In prehistoric times, advice and knowledge was passed from generation to generation in an oral tradition. The development of writing enabled knowledge to be stored and communicated across generations with much greater fidelity. Combined with the development of agriculture, which allowed for a surplus of food, it became possible for early civilizations to develop and more time to be devoted to tasks other than survival, such as the search for knowledge for knowledge's sake. The history of science and technology (HST) is a field of history which examines how humanitys understanding of science and technology has changed over the millennia. ... The history of science and technology (HST) is a field of history which examines how humanitys understanding of science and technology has changed over the millennia. ... This article is about the period in history, not the process of scientific progress via revolution, proposed by Thomas Kuhn and discussed at paradigm shift The scientific revolution is the name given by historians of science to the period that roughly began with the discoveries of Kepler, Galileo, and others... Astronomy is probably the oldest of the natural sciences, dating back to antiquity, with its origins in the religious practices of pre-history: vestiges of these are still found in astrology, a discipline long interwoven with astronomy, and not completely separate from it until about 1750‑1800 in the Western... The term biology was coined by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. ... Origins The history of chemistry may be said to begin with the distinction of chemistry from alchemy by Robert Boyle in his work The Skeptical Chymist (1661), but is often more strictly dated to Antoine Lavoisiers discovery of oxygen and the law of conservation of mass, and thereby to... Earth science (also known as geoscience or the geosciences), is an all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth. ... Antiquity Since antiquity, people have tried to understand the behavior of matter: why unsupported objects drop to the ground, why different materials have different properties, and so forth. ... The anthropologist Eric Wolf once characterized anthropology as the most scientific of the humanities, and the most humanistic of the social sciences. ... The term economics was coined around 1870 and popularized by Alfred Marshall, as a substitute for the earlier term political economy which has been used through the 18-19th centuries, with Adam Smith, David Ricardo and Karl Marx as its main thinkers and which today is frequently referred to as... Efforts to describe and explain the human language faculty have been undertaken throughout recorded history. ... Antecedents of political science While the study of politics is first found in the Western tradition in Ancient Greece, political science is a late arrival in terms of social sciences. ... The history of psychology consists of prescientific and scientific epochs. ... Agronomy today is very different from what it was before about 1950. ... Cognitive science is usually defined as the scientific study either of mind or of intelligence (e. ... Communication studies (or Communications) is the academic discipline which studies communication; subdisciplines include animal communication, theories of communication, group communication, information theory, intrapersonal communication, interpersonal communication, marketing, organizational communication, propaganda, public affairs, public relations, speech communications, and telecommunications. ... Computer science (academically, CS, CSC or compsci) encompasses a variety of topics that relates to computation, like abstract analysis of algorithms, formal grammars, and subjects such as programming languages, program design, software and computer hardware. ... Ecology is generally spoken of as a new science, really not coming into prominence before the middle of the 20th Century. ... This article explores the history of geoography. ... Health science is the discipline of applied science which deals with human and animal health. ... The History of materials science is rooted in the history of the Earth and the culture of the peoples of the Earth. ... A pseudoscience is any body of knowledge purported to be scientific or supported by science but which fails to comply with the scientific method. ... The Timeline below shows the date of publication of major scientific theories. ... The timeline below shows the date of publication of major scientific experiments. ... This is a list of topics in various sciences. ... Oral history is an account of something passed down by word of mouth from one generation to another. ... Writing is the process of inscribing characters on a medium, with the intention of forming words and other larger language constructs. ... The term origins of agriculture is used principally by archaeologists to describe the processes involved in the transition from subsistence strategies based on the collection of wild plant and animal resources to strategies based on the cultivation of domestic plants and the keeping of domestic animals. ... Farming, ploughing rice paddy, in Indonesia Agriculture is the process of producing food, feed, fiber and other desired products by cultivation of certain plants and the raising of domesticated animals (livestock). ... The Pyramid of the Moon in Teotihuacan, Mexico. ...

