Nicéphore Niépce's earliest surviving photograph, circa 1826

Modern photography began in the 1820s with the first permanent photographs. Image:View from the Window at Le Gras, Joseph Nicéphore Niépce. ... Image:View from the Window at Le Gras, Joseph Nicéphore Niépce. ... Nicéphore Niépce, circa 1795. ... Nationalistic independence helped reshape the world during this decade: Greece gains independence from the Ottoman Empire in the Greek War of Independence (1821-1827). ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

Conception of permanent images

A camera obscura box used for drawing images

Photography is the result of combining several technical discoveries. Long before the first photographs were made, Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) (965–1040) invented the camera obscura and pinhole camera,^[1] Albertus Magnus (1139-1238) discovered silver nitrate, and Georges Fabricius (1516-1571) discovered silver chloride. Daniel Barbaro described a diaphragm in 1568. Wilhelm Homberg described how light darkened some chemicals (photochemical effect) in 1694. The fiction book Giphantie (by the French Tiphaigne de la Roche, 1729-1774) described what can be interpreted as photography. Image File history File links drawing by Meggar File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links drawing by Meggar File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Photography [fÓ™tÉ‘grÓ™fi:],[foÊŠtÉ‘grÓ™fi:] is the process of recording pictures by means of capturing light on a light-sensitive medium, such as a film or electronic sensor. ... (Arabic: أبو علي الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم, Latinized: Alhacen or (deprecated) Alhazen) (965 – 1039), was an Arab[1] Muslim polymath[2][3] who made significant contributions to the principles of optics, as well as to anatomy, astronomy, engineering, mathematics, medicine, ophthalmology, philosophy, physics, psychology, visual perception, and to science in general with his introduction of the... The camera obscura (Lat. ... Principle of a pinhole camera. ... Albertus Magnus (b. ... R-phrases , S-phrases , , , , Flash point non-flammable Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... Related Compounds Other anions silver(I) fluoride, silver bromide, silver iodide Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 Â°C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references Silver chloride is a chemical compound with the chemical formula AgCl. ... Tiphaigne de la Roche, Charles-François, (Montebourg, Cotentin, February 19, 1722 – August 11, 1774) was a French author. ...

For centuries, images have been projected onto surfaces. According to the Hockney-Falco thesis as argued by artist David Hockney,^[2] some artists used the camera obscura and camera lucida to trace scenes as early as the 16th century. However, this theory is heavily disputed by today's contemporary realist artists who are able to create high levels of realism without optical aids.^[3] These early cameras did not fix an image, but only projected images from an opening in the wall of a darkened room onto a surface, turning the room into a large pinhole camera. The phrase camera obscura literally means dark chamber. While this early prototype of today's modern camera may have had modest usage in its time, it was an important step in the evolution of the invention. A diagram of the camera obscura from 1772. ... We Two Boys Together Clinging, 1961. ... Camera Lucida (in French, La Chambre Claire) is a short book published in 1980 by the French literary critic Roland Barthes. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... Principle of a pinhole camera. ...

Development of chemical photography

Monochrome process

The first permanent photograph was an image produced in 1826 by the French inventor Nicéphore Niépce on a polished pewter plate covered with a petroleum derivative called bitumen of Judea. Produced with a camera, the image required an eight-hour exposure in bright sunshine. Bitumen hardens with exposure to light. The unhardened material may then be washed away and the metal plate polished, rendering a negative image which then may be coated with ink and impressed upon paper, producing a print. Niépce then began experimenting with silver compounds based on a Johann Heinrich Schultz discovery in 1724 that a silver and chalk mixture darkens when exposed to light. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Nicéphore Niépce, circa 1795. ... Pewter plate Pewter is a metal alloy, traditionally between 85 and 99 percent tin, with the remainder consisting of 1-15 percent copper, acting as a hardener, with the addition of lead for the lower grades of pewter, which have a bluish tint. ... Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Lubbock, Texas Ignacy Łukasiewicz - inventor of the refining of kerosene from crude oil. ... The photographical process known as Bitumen of Judea is quite possibly the oldest modern photographing technique. ... A photograph with an exposure time of 25 seconds A photograph of a night-time sky with an exposure time of 8 seconds In photography, exposure is the total amount of light allowed to fall on the photographic medium (photographic film or image sensor) during the process of taking a... This article is about the chemical element. ... Johann Heinrich Schultz is credited with the discovery that certain silver salts, most notably silver chloride and silver nitrate, darken in the presence of light. ... The Needles, situated on the Isle Of Wight, are part of the extensive Southern England Chalk Formation. ...

