Subcultures

The 20th century, particularly the latter half, was a time of increasing social diversity and individualism. The world wars that dominated the first half of the century put enormous psychological pressure upon vast numbers of people -- for instance, wartime conscription meant that not only were many involuntarily forced to directly confront the threat of death, but even those not directly serving in combat were put into uniform, thus denying them freedom in their choice of clothing and hairstyle. As a result, in the 20th century there was a rise of people frantic to both live life to the full and also express their individuality. When these people came together, they often established a subculture. (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... Diversity is the presence of a wide range of variation in the qualities or attributes under discussion. ... Individualism is a moral, political, and social philosophy, which emphasizes individual liberty, the primary importance of the individual, and the virtues of self-reliance and personal independence. Individualism embraces opposition to authority, and to all manner of controls over the individual, especially when exercised by the political state or society. ... Auguste Rodins The Thinker, bronze cast by Alexis Rudier, Laeken Cemetery, Brussels, Belgium. ... Death is the cessation of physical life in a living organism, or the state of the organism after that event. ... This page describes uniform in the sense of clothing. ... (See also List of types of clothing and Clothing terminology) Humans nearly universally wear articles of clothing (also known as dress, garments, attire, or apparel) on the body. ... Street haircut in Harbin, China. ... Look up life and living in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Individualism, in general, is a term used to describe a theoretical or practical emphasis of the individual, as opposed to, and possibly at the expense of, the group. ... As understood in sociology, anthropology and cultural studies, a subculture is a set of people with a distinct set of behavior and beliefs that differentiate them from a larger culture of which they are a part. ...

There seems to be a dynamic relationship between subcultures and warfare. A society sends its young, healthy and strong to kill the young, healthy and strong of another society and subcultures seem to be provoked through the social trauma which results. There also is a clear relationship between subculture and refugee or immigrant status. Since there is clearly a link between warfare and the creation of refugees and forced exiles, a sociological pattern is discernable. The only atomic weapons ever used in war - the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan on August 9, 1945, effectively ending World War II. The bombs over Hiroshima (August 6) and Nagasaki immediately killed over 120,000 people. ... Trauma can represent: Physical trauma, an often serious and body-altering physical injury, such as the removal of a limb. ... Immigration is the act of moving to or settling in another country or region, temporarily or permanently. ... Social interactions of people and their consequences are the subject of sociology studies. ...

Wealth and class can be considered a subculture although the term is more usually associated with fashion or with resistance against social repressions. Other subcultures are connected with sexual orientation, religion and ethnicity. Travelling people such as the Roma tend to be universally a subculture. Sexual orientation refers to the sex, sexes, gender or genders, to which a person is attracted and which form the focus of a persons amorous or erotic desires, fantasies, and spontaneous feelings. ... An ethnic group is a group of people who identify with one another, or are so identified by others, on the basis of a boundary that distinguishes them from other groups. ... The Roma people (pronounced rahma, singular Rom, sometimes Rroma, and Rrom) along with the closely related Sinti people are commonly known as Gypsies in English, and as Tsigany in most of Europe. ...

The beginning of the century until World War I

For many years in the early part of the 20th century, subcultures were mostly informal groupings of like-minded individuals. For example, the Bloomsbury group in London provided a place where the talents of such diverse individuals as Virginia and Leonard Woolf, John Maynard Keynes, and E.M. Forster could interact. The Bloomsbury Group or Bloomsbury Set or just Bloomsbury, as its adherents (members is probably too formal a designation) would generally refer to it, was an English group of artists and scholars that existed from around 1905 until around World War II. // History The group began as an informal social... The Houses of Parliament and the clock tower containing Big Ben Part of the London skyline viewed from the South Bank London (see Wiktionary:London for the name in other languages) is the capital of the United Kingdom and England. ... Virginia Woolf (25 January 1882 – 28 March 1941) was a British author who is considered to be one of the foremost modernist/feminist literary figures of the twentieth century. ... Leonard Woolf (November 25, 1880 – August 14, 1969) married Virginia Woolf in 1912. ... John Maynard Keynes (right) and Harry Dexter White at the Bretton Woods Conference Keynes redirects here; for other people and places named Keynes see Keynes (disambiguation). ... Edward Morgan Forster (January 1, 1879 - June 7, 1970) was an English novelist. ...

Other pre-World War I subcultures were small things, social groupings of hobbyists or a matter of style and philosophy amongst artists and bohemian poets. Combatants Allies: • Serbia, • Russia, • France, • Romania, • Belgium, • British Empire and Dominions, • United States, • Italy, • ...and others Central Powers: • Germany, • Austria-Hungary, • Ottoman Empire, • Bulgaria Casualties Military dead: 5 million Civilian dead: 3 million Total: 8 million Full list Military dead: 3 million Civilian dead: 3 million Total: 6 million Full... A hobby is a spare-time recreational pursuit. ... Style may refer to genre, design, format, or appearance, including: Clothing: fashion Flower part: flower Music: music genre Sundial part: Gnomon Titles or honorifics: Style (manner of address) including Chinese courtesy names Web design: Cascading Style Sheets Writing: style guide and literary genre Linguistics: Variation in language use of an... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Look up Artist in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Artist Artist is a descriptive term applied to a person who engages in an activity deemed to be an art. ... Though a Bohemian is a native of the Czech province of Bohemia, a secondary meaning for bohemian emerged in 19th century France. ... A poet exists within a cultural and intellectual tradition and usually writes in a specific language, but the qualities of good poetry are to some extent timeless and address issues common to all humanity. ...

One early 20th century subculture that persisted to the modern day was Nudism. The first known organised club for nudists, Freilichtpark (Free-Light Park), was opened near Hamburg, Germany in 1903. Nudism, or naturism, is the practice of going nude or unclothed in social and usually mixed gender groups, specifically in cultures where this is not the norm. ... Alster Lake at dusk Hamburg is the second largest city in Germany and with the Hamburg Harbour, its principal port. ... 1903 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

Also in Germany, from 1896 onward there developed a movement, mainly of young men (and later young women), which focused on freedom and natural environments. They were called Wandervogel which can be translated as "hikers", "ramblers" or, more exactly, "migratory birds". They wanted to throw off the strict rules of society and be more open and natural. 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Wandervogel emblem Wandervogel is the name adopted by a popular movement of German youth groups from 1896 onward. ...