Mesopotamia

Mesopotamian clay tablet 492 BC, Field Museum of Natural History,Chicago. (Palm-sized)

From their beginnings in Sumer (now Iraq) around 3500 BC the Mesopotamian peoples began to attempt to record some observations of the world with extremely thorough quantitative and numerical data. But their observations and measurements were seemingly taken for purposes other than for scientific laws. A concrete instance of Pythagoras' law was recorded, as early as the 18th century BC [1]  (http://www.angelfire.com/nt/Gilgamesh/achieve.html) but an abstract formulation of the Pythagorean theorem was not. This is an article about the ancient middle eastern region. ... Centuries: 6th century BC - 5th century BC - 4th century BC Decades: 540s BC 530s BC 520s BC 510s BC 500s BC - 490s BC - 480s BC 470s BC 460s BC 450s BC 440s BC Years: 497 BC 496 BC 495 BC 494 BC 493 BC - 492 BC - 491 BC 490 BC... Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago The Field Museum of Natural History, in Chicago, Illinois, USA, sits on Lake Shore Drive next to Lake Michigan, part of a scenic complex called known as the Museum Campus which includes Soldier Field, the football stadium that is the home of the Chicago... Chicago (officially named the City of Chicago) is the third largest city in the United States (after New York City and Los Angeles), with an official population of 2,896,016, as of the 2000 census. ... This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Sumer (or Shumer, Sumeria, Shinar, native ki-en-gir) formed the southern part of Mesopotamia from the time of settlement by the Sumerians until the time of Babylonia. ... The Republic of Iraq is a Middle Eastern country in southwestern Asia encompassing the ancient region of Mesopotamia at the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. ... (36th century BC - 35th century BC - 34th century BC - other centuries) (5th millennium BC - 4th millennium BC - 3rd millennium BC) Events ? - Formation of the Sahara Desert 3450 (?) - Stage IId of the Naqada culture in Egypt Significant persons Inventions, discoveries, introductions ? _ Irrigation in Egypt ? - First use of Cuneiform (script) Categories... Observation basically means watching something and taking note of anything it does. ... A quantitative property can be meaningfully measured using numbers; properties which arent quantitative are called qualitative. ... This article discusses the use of the word Number in Mathematics. ... A physical law or a law of nature is a scientific generalization based on empirical observations. ... There are thousands of proofs of the Pythagorean theorem. ... (19th century BC - 18th century BC - 17th century BC - other centuries) (3rd millennium BC - 2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC) Events 1787 - 1784 BC -- Amorite conquests of Uruk and Isin 1786 BC -- Egypt: End of Twelfth Dynasty, start of Thirteenth Dynasty, start of Fourteenth Dynasty 1766 BC -- Shang conquest of...

