NationMaster - Encyclopedia: History of submarines

The history of submarines covers the historical chronology and facts related to submarines, manned autonomous boats that operate underwater. It includes the history of "submersibles", which were designed primarily to operate on the surface, and midget submarines, but not unmanned underwater vehicles. USS Los Angeles A submarine is a specialized watercraft that can operate underwater. ... A midget submarine ia a small submarine, typically with a one or two person crew and with no on-board living accommodation. ...

In the 19th century torpedoes were launched from surface "torpedo boats" but these were susceptible to gunfire as they had to close to a short range to launch. There was a requirement for a "submarine torpedo boat" which was shortened to "submarine". A modern torpedo, historically called a self propelled torpedo, is a self-propelled guided projectile that (after being launched above or below the water surface) operates underwater and is designed to detonate on contact or in proximity to a target. ...

1 Early history of submarines and the first submersibles
2 The first military submarines
3 Submarines in the American Civil War
4 Early submarines in Latin America
5 European/American submarines (mid 1800s)
6 Late 1800s to World War I
7 Submarines during World War I
8 Interwar developments
9 Submarines during World War II
10 Post-War submarines
11 Modern military submarines
- 11.1 SSBNs
- 11.2 Attack submarines
12 Modern civil submarines
13 Major submarine incidents
14 History of submarine technology
15 See also
16 Patents
17 References
18 External links

Early history of submarines and the first submersibles

The concept of an underwater boat has roots deep in antiquity. Although there are images of men using hollow reeds to breath underwater for hunting at the temples at Thebes, the first known military use is of divers being used to clear obstructions during the siege of Syracuse (about 413 BC), according to the History of the Peloponesian War. At the siege of Tyre in 332 BC divers were again used by Alexander the Great, according to Aristotle. Later legends, recorded at Alexandria in the 12th century, suggested that he had developed a primitive submersible for reconnaissance missions. This seems to have been a form of diving bell. For the film of the same name, see Alexander the Great (1956 film). ... For other uses, see Aristotle (disambiguation). ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Diving bell A diving bell also known as a wet bell is a cable-suspended airtight chamber, open at the bottom like a moon pool structure, that is lowered underwater to operate as a base or a means of transport for a small number of divers. ...

However, in the modern era, the first person to propose a submarine was the Englishman William Bourne who designed a prototype submarine in 1578. Unfortunately for him these ideas never got beyond the planning stage. However, the first submersible proper to be actually built in modern times was constructed in 1605 by Magnus Pegelius but this became buried in mud. The first successful submarine was built in 1620 by Cornelius Jacobszoon Drebbel, a Dutchman in the service of James I: it may have been based on Bourne's design. It was propelled by means of oars. The precise nature of the submarine type is a matter of some controversy; some claim that it was merely a bell towed by a boat. Two improved types were tested in the Thames between 1620 and 1624. William Bourne was an English mathematician, innkeeper and former Royal Navy gunner who created an idea for an early submarine. ... Year 1620 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Cornelius Jacobszoon Drebbel (Alkmaar, 1572 - London, November 7, 1633) was a Dutch inventor. ... James VI and I (19 June 1566 â€“ 27 March 1625) was King of Scots as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James I. He ruled in Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567, when he was only one year old, succeeding his mother Mary... Several places exist with the name Thames, and the word is also used as part of several brand and company names Most famous is the River Thames in England, on which the city of London stands Other Thames Rivers There is a Thames River in Canada There is a Thames... Events January 24 - Alfonso Mendez, appointed by Pope Gregory XV as Prelate of Ethiopia, arrives at Massawa from Goa. ...

Though the first submersible vehicles were tools for exploring under water, it did not take long for inventors to recognize their military potential. The strategic advantages of submarines were set out by Bishop John Wilkins of Chester in Mathematicall Magick in 1648:- John Wilkins. ... For the larger local government district, see Chester (district). ... 1648 (MDCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Tis private: a man may thus go to any coast in the world invisibly, without discovery or prevented in his journey.
Tis safe, from the uncertainty of Tides, and the violence of Tempests, which do never move the sea above five or six paces deep. From Pirates and Robbers which do so infest other voyages; from ice and great frost, which do so much endanger the passages towards the Poles.
It may be of great advantages against a Navy of enemies, who by this may be undermined in the water and blown up.
It may be of special use for the relief of any place besieged by water, to convey unto them invisible supplies; and so likewise for the surprisal of any place that is accessible by water.
It may be of unspeakable benefit for submarine experiments.

By the 17th century the Ukrainian Cossacks were using a riverboat called the chaika (gull) that was used underwater for reconnaissance and infiltration missions^{[citation needed]}. This seems to have been closer to (and may have been developed from) Aristotle's description of the submersible used by Alexander the Great. The Chaika could be easily capsized and submerged so that the crew was able to breathe underneath (like in a modern diving bell) and propel the vessel by walking on the bottom of river. Special plummets (for submerging) and pipes for additional breathing were used. (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... For other uses, see Cossack (disambiguation). ... A riverboat is a specialized watercraft (vessel) designed for operating on inland waterways. ... Mixed reconnaissance patrol of the Polish Home Army and the Soviet Red Army during Operation Tempest, 1944 Reconnaissance is the military term for the active gathering of information about an enemy, or other conditions, by physical observation. ... Spy and Secret agent redirect here. ... CREW (acronym) may refer to: Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington Concurrent Read Exclusive Write, access model for Parallel Random Access Machine Coherent Radiation Emission Weapon, see Directed-energy weapon, Coined by Iain M Banks Categories: ... Diving bell A diving bell also known as a wet bell is a cable-suspended airtight chamber, open at the bottom like a moon pool structure, that is lowered underwater to operate as a base or a means of transport for a small number of divers. ...

By 1727 14 types of submarine had been patented in England. In 1749 the Gentlemen's Magazine described a proposal made by Giovanni Borelli in 1680 for a boat with goatskins in the hull, each being connected to an opening. The boat would have been submerged by letting water into the goatskins and surfaced by forcing water out by a twisting rod. This seems to be the first approach to the modern ballast tank. Giovanni Borelli ( 1608- 1679), born in Pisa, Italy, was a Renaissance physicist and mathematician. ...

The first military submarines

The first military submarine was Turtle, a hand-powered egg-shaped device designed by the American David Bushnell, to accommodate a single man. It was the first verified submarine capable of independent underwater operation and movement, and the first to use screws for propulsion. During the American Revolutionary War, Turtle (operated by Sgt. Ezra Lee, Continental Army) tried and failed to sink a British warship, HMS Eagle (flagship of the blockaders) in New York harbor on September 7, 1776. There is no record of any attack in the ships' logs For other uses, see Turtle (disambiguation). ... A cross-section sketch of Bushnells Turtle. ... For other uses, see Propeller (disambiguation). ... This article is about military actions only. ... For other ships of the same name, see HMS Eagle. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... is the 250th day of the year (251st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1776 (disambiguation). ...

The Nautilus (1800)

In 1800, France built a human-powered submarine designed by Robert Fulton, the Nautilus. It also had a sail for use on the surface and so was the first known use of dual propulsion. It proved capable of using mines to destroy two warships during demonstrations. The French eventually gave up with the experiment in 1804, as did the British when they later tried the submarine. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1911x1374, 213 KB) Summary Fulton Nautilus submarine. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1911x1374, 213 KB) Summary Fulton Nautilus submarine. ... Nautilus was the first practical submarine, commissioned by Napoleon and designed by the American inventor Robert Fulton, then living in France. ... // ON MAY 5 1853 MR.FADER HAD SEX WITH A MAN NAME MR WIEN THEN THEY HAD SON NAMEDMRS COTURE AND MR MANOOGIAN WENT INTO MRS HASKELLS OFFICE NAKED AND DANCED AROUND AND MASTERBATED ON HER CHEST AND SHE LICKED IT OFF THEN THEY HAD ORAL SEEX WITH NAPLOEAN OF... // ON MAY 5 1853 MR.FADER HAD SEX WITH A MAN NAME MR WIEN THEN THEY HAD SON NAMEDMRS COTURE AND MR MANOOGIAN WENT INTO MRS HASKELLS OFFICE NAKED AND DANCED AROUND AND MASTERBATED ON HER CHEST AND SHE LICKED IT OFF THEN THEY HAD ORAL SEEX WITH NAPLOEAN OF... For other persons named Robert Fulton, see Robert Fulton (disambiguation). ... Nautilus was the first practical submarine, commissioned by Napoleon and designed by the American inventor Robert Fulton, then living in France. ...

During the War of 1812, in 1814 Silas Halsey lost his life while using a submarine in an unsuccessful attack on a British warship stationed in New London harbor. This article is about the U.S.â€“U.K. war. ... Year 1814 (MDCCCXIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Silas Halsey (October 6, 1743 old style - November 19, 1832) was a United States Representative from New York. ... New London is the name of at least 21 places in North America: In the United States: New London, Arkansas, an unincorporated community New London, Connecticut, an important city in New London County and the largest New London in the U.S. New London, Howard County, Indiana, an unincorporated community...

The Brandtaucher in the Military History Museum in Dresden

In 1834 a Russian naval designer Karl Shilder built and tested an all-metal submarine in Saint Peterburg. His submarine was equipped by 6 Congreve rockets. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1024x768, 256 KB) Bundeswehrmuseum Dresden mit Teilen von der NVA Source: Jan Rehschuh File links The following pages link to this file: Submarine Howaldtswerke Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1024x768, 256 KB) Bundeswehrmuseum Dresden mit Teilen von der NVA Source: Jan Rehschuh File links The following pages link to this file: Submarine Howaldtswerke Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create... This article is about the city in Germany. ... Location Position of Saint Petersburg in Europe Government Russia District Subdivision Russia North West Russia Federal City Governor Valentina Matvienko Geographical characteristics Area - City 1,439 kmÂ² Population - City (2005) - Density 4,661,219 (2002 Census) 3330/kmÂ² Coordinates Elevation 3 m Time zone - Summer (DST) MSK (UTC+3) MSD... The Congreve Rocket was a British weapon designed by William Congreve in 1804. ...