In Italy, a popular art movement and philosophy called Futurism championed change, speed, violence and machines. An art movement is a tendency or style in art with a specific common philosophy or goal, followed by a group of artists during a restricted period of time (usually a few months, years or decades). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This article is about the art movement, futurism. ...

World War I

Hairstyles at the beginning of the century were not strict unless you were in a religious order or other controlled circumstances (the military or prison etc.). Both men and women regarded long hair as normal. Men and women had, after all, always had long hair, since prehistory. Normal may refer to: Normal (behavior) Normal (mathematics), a group of mathematical concepts Surface normal, a line or vector perpendicular to a surface Normal (movie), a 2003 film directed by Jane Anderson Normal, Alabama, home to Alabama Agricultural and Mecahnical University Normal, Illinois, a town in the United States Normal...

Because of the (1914-1918) world war, though, everything changed. The wartime trenches had infestations of lice and fleas. Soldiers had their heads shaved. Consequently, men with short hair appeared to have been at the front in the war, while men with long hair might be thought of as pacifists and cowards, suspected of desertion. 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... A military front is an area in which an army or nation expects to do most of its fighting. ... Pacifist may mean: an advocate of pacifism. ...

Some artists managed to avoid the war by sitting it out in neutral Switzerland. A group of artists in Zürich invented Dadaism as an anti-war, anti-art, art movement and a parody of the pro-violent attitudes of Futurism. They became politically active as an underground anarchical attempt to change society's trend toward self-destruction. A neutral country takes no side in a war between other parties, and in return hopes to avoid being attacked by either of them. ... Location within Switzerland (help· info) (German pronunciation IPA: ; in English often Zurich, without the umlaut) is the largest city in Switzerland (population: 366,145 in 2004; population of urban area: 1,091,732) and capital of the canton of Zürich. ... Cover of the first edition of the publication, Dada. ... An art movement is a tendency or style in art with a specific common philosophy or goal, followed by a group of artists during a restricted period of time (usually a few months, years or decades). ... Underground as an adjective commonly refers to something that is either below the ground or outside of public consciousness. ... Anarchism is derived from the Greek αναρχία (without archons (ruler, chief, king)). Anarchism as a political philosophy, is the belief that rulers, governments, and hierarchal social relationships are unnecessary and should be abolished, although there are differing interpretations of what this means. ...

The 1920s and 30s

See: Roaring Twenties

In the 1920s, American Jazz music and motor cars were at the centre of a European subculture of freedom and wild living which began to break the rules of social etiquette and the class system. (See also Swing Kids.) Meanwhile, in America, the same flaming youth subculture was "running wild" but with the added complication of alcohol prohibition. Canada had prohibition in some local areas but where alcohol was permitted thirsty Americans coming over the border found an oasis. Some smuggling was done and this escalated as the crime gangs became organised. In the southern states of the USA Mexico or Cuba were other possible destinations for drinkers. Thus a drinking subculture grew in size and a crime subculture grew along with it. Other drugs existed which could be used as alternatives to alcohol. When prohibition ended the subculture of drink, drugs and jazz didn't go away. Neither did the gangsters. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into 1920s. ... The King & Carter Jazzing Orchestra. ... It has been suggested that Roaring Twenties be merged into this article or section. ... Jazz is an original American musical art form originating around the early 1920s in New Orleans, rooted in Western music technique and theory, and is marked by the profound cultural contributions of African Americans. ... This article is about the continent. ... Etiquette, also known as decorum, is the code that governs the expectations of social behavior, the conventional norm. ... Social class describes the relationships between people in hierarchical societies or cultures. ... Entartete Musik, degenerated music The Swing Kids (German: Swingjugend) were a group of jazz and Swing lovers in the Germany of the 1930s, mainly in Hamburg (St. ... Prohibition agents destroying barrels of alcohol. ... A skirmish with smugglers from Finland at the Russian border, 1853, by Vasily Hudiakov. ... A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a chemical that alters brain function, resulting in temporary changes in perception, mood, consciousness, or behavior. ...

The nudist movement gained prominence in Germany in the 1920s, but was suppressed during the Nazi Gleichschaltung after Adolf Hitler came to power. Social nudism in the form of private clubs and campgrounds first appeared in the United States in the 1930s. In Canada, it first appeared in British Columbia about 1939 and in Ontario nine years later. The term National Socialism has been used in self-description by a number of different political groups and ideologies, some of which have no connection with the Nazis; see National socialism (disambiguation). ... (help· info) (April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945) was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 and Führer (Leader) of Germany from 1934 until his death. ... 1930 (MCMXXX) is a common year starting on Wednesday. ... Motto: Splendor Sine Occasu (Latin: Splendour without diminishment) Official languages none stated in law; English is de facto Capital Victoria Largest city Vancouver Lieutenant-Governor Iona Campagnolo Premier Gordon Campbell (BC Liberal) Parliamentary representation  - House seat  - Senate seats 36 6 Area Total  â€¢ Land  â€¢ Water    (% of total)  Ranked 5th 944,735... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Motto: Ut Incepit Fidelis Sic Permanet (Latin: Loyal she began, loyal she remains) Official languages English (French has some legal status, and is an official language of Canada, but is not fully co-official at the provincial level) Capital Toronto Largest city Toronto Lieutenant-Governor James K. Bartleman Premier Dalton...

In the art world, the spritual home of most subcultures, the surrealist movement was attempting to shock the world with their games and bizarre behaviour. The surrealists were at one and the same time a serious art movement and a parody of other artforms and political movements. Surrealism had been developed by Andre Breton and others from the thinking in the Dada movement. Based in several European countries, surrealism was going to run into serious trouble when the Nazis began to take over. Subcultures and "degenerate art" were almost completely stamped out and replaced by the Hitler Youth. Winged Victory of Samothrace exihibited in the Louvre. ... Kay Sage. ... Politics is the process and method of decision-making for groups of human beings. ... Andr Breton (February 18, 1896 - September 28, 1966) was a French writer, poet, and Surrealist theoretician. ... Joseph Goebbels, Adolf Hitler and Adolf Ziegler visit the Nazi exhibition of degenerate art. ... Flag of the Hitler Youth (General flag) The Hitler Youth (German: Hitler-Jugend, abbreviated HJ) was a paramilitary organization of the Nazi Party that existed from 1922 to 1945. ...