Astronomy is a science which lends itself to the recording and study of observations: the vigorous noting of the motions of the stars, planets, and the moon are left on thousands of clay tablets created by scribes. Even today, astronomical periods identified by Mesopotamian scientists are still widely used in Western calendars: the solar year, the lunar month, the seven-day week. This collected data enabled the prediction of the motion of some celestial bodies: sun, moon and stars, but not the planets. Only a few astronomer's names are known: Kidinnu was a Chaldean astronomer and mathematician who was contemporary with the Greek astronomers. Kiddinu's value for the solar year is in use for today's calendars. Astronomy and Astrology were considered to be the same thing, a fact proven by the practice of this science in Babylonia by priests. Indeed, rather than following the modern trend towards rational science, moving away from superstition and belief; the Mesopotamian astronogy conversely became more astrology-based later in the civilisation - studying the stars in terms of horoscopes and omens, which might explain the popularity of the clay tablets. Hipparchus was to use this data to calculate the precession of the Earth's axis. Fifteen hundred years after Kiddinu, Al-Batani, born in what is now Turkey, would use the collected data and improve Hipparchus' value for the precession of the Earth's axis. Al-Batani's value, 54.5 arc-seconds per year, compares well to the current value of 49.8 arc-seconds per year (26,000 years for Earth's axis to round the circle of nutation). Astronomy (Greek: αστρονομία = άστρον + νόμος, literally, law of the stars) is the science involving the observation and explanation of events occurring beyond the Earth and its atmosphere. ... The Pleiades star cluster A star is any massive gaseous body in outer space just like the Sun. ... A planet (from the Greek πλανήτης, planetes or wanderers) is a body of considerable mass that orbits a star and that produces very little or no energy through nuclear fusion. ... Crust composition Oxygen 43% Silicon 21% Aluminium 10% Calcium 9% Iron 9% Magnesium 5% Titanium 2% Nickel 0. ... Small tablets made out of clay were used as a writing medium in Sumerian and Mesopotamic civilizations. ... Illustration of a 15th century scribe This is about scribe, the profession. ... A tropical year is the length of time that the Sun, as viewed from the Earth, takes to return to the same position along the ecliptic (its path among the stars on the celestial sphere). ... This should perhaps be merged with Month. ... See lists of astronomical objects for a list of the various lists of astronomical objects in Wikipedia. ... Kidinnu (also Kidunnu) (circa 400 BC – 14 August 330 BC?) was a Chaldean astronomer and mathematician. ... An astrological chart (or horoscope) - Y2K Chart — This particular chart is calculated for January 1, 2000 at 12:01:00 A.M. Eastern Standard Time in New York City, New York, USA. (Longitude: 074W0023 - Latitude: 40N4251) Astrology (from Greek: αστρολογία = άστρον, astron, star + λόγος, logos, word) is any... Babylonia was an ancient state in Iraq), combining the territories of Sumer and Akkad. ... Rational may be: the adjective for the state of rationality acting according to the philosophical principles of rationalism a mathematical term for certain numbers; the rational numbers the software company Rational Software; now owned by IBM, and formerly Rational Software Corporation This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which... Superstition is a set of behaviors that may be faith based, or related to magical thinking, whereby the practitioner believes that the future, or the outcome of certain events, can be influenced by certain of his or her behaviors. ... Belief is assent to a proposition. ... In astrology, a horoscope is a chart or diagram representing the positions of the planets, other celestial bodies, and sensitive angles at the time of any moment in time or any event, such as a persons birth. ... Omens or portents are signs encountered fortuitously that are believed to foretell the future. ... For the Athenian tyrant, see Hipparchus (son of Pisistratus). ... Precession (also called gyroscopic precession) is the phenomenon by which the axis of a spinning object (e. ... Earth, also known as the Earth or Terra, is the third planet outward from the Sun. ... Al Battani (ca. ... For the Athenian tyrant, see Hipparchus (son of Pisistratus). ... Precession (also called gyroscopic precession) is the phenomenon by which the axis of a spinning object (e. ... Earth, also known as the Earth or Terra, is the third planet outward from the Sun. ... Rotation (green), Precession (blue) and Nutation (red) of the Earth Nutation is a slight irregular motion (etymologically a nodding) in the axis of rotation of a planet, due to the fact that the tidal forces which cause precession of the equinoxes vary over time so that the speed of precession...

Indic

See: Ancient Indian science and technology Ancient Indian science and technology covered all the major branches of human knowledge and activities, including mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry, medical science and surgery, fine arts, mechanical and production technology, civil engineering and architecture, shipbuilding and navigation, sports and games. ...

The precession of Earth's axis can be used to grasp just how ancient is the study of astronomy; there were astronomers in India 6500 years ago; at that time, the vernal equinox was in Orion (around 4500 BC) as mentioned in the Vedas. These astronomers would mark the beginning of the year with the vernal equinox. The observatories of India and Persia were buildings to facilitate observation with the naked eye, much like the stone circles of Europe. Eventually they were miniaturized into the diptychs and astrolabes in use by the Greeks. These instruments, as well as the gnomon, facilitated development of early astronomy throughout Asia. Fire altars, with astronomical basis, have been found in third millennium cities of India. Their design can be conservatively dated to the 1st millennium BC. Around 1800 BC, Yajnavalkya already advanced a 95-year cycle to synchronize the motions of the sun and the moon. In a treatise from the 6th century, a summary of five astronomical systems can be found. In astronomy, the vernal equinox (spring equinox, March equinox, or northward equinox) is the equinox at the beginning of spring in the northern hemisphere: the moment when the sun appears to cross the celestial equator, heading northward. ... Orion is a proper name used in many different ways: Orion the hunter, from Greek mythology Orion the constellation Orion the spiral arm in the Milky Way Orion Nebula also known as M42 Orion, a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in France Orion the communications satellite The Orion project... The Vedas are part of the Hindu Shruti; these religious scriptures form part of the core of the Brahminical and Vedic traditions within Hinduism and are the inspirational, metaphysical and mythological foundation for later Vedanta, Yoga, Tantra and even Bhakti forms of Hinduism. ... In astronomy, the vernal equinox (spring equinox, March equinox, or northward equinox) is the equinox at the beginning of spring in the northern hemisphere: the moment when the sun appears to cross the celestial equator, heading northward. ... Categories: Stub | Astronomical observatories ... The Republic of India is the second most populous country in the world, with a population of more than one billion, and is the seventh largest country by geographical area. ... Persian art is conscious of a great past, and monumental in many respects. ... A diptych is any object with two flat plates attached at a hinge. ... For the ship of Dumont dUrville, see Astrolabe A 15th century astrolabe. ... The gnomon is the part of a sundial which casts the shadow. ... The Republic of India is the second most populous country in the world, with a population of more than one billion, and is the seventh largest country by geographical area. ... (2nd millennium BC – 1st millennium BC – 1st millennium AD – other millennia) Events The Iron Age began in Western Egypt declined as a major power The Tanakh was written Buddhism was founded Cyrus the Great conquered Babylon and created the Persian Empire (6th century BC) Sparta and Athens fought the Peloponnesian... Sage Yajnavalkya of Mithila (perhaps 1800 BC) advanced a 95-year cycle to synchronize the motions of the sun and the moon. ... (5th century — 6th century — 7th century — other centuries) Events The first academy of the east the Academy of Gundeshapur founded in Persia by the Persian Shah Khosrau I. Irish colonists and invaders, the Scots, began migrating to Caledonia (later known as Scotland) Glendalough monastery, Wicklow Ireland founded by St. ...