In 1851, a Bavarian artillery corporal, Wilhelm Bauer, took a submarine designed by him called the Brandtaucher (fire-diver) to sea in Kiel Harbour. This submarine was built by August Howaldt and powered by a treadwheel. It sank but the crew of 3 managed to escape. The submarine was raised in 1887 and is on display in a museum in Dresden. Wilhelm Bauer Wilhelm Bauer (December 23, 1822 - June 20, 1875) built several hand-powered submarines. ... August Ferdinand Howaldt (born 23 October 1809 in Braunschweig, died 4 August 1883 in Kiel) was a German engineer and ship builder. ... What is a treadwheel? A treadwheel is a form of Animal engine powered by man. ...

Submarines in the American Civil War

The French-designed 1862 Alligator, first submarine of the US Navy.

During the American Civil War, the Union was the first to field a submarine. The French-designed Alligator was the first U.S. Navy sub and the first to feature compressed air (for air supply) and an air filtration system. It was the first submarine to carry a diver lock which allowed a diver to plant electrically detonated mines on enemy ships. Initially hand-powered by oars, it was converted after 6 months to a screw propeller powered by a hand crank. With a crew of 20, it was larger than Confederate submarines. Alligator was 47 feet (14.3 meters) long and about 4 feet (1.2 meters) in diameter. It was lost in a storm off Cape Hatteras on April 1, 1863 while uncrewed and under tow to its first combat deployment at Charleston. The Intelligent Whale was built by Oliver Halstead and caused the deaths of 39 men during trials. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1250x1260, 288 KB)The Alligator was the first submarine purchased by the U.S. Navy. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1250x1260, 288 KB)The Alligator was the first submarine purchased by the U.S. Navy. ... This article is about 1862 . ... The fourth USS Alligator is the first known US Navy submarine, though not of the United States. ... The United States Navy (USN) is the branch of the United States armed forces responsible for naval operations. ... Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Commanders Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties 110,000 killed in action, 360,000 total dead, 275,200 wounded 93,000 killed in action, 258,000 total... The fourth USS Alligator is the first known US Navy submarine, though not of the United States. ... The United States Navy (USN) is the branch of the United States armed forces responsible for naval operations. ... An aerial view of the Cape Hatteras Lighthouse prior to its 1999 relocation. ... is the 91st day of the year (92nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1863 (MDCCCLXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

The Confederate States of America fielded several human-powered submarines including CSS H. L. Hunley (named for one of its financiers, Horace Lawson Hunley) . The first Confederate submarine was the 30-foot long Pioneer which sank a target schooner using a towed mine during tests on Lake Pontchartrain but it was not used in combat. It was scuttled after New Orleans was captured and in 1868 was sold for scrap. CSS Hunley was intended for attacking the North's ships, which were blockading the South's seaports. The submarine had a long pole with an explosive charge in the bow, called a spar torpedo. The sub had to approach an enemy vessel, attach the explosive, move away, and then detonate it. It was extremely hazardous to operate, and had no air supply other than what was contained inside the main compartment. On two occasions, the sub sank; on the first occasion half the crew died and on the second, the entire eight-man crew (including Hunley himself) drowned. On February 18, 1864 Hunley sank USS Housatonic off the Charleston Harbor, the first time a submarine successfully sank another ship, though it sank in the same engagement shortly after signaling its success. Another Confederate submarine was lost on its maiden voyage in Lake Pontchartrain; it was found washed ashore in the 1870s and is now on display at the Louisiana State Museum. Submarines did not have a major impact on the outcome of the war, but did portend their coming importance to naval warfare and increased interest in their use in naval warfare. Motto Deo Vindice (Latin: Under God, Our Vindicator) Anthem (none official) God Save the South (unofficial) The Bonnie Blue Flag (unofficial) Dixie (unofficial) States that seceded under CSA control States and territories claimed by CSA without formal secession and/or control Capital Montgomery, Alabama (until May 29, 1861) Richmond, Virginia... CSS H. L. Hunley was a submarine of the Confederate States Navy that demonstrated both the advantages and the dangers of undersea warfare. ... Horace Lawson Hunley was a Confederate marine engineer druing the American Civil War. ... Two-masted fishing schooner A schooner (IPA: ) is a type of sailing vessel characterized by the use of fore-and-aft sails on two or more masts. ... Lake Pontchartrains north shore at Fontainebleau State Park near Mandeville, Louisiana in 2004 Lake Pontchartrain (local English pronunciation ) (French: Lac Pontchartrain, pronounced ) is a brackish lake located in southeastern Louisiana. ... A spar torpedo is a weapon consisting of a bomb placed at the end of a long pole, or spar, and attached to a boat. ... is the 49th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1864 (MDCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... USS Housatonic was a screw sloop-of-war of the United States Navy, named for one of the rivers of New England which rises in Berkshire County, Massachusetts, and flows southward into Connecticut before emptying into Long Island Sound a little east of Bridgeport, Connecticut. ... The Cabildo is an important historical building in New Orleans, Louisiana. ...

Early submarines in Latin America

The first submarine in Latin America was the "Flach", commissioned in 1865 by the Chilean government during the war between Chile and Peru against Spain (1864-1866). It was built by the German engineer Karl Flach. The submarine sank during tests in Valparaiso bay on May 3, 1866, with the entire eleven-man crew. This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Valparaiso is the name of at least three cities and a village: Valparaíso, Chile Valparaiso, Florida Valparaiso, Indiana Valparaiso, Nebraska This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... is the 123rd day of the year (124th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1866 (MDCCCLXVI) is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ...

In 1879, the Peruvian government, during the War of the Pacific commissioned and built a submarine. That was the fully operational Toro Submarino, which nevertheless never saw military action before being scuttled after the defeat of that country in the war to prevent its capture by the enemy. Year 1879 (MDCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... For the conflict between Japan and the Allied powers in Asia and the Pacific Ocean from 1937 to 1945, which included World War II campaigns, see Pacific War. ... The Toro Submarino (Submarine Bull) was a Peruvian submarine developed during the War of the Pacific, but though completely operational, never saw action before the end of the war, when it was scuttled to prevent its capture by the victors. ...

European/American submarines (mid 1800s)

Plongeur, the first submarine that did not rely on human power for propulsion.

The first submarine that did not rely on human power for propulsion was the French Navy submarine Plongeur, launched in 1863, and equipped with a reciprocating engine using compressed air from 23 tanks at 180 psi.^[1] Image File history File links Plongeur. ... Image File history File links Plongeur. ... The French submarine Plongeur, 1863 Plongeur (French for Diver) was a French submarine launched in 1863. ... The French Navy, officially called the National Navy (French: Marine Nationale) is the maritime arm of the French military. ... The French submarine Plongeur, 1863 Plongeur (French for Diver) was a French submarine launched in 1863. ... Year 1863 (MDCCCLXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... A pressure gauge reading in PSI (red scale) and kPa (black scale) The pound-force per square inch (symbol: lbf/inÂ²) is a non-SI unit of pressure based on avoirdupois units. ...

The first combustion-powered submarine was the steam and peroxide driven Ictineo II, launched in 1867 by Narcís Monturiol. It was originally launched in 1864 as a human-powered submarine, propelled by 16 men.^[1] For other uses, see Steam (disambiguation). ... A peroxide is a compound containing an oxygen-oxygen single bond. ... Narcís Monturiol i Estarriol Narcís Monturiol i Estarriol (September 28, 1819 - September 6, 1885) was the inventor of the mechanically driven submarine. ... Year 1867 (MDCCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Narcís Monturiol i Estarriol Narcís Monturiol i Estarriol (September 28, 1819 - September 6, 1885) was the inventor of the mechanically driven submarine. ... 1864 (MDCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ...

A replica of Monturiol's wooden Ictineo II stands near Barcelona harbor.

The 14 meter long craft was designed to carry a crew of two, dive 30 metres (96 feet), and demonstrated dives of two hours. When on the surface it ran on a steam engine, but underwater such an engine would quickly consume the submarine's oxygen. So Monturiol turned to chemistry to invent an engine that ran on a reaction of potassium chlorate, zinc, and manganese peroxide. The beauty of this method was that the reaction which drove the screw released oxygen, which when treated was used in the hull for the crew and also fed an auxiliary steam engine that helped propel the craft under water. In spite of successful demonstrations in the Port of Barcelona, Monturiol was unable to interest the Spanish navy, or the navy of any other country. Source of image Ictineo II replica at the harbour of Barcelona taken on October 2003 Author: Flemming Mahler Larsen, http://netfactory. ... Source of image Ictineo II replica at the harbour of Barcelona taken on October 2003 Author: Flemming Mahler Larsen, http://netfactory. ... Narcís Monturiol i Estarriol Narcís Monturiol i Estarriol (September 28, 1819 - September 6, 1885) was the inventor of the mechanically driven submarine. ... Location Coordinates : Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Barcelona (Catalan) Spanish name Barcelona Nickname Ciutat Comtal (City of Counts) Postal code 08001â€“08080 Area code 34 (Spain) + 93 (Barcelona) Website http://www. ... Potassium chlorate is a compound containing potassium, chlorine and oxygen, with the chemical formula KClO3. ... General Name, symbol, number zinc, Zn, 30 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 12, 4, d Appearance bluish pale gray Standard atomic weight 65. ... General Name, symbol, number manganese, Mn, 25 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 7, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Standard atomic weight 54. ... A peroxide is a compound containing an oxygen-oxygen single bond. ...

In 1870, French writer Jules Verne published the science fiction classic Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, which concerns the adventures of a maverick inventor in Nautilus, a submarine more advanced than any that existed at that time. The story inspired inventors to build more advanced submarines. 1870 (MDCCCLXX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... This article is about the French author. ... Science fiction is a form of speculative fiction principally dealing with the impact of imagined science and technology, or both, upon society and persons as individuals. ... Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (French: ) is a classic science fiction novel by French writer Jules Verne, published in 1870. ... The Nautilus, as pictured in The Mysterious Island The Nautilus was the fictional submarine featured in Jules Vernes novels Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (1870) and The Mysterious Island (1874). ...

in 1878 a Manchester curate, the Reverend George Garrett obtained a patent for "Improvements in and appertaining to Submarine or Subaqueous Boats" and set up a company to build them. His first prototype Resurgam was hand powered and next year the company built the steam-powered Resurgam II at Birkenhead. Garrett intended to demonstrate the 12 m long vehicle to the Royal Navy at Portsmouth, but had mechanical problems, and while under tow the submarine was swamped and sank off North Wales. George William Garrett (1852-1902) was born at Moss Side in Manchester, England, the son of a Church of England clergyman. ... Resurgam (Latin for â€œI shall rise againâ€)... was one of the first mechanically powered submarines put to sea. ... For other uses, see Birkenhead (disambiguation). ...