In North America, the depression caused widespread unemployment and poverty, causing many young people to feel like dead end kids. The phenomenon of the dead end kid was taken into fiction and put on the stage and screen where it proved an enormously popular image with which people could identify. Films featuring The Dead End Kids, The Bowery Boys, Little Tough Guys etc were popular from the 1930s to the 1950s. See external link: The (Unofficial) Bowery Boys' Page. Dorothea Langes Migrant Mother depicts destitute pea pickers in California, centering on Florence Owens Thompson, a mother of seven children, age twenty-nine, in Nipomo, California, March 1936. ... The Dead End Kids were five young actors and one ex-plumbers assistant, from New York who appeared in Sidney Kingsleys play Dead End in 1935 on Broadway. ... The Little Tough Guys was a series of b-movies and serials released by Universal Studios and featuring most of the Dead End Kids (aka the East Side Kids and the Bowery Boys. ...

The Dust bowl disaster forced large numbers of rural Americans from Oklahoma and elsewhere to move their entire families to look for some alternative way to continue living. This got them labelled as "Okies" and treated very poorly by the authorities in other states they moved to. The refugee situation was recorded in folk songs (many of them by Woody Guthrie) and in a novel, The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck and a subsequent movie of the book. The movie starred Henry Fonda. Dust storm approaching Stratford, Texas The Dust Bowl, also known as the Dirty Thirties, was a series of dust storms in the central United States, caused by a massive drought and decades of inappropriate farming techniques. ... Official language(s) None Capital Oklahoma City Largest city Oklahoma City Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 20th 181,196 km² 355 km 645 km 1. ... Woody Guthrie with Guitar Woodrow Wilson Guthrie (July 14, 1912–October 3, 1967), known as Woody Guthrie was an influential and prolific American folk musician noted for his identification with the common man, the poor and the downtrodden, and for his abhorrence of fascism and exploitation. ... The cover of The Grapes of Wrath The Grapes of Wrath is a work of fiction written by John Steinbeck and published in 1939. ... John Ernst Steinbeck III (February 27, 1902 – December 20, 1968) was one of the most famous American writers of the 20th century. ... Fonda in the 1957 classic, 12 Angry Men. ...

The 1940s

Avant-garde artists like Max Ernst, Marcel Duchamp and Marc Chagall had to flee Europe following the outbreak of World War II. They arrived in the United States and began to make contact with each other. Modern art's new home was in New York City. A subculture of American-based surrealism and avant-garde experimentation became the new centre of the art world. A work similar to Marcel Duchamps Fountain Avant garde (written avant-garde) is a French phrase, one of many French phrases used by English speakers. ... Pieta or Revolution by Night 1923 Max Ernst (April 2, 1891 – April 1, 1976) was a German artist. ... Marcel Duchamp. ... Marc Chagall as photographed in 1941 by Carl Van Vechten. ... Nickname: The Big Apple Official website: City of New York Government Counties (Boroughs) Bronx (The Bronx) New York (Manhattan) Queens (Queens) Kings (Brooklyn) Richmond (Staten Island) Mayor Michael Bloomberg (R) Geographical characteristics Area Total 468. ...

In the 1940s, American fashion was still gangster orientated. Gangs gravitated largely around immigrant and racial cultures. In California, hispanic youth developed a fashion recognised by their distinctive zoot suits. The girls dressed all in black and were called Black widows. The zoot suiters use of language involved a lot of rhyming and trick words like so-called pig latin (also known as backslang). The whole thing, including Afro-American, Cuban, Mexican and South American elements and bits introduced by Slim Gaillard like McVouty oreeney was collectively known as Swing or Jive talk. See external link: Dictionary of Swing // Events and trends World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrination, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons such as the atomic bomb. ... Immigration is the act of moving to or settling in another country or region, temporarily or permanently. ... This article is about race as an intraspecies classification. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 3rd 410,000 km² 402. ... It has been suggested that Latino be merged into this article or section. ... A zoot suit A zoot suit is a style of clothing popularized by African Americans, Filipino Americans, and Mexican Americans in the late 1930s and 1940s. ... For the spider see Black widow spider. ... A rhyme is a repetition of identical or similar sounds in two or more different words and is most often used in poetry. ... Pig Latin is a language game primarily used in English. ... Two forms of slang are known as Backslang. ... African Americans, also known as Afro-Americans or black Americans, are an ethnic group in the United States of America whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Sub-Saharan and West Africa. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Bulee Slim Gaillard (January 4, 1911 or 1916 - February 26, 1991) was an Cuban jazz singer, songwriter, pianist, and guitarist, noted for his scat singing and wordplay. ... The term Swing has several meanings: Swing (dance), a kind of dance, including West Coast Swing and East Coast Swing. ... Look up Jive in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Jive is Swing music, or a type of quick-paced and energetic jazz. ...

The entry of America into World War II was heralded by a new legislation which made zoot suits illegal because of the extra cloth which they used up. This led to the Zoot Suit Riots. Combatants Allies: • Poland, • UK & Commonwealth, • France/Free France, • Soviet Union, • USA, • China, ...and others Axis: • Germany, • Italy, • Japan, ...and others Casualties Military dead: 17 million Civilian dead: 33 million Total: 50 million Full list Military dead: 8 million Civilian dead: 4 million Total: 12 million Full list World War II... The Zoot Suit Riots were a series of riots that erupted in Los Angeles, California during World War II, between sailors and soldiers stationed in the city and Mexican American youth gangs headed by pachucos, recognized because of the zoot suits they favored. ...

In Europe, black-marketeers prospered under the rationing. Clothing styles depended on what could be begged or acquired by some means, not necessarily legal. There were restrictions everywhere. When the Americans arrived in Britain, black-marketeers did deals with GIs for stockings, chocolate, etc. Inevitably, subculture continued to have an image of criminality and the brave, the daring, the milieu, the resistance, etc. The black market in drugs thrived just about anywhere. The underground market is the part of economic activity involving illegal dealings, typically the buying and selling of merchandise illegally. ... Rationing is the controlled distribution of resources and scarce goods or services: it restricts how much people are allowed to buy or consume. ... GI may stand for: Galvanized Iron Gi, a thick kimono worn in the practice of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and Russian Sambo Gastrointestinal, a division of the human anatomy in medicine Generic identifier Geodætisk Institut, a former Danish cartographic institute Geographical indication Game Informer, a video games magazine GI or... A stocking is a close-fitting, variously elastic garment covering the foot and lower part of the leg, but usually not intended to conceal the leg. ...