In medicine, inoculation was practiced in China, India, and Turkey. Inoculation was a precursor to vaccination for smallpox. Inoculation was a method of minimising the harm done by infection with smallpox. ... Smallpox (also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera) is a highly contagious disease unique to humans. ...

Egyptian

Significant advances in Ancient Egypt include astronomy, mathematics and medicine. Their invention of geometry was a necessary outgrowth of surveying to preserve the layout and ownership of farmland, which was flooded annually by the Nile river. The 3,4,5 right triangle and other rules of thumb served to represent rectilinear structures, and the post and lintel architecture of Egypt. Egypt was also a center of alchemy research for much of the western world. Map of Ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt was the civilization of the Nile Valley between about 3000 BC and the conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great in 332 BC. As a civilization based on irrigation, it is the quintessential example of a hydraulic empire. ... Geometry (from the Greek words Ge = earth and metro = measure) is the branch of mathematics first introduced by Theaetetus dealing with spatial relationships. ... Surveying is concerned with the application of mathematics and physics in obtaining accurate measurements for the determination of the position of points on the Earths surface. ... There is also Nile, a death metal band from South Carolina, USA. The Nile in Egypt Length 6 695 km Elevation of the source 1 134 m Average discharge 2 830 m³/s Area watershed 3 400 000 km² Origin Africa Mouth the Mediterranean Basin countries Uganda - Sudan - Egypt The... For alternate meanings, such as the musical instrument, see triangle (disambiguation). ... The Alchemist. ...

The Egyptian hieroglyphs, a phonetic writing system, has served as the basis for the Phoenician alphabet from which the later Hebrew, Greek, Latin, Arabic, and Cyrillic alphabets were derived. The city of Alexandria retained preeminence with its library, which was so great that it became a symbol for knowledge itself. Much of it was destroyed in fire in the first centuries AD. A huge amount of antique literature and knowledge was lost. Hieroglyphs are a system of writing used by the Ancient Egyptians, using a combination of logographic, syllabic, and alphabetic elements. ... Phonetics (from the Greek word phone = sound/voice) is the study of speech sounds (voice). ... A writing system, also called a script, is used to visually record a language with symbols. ... The Phoenician alphabet dates from around 1000 BC and is derived from the Proto-Canaanite alphabet. ... Note: This article contains special characters. ... Technical note: Due to technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. ... The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world, the standard script of the English language and most of the languages of western and central Europe, and of those areas settled by Europeans. ... The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing the Arabic language, which is the language of the Quran, the holy book of Islam. ... The Cyrillic alphabet (or azbuka, from the old name of the first letters) is an alphabet used to write six natural Slavic languages ( Belarusian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Serbian, and Ukrainian) and many other languages of the former Soviet Union, Asia and Eastern Europe. ... An alphabet is a complete standardized set of letters—basic written symbols—each of which roughly represents a phoneme of a spoken language, either as it exists now or as it may have been in the past. ... Antiquity and modernity stand cheek-by-jowl in Egypts chief Mediterranean seaport Located on the Mediterranean Sea coast, Alexandria (in Arabic, الإسكندرية — al-Iskandariyah) is the chief seaport in Egypt, and that countrys second largest city, and the capital of the Al Iskandariyah governate. ... The Royal Library of Alexandria was once the largest in the world. ...