The first submarine built in series, however, was human-powered. It was the submarine of the Polish inventor Stefan Drzewiecki — 50 units were built in 1881 for Russian government. In 1884 the same inventor built an electric-powered submarine. Stefan Drzewiecki Stefan Drzewiecki (b. ... Year 1881 (MDCCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Discussions between George Garret and Swede Thorsten Nordenfelt led to a series of steam powered submarines. The first was the Nordenfelt I, a 56 tonne, 19.5 metre long spindle shaped vessel similar to the Resurgam II, with a range of 240 kilometres and armed with a single external torpedo, completed in 1885. Greece, fearful of the return of the Ottomans, purchased it. Nordenfelt then built at Chertsey the Nordenfelt II (Abdülhamid) in 1886 and Nordenfelt III (Abdülmecid) in 1887, a pair of 30 metre long submarines with twin torpedo tubes, for a worried Ottoman navy. "[Abdülhamid] achieved fame as the world's first submarine to fire a torpedo underwater."^[2] Nordenfelt's efforts culminated in 1887 with the Nordenfelt IV, with twin motors and twin torpedoes, built at Barrow-in-Furness. It was sold to the worried Russians, but proved unstable, ran aground and was scrapped. Thorsten Nordenfelt (1842-1920), Swedish inventor and industrialist. ... , The Old Town Hall Level crossing at Chertsey, as the barriers rise Chertsey is a town in Surrey, England, on the River Thames, and its tributary rivers such as the River Bourne. ... Barrow-in-Furness is a town in Cumbria, England. ...

The Peral submarine in 1888 Its hull can be seen today at Cartagena.

The first fully capable military submarine was the electrically powered vessel built by the Spanish engineer and sailor, Isaac Peral, for the Spanish Navy. It was launched on September 8, 1888. It had two torpedoes, new air systems, and a hull shape and propeller and cruciform external controls anticipating later designs. Its underwater speed was ten knots, but it suffered from the short range of battery powered systems. In June 1890 Peral's submarine launched a torpedo under the sea. It was also the first submarine to incorporate a fully reliable underwater navigation system. The Spanish Navy scrapped the project. Image File history File links Peral1888. ... Image File history File links Peral1888. ... Year 1888 (MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The torpedo armed Peral submarine in 1888. ... The Spanish Navy (in Spanish, Armada EspaÃ±ola) is the maritime arm of the Spanish Military. ... is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1888 (MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The torpedo, historically called a locomotive torpedo, is a self-propelled explosive projectile weapon, launched above or below the water surface, propelled underwater toward a target, and designed to detonate on contact or in proximity to a target. ...

Many more submarines were built at this time by various inventors, such as Simon Lake and Oliver Halstead, but they were not to become effective weapons until the 20th century. Simon Lake Simon Lake (September 4, 1866 - June 23, 1945) was an American mechanical engineer and naval architect who obtained over two hundred patents for advances in naval design and competed with John Holland to build the first submarines for the United States Navy. ...

Late 1800s to World War I

USS Plunger, launched in 1902

The turn of century era marked a pivotal time in the development of submarines, with a number of important technologies making their debut, as well as the widespread adoption and fielding of submarines by a number of nations. Diesel electric propulsion would become the dominant power system and things such as the periscope would become standardized. Large numbers of experiments were done by countries on effective tactics and weapons for submarines, all of which would culminate in them making a large impact on coming World War I. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... This article is about the fuel. ...

The Irish inventor John Philip Holland built a model submarine in 1876 and a full scale one in 1878, followed by a number of unsuccessful ones. In 1896 he designed his Holland Type VI submarine, that, for the first time, made use of internal combustion engine power on the surface and electric battery power for submerged operations. Launched on 17 May 1897 at Navy Lt. Lewis Nixon's Crescent Shipyard, the Holland VI was purchased by the United States Navy on 11 April 1900, becoming the United States Navy's first commissioned submarine and renamed USS Holland (SS-1). In 1902, Holland received U.S. Patent 708,553 . Some of his vessels were purchased by the United States, the United Kingdom, the Imperial Russian Navy, and Japan, and commissioned into their navies around 1900. The Type VII design was adopted by the Royal Navy (with Holland's input, as the Holland class submarine, including Holland 1). The Imperial Japanese Navy purchased five similar designs in 1904. John Philip Holland (Irish: SeÃ¡n Ã“ Maolchalann) (24 February 1841â€“12 August 1914) was an engineer who developed the first submarine accepted by the U.S. Navy (though not the first American submarine, see American Civil War submarines, and the earlier Nautilus and Turtle) and the first ever Royal Navy... For other uses, see Battery. ... Russian Navy Jack Russian Navy Ensign The Imperial Russian Navy refers to the Navy of Imperial Russia, before the Soviet Union. ... For Combined Fleet, please see that article. ... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (see link for calendar). ...

The 1900 French submarine Narval

Commissioned in June 1900, the French steam and electric submarine Narval introduced the classic twin-hull design, with an inner hull inside an outer hull. France was "undoubtedly the first navy to have an effective submarine force" (Conway Marine "Steam, Steel and Shellfire"). These 200 tons ships had a range of over 100 miles on the surface, and over 10 miles underwater. The French submarine Aigette in 1904 further improved the concept by using a diesel rather than a gasoline engine for surface power. Large numbers of these submarines were built, with seventy-six completed before 1914. Image File history File links NarvalSubmarine. ... Image File history File links NarvalSubmarine. ... Äž: For the film, see: 1900 (film). ... Äž: For the film, see: 1900 (film). ... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about the fuel. ...

A small submarine was launched by the Russians in 1902 and an improved version in 1903. Two American built submarines and a German one were sent to Vladivostok in 1904 but did not achieve anything in the war against Japan. Professor Bubnov developed several ingeneous designs while further foreign ones were bought. The Baltic fleet had 17 boats in 1908. Vladivostok (Russian: ) is the administrative center of Primorsky Krai, Russia, situated close to the Russo-Sino border and North Korea. ...

The first German submarine, the Forelle, was not built until 1903 by Krupp and sold to Russia. The first boat for the German Navy was completed in 1905. The French Aigette submarine was the first to have a diesel engine.

Submarines during World War I

German submarine U9 (1910). She sank three British cruisers in a few minutes in September 1914.

The first time military submarines had significant impact on a war was in World War I. Forces such as the U-boats of Germany saw action in the First Battle of the Atlantic. The submarine's ability to function as a practical war machine relied on new tactics, their numbers, and submarine technologies such as combination diesel/electric power system that had been developed in the preceding years. More like submersible ships than the submarines of today, Submarines operated primarily on the surface using standard engines, submerging occasionally to attack under battery power. They were roughly triangular in cross-section, with a distinct keel, to control rolling while surfaced, and a distinct bow. Image File history File links U9Submarine. ... Image File history File links U9Submarine. ... USS Port Royal (CG-73), a Ticonderoga-class guided missile cruiser (really an uprated guided missile destroyer), launched in 1992. ... Year 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ... U-boat is also a nickname for some diesel locomotives built by GE; see List of GE locomotives October 1939. ... The First Battle of the Atlantic (1914â€“1918) was a naval campaign of World War I, largely fought in the seas around the British Isles and in the Atlantic Ocean. ... This article is about the fuel. ... The article on electrical energy is located elsewhere. ... For other uses, see Keel (disambiguation). ...

Germany

At the start of the war Germany had 48 submarines in service or under construction, of which 29 were operational. Initially Germany followed the international "Prize Rules", which required a ship's crew to be allowed to leave before sinking their ship, but soon adopted unrestricted submarine warfare with no warning being given. During the war 360 submarines were built but 178 were lost, and all the rest were surrendered at the end.

Turkey

Turkey had seven submarines, of which only two were servicable.

Britain

There were 77 operational submarines at the beginning of the war with 15 under construction. The main type was the "E class" but several experimental designs were built including the "K class" which had a reputation for bad luck, and the "M class" which had a large deck-mounted gun. The "R class" was the first boat designed to attack submarines. British submarines operated in the Baltic, North Sea and Atlantic as well as in the Mediterranean and Black Sea. Over 50 were lost from various causes during the war.

France

France had 62 submarines at the beginning of the war, in 14 different classes. They operated mainly in the Mediterranean with 12 being lost.

Russia

The Russians started the war with 58 submarines in service or under construction. The main class was the "Bars" with 24 boats. Twenty four submarines were lost during the war.

Interwar developments

The HMS M2 launching a seaplane

Various new submarine designs were developed during the interwar years. Among the most notorious ones were submarine aircraft carriers, equipped with waterproof hangar and steam catapult and which could launch and recover one or more small seaplanes. The submarine and her plane could then act as a reconnaissance unit ahead of the fleet, an essential role at a time when radar still did not exist. The first example was the British HMS M2, followed by the French Surcouf, and numerous aircraft-carrying submarines in the Imperial Japanese Navy. The 1929 Surcouf was also designed as an "underwater cruiser," intended to seek and engage in surface combat. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 303 pixels Full resolution (1632 Ã— 619 pixel, file size: 168 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Notes : ç”»åƒè©³ç´°é …ç›®ä¸ã«ãŠã‘ã‚‹æ—¥æœ¬èªžã®èª¬æ˜Žã¯è³‡æ–™ã«è¨˜ã•ã‚Œã¦ã„ãŸã‚‚ã®ã€è‹±èªžã«ã‚ˆã‚‹èª¬æ˜Žã¯user:AmagaseãŒç¿»è¨³ã—ãŸã‚‚ã®ã§ã™ã€‚ Japanese descriptions of this summary were taken from the source. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 303 pixels Full resolution (1632 Ã— 619 pixel, file size: 168 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Notes : ç”»åƒè©³ç´°é …ç›®ä¸ã«ãŠã‘ã‚‹æ—¥æœ¬èªžã®èª¬æ˜Žã¯è³‡æ–™ã«è¨˜ã•ã‚Œã¦ã„ãŸã‚‚ã®ã€è‹±èªžã«ã‚ˆã‚‹èª¬æ˜Žã¯user:AmagaseãŒç¿»è¨³ã—ãŸã‚‚ã®ã§ã™ã€‚ Japanese descriptions of this summary were taken from the source. ... HMS M2 was a Royal Navy aircraft-carrying submarine shipwrecked in Lyme Bay, England, on 26 January 1932. ... A DeHavilland Single Otter floatplane in Harbour Air livery. ... Submarine aircraft carriers are submarines equipped with airplanes for observation or attack missions. ... For other uses, see Radar (disambiguation). ... HMS M2 was a Royal Navy aircraft-carrying submarine shipwrecked in Lyme Bay, England, on 26 January 1932. ... Five ships of the French Navy have borne the name Surcouf, in honour of the 18th century Saint-Malo corsair Robert Surcouf: see French ship Surcouf for the list. ... For Combined Fleet, please see that article. ...