"Boulevard du Temple", taken by Louis Daguerre in late 1838 or early 1839, was the first-ever photograph of a person. It is an image of a busy street, but because exposure time was over ten minutes, the city traffic was moving too much to appear. The exception is a man in the bottom left corner, who stood still getting his boots polished long enough to show up in the picture.

In partnership, Niépce (in Chalon-sur-Saône) and Louis Daguerre (in Paris) refined the existing silver process.^{[citation needed]} In 1833 Niépce died of a stroke, leaving his notes to Daguerre. While he had no scientific background, Daguerre made two pivotal contributions to the process. He discovered that exposing the silver first to iodine vapour before exposure to light, and then to mercury fumes after the photograph was taken, could form a latent image. Bathing the plate in a salt bath then fixes the image. On January 7, 1839 Daguerre announced that he had invented a process using silver on a copper plate called the daguerreotype.^[4] A similar process is still used today for Polaroid photos. The French government bought the patent and immediately made it public domain. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1032x739, 623 KB) This is Boulevard du Temple, the first ever photograph of a person. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1032x739, 623 KB) This is Boulevard du Temple, the first ever photograph of a person. ... Louis Daguerre Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre (November 18, 1787 – July 10, 1851) was the French artist and chemist who is recognized for his invention of the Daguerreotype process of photography. ... Chalon-sur-Saône is a town, former bishopric and commune in central France, in the Saône-et-Loire département, of which it is a sous-préfecture. ... Louis Daguerre Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre (November 18, 1787 – July 10, 1851) was the French artist and chemist who is recognized for his invention of the Daguerreotype process of photography. ... This article is about the capital of France. ... For the record label, see Iodine Recordings. ... General Name, Symbol, Number mercury, Hg, 80 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 6, d Appearance silvery Standard atomic weight 200. ... Latent Image can mean a few things: Latent image, a photographic term Latent image, a bondage magazine Latent Image, a fifth season episode of Star Trek: Voyager This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... Photographic fixer is a chemical used in the final step in the photographic processing of film or paper. ... is the 7th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1839 (MDCCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... An 1837 daguerreotype by Daguerre. ... An instant camera is a type of camera with self-developing film. ...

In 1832, French-Brazilian painter and inventor Hercules Florence had already created a very similar process, naming it Photographie. Antoine Hercule Romuald Florence (1804-1879) was a French-Brazilian painter and inventor, who became famous for being a predecessor of the invention of photography. ...

After reading about Daguerre's invention, Talbot worked on perfecting his own process; in 1839 he got a key improvement, an effective fixer, from John Herschel, the astronomer, who had previously showed that hyposulfite of soda (also known as hypo, or now sodium thiosulfate) would dissolve silver salts. Later that year, Hershel made the first glass negative. John Herschel Sir John Frederick William Herschel (7 March 1792 – 11 May 1871) was an English mathematician and astronomer. ...