Græco-Roman

The systematic search for natural laws can be said to start with Hellenic civilization, which reached its zenith in the 4th century BC, and served as the intellectual background for western civilization up to the time of the Scientific Revolution. The philosophies of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle being preeminent during this period, while Hippocrates laid the foundations of medicine as a branch of science. In law, natural law is the doctrine that just laws are immanent in nature (that can be claimed as discovered but not created by such things as a bill of rights) and/or that they can emerge by natural process of resolving conflicts (as embodied by common law). ... Ancient Greece is the term used to describe the Greek-speaking world in ancient times. ... (5th century BC - 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - other centuries) (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium AD) Events Invasion of the Celts into Ireland Kingdom of Macedon conquers Persian empire Romans build first aqueduct Chinese use bellows The Scythians are beginning to be absorbed into the Sarmatian... This article is about the period in history, not the process of scientific progress via revolution, proposed by Thomas Kuhn and discussed at paradigm shift The scientific revolution is the name given by historians of science to the period that roughly began with the discoveries of Kepler, Galileo, and others... Socrates This article is about the ancient Greek philosopher, for all other uses see: Socrates (disambiguation) Socrates (June 4, 470 – May 7, 399 BC) (Greek Σωκράτης Sōkrátēs) was a Greek (Athenian) philosopher and one of the most important icons of the Western philosophical tradition. ... Statue of a philosopher, presumely Plato, in Delphi. ... Aristotle (sculpture) Aristotle ( Greek: Αριστοτέλης Aristotelēs) ( 384 BC – March 7, 322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher. ... Hippocrates: a conventionalized image in a Roman portrait bust (19th century engraving) Hippocrates of Cos (c. ...

Socrates taught others via inquiry

The military campaigns of Alexander the Great spread Greek thought through Egypt, Asia Minor, Persia, and to the Indus River. The resulting Hellenistic civilization produced seats of learning in Alexandria and Antioch along with Greek speaking populations across several monarchies. From http://hypernews. ... From http://hypernews. ... Socrates This article is about the ancient Greek philosopher, for all other uses see: Socrates (disambiguation) Socrates (June 4, 470 – May 7, 399 BC) (Greek Σωκράτης Sōkrátēs) was a Greek (Athenian) philosopher and one of the most important icons of the Western philosophical tradition. ... Inquiry education (sometimes known as the inquiry method) is a student-centered method of education focused on asking questions. ... Bust of Alexander III in the British Museum. ... The term Hellenistic (established by the German historian Johann Gustav Droysen) in the history of the ancient world is used to refer to the shift from a culture dominated by ethnic Greeks, however scattered geographically, to a culture dominated by Greek-speakers of whatever ethnicity, and from the political dominance... Antiquity and modernity stand cheek-by-jowl in Egypts chief Mediterranean seaport Located on the Mediterranean Sea coast, Alexandria (in Arabic, الإسكندرية — al-Iskandariyah) is the chief seaport in Egypt, and that countrys second largest city, and the capital of the Al Iskandariyah governate. ... This is about one of the cities called Antioch in Asia Minor, now Turkey. ... The Greek language (Greek Ελληνικά, IPA – Hellenic) is an Indo-European language with a documented history of some 3,000 years. ...

Hellenistic geometers such as Archimedes, Apollonius of Perga, and Euclid built upon the work of the Hellenic era Pythagoreans. Eratosthenes used his knowledge of geometry to measure the distance between the Sun and the Earth along with the size of the Earth. Geometry (from the Greek words Ge = earth and metro = measure) is the branch of mathematics first introduced by Theaetetus dealing with spatial relationships. ... Archimedes of Syracuse (circa 287 BC - 212 BC), was a Greek mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, physicist and engineer. ... Apollonius of Perga or Perge (c. ... Euclid of Alexandria (Greek: ) (circa 365–275 BC) was a Greek mathematician, now known as the father of geometry. His most famous work is Elements, widely considered to be historys most successful textbook. ... The Pythagoreans were an Hellenic organization of astronomers, musicians, mathematicians, and philosophers; who believed that all things are, essentially, numeric. ... Eratosthenes (Ερατοσθένης) Eratosthenes (Ερατοσθένης) (276 BC - 194 BC) was a Greek mathematician, geographer and astronomer with (probably) Chaldean origins. ... A Sun is the star at the centre of a solar system. ... Earth, also known as the Earth or Terra, is the third planet outward from the Sun. ...