British black-marketeers were sometimes called Wide boys or Spivs. The term Wide Boy first appeared during the second world war in the UK. Some enterprising people took it upon themselves to exploit rationing and do deals with American servicemen to supply locals with much needed luxuries like chocolate and stockings. ... Spiv is a British slang word for a person (invariably male) who makes a living by shady dealings, usually by selling goods of dubious provenance. ...

After the second war, the zoot suit craze spread to France in the form of the Zazou youths. Meanwhile, the intellectuals in France were forming an existentialist subculture around Jean Paul Sartre and Albert Camus in Paris cafe culture. The Zazous were a fashion in France after World War II. They were young people expressing their individuality by wearing big or garish clothing (similar to the zoot suit fashion in America a few years before) and dancing wildly to swing jazz and bebop. ... Existentialism is a philosophical movement emphasizing individualism, individual freedom, and subjectivity. ... Jean Paul Sartre Jean-Paul Sartre (June 21, 1905–April 15, 1980) was a French existentialist philosopher, dramatist, novelist and critic. ... Albert Camus Albert Camus (pronounced Kam-oo, IPA: ka. ... The Eiffel Tower has become a symbol of Paris throughout the world Paris is Frances capital and largest city, straddling the river Seine in the northern centre of its country. ... Coffeehouse in Bentonville This article is about an establishment where coffee is sold and consumed. ...

In post-war America, folk songs and cowboy songs (also known, in those days, as hillbilly music) were beginning to be more popular with a wider audience. A subculture of rural jazz and blues fans had blended elements of jazz and blues into traditional cowboy and folk song styles to produce a crossover called western swing. This type of music was able to spread across America in the 40s thanks to the prevalence of radio. Radio was the first almost instantaneous mass media and had the power to create large subcultures by spreading the ideas of a small subculture across a wider area. Folk music, in the original sense of the term, is music by and of the people. ... A cowboy (Spanish vaquero) tends cattle and horses on cattle ranches in North and South America. ... Hillbilly is a term for people who dwell in remote, rural, mountainous areas. ... The blues is a vocal and instrumental form of music based on a pentatonic scale and a characteristic twelve-bar chord progression. ... In popular music, crossover is a term used to describe material borrowed from a different style or genre and whose popularity crosses the considered boundaries of styles or genres. ... Western swing, also known as Country Swing, is dance music with an up-tempo beat and a decidedly Southwestern US regional flavor. ...

A new jazz subculture formed from the rebellion of some musicians against the melodic stylings of swing. Their rebellion produced Bebop and the early players of it included Dizzy Gillespie and Charlie Parker. The subculture which formed around this kind of jazz was the beginning of Hipsters and the Beat generation. Musically, swing can be either: (written with small s) the rhythmic feeling evoked by swinging music, esp. ... Bebop or bop is a form of jazz characterized by fast tempos and improvisation based on harmonic structure rather than melody. ... Dizzy Gillespie in 1955 John Birks Dizzy Gillespie (October 21, 1917 – January 6, 1993) was born in Cheraw, South Carolina. ... Charlie Parker Charles Christopher Bird Parker, Jr. ... A hipster is a person who is strongly associated with a subculture that has been deemed hip, or hep. ... The term Beat Generation refers to a certain group of American counter-culture writers of the 1950s whose writing reflected the new consciousness which became the groundwork for the social/cultural revolution of the 60s. ...

In 1947, the same year that Jack Kerouac made his epic journey across America which he would later describe in On the Road and the same year as the occurrence at Roswell, New Mexico which was claimed as a UFO crash, there was an incident involving a motorcycle gang at Hollister, California. A story about the incident was published that year in Harper's Magazine and would be developed (6 years later in 1953) as the Marlon Brando film The Wild One. A year after the incident the Hells Angels (without the apostrophe), formed in 1948 in Fontana, California. The name Hells Angels had been used as a movie title by Howard Hughes ten years before. The Hells Angels began as a motorcycle club looking for excitement in the dull times after the end of the war. They became far more notorious as time went on. Motorcycle gangs in general began to hit the headlines.Then in 1935 Hitler and is nazis banned jazz music. 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... Jack Kerouac (March 12, 1922 – October 21, 1969) was an American novelist, writer, poet, artist, and part of the Beat Generation. ... On the Road is a novel by Jack Kerouac, published by Viking Press in 1957. ... Nickname: All America City Motto: Official website: City of Roswell Location Location in the state of New Mexico. ... UFO redirects here. ... Hollister is the county seat of San Benito County, California. ... An issue of Harpers Magazine from 1905 Another issue, from November 2004 Harpers Magazine (or simply Harpers) is a monthly general-interest magazine covering literature, politics, culture, and the arts. ... 1953 (MCMLIII) is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Marlon Brando, Jr. ... What are you rebelling against? What have you got? The Wild One (1953) was the very first outlaw biker film, also made memorable by the youthful Marlon Brando playing gang leader Johnny Stabler. ... Hells Angels logo (Smithsonian Institution) The Hells Angels is a motorcycle club formed in 1948 in Fontana, California (where the local chapter remains active), taking the name of the movie Hells Angels based on the Royal Flying Corps directed by Howard Hughes. ... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ... Fontana is a city located in San Bernardino County, California. ... For other people named Howard Hughes, see Howard Hughes (disambiguation). ...