Although Germany had been banned from having submarines, construction started in secret during the 1930s. When this became known the Anglo-German Treaty of 1936 allowed Germany to achieve parity in submarines with Britain.

Submarines during World War II

Germany

Germany started the war with only 65 submarines, with 21 at sea when war broke out. However Germany soon built up the largest submarine fleet during World War II. Due to the Treaty of Versailles limiting the surface navy, the rebuilding of the German surface forces had only begun in earnest a year before the outbreak of World War II. Having no hope of defeating the vastly superior Royal Navy decisively in a surface battle, the German High Command planned on fighting a campaign of "Guerre De Course" (Merchant warfare), and immediately stopped all construction on capital surface ships save the nearly completed Bismarck class battleships and two cruisers and switched the resources to submarines, which could be built more quickly. Though it took most of 1940 to expand the production facilities and get the mass production started, more than a thousand submarines were built by the end of the war. This article is about the Treaty of Versailles of June 28, 1919, which ended World War I. For other uses, see Treaty of Versailles (disambiguation) . The Treaty of Versailles (1919) was a peace treaty that officially ended World War I between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany. ... This article is about the navy of the United Kingdom. ... The Bismarck class battleships were a class of capital ships built by Germany. ...

U-47 returns to port after sinking HMS Royal Oak in October 1939. The battlecruiser Scharnhorst is seen in the background.

Germany put submarines to devastating effect in the Second Battle of the Atlantic in World War II, attempting but ultimately failing to cut off Britain's supply routes by sinking more ships than Britain could replace. The supply lines were vital to Britain for food and industry, as well as armaments from the USA. Although the U-boats had been updated in the intervening years, the major innovation was improved communications, encrypted using the famous Enigma cipher machine. This allowed for mass-attack tactics or "wolf packs", (Rudel), but was also ultimately the U-boats' downfall. U-47 returning to port after sinking the Royal Oak. ... U-47 returning to port after sinking the Royal Oak. ... Unterseeboot 47 (U-47) was a German type VII B U-Boat (submarine). ... HMS Royal Oak was a Revenge-class battleship of the British Royal Navy, torpedoed in Scapa Flow by the German submarine U-47 on 14 October 1939. ... Scharnhorst was a famous World War II 31,500 tonne Gneisenau class battlecruiser[1] of the German Kriegsmarine, named after the Prussian general and army reformer Gerhard von Scharnhorst and to commemorate the World War I armoured cruiser SMS Scharnhorst that was sunk in the Battle at the Falkland Islands... Combatants Royal Navy Royal Canadian Navy United States Navy Kriegsmarine Regia Marina Commanders Sir Percy Noble Sir Max K. Horton Ernest J. King Erich Raeder Karl DÃ¶nitz Casualties 30,248 merchant sailors 3,500 merchant vessels 175 warships 28,000 sailors 783 submarines The Second Battle of the Atlantic... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... For a discussion of how Enigma-derived intelligence was put to use, see Ultra (WWII intelligence). ... Military tactics (Greek: TaktikÄ“, the art of organizing an army) are the collective name for methods for engaging and defeating an enemy in battle. ... The term wolf pack refers to the mass-attack tactics against convoys used by U-boats of the Kriegsmarine during the Battle of the Atlantic and submarines of the United States Navy against Japanese shipping in the Pacific Ocean in World War II. Karl DÃ¶nitz used the term Rudel...

After putting to sea, the U-boats operated mostly on their own trying to find convoys in areas assigned to them by the High Command. If a convoy was found, the submarine did not attack immediately, but shadowed the convoy and radioed to the German Command to allow other submarines in the area to find the convoy. These were then grouped into a larger striking force and attacked the convoy simultaneously, preferably at night while surfaced to avoid the ASDIC. The F70 type frigates (here, Motte-Picquet) are fitted with VDS (Variable Depth Sonar) type DUBV43 or DUBV43C tugged sonars Sonar (sound navigation and ranging) is a technique that uses sound propagation under water to navigate or to detect other watercraft. ...

In the first half of the War the submarines scored spectacular successes with these tactics, but were too few to have any decisive success. The attacks were made in the "Black Gap" between convoy escort areas and, when this was closed, off the coast of America. In the second half Germany had enough submarines, but this was more than nullified by equally increased numbers of convoy escorts, aircraft, and technical advances like radar and sonar. Huff-Duff and Ultra allowed the Allies to route convoys around wolf packs when they detected them from their radio transmissions. For other uses, see Radar (disambiguation). ... This article is about underwater sound propagation. ... High Frequency Direction Finder is usually known by its acronym HF/DF, pronounced Huff-Duff. ... Ultra (sometimes capitalized ULTRA) was the name used by the British for intelligence resulting from decryption of German communications in World War II. The term eventually became the standard designation in both Britain and the United States for all intelligence from high-level cryptanalytic sources. ...

Winston Churchill wrote that the U-boat threat was the only thing that ever gave him cause to doubt the Allies' eventual victory. Churchill redirects here. ...

The Germans built some novel submarine designs including the Type XVII which used hydrogen peroxide in a Walther turbine for propulsion. They also produced the Type XXII which had a large battery and mechanical torpedo handling.

Italy

Italy had 116 submarines in service at the start of the war, with 24 different classes. They operated mainly in the Mediterranean but some were sent to a base at Bordeaux. These proved to be not very suitable for use in the Atlantic. The most interesting use of Italian boats was of midget submarines in attacks against shipping in the harbour at Gibraltar. For other uses, see Bordeaux (disambiguation). ...

Japan

Main article: Imperial Japanese Navy submarines

Japan had by far the most varied fleet of submarines of World War II, including manned torpedoes (Kaiten), midget submarines (Ko-hyoteki, Kairyu), medium-range submarines, purpose-built supply submarines (many for use by the Army), long-range fleet submarines (many of which carried an aircraft), submarines with the highest submerged speeds of the conflict (Sentaka I-200), and submarines that could carry multiple aircraft (WWII's largest submarine, the Sentoku I-400). These submarines were also equipped with the most advanced torpedo of the conflict, the oxygen-propelled Type 95 (what U.S. historian Samuel E. Morison postwar called "Long Lance"). Imperial Japanese Navy submarines originate with the purchase of five Holland type submarines to the United States in 1905. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... The Kaiten (Japanese:å›žå¤©, translated Change the World or Reverse the Destiny) was a torpedo modified as a suicide weapon, and used by the Imperial Japanese Navy in the final stages of the Second World War. ... The Ko-hyoteki (ç”²æ¨™çš„, Type A Target) class of Japanese midget submarines had hull numbers but no names. ... The Kairyu (海龍 Sea Dragon) was a class of Kamikaze midget submarines designed in 1943-1944, and produced from the beginning of 1945. ... The Sensuikan I-200 class submarines were submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. These submarines were modern design, and known as Senkou (From Sen, abbreviation of Sensuikan, Submarine, and kou, Fast). Three of them were made, with the numbers I-201, I-202 and I-203... The Sen Toku I-400 class (ä¼Šå››ã€‡ã€‡åž‹æ½œæ°´è‰¦) submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy were the largest submarines of WW2, the largest non-nuclear submarines ever constructed, and the largest in the world until the development of nuclear ballistic submarines in the 1960s. ... The Type 93 was a 610 mm (24 inch) diameter torpedo of the Imperial Japanese Navy. ...

Overall, despite their technical prowess, Japanese submarines, having been incorporated into the Imperial Navy's war plan of "Guerre D' Escadre" (Fleet Warfare), in contrast to Germany's war plan of "Guerre De Course", they were relatively unsuccessful. Being primarily used in the offensive roles against warships, which were fast, maneuverable and well-defended compared to merchant ships. In 1942, Japanese submarines sank two fleet aircraft carriers, one cruiser, and several destroyers and other warships, and damaged many others, including two battleships. They were not able to sustain these results afterwards, as Allied fleets were reinforced and became better organized. By the end of the war, submarines were instead often used to transport supplies to island garrisons. During the war, Japan managed to sink about 1 million tons of merchant shipping (184 ships), compared to 1.5 million tons for Great Britain (493 ships), 4.65 million tons for the US (1,079 ships) and 14.3 million tons for Germany (2,840 ships). Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Two aircraft carriers, USS (left), and HMS Illustrious (right), showing the difference in size between a supercarrier and a light V/STOL aircraft carrier. ... USS Port Royal (CG-73), a Ticonderoga-class guided missile cruiser (really an uprated guided missile destroyer), launched in 1992. ... USS Lassen, an Arleigh Burke-class destroyer In naval terminology, a destroyer is a fast and maneuverable yet long-endurance warship intended to escort larger vessels in a fleet or battle group and defend them against smaller, short-range attackers (originally torpedo boats, later submarines and aircraft). ... This article is about a battleship as a type of warship. ...