Astronomers like Hipparchus built upon the measurements of the Chaldean astronomers before him, to measure the precession of the Earth. Hipparchus in 129 BC recorded the first star map when he observed a nova, and wished to preserve astronomical record of the stars, so that other novas could be discovered. A copy of his star map was found sitting atop the broad shoulders of a seven-foot statue known as the Farnese Atlas. [2] (http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/hipparchus_catalogue_050124.html) Ptolemy established many of the constellations used today through the Almagest. The Ptolemaic system also became the dominant model for the motions of the heavens. For the Athenian tyrant, see Hipparchus (son of Pisistratus). ... Some factual claims in this article need to be verified. ... Precession (also called gyroscopic precession) is the phenomenon by which the axis of a spinning object (e. ... Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 170s BC 160s BC 150s BC 140s BC 130s BC - 120s BC - 110s BC 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC Years: 134 BC 133 BC 132 BC 131 BC 130 BC - 129 BC - 128 BC 127 BC... Timeline of astronomical maps, catalogs and surveys 1800 BC - Babylonian star catalog 350 BC - Shin Shens star catalog has almost 800 entries 134 BC - Hipparchus makes a detailed star map ca. ... A nova is a cataclysmic nuclear explosion caused by the accretion of hydrogen onto the surface of a white dwarf star. ... The Farnese Atlas at the Museo Archaeologico Nazionale in Naples, Italy. ... This article is about the geographer and astronomer Ptolemy. ... Orion is a remarkable constellation, visible from most places on the globe (but not always the whole year long). ... Almagest is the Arabic name of an astronomical/astrological treatise proposing the complex motions of the stars and planetary paths, originally written in Greek as Hè Megalè Syntaxis by Ptolemy of Alexandria, Egypt. ... The Ptolemaic system was a model to explain the motions of the heavens, espoused by Claudius Ptolemaeus in his work, the Almagest some time around the 2nd century, C.E., and accepted for over 1,000 years by the vast majority of Europeans to be the correct cosmological model. ...

Roman era contributions include expanding knowledge of anatomy and physiology by the physician Galen. His primary contribution was to carefully dissect and observe dogs, pigs, and barbary apes, using the results to describe such structures as the nervous system, heart, and kidneys. He demonstrated that arteries carry blood instead of air and added greatly to knowledge of the brain, nerves, spinal cord, and pulse. [3] (http://www.med.virginia.edu/hs-library/historical/antiqua/galen.htm) Anatomical drawing of the human muscles from the Encyclopédie. ... Physiology (in Greek physis = nature and logos = word) is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. ... Claudius Galenus of Pergamum (131-201 AD), better known as Galen, was an ancient Greek physician. ... Binomial name Macaca sylvanus (Linnaeus, 1758) The Barbary Ape (Macaca sylvanus) is a tail-less macaque; despite its name, it is a true monkey and not an ape. ... The nervous system of an animal coordinates the activity of the muscles, monitors the organs, constructs and processes input from the senses, and initiates actions. ... The heart and lungs (from an older edition of Grays Anatomy) The heart (Latin cor) is a hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood through the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. ... Kidneys viewed from behind with spine removed The kidneys are bean-shaped excretory organs in vertebrates. ... Section of an artery An artery or arterial is also a class of highway. ... In the anatomy of animals, the brain, or encephalon, is the supervisory center of the nervous system. ... A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of nerve fibers or axons, which includes the glia that ensheath the axons in myelin. ... The spinal cord is a part of the vertebrate nervous system that is enclosed in and protected by the vertebral column (it passes through the spinal canal). ... In medicine, a persons pulse is the throbbing of a persons arteries as an effect of their heart beat, which can be felt at the wrist and other places. ...

