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Founders

William D. Boyce • James E. West Ernest Thompson Seton • Daniel Carter Beard

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The Boy Scouts of America (BSA) was inspired by and modeled on the Boy Scout Association, established by Robert Baden-Powell in Britain in 1907. In the early 1900s, several youth organizations were active, and many became part of the BSA. This work is copyrighted. ... For the Boy Scout program within the BSA, see Boy Scouts (Boy Scouts of America). ... The Cub Scouts are a membership division of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA), part of the overall Scouting program. ... Boy Scouting is one of the traditional membership divisions of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA), available to boys 10–17. ... Varsity Scouting is part of the Boy Scout Division of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). ... The BSA Venturing Logo Venturing is a division of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) for young men and women ages 14–21. ... Sea Scouts is a program within the Boy Scouts of Americas Venturing Program. ... The Order of the Arrow (OA) is a program of the Boy Scout division of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). ... Since its inception, the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) has had a tradition of advancement, honors and recognition. ... An Eagle Scout is a Scout with the highest rank attainable in the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). ... This list of notable Eagle Scouts includes men who have earned the highest rank attainable in the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). ... For history regarding merit badge types, see History of merit badges (Boy Scouts of America). ... William D. Boyce William Dickson Boyce (June 16, 1858- June 11, 1929), was an American entrepreneur, best known today for founding the Boy Scouts of America. ... Dr. James E. West (May 16, 1876 – May 15, 1948) was a lawyer and an advocate of childrens rights, who become the first professional Chief Scout Executive of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA), serving from 1911-1943. ... Ernest Thompson Seton (August 14, 1860 - October 23, 1946) was a noted author and founding pioneer of the Boy Scouts of America. ... Daniel Carter (Uncle Dan) Beard (June 21, 1850– June 11, 1941) was an American illustrator, author, and social reformer from Covington, Kentucky. ... BSA Merit Badge Samples: Gardening, Type A (center); Fish & Wildlife Management, Type J (upper right); Citizenship In The Home, Type E (lower right); Collections, Type H (lower left); Camping, Type D (upper left). ... Image File history File links Scout_logo2. ... For the Boy Scout program within the BSA, see Boy Scouts (Boy Scouts of America). ... It has been suggested that Gimmie 5 be merged into this article or section. ... Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell, OM, GCMG, GCVO, KCB (February 22, 1857 - January 8, 1941) was a soldier, writer and founder of the world scouting movement. ...

The BSA grew rapidly and became the largest youth organization in the United States. Early controversies involved race, the "younger boy problem", and the "older boy problem". Troops initially followed local community policy on race. For younger boys, the Cubbing program arose and for older boys, Rovering and Exploring programs were developed. Additional programs and changes have occurred over the years to adapt the program to the youth of the day.

W. D. Boyce and the Unknown Scout

William D. Boyce

W. D. Boyce was an American newspaper man and entrepreneur. According to legend, he was lost on a foggy street in London when an unknown Scout came to his aid, guiding him back to his destination.^[1] The boy then refused Boyce's tip, explaining that he was merely doing his duty as a Boy Scout. Immediately afterwards, Boyce met with Lord Robert Baden-Powell, who was the head of the Boy Scout Association at that time. Boyce returned to America, and, four months later, founded the Boy Scouts of America. This version of the legend has been printed in numerous BSA handbooks and magazines. There are several variations of this legend, such as one that claims he knew about Scouting ahead of time. Bitmap image of William D. Boyce This work is copyrighted. ... Bitmap image of William D. Boyce This work is copyrighted. ... William D. Boyce William Dickson Boyce (June 16, 1858- June 11, 1929), was an American entrepreneur, best known today for founding the Boy Scouts of America. ... Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell, OM, GCMG, GCVO, KCB (February 22, 1857 - January 8, 1941) was a soldier, writer and founder of the world scouting movement. ... It has been suggested that Gimmie 5 be merged into this article or section. ...