By 1840, Talbot had invented the calotype process. He coated paper sheets with silver chloride to create an intermediate negative image. Unlike a daguerreotype, a calotype negative could be used to reproduce positive prints, like most chemical films do today. Talbot patented^{[citation needed]} this process, which greatly limited its adoption. He spent the rest of his life in lawsuits defending the patent until he gave up on photography. Later George Eastman refined Talbot's process, which is the basic technology used by chemical film cameras today. Hippolyte Bayard had also developed a method of photography but delayed announcing it, and so was not recognized as its inventor. The Calotype was an early photographic process introduced in 1841 by William Fox Talbot, using paper sheets covered with silver chloride. ... Related Compounds Other anions silver(I) fluoride, silver bromide, silver iodide Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 Â°C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references Silver chloride is a chemical compound with the chemical formula AgCl. ... Color, positive picture (A) and negative (B), monochrome positive picture (C) and negative (D) In photography, a negative may refer to 3 different things, although they are all related. ... A 1954 U.S. stamp featuring George Eastman. ... Bayards Self Portrait as a Drowned Man Hippolyte Bayard (January 20, 1801 - May 14, 1887) was one of the earliest photographers in the history of photography, inventing his own photography process known as direct positive printing and presenting the worlds first public exhibition of photographs on June 24...

In 1851 Frederick Scott Archer invented the collodion process.^{[citation needed]} Photographer and children's author Lewis Carroll used this process.^{[citation needed]} Frederick Scott Archer (1813-1857) invented the photographic collodion process which preceded the modern gelatin emulsion. ... The collodion process is an early photographic process which gave way in the late 19th century to todays gelatin emulsion process. ... Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (Lewis Carroll) Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (IPA: ) (January 27, 1832 – January 14, 1898), better known by the pen name Lewis Carroll, was an English author, mathematician, logician, Anglican clergyman and photographer. ...

Slovene Janez Puhar invented the technical procedure for making photographs on glass in 1841.^{[citation needed]} The invention was recognized on July 17, 1852 in Paris by the Académie Nationale Agricole, Manufacturière et Commerciale. Janez Auguštin Puhar (August 26, 1814 - August 7, 1864) was a Slovene priest, photographer, painter, and poet. ... is the 198th day of the year (199th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1852 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

Herbert Bowyer Berkeley experimented with his own version of collodian emulsions after Samman introduced the idea of adding dithionite to the pyrogallol developer.^{[citation needed]} Berkeley discovered that with his own addition of sulphite, to absorb the sulphur dioxide given off by the chemical dithionite in the developer, that dithionite was not required in the developing process. In 1881 he published his discovery. Berkeley's formula contained pyrogallol, sulphite and citric acid. Ammonia was added just before use to make the formula alkaline. The new formula was sold by the Platinotype Company in London as Sulpho-Pyrogallol Developer.^[5] Herbert Bowyer Berkeley (26 March 1851 - 26 May 1890) was born at Cotheridge Court, Cotheridge[1], Worcestershire, England. ... Sodium dithionite (aka sodium hydrosulfite) is a toxic, white crystalline powder with a weak sulfurous odor. ... Pyrogallol or benzene-1,2,3-triol is a white crystalline powder and a powerful reducing agent. ... Sulfites are sulfur-based compounds often used as preservatives in wines (to prevent spoilage and oxidation,) dried fruits, and dried potato products. ... Sulfur dioxide (or Sulphur dioxide) has the chemical formula SO2. ... In film developing, photographic developer (or just developer) is a chemical that makes the latent image on the film or print visible. ... The common (Arrhenius) definition of a base is a chemical compound that either donates hydroxide ions or absorbs hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. ...

Popularization

A photographer appears to be photographing himself in a 19th-century photographic studio. (c. 1893)

The daguerreotype proved popular in responding to the demand for portraiture emerging from the middle classes during the Industrial Revolution.^{[citation needed]} This demand, that could not be met in volume and in cost by oil painting, added to the push for the development of photography. By 1851 a broadside by daguerreotypist Augustus Washington was advertising prices ranging from 50 cents to $10.^[6] However, daguerreotypes were fragile and difficult to copy. Photographers encouraged chemists to refine the process of making many copies cheaply, which eventually led them back to Talbot's process. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1536x1062, 274 KB) TITLE: A photographer appears to be photographing himself in a photographic studio: Wheeler, Berlin, Wis. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1536x1062, 274 KB) TITLE: A photographer appears to be photographing himself in a photographic studio: Wheeler, Berlin, Wis. ... An example of a late 19th century family portrait. ... A Watt steam engine, the steam engine that propelled the Industrial Revolution in Britain and the world. ...

