See open market operations. Open Market Operations are the means by which central banks control the liquidity of the national currency. ...

In 1971 the US finally switched to fiat money indefinitely. At this point in time many of the economically developed countries' currencies were fixed to the US dollar (see Bretton Woods Conference), and so this single step meant that much of the western world's currencies became fiat money based. Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. ... Motto: (Out Of Many, One) (traditional) In God We Trust (1956 to date) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington D.C. Largest city New York City None at federal level (English de facto) Government Federal constitutional republic  - President George Walker Bush (R)  - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence from... The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ... The Bretton Woods system of international economic management established the rules for commercial and financial relations among the major industrial states. ...

Following the first Gulf War the president of Iraq, Saddam Hussein, repealed the existing Iraqi fiat currency and replaced it with a new currency. Despite having no backing by a commodity and with no central authority mandating its use or defending its value the old currency continued to circulate within the politically isolated Kurdish regions of Iraq. It became known as the Swiss Dinar. This currency remained relatively strong and stable for over a decade. It was formally replaced following the second Gulf War. For other uses, see Iraq war (disambiguation). ... Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was the fifth President of Iraq and Chairman of the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council from 1979 until his overthrow by US forces in 2003. ... Kurds are one of the Iranian peoples and speak Kurdish, a north-Western Iranian language related to Persian. ... After the first Gulf War the Iraqi government issued a new currency. ... This article is about the 2003 invasion of Iraq. ...

Credit money

Credit money often exists in conjunction with other money such as fiat money or commodity money, and from the user's point of view is indistinguishable from it. Most of the western world's money is credit money derived from national fiat money currencies. Credit money is money that is backed by a promise to pay made by someone other than the state. ...

In a modern economy, a bank will lend all but a small portion of its deposits to borrowers, this is known as fractional reserve banking. In doing so, it increases the total money supply above that of the total amount of the fiat money in existence (also known as M0). While a bank will not have access to sufficient cash (fiat money) to meet all the obligations it has to depositors if they wish to withdraw the balance of their cheque accounts (credit money), the majority of transactions will occur using the credit money (cheques and electronic transfers). In economics, particularly in financial economics, fractional-reserve banking is the near-universal practice of banks of retaining only a fraction of their deposits and notes as reserves to satisfy demands for withdrawals, investing the remainder at interest to obtain income that can be used to pay interest to depositors... In macroeconomics, money supply (monetary aggregates, money stock) is the quantity of currency and money in bank accounts in the hands of the non-bank public available within the economy to purchase goods, services, and securities. ...

Strictly speaking a debt is not money, primarily because debt can not act as a unit of account. All debts are denominated in units of something external to the debt. However, credit money certainly acts as a substitute for money when it is used in other functions of money (medium of exchange and store of value).

Indo-European and Semitic etymology

The origin of the word "money" comes from the Latin word "moneta", an epithet of Juno (Hera) -- Juno Moneta, "June the Alone" -- the deity that protected and oversaw finances in the early days of Rome. IVNO REGINA (Queen Juno) on a coin celebrating Julia Soaemias. ... For other uses, see Hera (disambiguation). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

In Greek language, "Hera Mone tas" means the lonely Hera ("Mone tas" in Doric Greek, "Mone tes" in Ionic dialect). Zeus punished Hera and tied her with a golden chain between the earth and sky. Hera, because she was alone between the sky and earth tied with gold, was called moneres or mone (μόνη) (lonely in Greek), and the word money was derived from this. Hera, with the help of Hephaestus, broke the golden chain and released herself. It is said that all gold found on earth (which forms approximately a single cube 20 m a side) originates from the fragments of this golden chain, which fall from the sky and became human's mone (money). Greek ( IPA: or simply IPA: — Hellenic) has a documented history of 3,500 years, the longest of any single language in the Indo-European language family. ... Distribution of Greek dialects, ca. ... Ionic Greek was a sub-dialect of the so called Attic-Ionic dialectal group of the ancient Greek language, which was itself a member of the Greek branch of Indoeuropean language family. ... For other uses, see Zeus (disambiguation). ... This image is a candidate for speedy deletion. ...