In actuality, Boyce stopped in London en route to a safari in British East Africa. It is true that an unknown Scout helped him and refused a tip. But this Scout only helped him cross a street to a hotel, did not take him to the Scout headquarters, and Boyce never met Baden-Powell. Upon Boyce's request, the unknown Scout did give him the address of the Scout headquarters, where Boyce, went on his own and picked up information about the group.^[2] Weather reports show that London had no fog that day. Boyce returned to London after his safari and visited the Scout headquarters again and gained the use of Scouting for Boys in the development of a US Scouting program. This and other elements of the legend were largely added by James E. West in 1915 to help build up Boyce as the true founder of the BSA in order to defuse an escalating conflict between Daniel Carter Beard and Ernest Thompson Seton over who should be considered the founder of the BSA.^[3] Elements of this story, including the fog, may have been borrowed from a story concerning the Rhode Island Boy Scouts. British East Africa was a British protectorate in East Africa, covering generally the area of present-day Kenya and lasting from 1890 to 1920, when it became the colony of Kenya. ... Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell, OM, GCMG, GCVO, KCB (February 22, 1857 _ January 8, 1941) was a soldier, writer and founder of the world scouting movement. ... Dr. James E. West (May 16, 1876 – May 15, 1948) was a lawyer and an advocate of childrens rights, who become the first professional Chief Scout Executive of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA), serving from 1911-1943. ... Daniel Carter (Uncle Dan) Beard (June 21, 1850– June 11, 1941) was an American illustrator, author, and social reformer from Covington, Kentucky. ... Ernest Thompson Seton (August 14, 1860 - October 23, 1946) was a noted author and founding pioneer of the Boy Scouts of America. ... In the Boy Scouts of America, all of the state of Rhode Island is located within the Narragansett Council. ...

Scouting comes to the U.S.

Boyce returned to the United States and with Edward S. Stewart and Stanley D. Willis^{[citation needed]}, he incorporated the Boy Scouts of America on February 8, 1910 and applied for a congressional charter. The bill was tied up with a charter for the Rockefeller Foundation and Boyce withdrew it after many delays. Around this time, William Randolph Hearst, a rival newspaperman, formed the American Boy Scouts (ABS), a group that lasted through 1918. Between business and travel, Boyce did not spend much time on the new organization. Edgar M. Robinson, a senior administrator of the YMCA in New York City, learned of the new Boy Scout program and traveled to Chicago where he agreed to help Boyce organize the Boy Scouts as a national organization. Boyce pledged $1000 a month for a year to support the program– but reports indicate only three or four payments were actually made. Robinson returned to New York to begin the search for members. After a series of meetings in early 1910, the Woodcraft Indians lead by Ernest Thompson Seton, the Boy Scouts of the United States headed by Colonel Peter Bomus and the National Scouts of America headed by Colonel William Verbeck were absorbed into the BSA. The National Highway Patrol Association Scouts headed by Colonel E. S. Cornell and the Boy Pioneers (formerly known as the Sons of Daniel Boone) headed by Daniel Carter Beard were folded. The BSA national office opened in the 28th Street YMCA in New York City on 1 June 1910. The first managing secretary (the precursor to the Chief Scout Executive) was John Alexander, a YMCA administrator from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. February 8 is the 39th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... The Rockefeller Foundation is a charitable organization based in New York City. ... William Randolph Hearst (April 29, 1863 – August 14, 1951) was an American newspaper magnate. ... Scouting is a world-wide youth organization. ... This article is about the association. ... Nickname: Big Apple, Gotham, NYC, City That Never Sleeps, The Concrete Jungle, The City So Nice They Named It Twice Location in the state of New York Coordinates: Country United States State New York Boroughs The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Staten Island Settled 1676 Government  - Mayor Michael Bloomberg (R) Area... Nickname: The Windy City, The Second City, Chi Town, City of the Big Shoulders, The 312, The City that Works Motto: Urbs In Horto (Latin: City in a Garden), I Will Location in Chicagoland and Illinois Coordinates: Country United States State Illinois County Cook & DuPage Incorporated March 4, 1837 Government... A recreational/educational philosophy devised by Ernest Thompson Seton in the early years of the 20th Century, for young people based on camping, outdoor skills and crafts. ... Ernest Thompson Seton (August 14, 1860 - October 23, 1946) was a noted author and founding pioneer of the Boy Scouts of America. ... The Sons of Daniel Boone (sometimes the Society of the Sons of Daniel Boone) was a youth program developed by Daniel Carter Beard in 1905 based on the American Frontiersman. ... Daniel Carter (Uncle Dan) Beard (June 21, 1850– June 11, 1941) was an American illustrator, author, and social reformer from Covington, Kentucky. ... June 1 is the 152nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (153rd in leap years), with 213 days remaining. ... 1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... The Chief Scout Executive is the top professional of the National Council of the Boy Scouts of America. ... Nickname: City of Brotherly Love, Philly, the Quaker City Motto: Philadelphia maneto (Let brotherly love continue) Location in Pennsylvania Coordinates: Country United States State Pennsylvania County Philadelphia Founded October 27, 1682 Incorporated October 25, 1701 Mayor John F. Street (D) Area    - City 369. ...