Ultimately, the modern photographic process came about from a series of refinements and improvements in the first 20 years. In 1884 George Eastman, of Rochester, New York, developed dry gel on paper, or film, to replace the photographic plate so that a photographer no longer needed to carry boxes of plates and toxic chemicals around. In July of 1888 Eastman's Kodak camera went on the market with the slogan "You press the button, we do the rest". Now anyone could take a photograph and leave the complex parts of the process to others, and photography became available for the mass-market in 1901 with the introduction of the Kodak Brownie. This page list various photographic processes. ... A 1954 U.S. stamp featuring George Eastman. ... This article is about the city of Rochester in Monroe County. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Eastman Kodak Company (NYSE: EK) is a large multinational public company producing photographic equipment. ... The Brownie No 2 The Kodak Brownie box camera, introduced in 1900, was a very simple camera that anyone could use. ...

In the twentieth century, photography developed rapidly as a commercial service. End-user supplies of photographic equipment accounted for only about 20 percent of industry revenue. For the modern enthusiast photographer processing black and white film, little has changed since the introduction of the 35mm film Leica camera in 1925.^{[citation needed]} Simulated 35 mm film with soundtracks _ The outermost strips (on either side) contain the SDDS soundtrack as an image of a digital signal. ... Leica is the name of several cameras produced by a German company of the same name. ...

Color process

First color image, Maxwell, 1861

Although color photography was explored throughout the 19th century, initial experiments in color could not fix the photograph and prevent the color from fading. Moreover until the 1870s the emulsions available were not sensitive to red or green light. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (831x1011, 145 KB) Summary Taken from A World History of Photography ISBN 0789203294 Tartan Ribbon, photograph taken by James Clerk Maxwell in 1861. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (831x1011, 145 KB) Summary Taken from A World History of Photography ISBN 0789203294 Tartan Ribbon, photograph taken by James Clerk Maxwell in 1861. ... An undated color photograph from 1905 to 1915 by Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii Color photography was explored throughout the 1800s. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The first permanent color photo, an additive projected image of a tartan ribbon, was taken in 1861 by the Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell.^[7] Several patentable methods for producing images (by either additive or subtractive methods, see below) were devised from 1862 on by two French inventors (working independently), Louis Ducos du Hauron and Charles Cros.^[8] Practical methods to sensitize silver halide film to green and then orange light were discovered in 1873 and 1884 by Hermann W. Vogel (full sensitivity to red light was not achieved until the early years of the 20th century). This article is about the country. ... James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottish mathematician and theoretical physicist from Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. His most significant achievement was aggregating a set of equations in electricity, magnetism and inductance — eponymously named Maxwells equations — including an important modification (extension) of the Ampères... Louis Ducos du Hauron Louis Ducos du Hauron (December 8, 1837 – August 31, 1920) was a French pioneer of color photography. ... Charles Cros (October 1, 1842 - August 9, 1888) was a French poet and inventor. ... A halide is a binary compound, of which one part is a halogen atom and the other part is an element or radical that is less electronegative than the halogen, to make a fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, or astatide compound. ... Hermann Wilhelm Vogel (1834-1898) was a German photo-chemist who made a key contributions to practical color photography. ...

The first fully practical color plate, Autochrome, did not reach the market until 1907. It was based on a screen-plate method, the screen (of filters) being made using dyed dots of potato starch. The screen lets filtered red, green or blue light through each grain to a photographic emulsion in contact with it. The plate is then developed to a negative, and reversed to a positive, which when viewed through the screen restores colors approximating the original. The Autochrome Lumière is an early color photography process. ...

Other systems of color photography included that used by Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii, which involved three separate monochrome exposures ('separation negatives') of a still scene through red, green, and blue filters. These required a special machine to display, but the results are impressive even by modern standards. His collection of glass plates was purchased from his heirs by the Library of Congress in 1948, and is now available in digital format. Sergei Prokudin-Gorski. ... Construction of the Thomas Jefferson Building, from July 8, 1888 to May 15, 1894. ...