Perhaps because of this fable, gold was used in ancient Greece only in temples, graves and jewels and there is not any ancient Greek golden coin, until the days around 390 BC, when the Greek king Philip II of Macedon minted golden coins. The first golden coins in history were coined by Lydian king Croesus, around 560 BC. The first Greek coins were made initially of copper, then of iron because copper and iron were powerful materials used to make weapons. Pheidon king of Argos, around 700 BC, changed the coins from iron to a rather useless and ornamental metal, silver, and, according to Aristotle, dedicated some of the remaining iron coins (which were actually iron sticks) to the temple of Hera[1]. King Pheidon coined the silver coins at Aegina, at the temple of the goddess of wisdom and war Athena the Aphaia (the vanisher), and engraved the coins with a Chelone, which is to this day as a symbol of capitalism. Chelone coins[2] were the first medium of exchange that was not backed by a real value good. They were widely accepted and used as the international medium of exchange until the days of Peloponnesian War, when the Athenian Drachma replace them. According other fables, inventors of money were Demodike(or Hermodike) of Kymi (the wife of Midas), Lykos (son of Pandion II and ancestor of the Lycians) and Erichthonius, the Lydians or the Naxians. Philip II of Macedon: victory medal (niketerion) struck in Tarsus, 2nd c. ... Lydia (Greek ) is a historic region of western Anatolia, congruent with Turkeys modern provinces of İzmir and Manisa. ... Croesus Croesus (IPA pronunciation: , CREE-sus) was the king of Lydia from 560/561 BC until his defeat by the Persians in about 547 BC. The English name Croesus come from the Latin transliteration of the Greek , in Arabic and Persian قارون, Qârun. ... For other uses, see Copper (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Iron (disambiguation). ... Pheidon (8th or 7th century BC) was king of Argos, generally, though wrongly, called tyrant. ... This article is about the city in Greece. ... This article is about the chemical element. ... This article is about the philosopher. ... Aegina (Greek: Αίγινα (Egina)) is one of the Saronic Islands of Greece in the Saronic Gulf, 31 miles (50 km) from Athens. ... For other uses, see Athena (disambiguation). ... Aphaea (gr. ... Chelone is a plant genus commonly known as turtlehead. ... For other uses, see Capitalism (disambiguation). ... “Athenian War” redirects here. ... Drachma, pl. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Cuma. ... For other uses, see Midas (disambiguation). ... Lycus or Lykos may refer to: Lycus or Lykos (Greek: Λύκος)Place Name in Greece Lykos (Small beach in southern Crete), small secluded beach in Southern Crete, near Sfakia. ... In Greek mythology, Pandion II was son and heir of Cecrops II, King of Athens. ... Lycian rock cut tombs of Dalyan Lycian rock cut tombs of Dalyan Lycia (in Lycian, Trm̃misa (see List of Lycian place names); in ancient Greek, Λυκία and in modern Turkish, Likya) is a region in the modern-day provinces of Antalya and Muğla on the southern coast of Turkey. ... King Erichthonius (also called Erechtheus I) was, according to some legends, autochthonous (born of the soil), and in other accounts he was the son of Hephaestus and Gaia or Athena or Atthis. ... Lydia (Greek ) is a historic region of western Anatolia, congruent with Turkeys modern provinces of İzmir and Manisa. ... Naxos is the largest island (428 km² ) in the Cyclades island group in the Aegean Sea, which separates Greece and Turkey. ...

The Romans of the late Republic had their own alternative theories for why the Temple of Juno was known as Juno Moneta. Cicero, and others, claimed the epithet was of goddess, in honor of Juno's role as warder (monitor) who sent warnings to Rome, often through her geese; alternately, the name could be the name of the temple itself, Juno of the Hill (mons, montis).[3]

It is very unusual for someone to share his money with others and let them know where his/her money is, almost everyone wants to be alone in front of it and tries to hide it and protect it from others. Everyone is alone in front of money, and money makes everyone to be alone. So the etymology of money deriving from the Greek μόνη (lonely) makes sense.

The word money in Greek language is not μόνη (money), it is νόμισμα (nomisma or numisma) which derives from the word νομίζω (nomizo=putative, I think so, I suppose so) and from the word νόμος (nomos=law). So numisma gives the exact meaning and definition of mone(y). It is something we think has value, or something which someone has convinced us has, but in reality has not. In case we are unconvinced that mone(y) has value and we do not recognize the mone(y) maker authority, mone(y) is also something that we are enforced by law to use it as the unique medium of exchange in trades. In case an individual or a community refuses to accept mone(y) as the unique medium of exchange, then the powerful mone(y) maker authority, using violence and the taxes procedure, steals the real value goods (home,food,transport,energy) that the individual or the community owns. That is why many individuals or communities hide their goods from mone(y)-maker authorities. The crime of hiding goods from a mone(y)-maker authority is called tax evasion. Greek ( IPA: or simply IPA: — Hellenic) has a documented history of 3,500 years, the longest of any single language in the Indo-European language family. ... Numismatics (ancient Greek: νομισματική) is the scientific study of money and its history in all its varied forms. ... “Taxes” redirects here. ... This article contrasts tax evasion, tax avoidance, tax resistance and tax mitigation. ...

" He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches. To the winner, I will give some of the hidden manna and I will also give him a white vote with a new name written on it which no one knows except the one who receives it."(Book of Revelation 2:17). Not to be confused with the rune Mannaz. ... Visions of John of Patmos, as depicted in the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry. ...