The National Council was formed in the fall of 1910 with Colin Livingstone as the national president, Robinson becoming the managing secretary (on a temporary leave from the YMCA) and Seton as Chief Scout. Beard, Bomus and Verbeck became the national Scout commissioners. Seton wrote A Handbook of Woodcraft, Scouting, and Life-craft, the original edition of what is now the Boy Scout Handbook. It was hastily published and shipped to potential leaders for review. Robinson wanted to return to his full time position at the YMCA, so Livingstone put out inquiries for a replacement. They hired James E. West an enterprising young lawyer known as an advocate of children's rights. West was hired on a six month temporary basis that lasted 35 years. Commissioner Service is the group within the Boy Scouts of America that provides direct service to each Scouting unit (pack, troop, team, crew or ship). ... The Boy Scouts is the official handbook of the Boy Scouts and the Boy Scouts of America. ... Dr. James E. West (May 16, 1876 – May 15, 1948) was a lawyer and an advocate of childrens rights, who become the first professional Chief Scout Executive of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA), serving from 1911-1943. ...

James West and the early days

The new BSA office on 5th Avenue opened in January of 1911 with West at the helm and the movement began to grow at a rapid pace. One of West's first tasks was to revise the British-based program outline in Seton's handbook and adapt it for American boys. West was instrumental in expanding the third part of the Scout Oath: // Since the publication of Scouting for Boys in 1908, all Scouts and Guides around the world have taken a Scout (or Guide) promise or oath to live up to ideals of the movement, and subscribed to a Scout Law. ...

He also pushed to add three parts to the Scout Law: brave, clean, and reverent. He then pressed article III of the constitution of the BSA, now known as the religious principle: Since the publication of Scouting for Boys in 1908, all Scouts and Guides around the world have taken a Scout Promise or oath to live up to ideals of the movement, and subscribed to a Scout Law. ...