Development of digital photography

Main article: Digital photography

A Canon PowerShot A95

The charge-coupled device (CCD) was invented in 1969 by Willard Boyle and George E. Smith at AT&T Bell Labs. The lab was working on the Picture-phone and on the development of semiconductor bubble memory. Merging these two initiatives, Boyle and Smith conceived of the design of what they termed 'Charge "Bubble" Devices'. The essence of the design was the ability to transfer charge along the surface of a semiconductor. 10 MP Nikon D200 and a Nikon film scanner The Canon EOS 350D The Canon PowerShot A95 Digital photography, as opposed to film photography, uses electronic devices to record and capture the image as binary data. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1067, 173 KB) Canon Powershot A95 File links The following pages link to this file: Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates Canon PowerShot A95 Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Canon a95 ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1067, 173 KB) Canon Powershot A95 File links The following pages link to this file: Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates Canon PowerShot A95 Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Canon a95 ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... A specially developed CCD used for ultraviolet imaging in a wire bonded package. ... Willard S Boyle (born August 19, 1924) is a Canadian physicist and co-inventor of the Charge-coupled device. ... George E. Smith is an American scientist and co-inventor of the Charge-coupled device. ... Bell Laboratories (also known as Bell Labs and formerly known as AT&T Bell Laboratories and Bell Telephone Laboratories) was the main research and development arm of the United States Bell System. ... A semiconductor is a solid whose electrical conductivity is in between that of a conductor and that of an insulator, and can be controlled over a wide range, either permanently or dynamically. ...

• 1973 - Fairchild Semiconductor releases the first large image forming CCD chip; 100 rows and 100 columns.
• 1975 - Bryce Bayer of Kodak develops the Bayer filter mosaic pattern for CCD color image sensors
• 1986 - Kodak scientists develop the world's first megapixel sensor

For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... Fairchild Semiconductor introduced the first commercially available integrated circuit (although at almost the same time as one from Texas Instruments), and would go on to become one of the major players in the evolution of Silicon Valley in the 1960s. ... Look up chip, chips in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Year 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Bayer arrangement of color filters on the pixel array of an image sensor Front page of Dr. Bryce Bayers 1976 patent on the Bayer pattern filter mosaic, showing his terminology of luminance-sensitive and chrominance-sensitive elements A Bayer filter mosaic is a color filter array (CFA) for... Year 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar). ... This example shows an image with a portion greatly enlarged, in which the individual pixels are rendered as little squares and can easily be seen. ...

Boom in sales

Digital recording of images is becoming increasingly common, as digital cameras allow instant previews on LCD screens and the image quality of top-of-the-range models has exceeded high-quality 35 mm film, while lower-quality models have become affordable.

References

Dobbs Ferry is a village in Westchester County, New York, USA. The population was 10,622 at the 2000 census. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... March 16 is the 75th day of the year (76th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also

• Timeline of photography technology
• History of the camera
• List of basic photography topics

Timeline of photography technology 1825 - Nicéphore Niépce takes the first permanent photograph, an image of a boy leading a horse. ... Camera obscura The first permanent photograph was made in 1826 or 1827 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce using a sliding wooden box camera made by Charles and Vincent Chevalier in Paris. ... Basic topics in photography include: // Main article: Photography Main article: History of photography Daguerrotype Timeline of photography technology List of photographers List of most expensive photographs Main article: List of photography topics Categories: | ...

External links

• A history of photography from its beginnings till the 1920s, by Dr. Robert Leggat
• History of photography, by J. Monge-Najera, University of Costa Rica
• The First Photograph at The University of Texas at Austin

Lucem Aspicio. ... University of Texas at Austin The University of Texas at Austin (full official name), often UT or Texas for short, is the flagship institution of the University of Texas System, the largest public university system in Texas, established in 1883. ...