Early models were not very maneuverable under water, could not dive very deep, and lacked radar. (Later in the war units that were fitted with radar were in some instances sunk due to the ability of US radar sets to detect their emissions. For example, Batfish (SS-310) sunk three such equipped submarines in the span of four days). After the end of the conflict, several of Japan's most original submarines were sent to Hawaii for inspection in "Operation Road's End" (I-400, I-401, I-201 and I-203) before being scuttled by the U.S. Navy in 1946, when the Soviets demanded access to the submarines as well. For other uses, see Radar (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Radar (disambiguation). ... USS Batfish (SS/AGSS-310), a Balao-class submarine, was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for the batfish, any of several fishes; a pediculate fish of the West Indies, the flying gurnard of the Atlantic, or a California sting ray. ... The Sen Toku I-400 class (ä¼Šå››ã€‡ã€‡åž‹æ½œæ°´è‰¦) submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy were the largest submarines of WW2, the largest non-nuclear submarines ever constructed, and the largest in the world until the development of nuclear ballistic submarines in the 1960s. ... The Sensuikan I-200 class submarines were submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. These submarines were modern design, and known as Senkou (From Sen, abbreviation of Sensuikan, Submarine, and kou, Fast). Three of them were made, with the numbers I-201, I-202 and I-203...

France

France had 112 submarine in service at the beginning of the war. They operated in the North Sea and off Norway. After the French-German Armistice, French submarines were required to return to France but many were commandeered by the British. The German capture of French submarine bases gave them freer access to the Atlantic.

Britain

There were 70 operational submarines in 1939. Two classes were selected for mass production, the sea going "S class" and the ocean going "T class" as well as the coastal "U class". All were built in large numbers during the war. They operated off Norway during the German invasion as well as in the North Sea. In the Mediterranean they attacked Axis supplies to North Africa from their base in Malta. In addition British submarines attacked Japanese shipping in coastal waters during the Pacific campaign.

Russia

The Red Fleet had 144 submarines in service or under construction at the start of the war.

United States

USS Grayback

The US used its submarines to attack merchant shipping (commerce raiding or guerre de course), in an effort to starve both Japanese Pacific island forces and the home islands, and to prevent imports of raw materials and oil. USS Grayback (SS 208) from US government source, public domain File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... USS Grayback (SS 208) from US government source, public domain File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... USS Grayback (SS-208), a Tambor-class submarine, was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for the lake herring. ... Cargo ship or freighter is any sort of ship that carries goods and materials from one port to another. ...

Where Japan had the finest submarine torpedoes of the war, the USN had perhaps the worst, the Mark 14 steam torpedo, with a Mk 6 magnetic influence exploder designed to explode under the hull of the target vessel and a Mk 5 contact exploder, neither of which was reliable. For the first twenty months of the war, senior Submarine Force commanders (including RADM Ralph Christie, ComSouthWestPac, a key member of the Mk 6's design team) attributed the torpedo failures to poor approach and attack techniques by submarine commanders. The depth control mechanism of the Mark 14 (designed for an earlier slower-running torpedo) was corrected in August, 1942, but field trials for the exploders were not even ordered until mid-1943, when tests in Hawaii and Australia confirmed the flaws.

The Mk 6 exploder was corrected by deactivating its magnetic influence mechanism and changing the firing pin of the contact exploder from one of high-friction steel to a less-friction alloy. The modifications were retro-fitted on torpedoes in service and incorporated into new production, after which the Mark 14 became a reliable weapon.

In September 1943 the Mark 18 electric torpedo was placed into service to provide a "wakeless" torpedo, but its range and speed were less than that of the Mark 14 and it had a smaller warhead. It too showed flaws that had not been corrected by testing: its battery produced hydrogen gas that could not be vented and it showed a disturbing tendency to "run circular" (that is, to travel in a circular path back to the firing submarine). The losses of the USS Tang and the USS Tullibee in 1944 resulted from self-inflicted hits by Mark 18 torpedoes fired from their stern tubes (which hit the submarines amidships), and the USS Wahoo may have been severely crippled by a circular hit on her bow before being bombed by aircraft. USS Tang (SS-306) was a Second World War era Balao-class submarine. ... USS Tullibee (SS-284), a Gato-class submarine, was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for the tullibee, a whitefish of central and northern North America. ... USS Wahoo (SS-238) was a Gato-class submarine, the first United States Navy ship to be named for the wahoo, a dark blue food fish of Florida and the West Indies. ...

During World War II 314 submarines served in the United States Navy. 111 boats were in commission on 7 December 1941, with 38 of these considered modern "fleet boats", and of that number, 23 were lost. 203 submarines from the Gato, Balao, and Tench classes were commissioned during the war, with 29 lost. In total the United States Navy lost 52 boats to all causes during hostilities, and 41 of the losses were directly attributable to enemy action. 3,506 submariners were killed or missing-in-action. is the 341st day of the year (342nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1941 (disambiguation). ... The Gato-class submarine was the state of the art in American design at the start of World War II. Using the previous Tambor-class submarine as a basis, Gatos incorporated improvements to increase their overall patrol and combat abilities. ... The Balao class was a successful design of United States Navy submarine used during World War II. An evolutionary improvement over the earlier Gato class, the boats had slight internal differences. ... Tench class submarines were an evolutionary improvement over the Gato and Balao classes, only about 35 to 40 tons larger, but more strongly built and with a slightly improved internal layout. ...

At first, Japanese anti-submarine defenses proved less than effective against U.S. submarines. Japanese sub-detection gear was not as advanced as that of some other nations. The primary Japanese anti-sub weapon for most of WWII was the depth charge. During the first part of the war, the Japanese tended to set their depth charges too shallow, and U.S. subs not trapped in shallow waters were frequently able to take advantage of depth gradient temperatures in order to escape from many attacks. A Hedgehog depth charge launcher. ...

Unfortunately, the deficiencies of Japanese depth-charge tactics were revealed in a June 1943 press conference held by U.S. Congressman Andrew J. May, a member of the House Military Affairs Committee who had visited the Pacific theater and received many confidential intelligence and operational briefings. At the press conference, May revealed that American submarines had a high survivability because Japanese depth charges were fused to explode at too shallow a depth, typically 100 feet (because Japanese forces believed U.S. subs did not normally exceed this depth). Various press associations sent this story over their wires, and many newspapers, including one in Honolulu, thoughtlessly published it. Soon enemy depth charges were rearmed to explode at a more effective depth of 250 feet. Vice Admiral Charles A. Lockwood, commander of the U.S. submarine fleet in the Pacific, later estimated that May's revelation cost the navy as many as ten submarines and 800 crewmen.^[3]^[4] Andrew Jackson May (June 24, 1875â€”September 6, 1959) was a Kentucky attorney and influential New Deal-era politician, best known for his central role in the May Incident. ...

In addition to resetting their depth charges to deeper depths, Japanese anti-submarine forces also began employing auto-gyro aircraft and MAD (magnetic anomaly detection) equipment to sink U.S. subs, particularly those plying major shipping channels or operating near the home islands. Despite this onslaught, U.S. sub sinkings of Japanese shipping continue to increase at a furious rate as more U.S. subs deployed each month to the Pacific. By the end of the war, U.S. submarines had destroyed more Japanese shipping than all other weapons combined, including aircraft.

Operationally, two commands in the Pacific Theater, Submarines Pacific and Submarines Southwest Pacific, conducted 1,588 war patrols, resulting in the firing of 14,748 torpedoes and the sinking of 1,392 enemy vessels of a total tonnage of 5.3 million tons. Over 200 warships were sunk, including a battleship, 8 aircraft carriers of varying sizes, 11 cruisers, 38 destroyers, 25 submarines (including 2 U-Boats), and 70 other escort vessels. Submarines Pacific was assigned 51 boats in 1941; by the end of the war 169 boats were assigned. Monthly war patrols averaged 27 in 1942 and increased to 47 in 1945, with a high of 57 patrols dispatched in May, 1945.

Post-War submarines

In the 1950s, nuclear power partially replaced diesel-electric propulsion. The sailing of the first nuclear powered submarine, the USN "Nautilus" in 1955 was soon followed by similar British, French and Russian boats. Equipment was also developed to extract oxygen from sea water. These two innovations, together with inertial navigation systems, gave submarines the ability to remain submerged for weeks or months, and enabled previously impossible voyages such as the crossing of the North Pole beneath the Arctic ice cap by the USS Nautilus in 1958. Most of the naval submarines built since that time in the United States and the Soviet Union and its successor state the Russian Federation have been powered by nuclear reactors. The limiting factors in submerged endurance for these vessels are food supply and crew morale in the space-limited submarine. This article is about applications of nuclear fission reactors as power sources. ... Genera Allonautilus Nautilus Nautilus (from Greek Î½Î±Ï…Ï„Î¯Î»Î¿Ï‚, sailor) is the common name of any marine creatures of the cephalopod family Nautilidae, the sole family of the suborder Nautilina. ... This article is about the chemical element and its most stable form, or dioxygen. ... Sea water is water from a sea or ocean. ... For other uses, see North Pole (disambiguation). ... This article is about polar ice caps in general. ... USS Nautilus (SSN-571) was the worlds first operational nuclear-powered submarine and the first vessel to complete a submerged transit across the North Pole. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Succession of states. ...

While the greater endurance and performance from nuclear reactors mean that nuclear submarines are better for long distance missions or the protection of a carrier battle-force, conventional diesel-electric submarines have continued to be produced by both nuclear and non-nuclear powers, as they can be made stealthier, except when required to run the diesel engine to recharge the ship's battery. Technological advances in sound dampening, noise isolation and cancellation have substantially eroded this advantage. Though far less capable regarding speed and weapons payload, conventional submarines are also cheaper to build. The introduction of air-independent propulsion boats led to increased sales numbers of such types of submarines. Air-Independent Propulsion (AIP), is a term that encompasses technologies which allow a submarine to operate without the need to surface or use a snorkel to access atmospheric oxygen. ...

In 1958 the USN carried out a series of trials with the USS Albacore. Various hull and control configuarations were tested to reduce drag and so allow greater underwater speed and manoevreability. The results of these trials were incorporated into the Skipjack class and later submarines. The first SSBN was the USS George Washington.