As the BSA grew, the concept of the local council grew as a method of administration. With the local council came the beginning of the Commissioner Service. Local commissioners formed the first councils and started the tradition of direct support to the Scoutmaster. A first-class council had a paid commissioner, and could keep 15 cents of each 25 cent registration, while second-class councils with volunteer commissioners could keep five cents. The first annual meeting was held in February 1911 at the White House. It was agreed that the President of the United States— then William Howard Taft —was to be the honorary president of the BSA, a tradition that is still followed today. Theodore Roosevelt was selected as the Chief Scout Citizen and honorary vice-president. Gifford Pinchot was selected as Chief Woodsman. Commissioner Service is the group within the Boy Scouts of America that provides direct service to each Scouting unit (pack, troop, team, crew or ship). ... North façade of the White House, seen from Pennsylvania Avenue. ... The presidential seal was first used by President Hayes in 1880 and last modified in 1959 by adding the 50th star for Hawaii. ... William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930) was an American politician, the 27th President of the United States, the 10th Chief Justice of the United States, a leader of the progressive conservative wing of the Republican Party in the early 20th century, a chaired professor at Yale Law... Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt, Jr. ... Gifford Pinchot Gifford Bryce Pinchot (August 11, 1865 – October 4, 1946) was the first Chief of the United States Forest Service (1905–1910) and the Republican Governor of Pennsylvania (1923–1927, 1931–1935). ...

The new edition of the handbook– The Official Handbook for Boys was published. West essentially commandeered the publishing plant to get the book out on time. West pushed through a change in his title, and in November of 1911 he became the Chief Scout Executive. In February of 1912, Baden-Powell returned to the US and West accompanied him on tour. Baden-Powell remarked that the BSA needed better communications. After discussions with the Executive Board, Boyce offered to fund a magazine if it were published by his company in Chicago. Livingstone declined the offer, noting that the board wanted the magazine to be published from the New York office. Boyce withdrew from all administrative duties and returned to newspaper management.^[2] West learned of a Scouting magazine called Boys' Life and recommended it for purchase. The first cover by Norman Rockwell, Scout at Ship's Wheel, appeared on the September 1913 issue. In 1912, Sea Scouting became an official program, based on the British Sea Scout program. Arthur Rose Eldred became the first Eagle Scout in 1912. The Chief Scout Executive is the top professional of the National Council of the Boy Scouts of America. ... The cover of Boys Life from July 1917. ... Norman Rockwell Norman Percevel Rockwell (February 3, 1894 – November 8, 1978) was a 20th century American painter. ... Sea Scouts is a program within the Boy Scouts of Americas Venturing Program. ... Sea Scouts are members of the international Scouting movement, with a particular emphasis on water-based activities. ... Arthur Eldred, 1912, BSAs first Eagle Scout. ... An Eagle Scout is a Scout with the highest rank attainable in the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). ...

Early controversies

The original handbook used a lot of material from Baden-Powell's handbook. The comments on loyalty to employers concerned the labor unions– the Industrial Workers of the World in Portland, Oregon protested loudly during the 1912 tour. These comments were removed from the 1911 edition and West made much of the labor positions of the rival American Boy Scouts. A union (labor union in American English; trade union, sometimes trades union, in British English; either labour union or trade union in Canadian English) is a legal entity consisting of employees or workers having a common interest, such as all the assembly workers for one employer, or all the workers... The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or the Wobblies) is an international union currently headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. At its peak in 1923 the organization claimed some 100,000 members in good standing, and could marshal the support of perhaps 300,000 workers. ... Nickname: City of Roses, Stumptown, Bridgetown, PDX Location in Multnomah County and the state of Oregon Coordinates: Country United States State Oregon County Multnomah County Incorporated February 8, 1851 Government  - Mayor Tom Potter Area  - City  145. ...

Protests over the inclusion of African Americans arose early in the program. When Boyce departed, he turned the Boy Scout corporation over to the members of the Executive Board with the stipulation that the Boy Scouts would not discriminate on the basis of race or creed. West's position was that African Americans should be included, but that local communities should follow the same policies that they followed in the school systems. Thus, much of the American south as well as many major northern communities had segregated programs with "colored troops" until the late 1940s. An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ...

Since the BSA had early and enduring ties with the YMCA, a firmly Protestant organization, the Catholic church forbade their boys to join. The Catholics accepted the BSA in 1913, but troops would be Catholic only under Catholic adult leadership. Later that year, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints affiliated their Mutual Improvement Association with the BSA with similar restrictions. The Salt Lake Temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the largest attraction in the citys Temple Square. ...