The 1950s

The Existentialists had a profound influence upon subcultural development. Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus transferred their French resistance underground campaign to the context of a cultural revolution and the American beat scene joined the movement. (See article: Underground culture) The emphasis on freedom of the individual influenced the beats in America and Britain and this version of existential bohemianism continued through the 1950s and into the 60s under the guise of the beat generation. Beards and longer hair returned in another attempt at returning to the image of peacetime man and the normality which had existed before the two wars. At the same time, as a result of American post-war prosperity, a new identity emerged for youth subculture: the teenager. Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (June 21, 1905 – April 15, 1980) was a French existentialist philosopher, dramatist, novelist and critic. ... Albert Camus Albert Camus (pronounced Kam-oo, IPA: ka. ... The French Resistance is the name used for resistance movements that fought military occupation of France by Nazi Germany and the Vichy France undemocratic regime during World War II after the government and the high command of France surrendered in 1940. ... Underground culture, or just underground, is a term to describe various alternative cultures which either consider themselves different to the mainstream of society and culture, or are considered so by someone. ... Beating is striking more than once, in violence, beating a drum, etc. ... Though a Bohemian is a native of the Czech province of Bohemia, a secondary meaning for bohemian emerged in 19th century France. ... // Events and No. ... The 1960s decade refers to the years from 1960 to 1969, inclusive. ... The term Beat Generation refers to a certain group of American counter-culture writers of the 1950s whose writing reflected the new consciousness which became the groundwork for the social/cultural revolution of the 60s. ... A man with a full beard A beard is the hair that grows on a mans chin, cheeks, neck, and the area above the upper lip (the opposite is a clean-shaven face). ... Street haircut in Harbin, China For humans, a haircut, hairstyle or hairdo normally describes cutting or styling head hair, rather than other body hair such as facial, underarm hair, or pubic. ... A separate article is about the punk band called The Adolescents. ...

Jazz culture was transformed, by way of Rhythm and Blues into Rock and Roll culture. There are various suggested candidates for which record might've been the First rock and roll record. At the same time, jazz culture itself continued but changed into a more respected form, no longer necessarily associated with wild behaviour and criminality. Rhythm and blues (or R&B) was coined as a musical marketing term introduced in the United States in the late 1940s by Jerry Wexler at Billboard magazine, used to designate upbeat popular music performed by African American artists that combined jazz and blues. ... Rock and roll (also spelled Rock n Roll, especially in its first decade), also called rock, is a form of popular music, usually featuring vocals (often with vocal harmony), electric guitars and a strong back beat; other instruments, such as the saxophone, are common in some styles. ... There are many candidates for the title of the first Rock and Roll record. ...

From the 1950s onward society noticed an increase in street gang culture, random vandalism and graffiti. Sociologists, psychologists, social workers and judges all had theories as to what was causing the increase to urban trouble but the consensus has generally tended to be that the modern urban environment offers all the bright lights and benefits of the modern world but often provides working class youths with little in reality. This theory and others were parodied in the musical West Side Story (based on Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet) in song lyrics such as Jet Song, America, and Gee, Officer Krupke. A gang is a group of individuals who share a common identity and, in current usage, engage in illegal activities. ... For other uses, see Graffiti (disambiguation). ... Sociology is the study of the social lives of humans, groups and societies. ... A psychologist is a scientist who studies psychology, the systematic investigation of the human behaviour and mental processes. ... A social worker is a person employed in the administration of charity, social service, welfare, and poverty agencies, advocacy, or religious outreach programs. ... A judge or justice is an official who presides over a court. ... The term working class is used to denote a social class. ... West Side Story is a musical written by Arthur Laurents (book), Leonard Bernstein (music), and Stephen Sondheim (lyrics), and was originally produced, choreographed, and directed by Jerome Robbins. ... William Shakespeare—born April 1564; baptised April 26, 1564; died April 23, 1616 (O.S.), May 3, 1616 (N.S.)—has a reputation as the greatest of all writers in English. ... The Most Excellent and Lamentable Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, commonly referred to as Romeo and Juliet, is a play by William Shakespeare concerning the fate of two young lovers who would do anything to be together. ...

As American rock and roll arrived in the United Kingdom, a subculture grew around it. Some of the British post-war street youths hanging around bombsites in urban areas and getting drawn into petty crime began to dress in a variation of the zoot suit style called a drape suit, with a country style bootlace tie, winklepicker shoes, drainpipe trousers, and Elvis Presley style slicked hair. These youths were called Teddy boys. For a night out dancing at the palais, their girlfriends would usually wear the same sort of poodle skirts and crinolines their counterparts in America would wear. For day-to-day wear there was a trend toward girls wearing slacks or jeans. At the time, the idea of girls wearing trousers and boys taking time over their hairstyle was socially shocking to many people. After World War II many European cities were severely damaged and in need of urban renewal. ... Drape suits are a 1950s British variation of the 1940s American Zoot suit but redesigned to resemble the male fashions of the Edwardian period of British history. ... Bootlace tie is the name given by British Teddy boys in the 1950s to the American Bolo ties which the teds wore with their drape suits. ... Winklepickers or Winkle Pickers are a style of boot worn from the 1950s onward by some British rock and roll fans. ... Elvis Aaron Presley (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977), also known as The King of Rock n Roll was an American singer, music producer and actor. ... The Teddy boy youth culture first emerged in Britain (starting in London, but rapidly spreading across the country) during the early 1950s, and soon after became strongly associated with American rock and roll music of the period. ... Wikimedia Commons has more media related to: Crinoline crinoline patented Cutaway view of a crinoline, Punch magazine, August 1856 Crinoline was originally a stiff fabric with a weft of horse-hair and a warp of cotton or linen thread. ...

British youth divided into factions. There were the modern jazz kids, the trad jazz kids, the rock and roll teenagers and the skiffle craze. Coffee bars were a meeting place for all the types of youth and the coolest ones were said to be in Soho, London. For other article subjects named Jazz see jazz (disambiguation). ... Trad jazz, short for traditional jazz is a music genre popular in Britain and Australia from the 1940s onward through the 1950s and which still has enthusiasts today. ... Skiffle music is a type of folk music with a jazz and blues influence, usually using homemade or improvised instruments such as the washboard, tea-chest bass, kazoo, cigar-box fiddle, or a comb and paper, and so forth. ... SoHo is a neighborhood in Manhattan that is bounded roughly by Houston Street on the north, Lafayette Street on the east, Canal Street on the south, and Sixth Avenue on the west. ... The Houses of Parliament and the clock tower containing Big Ben Part of the London skyline viewed from the South Bank London (see Wiktionary:London for the name in other languages) is the capital of the United Kingdom and England. ...

In Britain, the political side of the Beat Generation was the anti-nuclear movement led by CND. Ban the Bomb marches became a very recognisable British social phenomenon. CND logo In British politics, the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament has been at the forefront of the peace movement in the United Kingdom and claims to be Europes largest single-issue peace campaign. ... CND logo In British politics, the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament has been at the forefront of the peace movement in the United Kingdom and claims to be Europes largest single-issue peace campaign. ...