During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union maintained large submarine fleets that engaged in cat-and-mouse games; this continues today, on a much-reduced scale. The Soviet Union suffered the loss of at least four submarines during this period: K-129 was lost in 1968 (which the CIA attempted to retrieve from the ocean floor with the Howard Hughes-designed ship named Glomar Explorer), K-8 in 1970, K -219 in 1986 (subject of the film Hostile Waters), and Komsomolets (the only Mike class submarine) in 1989 (which held a depth record among the military submarines—1000m, or 1300 m according to the article K-278). Many other Soviet subs, such as K-19 (first Soviet nuclear submarine, and first Soviet sub at North Pole) were badly damaged by fire or radiation leaks. The United States lost two nuclear submarines during this time: USS Thresher and Scorpion. The Thresher was lost due to equipment failure, and the exact cause of the loss of the Scorpion is not known. For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ... K-129 was a Project 629A (NATO reporting name Golf-II) diesel-electric powered submarine of the Soviet Pacific Fleet, one of six Project 629 strategic ballistic missile submarines attached to the 15th Submarine Squadron based at Rybachiy Naval Base, Kamchatka, commanded by Rear Admiral Rudolf A. Golosov. ... Year 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... CIA redirects here. ... For the Welsh murderer, see Howard Hughes (murderer). ... USNS Glomar Explorer (T-AG-193) is a large ship currently being used as a deep-sea drilling platform. ... K-8 was a November class submarine of the Soviet Northern Fleet. ... Year 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... K-219 was a Navaga-class ballistic missile submarine (NATO reporting name Yankee I) of the Soviet Navy involved in what has become one of the most controversial submarine incidents in the Cold War. ... Year 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar). ... Hostile Waters is a 1997 television movie about the loss of the K-219, a Yankee II class nuclear ballistic missle sub. ... It has been proposed below that Soviet submarine K-278 be renamed and moved to Soviet submarine K-278 Komsomolets. ... Year 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar). ... It has been proposed below that Soviet submarine K-278 be renamed and moved to Soviet submarine K-278 Komsomolets. ... K-19 was a Hotel class submarine which suffered various severe accidents. ... The second USS Thresher (SSN-593) was the lead ship of its class of nuclear-powered attack submarines in the United States Navy. ... USS Scorpion (SSN-589) was the sixth ship of the United States Navy to be named for the scorpion, (hence the Scorpius constellation on her insignia). ...

The sinking of PNS Ghazi in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was the first submarine casualty in the South Asian region. PNS Ghazi, the flagship submarine of Pakistan Navy until it was sunk in 1971. ... Belligerents India Pakistan Commanders Sam Manekshaw J.S. Aurora G.G Bewoor K. P. Candeth Gul Hassan Khan Abdul Hamid Khan Tikka Khan A. A. K. Niazi # Strength 500,000+ troops 100,000 Mukti BahiniRebels 400,000+ troops Casualties and losses 3,843 killed[1] 9,851 wounded[1] Unknown... Map of South Asia (see note on Kashmir). ...

The United Kingdom employed nuclear-powered submarines against Argentina during the 1982 Falklands War; the sinking of the cruiser ARA General Belgrano by HMS Conqueror was the first sinking by a nuclear-powered submarine in war. During this conflict the conventional Argeninian submarine "Santa Fé" was disabled by a Sea Skua missile but the "San Luis" claimed to have made unsuccessful attacks on the British fleet. Belligerents Argentina United Kingdom Commanders President Leopoldo Galtieri Vice-Admiral Juan Lombardo Brigadier-General Ernesto Crespo Brigade-General Mario MenÃ©ndez Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher Admiral Sir John Fieldhouse Rear-Admiral John â€œSandyâ€ Woodward Major-General Jeremy Moore Casualties and losses 649 killed 1,068 wounded 11,313 taken prisoner... USS Port Royal (CG-73), a Ticonderoga-class guided missile cruiser (really an uprated guided missile destroyer), launched in 1992. ... For the Argentine politician and military leader, see Manuel Belgrano. ... HMS Conqueror was a Churchill-class nuclear-powered submarine that served in the Royal Navy from 1971 to 1990. ... Sea Skua Type air-to-surface Nationality United Kingdom Era 1980-Present Launch platform Helicopted launched Target shipping History Builder British Aerospace Dynamics (now MBDA) Date of design Production period Service duration Operators UK, Brazil, Germany, Malaysia Variants ? Number built ? Specifications Type anti-shipping Diameter 0. ...

Modern military submarines

SSBNs

Ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs or boomers in American slang) carry submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBM) with nuclear warheads, for attacking strategic targets such as cities or missile silos anywhere in the world. They are currently universally nuclear-powered, to provide the greatest stealth and endurance. (The first Soviet ballistic missile submarines were diesel-powered.) They played an important part in Cold War mutual deterrence, as both the United States and the Soviet Union had the credible ability to conduct a retaliatory strike against the other nation in the event of a first strike. This comprised an important part of the strategy of Mutual Assured Destruction. Diagram of V-2, the first ballistic missile. ... For other uses, see Slang (disambiguation). ... French M45 SLBM and M51 SLBM Submarine-launched ballistic missiles or SLBMs are ballistic missiles delivering nuclear weapons that are launched from submarines. ... The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, 1945, rose some 18 kilometers (11 mi) above the hypocenter A nuclear weapon derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions of fusion or fission. ... A missile silo is a underground vertical cylindrical container for the storage and launching of ICBMs. ... This article is about applications of nuclear fission reactors as power sources. ... For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ... Deterrence theory is a defensive strategy developed after World War II and used throughout the Cold War. ... In nuclear strategy, second strike capability is a countrys assured ability to respond to a nuclear attack with powerful nuclear retaliation against the attacker. ... In nuclear strategy, first strike capability is a countrys ability to defeat another nuclear power by destroying its arsenal to the point where the attacking country can survive the weakened retaliation. ... Mutual assured destruction (MAD) is a doctrine of military strategy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by one of two opposing sides would effectively result in the destruction of both the attacker and the defender. ...

The Ohio-class submarine USS Michigan.

The U.S. has 18 Ohio class submarines, of which 14 are Trident II SSBNs, each carrying 24 SLBMs. The American George Washington class "boomers" were named for famous Americans, and together with the Ethan Allen, Lafayette, James Madison, and Benjamin Franklin classes, these SSBNs comprised the Cold War-era "41 for Freedom." Later Ohio class submarines were named for states (recognizing the increase in striking power and importance, equivalent to battleships), with the exception that SSBN-730 gained the name of a Senator. The first four Ohio class vessels were equipped with Trident I, and are now being converted to carry Tomahawk guided missiles for land and shipping attack. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (3008x1960, 723 KB) Summary 021114-N-6497N-150 Naval Submarine Base, Bangor, Wash. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (3008x1960, 723 KB) Summary 021114-N-6497N-150 Naval Submarine Base, Bangor, Wash. ... USS Michigan (SSBN-727/SSGN-727) is the second Ohio-class Nuclear Powered Fleet Ballistic Missile Submarine in the United States Navy. ... The United States has 18 Ohio class submarines: 14 nuclear-powered SSBNs, each armed with 24 Trident II SLBMs; they are also known as Trident submarines, and provide the sea-based leg of the nuclear triad of the United States strategic deterrent forces 4 nuclear-powered SSGNs, each armed with... This article contains technical information about the Trident ballistic missile. ... It has been proposed below that SSBN be renamed and moved to Ballistic missile submarine. ... The George Washington class of United States Navy submarine were the first ballistic missile submarines in the world. ... The Ethan Allen class of fleet ballistic missile submarine was an evolutionary development from the George Washington class. ... The Lafayette class of submarine was an evolutionary development from the Ethan Allen class of fleet ballistic missile submarine, slightly larger and generally improved. ... The James Madison class of submarine was an evolutionary development from the Lafayette class of fleet ballistic missile submarine. ... The Benjamin Franklin class of submarine was an evolutionary development from the James Madison class of fleet ballistic missile submarine. ... USS (SSBN-730), a Ohio-class ballistic missile submarine, was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for Senator Henry M. Jackson. ... A Tomahawk cruise missile The Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM) is a long-range, all-weather, subsonic cruise missile with stubby wings. ...

For Russia, see List of NATO reporting names for ballistic missile submarines. NATO reporting name for ballistic missile submarines, with Soviet designations: Ballistic Missile Submarines - Nuclear Propelled (Podvodnaya Lodka Atomnaya Raketnaya Ballistecheskaya - PLARB) Hotel I (Project 658) 8 ships Hotel II (Project 658M) 7 ships (refitted from Project 658 ships) Yankee I (Project 667A) 34 ships Yankee II (Project 667AM, Navaga-M...

The Royal Navy possess a single class of four ballistic missile submarines (what RN call "bombers", for their function), the Vanguard class with Trident missiles. The Royal Navy's previous ballistic missile submarine class was the Resolution class, with Polaris missiles, which also consisted of four boats. The Resolutions, named after battleships to convey the fact they were the new capital ships, were decommissioned when the Vanguards entered service in the 1990s. This article is about the navy of the United Kingdom. ... The Vanguard class are the Royal Navys current nuclear ballistic missile submarines (SSBN), each armed with up to 16 Trident II SLBMs. ... During the 1950s and early 1960s, Great Britains only nuclear deterrent was through the RAFs V-bombers. ... The capital ships of a navy are its important warships; the ones with the heaviest firepower and armor. ... For the band, see 1990s (band). ...

France operates a force de frappe including a nuclear ballistic submarine fleet made up of one SSBN Redoutable class and three SSBNs of the Triomphant class. One additional SSBN of the Triomphant class is under construction. The Redoutable, the first French nuclear missile submarine // a Pluton missile mobile launcher The Force de frappe (literally Striking Force; meant for dissuasion, i. ... The Redoutable class submarine is a ballistic missile (SSBN) class, Sous-marin NuclÃ©aire Lanceur dEngins (SNLE), of the Marine Nationale , the oceanic part (Force OcÃ©anique StratÃ©gique, FOST) of the Force de frappe. ... The Triomphant class of strategic missile submarines of the French Navy are currently being introduced into service to provide the sea based component of the French nuclear deterrent or Force de frappe, with the M45 SLBM. They are replacing the Redoutable-class boats. ...