In the years before World War I, pacifism and patriotism often came into conflict, and the BSA was sometimes in the middle. Some thought that the BSA was too militaristic, especially as characterized by their military style uniforms and discipline, while others felt that the BSA was unpatriotic in their stance against military training. In 1912, a member of another organization, the American Boy Scouts, shot another boy by accident. West quickly distanced the BSA from the ABS program and any military training or discipline. He refused to allow the BSA Supply group to sell the Remington rifle endorsed by the ABS and de-emphasized the Marksmanship merit badge. The National Rifle Association lobbied the Executive Board to issue the badge. In 1914, Colonel Leonard Wood resigned from the board after a pacifistic article was published in Boys' Life that he considered to be "almost treasonable". After Theodore Roosevelt admonished West, he toned down the rhetoric and later began to issue the Marksmanship merit badge. Combatants Allied Powers: Russian Empire France British Empire Italy United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary German Empire Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Commanders Nikolay II Aleksey Brusilov Georges Clemenceau Joseph Joffre Ferdinand Foch Robert Nivelle Herbert H. Asquith D. Lloyd George Sir Douglas Haig Sir John Jellicoe Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna... Pacifism is the opposition to war or violence as a means of settling disputes. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... Scouting is a world-wide youth organization. ... Remington Arms is a major American manufacturer of rifles, shotguns, other firearms, revolvers and ammunition. ... National Rifle Association logo This article concerns the National Rifle Association of the USA. For the UK organisation, see National Rifle Association, UK The National Rifle Association, or NRA, is a non-profit group for the promotion of marksmanship, firearm safety, and the protection of hunting and personal protection firearm... Leonard Wood (October 9, 1860 – August 7, 1927) was a physician who served as the US Army Chief of Staff and Governor General of the Philippines. ...

The original use of the fleur-de-lis as an emblem was repugnant to some pacifist organizations who thought it a symbol of war. Beard added the eagle to the symbol and associated it with the compass rose. This was another conflict between Beard and Seton, as Seton had pressed for a wolf on the Scout emblem and as the emblem of what became the Eagle Scout award. Fleurs-de-lys on the flag of Quebec The fleur-de-lis (also spelled fleur-de-lys; plural fleurs-de-lis or -lys) is used in heraldry, where it is particularly associated with the France monarchy (see King of France). ... For the tool used to draw circles, see Compass (drafting). ... An Eagle Scout is a Scout with the highest rank attainable in the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). ...

As early as 1910, Beard and Seton had an argument over who was the founder of Scouting. Programs for boys had been advanced by Seton in 1902, Beard in 1905 and Baden-Powell in 1906. Since Baden-Powell had based parts of the program on Seton's work, Seton claimed to be the founder. By 1915, the conflicts between had escalated and in an attempt to defuse the situation, West devised the legend of the Unknown Scout that emphasized Boyce as the founder of the BSA. Seton still had Canadian citizenship, and this chafed some in the BSA, including West who often referred to him as "our alien friend". The board did not re-elect Seton as Chief Scout in 1915 and he soon stopped publishing in Boys' Life. By early 1916, Seton was officially out of the BSA program, and most of his contributions were removed from the 1916 edition of the handbook. Seton later established the Woodcraft League based on his older works and claimed he had not actually merged them into the BSA.

Boyce had argued for a program to serve boys who could not participate in a troop because of time or location, but West was against any such a program. In 1915, Boyce incorporated the Lone Scouts of America (LSA) and invested all of his new boys as members and himself as the "Chief Totem". The BSA later formed the Pioneer Scouts in 1916 as an outreach to mostly rural areas with only moderate success. In 1924, the LSA merged into the BSA and was run as the Rural Scouting Division for the next decade. Lone Scouts of America (LSA) was a Scouting organization for American boys that operated from 1915 until it merged with the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) in 1924. ...