Teenage music and subculture was parodied in the 1957 play (and 1962 movie) The Music Man, particularly in the song "Ya Got Trouble". 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Music Man is a musical play with book, music, and lyrics by Meredith Willson (story by Meredith Willson and Franklin Lacey), which opened on Broadway at the Majestic Theatre on December 19, 1957. ...

In America and Australia, Hawaiian-influenced Surfing was the new youth sport. A whole subculture grew around the sport and the associated parties, clothes, speech patterns and music. During the same timeframe skateboard riding developed as a parallel lifestyle to wave riding. Both forms of board riding continued throughout the remainder of the century and into the next. From these two sports young people learned to provide their own social structure within which they could display skills and excellence. Official language(s) Hawaiian and English Capital Honolulu Largest city Honolulu Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 43rd 28,337 km² n/a km 2,450 km 41. ... Surfing outside Kaneohe Bay, Hawai‘i. ... A skateboard A skateboard is a narrow wheeled platform (usually made of 7 ply maple), used for recreation and transportation. ...

In the Congo Free State (now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo), a youth subculture known as the Bills flourished, taking Western movies and cowboys as their main influence. The Congo Free State was a kingdom privately and controversially owned by King Leopold II of Belgium that included the entire area now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo. ... A bill can be one of: paper documents used as currency (notes in British English): see Banknote. ... The Western is an American genre in literature and film. ... A cowboy (Spanish vaquero) tends cattle and horses on cattle ranches in North and South America. ...

The 1960s

In the 1960s, the "beats" or "beatniks" grew to be an even larger subculture, reaching such proportions that they spread around the world, and developed subcultures of their own. Subcultures within subcultures. That was the extent of cultural fractiousness in the 60s. The beat scene included Radicals, Peaceniks, Mods, Rockers, Bikers, hippies and, eventually, the self-parody thing: the freak scene. One of the main trasitional features between the beat scene and the hippies was the journeying across America of the Merry Pranksters driven by Neal Cassady in a yellow school bus named "Furthur". The 1960s decade refers to the years from 1960 to 1969, inclusive. ... The term Radical (latin radix meaning root) has been used since the late 18th century as a label in political science for those favoring or trying to produce thoroughgoing or extreme political reforms which can include changes to the social order to a greater or lesser extent. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... The logo of the mod movement was a stylised target, based on the roundel of the Royal Air Force. ... The Mods and the Rockers were two British youth movements of the early 1960s. ... Although the term refers to any motorcycle enthusiast, sometimes the word biker is sometimes used to mean an outlaw biker, or bikie, who is a member of a 1%er or outlaw motorcycle gang. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The freak scene was a term used by a slightly post-hippie and pre-punk style of bohemian subculture. ... The Merry Pranksters were a circle of people who collected around American novelist Ken Kesey and Beat literature figurehead Neal Cassady, as well as main cohort Ken Babbs. ... Neal Cassady, left, with Jack Kerouac, photograph by Carolyn Cassady. ... A new 1973 Wayne Lifeguard school bus won in national contest for safety ideas is presented to winning driver, Mrs. ... Furthur was a 1939 International Harvester school bus purchased by author Ken Kesey in 1964. ...

The term mod had different meanings depending which side of the Atlantic you were on and so did radical. Subcultures were still usually about living life to the full and wild behaviour, but in the 60s there was the Vietnam war to protest about, rebel against, and avoid getting drafted into. The hippies' big year was 1967, the so called summer of love. Combatants Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) United States of America South Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand the Philippines Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) National Liberation Front (Viet Cong) Strength ~1,200,000 (1968) ~420,000 (1968) Casualties South Vietnamese dead: 1,250,000+ US dead: 58,226 US wounded... 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Summer of Love is a phrase given to the summer of 1967 to try to describe the feeling of being in San Francisco that summer, when the so-called hippie movement came to full fruition. ...

There were subcultures which were also political movements, for instance the Black Panther Party and the Yippies. . For the Israeli group called the Black Panthers, see HaPanterim HaSHkhorim. ... The Youth International Party (whose adherents were known as Yippies, a variant on Hippies) was a highly theatrical political party established in the United States in 1967. ...

University students around the world had always been a minor subculture but, by the mid-60s, had become a major one. In Paris, France in May 1968 a student uprising, supported by Jean Paul Sartre, and 121 other intellectuals who signed a statement asserting "the right to disobedience," brought the country to a standstill and caused the government to call a general election rather than run the risk of being toppled from power. Allen Ginsberg took part in a number of protest movements including those for gay rights and those against the Vietnam War and nuclear weapons. Students attending a lecture at the Helsinki University of Technology Etymologically derived through Middle English from the Latin second-type conjugation verb stŭdērĕ, which means to direct ones zeal at; hence a student is one who directs zeal at a subject. ... The Eiffel Tower has become the symbol of Paris throughout the world. ... May 1968 poster: Be young and shut up. ... The gay rights movement is a collection of loosely aligned civil rights groups, human rights groups, support groups and political activists seeking acceptance, tolerance and equality for non-heterosexual, (homosexual, bisexual), and transgender people - despite the fact that it is typically referred to as the gay rights movement, members also... Combatants Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) United States of America South Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand the Philippines Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) National Liberation Front (Viet Cong) Strength ~1,200,000 (1968) ~420,000 (1968) Casualties South Vietnamese dead: 1,250,000+ US dead: 58,226 US wounded... The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, 1945, rose some 18 km (11 mi) above the hypocenter. ...

Also during the 60s, the beginnings of Hacker culture were forming from the increased usage of computers at colleges. Students who were fascinated by the possibilities of computers, the telephone and technology in general began figuring out ways to make the technology more freely available or accessible. The hacker culture is the voluntary subculture which first developed in the 1960s among hackers working on early minicomputers in academic computer science environments. ... For the magazine by IEEE Computer Society, see Computer (magazine) A computer is a machine for manipulating data according to a list of instructions - a program. ... The telephone or phone (Greek: tele = far away and phone = voice) is a telecommunications device which is used to transmit and receive sound (most commonly voice and speech) across distance. ... By the mid 20th century humans had achieved a level of technological mastery sufficient to leave the surface of the planet for the first time and explore space. ...