The People's Republic of China's People's Liberation Army Navy's SLBM inventory is relatively new. China launched its first nuclear armed submarine in April 1981. The PLAN currently has 1 Xia class ("Type 92") at roughly 8,000 tons displacement. The Type 92 is equipped with 12 SLBM launching tubes. China's SLBM program is built around its JL-1 inventory. The Chinese Navy is estimated to have 24 JL-1s. The JL-1 is basically a modified DF-21. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The 6,500-ton Type 092 (US Dept of Defense designation Xia-class) submarine was the first ballistic missile-carrying, nuclear-powered submarine class (SSBN) deployed by the Peoples Liberation Army Navy. ... The Julang-1, also known as the JL-1 and in US nomenclature as the CSS-N-3, was Chinas first solid fueled ballistic missile. ... The Dong-Feng 21 represents Chinas first solid-fuel land-based missile. ...

The PLAN plans to replace its JL-1 with an unspecified number of the longer ranged, more modern JL-2s. Deployment on the JL-2 reportedly began in late 2003. The JL-2 is a Chinese Submarine-launched ballistic missile with a range of 8,000 kilometers, currently in development for use in a new SSBN, Type 094. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Attack submarines

Attack submarines are fast, long range boats with torpedoes and cruise missiles to attack submarines, ships and land targets. They carry sonars, and other sensors, for target location and fire control systems for weapon launching.

In 1982 a study group was set up by the USN to define the requirements for a new SSN, later known as Seawolf. The submarine was commissioned in 1997. It had twice the weapon load of the Los Angeles class, with a new combat system (BSY-2) and new sonars. Unfortunately its cost proved unacceptable and so a more affordable design was started. This Virginia class had a reduced weapon load but with a wide variety of types. USS Seawolf (SSN-575) The Seawolf class attack submarine (SSN) was the intended successor to the Los Angeles class, ordered at the end of the Cold War in 1989. ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Los Angeles class submarines The Los Angeles class is a class of nuclear-powered fast attack submarines (SSN) that forms the backbone of the United States submarine fleet, and is the most numerous class of nuclear powered submarine in the world. ...

The Royal Navy is building the Astute class submarines as successors to its Swiftsure and Trafalgar classes. The first was launched in 2007. The Astute class submarines are the next generation nuclear Fleet submarines of the Royal Navy. ... The Royal Navys Swiftsure-class of nuclear fleet submarines (SSNs) is the older of the two classes of attack submarine in service with the RN. It originally contained six boats, but HMS Swiftsure was decommissioned in 1992 due to damage suffered to the pressure hull during trials. ... The Trafalgar class submarines were, until the introduction of the Astute class, the Royal Navys most advanced nuclear fleet submarines (SSNs). ...

The latest Chinese attack submarine class is the Type 093 (Shang), first launched in 2002, which is replacing the Type 091 (Han) class. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The 4,500/5,500-ton Type 091 (US Department of Defense designation Han-class) was the first nuclear-powered submarine (SSN) class deployed by the Peoples Liberation Army Navy. ...

The Russian 949A (Oscar II) SSN was built from about 1989 to the late 90s. Older attack submarines have been decommissioned. Oscar class submarine The Soviet Unionâ€™s Project 949 (Granit) and Project 949A (Antey) submarines are known in the West by their NATO reporting names: the Oscar-I and Oscar-II classes respectively. ...

In Australia six Collins class SSKs were built between 1996 and 2003, while Sweden has built three A19 SSKs.

The French Barracuda class submarine is planned but will not replace its Rubis attack submarines until 2016. The Barracuda class is a planned nuclear attack submarine class of the French Marine Nationale, designed by government shipbuilder DCN to replace the Rubis class submarines. ... The Rubis type is a class of first-generation nuclear attack submarines of the French Navy. ...

Modern civil submarines

Tourist Submarines

These boats are lead-acid battery powered, being charged between runs from support facilities. They may have a surface speed of a few knots but generally their underwater speed is less than a knot. Their depth capabilities are often only a few metres. Some are capable of carrying over 50 passengers. They are found in the major tourist resorts in the warm water regions.

Private submarines

These can be used for a variety of purposes from scientific research, underwater filming and construction to search and salvage. They often can be fitted with a number of tools with lights, cameras, acoustic tracking and communications. They tend to be 2 or 3 person craft, sometimes with diver lockout facilities. Alternatively they can be simple craft used to aid divers.

Human powered submarines

Races are held in the David Taylor Model Basin in the US over a 100m course. The 9th races were held in 2007 at which 22 teams took part, with 26 submarines. A speed record of 8 knots was set for a two man submarine and 5 knots for a one man submarine. The David Taylor Model Basin is one of the largest ship model basins — test facilities for the development of ship design — in the world. ...

Major submarine incidents

Early incidents

Up to August 1914 there were 68 submarine accidents. There were 23 collisions, 7 battery gas explosions, 12 gasoline explosions, and 13 sinkings due to hull openings not being closed.

Cold War incidents

Theren have been a number of accidental sinkings but also some collisions between submarines. Examples of the former include the loss of HMS Affray in the English Channel in 1951 due to the snort mast fracturing, USS Thresher in 1963 due to a pipe weld failure during a test dive, and the loss of the Russian Kursk on 12 August 2000 probably due to a torpedo explosion. An example of the latter was the incident between the Soviet Kostroma and the USS Baton Rouge in February 1992. On the 16th April, 1951, a British submarine - HMS Affray, one of five of her class built during 1944 - put to sea in the English Channel on a peaceful, simulated war mission. ... Two submarines of the United States Navy have been named USS Thresher, for a type of shark that is harmless to man and easily recognizable because its tail is longer than the combined length of body and head. ... USS Baton Rouge (SSN-689), a Los Angeles-class submarine, was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for Baton Rouge, Louisiana. ...

Incidents since 2000

Main article: Major submarine incidents since 2000

Since submarines have been actively deployed, there have been several incidents involving submarines which were not part of major combat. Most of these incidents were during the Cold War, but some are more recent. Since the year 2000 there have been 9 major naval incidents involving submarines. There were three Russian submarine incidents, in two of which the submarines in question were lost, along with three United States submarine incidents, one Chinese incident, one Canadian, and one Australian incident. In August 2005, the Russian PRIZ, an AS-28 rescue submarine was trapped by cables and/or nets off of Petropavlovsk, and saved when a British ROV cut them free in a massive international effort. USS San Francisco in Dry Dock after running aground 350 miles south of Guam Since the year 2000, there have been fourteen major naval incidents involving submarines: three Russian submarine incidents, six involving submarines from the United States, and one Chinese, one Canadian, two British and one Australian incident. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Mini-submarine AS-28 Priz after surfacing in the Bering Sea AS-28 is a miniature submarine of the Russian Navy belonging to the Project 1855 Priz class. ...

History of submarine technology

Propulsion

Until the advent of nuclear marine propulsion, most 20th century submarines used batteries for running underwater and gasoline (petrol) or diesel engines on the surface and to recharge the batteries. Early boats used gasoline but this quickly gave way to paraffin, then diesel, because of reduced flammability. Diesel-electric became the standard means of propulsion. Initially the diesel or gasoline engine and the electric motor were on the same shaft which also drove a propeller with clutches between each of them. This allowed the engine to drive the electric motor as a generator to recharge the batteries and also propel the submarine if required. The clutch between the motor and the engine would be disengaged when the boat dived so that the motor could be used to turn the propeller. The motor could have more than one armature on the shaft — these would be electrically coupled in series for slow speed and parallel for high speed (known as "group down" and "group up" respectively). This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... Petrol redirects here. ... This article is about the fuel. ... For other uses, see Paraffin (disambiguation). ...

In the 1930s the principle was modified for some submarine designs, particularly those of the U.S. Navy and the British U-class. The engine was no longer attached to the motor/propeller drive shaft but drove a separate generator which would drive the motors on the surface and/or recharge the batteries. This diesel-electric propulsion allowed much more flexibility, for example the submarine could travel slowly whilst the engines were running at full power to recharge the batteries as quickly as possible, reducing time on the surface, or use its snorkel. Also it was now possible to insulate the noisy diesel engines from the pressure hull making the submarine quieter. The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression, also known as the [[. In East Asia, the rise of militarism occurred. ... USN redirects here. ... A number of vehicles use a diesel-electric powerplant for providing locomotion. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Soundproofing is any means of to reducing the intensity of sound with respect to a specified source and receptor. ...

There were other power sources attempted—oil-fired steam turbines powered the British "K" class submarines built during the First World War and in following years but these were not very successful. This was selected to give them the necessary surface speed to keep up with the British battle fleet. The K class submarines were a class of steam-propelled submarines of the Royal Navy designed in 1913. ... â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ...

Steam power was resurrected in the 1950s with the advent of the nuclear-powered steam turbine driving a generator which is now used in all large submarines. There was an attempt to use a very advanced lead cooled fast reactor on Project 705 "Lira" but it's maintenance was considered too expensive. By removing the requirement for atmospheric oxygen these submarines can stay submerged indefinitely so long as food supplies remain (air is recycled and fresh water distilled from seawater). These vessels always have a small battery and diesel engine/generator installation for emergency use when the reactors have to be shut down. The 1950s decade refers to the years 1950 to 1959 inclusive. ... The Lead-cooled Fast Reactor is a Generation IV reactor that features a fast-spectrum lead or lead/bismuth eutectic liquid metal-cooled reactor with a closed fuel cycle. ... Alfa class submarine at sea. ... Distillation is a means of separating liquids through differences in their boiling points. ...