One of the words for money in the Hebrew language is mammon. Mammon does have more than one meaning depending on its linguistic and etymological contexts. The Hebrew and Christian Bible gives the word mammon a broader context in its socioeconomic, cultural, and theological usages. Mammon, a word of Aramaic origin, means "riches", but has an unclear etymology; scholars have suggested connections with a word meaning "entrusted", or with the Hebrew word "matmon", meaning "treasure". ^{[citation needed]} It is also used in Hebrew as a word for "money" - ממון. “Hebrew” redirects here. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... 11th century manuscript of the Hebrew Bible with Targum Hebrew Bible is a term that refers to the common portions of the Jewish canon and the Christian canons. ... For other uses, see Christian (disambiguation). ... This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library. ... Socioeconomics is the study of the social and economic impacts of any product or service offering, market intervention or other activity on an economy as a whole and on the companies, organization and individuals who are its main economic actors. ... Theology is literally rational discourse concerning God (Greek θεος, theos, God, + λογος, logos, rational discourse). By extension, it also refers to the study of other religious topics. ... Aramaic is a Semitic language with a four-thousand year history. ... The Modern Hebrew language is a Semitic language of the Afro-Asiatic language family. ...

The Greek word for "Mammon", mamonas, occurs in the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew vi 24) and in the parable of the Unjust Steward (Luke xvi 9-13). The Authorised Version keeps the Syriac word. Wycliffe uses "richessis". Other scholars derive Mammon from Phoenician "mommon", benefit. It is interesting to note that if mammon(as) (μαμωνᾶς) is considered as a Greek word and as a composite one (the majority of Greek words are composites), the two parts "mam-mon(as)" could be explained (in Greek doric) as "lonely mother", which recalls Hera's myth mentioned above. Other explanations could be mamm(means "mother" or "food")-onas(means "a place where you can find mamm"), also mam(means "mother" or "food")-m(means "with")-on(means "being")-as(with Circumflex, means "owner or seller"). Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      The Sermon... The Gospel of Matthew is one of the four Gospels of the New Testament. ... This page is about the version of the Bible; for the Harvey Danger album, see King James Version (album). ... Phoenician was a language originally spoken in the coastal region then called PÅ«t in Ancient Egyptian, Canaan in Phoenician, Hebrew and Aramaic, and Phoenicia in Greek and Latin. ... Not to be confused with the rune Mannaz. ... The circumflex ( ˆ ) (often called a caret, a hat or an uppen) is a diacritic mark used in written Greek, French, Dutch, Esperanto, Norwegian, Romanian, Slovak, Vietnamese, Japanese romaji, Welsh, Portuguese, Italian, Afrikaans and other languages, and formerly in Turkish [citation needed]. It received its English name from Latin circumflexus (bent...

Another word for money in Hebrew is the word Kessef-כסף, that translates to silver. Also the French word for money, Argent, derives from the Greek άργυρος, and translates also to silver. ==Criminal Life == AL-Hamad is a Homosexual petifile with 135. ...

According to the Book of Revelation, the mark of the beast seems to be a form of money: "And he causeth all, both small and great, rich and poor, free and bond, to receive a mark in their right hand, or in their foreheads: And that no man might buy or sell, save he that had the mark, or the name of the beast, or the number of his name. Here is wisdom. Let him that hath understanding vote the number of the beast: for it is the number of a man; and his(its) number is ΧΞς." (Book of Revelation 13:16-13:18). It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Number of the Beast (numerology). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Number of the Beast (numerology). ... Visions of John of Patmos, as depicted in the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry. ...

References

• Davies, Glyn, History of Money from Ancient Times to the Present Day
• Jevons, W. S. (1875), Money and the Mechanism of Exchange, London: Macmillan.
• Menger, Carl, "On the Origin of Money"
• Szabo, Nick, Shelling Out -- The Origins of Money
• United States Mint
• Royal Mint
• American Numismatic Association
• World Bank

See also

Numismatics Portal

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Money

• History of coins
• History of the United States dollar
• History of the rupee
• Trade beads
• Manillas

Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (910x910, 596 KB)Media:Example. ... Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... A bronze coin (5 Zhu, 五銖) of the Chinese Han Dynasty—circa 1st century BC. An ancient Greek coin, struck under Roman rule, circa 268 AD. The history of coins extends from ancient times to the present. ... U.S. Federal Reserve notes (greenbacks) in the mid-1990s The history of the United States dollar covers more than 200 years. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Rupee. ... Slave beads (often called Trade beads) were otherwise decorative glass beads used between the 16th and 20th century as a currency to exchange for goods, services and slaves (hence the name). ... Manillas are penannular (almost ring-like) armlets, mostly in bronze or copper, very rarely gold, which served as a form of Primitive Money or barter coinage and to a degree, ornamentation, amongst certain West African tribes (Guinea Coast, Gold Coast, Nigeria, etc. ...

External links

• Linguistic and Commodity Exchanges by Elmer G. Wiens. Examines the structural differences between barter and monetary commodity exchanges and oral and written linguistic exchanges.