Another subculture of the 60s was the Rude boy culture in Jamaica and, latterly in the United Kingdom. The rude boy subculture influenced some elements of the British mods, which then developed into skinheads around 1969. Rude boy, rudie, rudi or rudy is a subculture that developed in the early 1960s in Jamaica and has close ties to skinhead culture. ... Skinheads, named after their shaven heads, are members of a subculture that originated in Britain in the 1960s, where they were closely tied to the Rude Boys of the West Indies and the Mods of the UK. Skinhead with scooter // Categories There are different types of skinheads, falling into three... 1969 (MCMLXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ...

Disco first appeared in the 60s, which lead to the appearance of discotheques, such as the Whiskey A Go Go and Studio 54. In the 1980s, Disco turned into Techno. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... A discothèque is an entertainment venue or club with recorded music, played by Discaires (Disk jockeys), rather than an on-stage band. ... The Whisky A Go-Go is a nightclub in West Hollywood, California, at 8901 Sunset Boulevard on the Sunset Strip. ... The original Studio 54 logo. ... Techno- is a prefix relating to technology. ...

The 1970s

See: The Seventies

In the 1970s, the hippie, mod and rocker cultures were in a process of transformation which temporarily took on the name of freaks (openly embracing the image of strangeness and otherlyness). A growing awareness of identity politics combined with the legalisation of homosexuality and a huge amount of interest in science fiction and fantasy forms of speculative writing produced the autre with an attitude freak scene. There was a lot of talk about "revolution", most of which was, undoubtedly, a lot of talk. This article deals with the cultural and social aspects and trends of the 1970s. ... The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, inclusive. ... Homosexuality is a sexual orientation characterized by esthetic attraction, romantic love, or sexual desire exclusively for another of the same sex. ... Science fiction is a form of speculative fiction principally dealing with the impact of imagined science and technology, or both, upon society and persons as individuals. ... For other meanings see Fantasy (disambiguation) Fantasy is a genre of art, literature, film, television, and music that uses magic and other supernatural forms as a primary element of either plot, theme, setting, or all three. ... ... The freak scene was a term used by a slightly post-hippie and pre-punk style of bohemian subculture. ...

At some stage, though it's unclear when, some of the hacker/computer nerd subculture took on the derogatory word geek with pride, in the same way the freaks had done. Computer usage was still a very inaccessible secret world to most people in those days but lots of people were interested in computers because of their appearance in science fiction. The dream of one day owning a computer was a popular fantasy amongst science fiction fandom which had grown from a minor subculture in the first half of the 20th century to a quite large contingent by the 70s, along with horror fandom, comics fandom and fantasy freaks. Nerd, as a stereotypical or archetypal designation, refers to somebody whose interests are not shared by mainstream society. ... Look up Geek in Wiktionary, the free dictionary A geek (pronunciation /gi:k/ ) is a person who is fascinated, perhaps obsessively, by obscure or very specific areas of knowledge and imagination. ... Science fiction is a form of speculative fiction principally dealing with the impact of imagined science and technology, or both, upon society and persons as individuals. ... Fandom (from the noun fan and the affix -dom, as in kingdom, dukedom, etc. ... Horror can mean several things: Horror (emotion) Horror fiction Horror film This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ... A comic book is a magazine or book containing the art form of comics. ... For other meanings see Fantasy (disambiguation) Fantasy is a genre of art, literature, film, television, and music that uses magic and other supernatural forms as a primary element of either plot, theme, setting, or all three. ...

Since the freak scene was connected to the political ideas of the alternative society, the bands on the freak circuit didn't please the bank balances of the pop industry very much. A band like The Edgar Broughton Band or The Pink Fairies would play at a free festival, not on Top of the Pops. Legend has it that Hawkwind, a space rock band on the freak scene had refused to play on Top of The Pops when their first single Silver Machine "accidentally" went into the UK Singles Charts. The music/fashion/subculture which the pop industry created as a commercial alternative to the freaks was glam rock. Glam was a continuation of the trendies of the mod culture in the 60s, appealing to the androgynous trend of the seventies. The phrase alternative society may have been in usage since the 19th century when Karl Marx and Proudhon represented two factions for alternative visions of social change. ... For the 1979 song by M, see Pop Muzik. ... The British progressive rock group The Edgar Broughton Band was founded in 1968 in Warwick, England. ... The Pink Fairies, were one of two Peoples’ Bands, along with Hawkwind, who flew the flag for free music and Anarchy in the early 1970s underground scene in the UK. They often performed impromptu gigs in Ladbroke Grove as well as benefit performances. ... Free festivals are music, arts or cultural festivals for which no admission is charged. ... Top of the Pops is a long-running British music chart television programme shown each week on BBC Two and now licensed for local versions around the world. ... Hawkwind is a British rock music group. ... For space rocks, see asteroid. ... The UK Singles Chart is currently compiled by The Official UK Charts Company (OCC) on behalf of the British record industry. ... Glam is also the lead singer of the glam rock group Wig Wam. ... Look up Trend in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Trend The word trend has a number of possible meanings: In statistics, a trend is a long-term movement in time series data after other components have been accounted for. ... David Bowie incorporated an androgynous look into his stage persona Ziggy Stardust Androgyny refers to two concepts. ...

At the same time there emerged a new subculture called skinheads. The "skins" or skinheads were anti-aesthetic, pro-basic, fiercely working class tough youths. They sometimes had the image of homophobia and racism and this image was often true although, paradoxically, they loved black Jamaican reggae, ska, and bluebeat. Skinheads, named after their shaven heads, are members of a subculture that originated in Britain in the 1960s, where they were closely tied to the Rude boy of the West Indies and the Mods of the UK. English Skinhead on cutdown circa 1991 Categories There are a number of different... The term working class is used to denote a social class. ... The term homophobia means a fear of or contempt for homosexuality or homosexuals or the fear of becoming homosexual. ... It has been suggested that Racism in Mass Media be merged into this article or section. ... Reggae is a music genre developed in Jamaica. ... Ska is a form of Jamaican music which began in the early 1960s. ... This article is about the Jamaican music. ...

Skinheads mainly began from 1969, as a development from the hard, headcase type of mods but, by the mid-70s, some crossover was happening between skins and the freak scene. This developed into the punk subculture which became apparent from about 1975 onward. Punks managed to be both hardcases and tongue-in-cheek at the same time. The concept of Anarchism became fashionable. 1969 (MCMLXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ... Punk is a subculture, alternative culture and youth culture based on a shared set of cultural elements distinct from those of popular culture and other subcultures. ... 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1975 calendar). ... Anarchism is derived from the Greek αναρχία (without archons (ruler, chief, king)). Anarchism as a political philosophy, is the belief that rulers, governments, and hierarchal social relationships are unnecessary and should be abolished, although there are differing interpretations of what this means. ...