Anaerobic propulsion was employed by the first mechanically driven submarine Ictineo II in 1864. Ictineo's engine used a chemical mix containing a peroxide compound, that generated heat for steam propulsion while at the same time solved the problem of oxygen renovation in an hermetic container for breathing purposes. The system wasn't employed again until 1940 when the German Navy tested a system employing the same principles, the Walter turbine, on the experimental V-80 submarine and later on the naval U-791 submarine. At the end of the Second World War the British and Russians experimented with hydrogen peroxide/kerosene (paraffin) engines which could be used both above and below the surface. The results were not encouraging enough for this technique to be adopted at the time, although the Russians deployed a class of submarines with this engine type code named Quebec by NATO, they were considered a failure. Today several navies, notably Sweden now use air-independent propulsion boats which substitute liquid oxygen for hydrogen peroxide. Narcís Monturiol i Estarriol Narcís Monturiol i Estarriol (September 28, 1819 - September 6, 1885) was the inventor of the mechanically driven submarine. ... 1864 (MDCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... A peroxide is a compound containing an oxygen-oxygen single bond. ... This article is about the chemical element and its most stable form, or dioxygen. ... A hermetic seal is an airtight seal. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Hellmuth Walter (August 26, 1900 â€“ December 16, 1980) was a German engineer who pioneered research into rocket engines and gas turbines. ... A Siemens steam turbine with the case opened. ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a very pale blue liquid which appears colorless in a dilute solution, slightly more viscous than water. ... For other uses, see Kerosene (disambiguation). ... The Quebec-class submarine was the NATO reporting name of the Soviet Project 615 submarine class, a small coastal attack submarine of the late 1950s. ... Air-Independent Propulsion (AIP), is a term that encompasses technologies which allow a submarine to operate without the need to surface or use a snorkel to access atmospheric oxygen. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

The German Type 212 submarine uses nine 34-kilowatt hydrogen fuel cell as air-independent propulsion, which makes it first series production submarine using fuel cell. The German Type 212 is a highly advanced design of non-nuclear submarine (U-Boat) developed by Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft AG (HDW) for the German Navy. ... A fuel cell is an electrochemical device similar to a battery, but differing from the latter in that it is designed for continuous replenishment of the reactants consumed; i. ... A fuel cell is an electrochemical device similar to a battery, but differing from the latter in that it is designed for continuous replenishment of the reactants consumed; i. ...

Most small modern commercial submarines which are not expected to operate independently use batteries which can be recharged by a mother-ship after every dive.

Towards the end of the 20th century, some submarines began to be fitted with pump-jet propulsors instead of propellers. Although these are heavier, more expensive, and often less efficient than a propeller, they are significantly quieter, giving an important tactical advantage. Categories: Marine propulsion | Stub ...

A possible propulsion system for submarines is the magnetohydrodynamic drive, or "caterpillar drive", which has no moving parts. It was popularized in the movie version of The Hunt for Red October, written by Tom Clancy, which portrayed it as a virtually silent system. (In the book, a form of propulsor was used rather than an MHD.) Although some experimental surface ships have been built with this propulsion system, speeds have not been as high as those hoped. In addition, the noise created by bubbles, and the higher power settings a submarine's reactor would need, mean that it is unlikely to be considered for any military purpose. A Magnetohydrodynamic drive or MHD propulsor, is a method proposed for propelling seagoing vessels. ... This article contains a trivia section. ... For the member of the Irish folk band The Clancy Brothers, see Tom Clancy (singer) and for the American Celticist, see Thomas Owen Clancy. ...

The schnorchel

Drebbel's 1620 submarine is thought to have incorporated floats with tubes to allow air down to the rowers. The steam powered submarines used to run with their hulls awash with air being taken down through their conning towers. During the First World War the British are believed to have experimented with a similar concept to the schnorkel, that is a mast through which air is drawn.

Diesel submarines needed air to run their engines, and so carried very large batteries for submerged travel. These limited the speed and range of the submarines while submerged. The schnorchel (used by prewar Dutch submarines) was used after 1943 to allow German submarines to run just under the surface, attempting to avoid detection visually and by radar. After the war the concept became widely used and the term was anglicised to "shnorkel". The German navy also experimented with engines that would use hydrogen peroxide to allow diesel fuel to be used while submerged, but technical difficulties were great. For other uses, see Battery. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see Radar (disambiguation). ... Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a very pale blue liquid which appears colorless in a dilute solution, slightly more viscous than water. ...

Sensors

Originally submarines were navigated using a porthole but the periscope was introduced by World War I. Passive sonar was introduced in submarines during the First World War but active sonar ASDIC did not come into service until the inter-war period. Today the submarine may have a wide variety of sonar arrays, from bow mounted to trailing ones. There are often upward-looking under-ice sonars as well as depth sounders. This article is about underwater sound propagation. ... The F70 type frigates (here, Motte-Picquet) are fitted with VDS (Variable Depth Sonar) type DUBV43 or DUBV43C tugged sonars Sonar (sound navigation and ranging) is a technique that uses sound propagation under water to navigate or to detect other watercraft. ...

Radar came in during the 1930s, with radar warning receivers in the Second World War.

Fire control

Originally the submarine's torpedoes were aimed by pointing the boat in the correct direction. This was determined from the targets course and speed by measurements of angle and range via the periscope. The necessary calculation was first carried out manually and later by mechanical calculators. Today it is achieved by digital computers with dispay screens providing all necessary information on the torpedo status and so on.

Weapons and countermeasures

Early submarines carried torpedoes externally and then internally. In the latter case both bow mounted and stern mounted tibes were used but today only the former are still employed. Some specialised mine laying submarines were built. The modern submarine is capable of firing many types of weapon from its launch tubes, including UAVs.

German submarines in World War II had rubber coatinds and could launch chemical devices to provide a decoy when the boat was under attack. These proved to be not very effective as sonar operators came to distinguish between the decoy and the submarine. Modern submarines can launch a variety of devices for the same purpose, as well as having coatings.

Communications

Wireless was used to provide communication to and from submarines in the First World War. With time the type, range and bandwidth of the communications systems have increased. Because of the danger of intercept, transmissions by a submarine are minimised. Various periscope mounted aerials have been developed to allow communication without surfacing.

Navigation

The standard navigation system for early submarines was by eye, with use of a compass. The gyrocompass was introduced in the early part of the 20th century and inertial navigation in the 1950s. The use of satellite based navigation is of limited use to submarines, except at periscope depth or when surfaced.

Escape

After the sinking of the A1 submarine in 1904, lifting eyes were fitted to British submarines and in 1908 air-locks and escape helmets were provided. The RN experimented with various types of escape apparatus but it was not until 1924 that the "Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus" came in. The USN used the similar "Momsen Lung". The French used "Joubert's apparatus" and the Germans used "Draeger's apparatus".

Rescue submarines for evacuating a disabled submarine's crew came in in the 1970s and the British unmanned vehicle was used for recovering an entangled Russian submarine crew in 2005. A new NATO Submarine Rescue System entered service in 2007. The NATO Submarine Rescue System (NSRS) is a multi-national project to develop an international submarine rescue system. ...

Patents

U.S. Patent 708,553 - Submarine boat

References

^ ^a ^b Submarine History
^ Submarine Heritage Centre - submarine history of Barrow-in-Furness
^ Blair, Clay, Silent Victory Vol.1, pg 397.
^ Lanning, Michael Lee (Lt. Col.), Senseless Secrets: The Failures of U.S. Military Intelligence from George Washington to the Present, Carol Publishing Group, 1995

Blair, Clay, Silent Victory (Vol.1), The Naval Institute Press, 2001.
Blair, Clay Jr., Silent Victory: The U.S. Submarine War Against Japan, ISBN 1-55750-217-X
Compton-Hall, Richard. Submarine Boats, the beginnings of underwater warfare, Windward, 1983.
Lanning, Michael Lee (Lt. Col.), Senseless Secrets: The Failures of U.S. Military Intelligence from George Washington to the Present, Carol Publishing Group, 1995
Steam, Steel and Shellfire, The steam warship 1815-1905, Conway's History of the Ship ISBN 0-7858-1413-2
Lockwood, Charles A. (VAdm, USN ret.), Sink 'Em All: Submarine Warfare in the Pacific, (1951)
O'Kane, Richard H. (RAdm, USN ret.), Clear the Bridge!: The War Patrols of the USS Tang, ISBN 0-89141-346-4
O'Kane, Richard H. (RAdm, USN ret.), Wahoo: The Patrols of America's Most Famous WII Submarine, ISBN 0-89141-301-4
Preston, Anthony. The World's Greatest Submarines Greenwich Editions 2005.

External links

John Holland: http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/coclare/people/holland.htm
German Submarines of WWII: http://www.uboat.net
Submaine Simulations: http://www.subsim.com
German Midget Submarine - Seehund: http://www.one35th.com/seehund/sh_index.html
Submarines of WWI: http://www.dropbears.com/w/ww1subs/index.htm
German Midget Submarine - Molch: http://www.one35th.com/submarine/molch_main.htm
Role of the Modern Submarine: http://www.submarinehistory.com/21stCentury.html
Submariners of WWII: http://www.oralhistoryproject.com — World War II Submarine Veterans History Project
German submarines using peroxide: http://www.dataphone.se/~ms/ubootw/boats_walter-system.htm
record breaking Japanese Submarines: http://www.combinedfleet.com/ss.htm
German U-Boats 1935–1945: http://www.u-boot-archiv.de
U.S. ship photo archive: http://www.navsource.org
Israeli missile trials: http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/israel/missile/popeye-t.htm
The Sub Report: http://www.thesubreport.com
The Invention of the Submarine: http://www.vectorsite.net/twsub1.html
Submersibles and Technology by Graham Hawkes http://www.deepflight.com/subs/index.htm
Submarine of Karl Shilder http://www.informatics.org/museum/milrock.html

Royal Navy submarine history http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/static/pages/3164.html
A century of Royal Navy submarine operations http://www.chinfo.navy.mil/navpalib/cno/n87/usw/issue_12/holland.html
Royal Navy submarines http://www.solarnavigator.net/royal_navy_submarines.htm

Still floating submarine Lembit (1936) http://www.meremuuseum.ee/et/ships/lembit.html

Categories: Maritime history | Submarines

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Contents

Early history of submarines and the first submersibles GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

The first military submarines

Submarines in the American Civil War

Early submarines in Latin America

European/American submarines (mid 1800s)

Late 1800s to World War I

Submarines during World War I

Germany

Turkey

Britain

France

Russia

Interwar developments

Submarines during World War II

Germany

Italy

Japan

France

Britain

Russia

United States

Post-War submarines

Modern military submarines

SSBNs

Attack submarines

Modern civil submarines

Tourist Submarines

Private submarines

Human powered submarines

Major submarine incidents

Early incidents

Cold War incidents

Incidents since 2000

History of submarine technology

Propulsion

The schnorchel

Sensors

Fire control

Weapons and countermeasures

Communications

Navigation

Escape

See also

General

Articles on specific vessels

Articles on specific submarine classes

Patents

References

External links

Early history of submarines and the first submersibles