The Roman theologian Augustine of Hippo, in his book Confessions, expanded upon Aristotle's philosophies in the areas of thought, memory, and time. Theology is literally rational discourse concerning God (Greek θεος, theos, God, + λογος, logos, rational discourse). By extension, it also refers to the study of other religious topics. ... St. ... Confessions is the name of a series of thirteen books by St. ... Thought or thinking is a mental process which allows beings to model the world, and so to deal with it effectively according to their goals, plans, ends and desires. ... For computer memory, see computer storage. ... (Clockwise from upper left) Notable Time magazine covers from May 7, 1945; July 25, 1969; December 31, 1999; September 14, 2001; and April 21, 2003. ...

Persia

Scientific studies, especially in medicine and chemistry, were conducted by Sassanid physicians. The Academy of Gundishapur was an early teaching hospital established during this time. Sassanid Empire at its greatest extent The Sassanid dynasty (also Sassanian) was the name given to the kings of Persia during the era of the second Persian Empire, from 224 until 651, when the last Sassanid shah, Yazdegerd III, lost a 14-year struggle to drive out the Umayyad Caliphate... The Academy of Gundishapur (also Jondishapoor, Jondishapur, and Jondishapour) founded in 271 AD by the Sassanid dynasty, is the oldest known teaching hospital. ...

China

Messier Object 1, the Crab Nebula. In the nebula's very center lies a pulsar: a neutron star rotating 30 times a second.

Joseph Needham's Science and Civilisation in China lists a number of early discoveries, among which important ones in astronomy and medicine. In astronomy, The book Gan Shi Xing Jing (甘石星经) of the Warring States Period (403 BC to 221 BC) is the earliest star catalogue in the world. An important occasion was July 4, 1054, when Chinese astronomers noted the appearance of a guest star, the supernova now called the Crab Nebula, Messier's M1 (M1 was only the second of seven to be observed in the last 1000 years). Download high resolution version (750x772, 84 KB)The Crab Nebula. ... Download high resolution version (750x772, 84 KB)The Crab Nebula. ... Joseph Needham (December 9, 1900 – March 24, 1995) was a British biochemist and pre-eminent authority on Chinese science and author of definitive texts on the subject. ... 2137 BC - Chinese book 书经 records the earliest known solar eclipse on October 22. ... History of traditional Chinese medicine Much of the philosophy of traditional Chinese medicine derived from Taoist philosophy, and reflects the classical Chinese belief that individual human experiences express causative principles effective in the environment at all scales. ... Alternative meaning: Warring States Period (Japan) The Warring States Period (traditional Chinese: 戰國時代, simplified Chinese: 战国时代 pinyin Zhànguó Shídài) takes place from sometime in the 5th century BC to the unification of China by Qin in 221 BC. It is nominally considered to be the second part of the Eastern... Centuries: 6th century BC - 5th century BC - 4th century BC Decades: 450s BC 440s BC 430s BC 420s BC 410s BC - 400s BC - 390s BC 380s BC 370s BC 360s BC 350s BC Years: 408 BC 407 BC 406 BC 405 BC 404 BC - 403 BC - 402 BC 401 BC... Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC - 220s BC - 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC Years: 226 BC 225 BC 224 BC 223 BC 222 BC - 221 BC - 220 BC 219 BC... In astronomy, many stars are referred to simply by catalogue numbers. ... July 4 is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 180 days remaining. ... Events Cardinal Humbertus, a representative of Pope Leo IX, and Michael Cerularius, Patriarch of Constantinople, decree each others excommunication. ... Remnant of Keplers Supernova, SN 1604. ... Messier Object 1, the Crab Nebula. ... M1 can mean the following: M1 Garand, a US battle rifle circa WWII. M1 Carbine, a US carbine circa WWII. M1 Abrams, a US Main Battle Tank. ...

Korea

Korean science is little known in the West but involve significant discoveries, particularly in medicine, and invaluable astronomical records of meteor showers, and eclipses particularly from 1500-1750 in the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty. The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty documented the official imperial history of Korea after the Goryeo Dynasty and before the Republican era, and was subsequently made public and circulated amongst the scholars of the time. ...

Maya

Mayan astronomy was advanced enough to support an accurate calendar. This article is about the pre-Columbian Maya civilization. ... The Maya calendar is a system of complex and highly developed calendars created by the Maya Civilization of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. ...