Disco, which had begun in gay dance clubs, became a really significant centre of subculture from about 1975 onward. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1975 calendar). ...

When punk was happening, some of the progressive rock elements took it as a challenge to live faster, harder and tougher than punk. They kept the long hair of the freak scene, adopted the black leather jacket as virtually a uniform and took on the name heavy metal (which is a phrase from the writings of William S. Burroughs). Progressive rock (shortened to prog, or prog rock when differentiating from other progressive genres) is an ambitious, eclectic, and often grandiose style of rock music which arose in the late 1960s, reached the peak of its popularity in the early 1970s, and continues as a musical form to this day. ... Heavy Metal is a genre of music that emerged as a defined musical style in the 1970s, having its roots in hard rock bands which between 1967 and 1974 took blues and rock to create a hybrid with a thick, heavy, guitar-and-drums-centered sound, characterised by the use... William S. Burroughs (1914-1997) William Seward Burroughs II (February 5, 1914 – August 2, 1997) was an American novelist, essayist, social critic and spoken word performer. ...

The continuance of hippie ideas of spirituality and mysticism was in the New Age movement, which increased in size and influence. New Age describes a broad movement characterized by alternative approaches to traditional Western culture. ...

Mods made a comeback in the 1970s as a post-punk alternative mod phenomenon, inspired by rock band The Who and the British film Quadrophenia. The Who are a British rock band that first came to prominence in the 1960s. ... Michael Caine in Get Carter (1971) The United Kingdom has been influential in the technological, commercial, and artistic development of cinema. ... For the film based on this album, see Quadrophenia (film) Quadrophenia was a double album released by The Who on October 19, 1973 (see 1973 in music), one of the groups two full-scale rock operas (except in a conventional use of the word opera as Quadrophenia is mostly...

In 1976, a hit song "Convoy" by C.W. McCall arrived in the pop charts and romanticised the Trucker and CB radio subculture. In 1978, the song inspired a film "Convoy" directed by Sam Peckinpah, and starring Kris Kristofferson, Ali MacGraw, Ernest Borgnine, and Burt Young. The word "convoy" and quotes from the song lyrics became part of a popular cultural image of people standing up for their freedom. 1976 (MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1976 calendar). ... Convoy is a 1976 novelty song performed by C.W. McCall (pseudonym of Bill Fries) that became a #1 hit in the USA and helped start a worldwide craze for citizens band radio. ... C.W. McCall is the pseudonym of William Dale Fries (born November 15, 1928) in Audubon, Iowa, USA. In 1972, while working for an Omaha, Nebraska advertising firm, Bozell Jacobs, Fries created a television campaign for the Metz Baking Company. ... Music charts are a method of ranking music according to popularity during a given period of time. ... A trucker is a person who is employed as a truck driver (particularly of semi-trailers). ... Citizens band radio (CB) is, in the United States, a system of short distance radio communication between individuals on a selection of 40 channels within the single 27 MHz (11 meter) band. ... 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1978 calendar). ... Convoy was a movie released in 1978, directed by Sam Peckinpah, and starring Kris Kristofferson, Ali MacGraw, Ernest Borgnine, and Burt Young. ... Kris Kristofferson (born June 22, 1936) is an influential country music songwriter, singer and actor. ... Ali MacGraw (born April 1, 1938) is an American actress. ... Ernest Borgnine shows off his new Chief Petty Officer cover at the Navy Memorial in Washington, D.C on October 15, 2004 Ernest Borgnine (born January 24, 1917) is an American actor. ... Burt Young (born Gerald Tommaso DeLouise on April 30, 1940) is an Italian-American actor. ... A convoy is a group of vehicles or ships traveling together for mutual support. ...

Gradually, from the 60s, 70s and through into the 80s, the cultural influences of the Merry Pranksters, the Freak Scene, the New Age Movement and the Convoy idea seem to have coalesced into what became New age travellers. New age travellers or Peace Convoy are a peculiarly British social phenomenon consisting of people who often espouse New age and Neopagan beliefs, and who travel between music festivals and fairs in order to live in a community with others who hold similar beliefs. ...

In 1979, the Usenet was created as a medium of communication over the, still very primitive, internet of the time. The Usenet and the BBS subculture would become increasingly significant over the next few decades. This page refers to the year 1979. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... A bulletin board system or BBS is a computer system running software that allows users to dial into the system over a phone line and, using a terminal program, perform functions such as downloading software and data, uploading data, playing games, reading news, and exchanging messages with other users. ...

Also in 1979, Papa Wemba, a Rumba star in Zaire/Democratic Republic of the Congo, Africa began to be the leader of the Sapeur ('Société Ambianceurs et Persons Élégants' thus 'SAPE' for short), which he promoted as a youth cult. Papa Wemba's music has been influenced by previous stars of Rumba music in Zaire (such as Papa Wendo) and also by his visits to Europe and by the appearance, in 1974, of James Brown at the Rumble in the Jungle. Papa Wemba, real name Jules Shungu Wembadio Pene Kikumba, is a Congolese singer and one of Africas biggest music stars. ... Rumba is both a family of music rhythms and a dance style that originated in Africa and traveled via the slave trade to Cuba and the New World. ... A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second largest and second most populous continent, after Asia. ... James Brown, known variously as: Soul Brother Number One, the Godfather of Soul, Mr. ... The Rumble in The Jungle was a historic boxing event that took place on October 30, 1974, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, then known as Zaire. ...

Wemba said: "The Sapeur cult promoted high standards of personal cleanliness, hygiene and smart dress, to a whole generation of youth across Zaire. When I say well groomed, well shaven, well perfumed, it's a propriety that I am insisting on among the young. I don't care about their education, since education always comes first of all from the family." The Sape was centred around Papa Wemba and Viva La Musica and continued to be a controversial movement in Congolese society for years to come, making a virtual religion of clothes. (See also List of types of clothing) Introduction Humans often wear articles of clothing (also known as dress, garments or attire) on the body (for the alternative, see nudity). ...

The 1980s

At the beginning of the 1980s some of the followers of punk rock began to be bored with it and wanted to make it more stylish and introduce elements of glam. By