West fiercely defended the use of the term Scout and the right to market Scouting merchandise. When the American Boy Scouts re-emerged as the United States Boy Scouts (USBS), West sued and won. The USBS renamed to the American Cadets but soon folded. The Salvation Army Life-Saving Scouts folded in the 1930s. By 1930, West claimed to have stopped 435 groups from unauthorized use of Scouting; this both the use as part of an organizational name and in the use of commercial products. When the Girl Scouts of America started, West discouraged the program. West had earlier worked with Luther Gulick when the Camp Fire Girls were established and always considered the them to be the sister program of the BSA. When the Girl Scouts refused to give up their name in 1918, West appealed to Baden-Powell with no results. Lou Henry Hoover became the president of the Girl Scouts in 1922 and First Lady in 1929; West stopped his campaign to rename the Girl Scouts. The Girl Scouts of the United States of America (GSUSA) is a youth organization for girls in the United States and American girls living abroad. ... Now known as Camp Fire USA, the nationwide youth organization began on March 17, 1910 as Camp Fire Girls. ... Lou Henry Hoover (1874-1944) Lou Henry Hoover (March 29, 1874 – January 7, 1944) was the wife of President Herbert Hoover and First Lady of the United States. ... This article is about the use of the term first lady internationally. ...

Birth of Cubbing

As early as 1911, Seton had developed a prototype program he named Cub Scouts of America that was never implemented. West felt that having BSA divisions for younger boys (those under 11; the "younger boy problem") would draw away boys from the core program, which was Scout troops focused on the 11–17 year old age group; thus he opposed such a program for some time. In spite of this, unofficial programs for younger boys started around this time, under names such as Junior Troops or Cadet Corps. The BSA obtained the rights to Baden-Powell's The Wolf Cub Handbook in 1916 and used it in unofficial Wolf Cub programs starting in 1918. This lead to an issue with Beard who felt that the use of the British book was nearly disloyal to the US. West encouraged the formation of the Boy Rangers of America, a separate organization for boys eight through twelve based on an American Indian theme. The Boy Rangers used the Scout Law and Chief Guide Emerson Brooks was a Boy Scout commissioner in Montclair, New Jersey. Despite this, wolf packs met and camped in Port Angeles WA as early as 1923. The BSA finally began some experimental Cubbing units in 1928 and in 1930 the BSA began registering the first Cubbing packs, and the Boy Rangers were absorbed.^[4] Native Americans are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States, including parts of Alaska. ... Map of Montclair Township in Essex County Montclair is a township in Essex County, New Jersey, United States. ...

The British Cubbing program used elements of Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book series, with the Cubmaster taking the role of Akela and the assistant Cubmaster the role of Baloo. The American program also syncretized American Indian elements, with all Cub Scouts belonging to the Webelos tribe, symbolized by the Arrow of Light and led by Akela. Webelos was also an acronym meaning Wolf, Bear, Lion, Scout. The initial rank structure was Wolf, Bear and Lion, with ages of 9, 10 and 11. Dens of six to eight Cubs were entirely led by a Boy Scout holding the position of den chief. This article is about the British author. ... Cover of a modern edition of the Jungle Book The Jungle Book (1894) is a collection of stories written by Rudyard Kipling. ... Akela (occasionally called The Lone Wolf) is a fictional character featured in Rudyard Kiplings Mowgli stories collected in The Jungle Book and The Second Jungle Book. ... Baloo and Mowgli, from the Disney film Baloo (Hindi: Bear) is the fictional sleepy old grey bear featured in In Rudyard Kiplings The Jungle Book and The Second Jungle Book. ... Syncretism is the attempt to reconcile disparate, even opposing, beliefs and to meld practices of various schools of thought. ... Native Americans are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States, including parts of Alaska. ...

World War I and beyond

Boy Scouts take to the streets in New York City, 1917.

Boy Scouts served as crowd control at the inauguration of President Woodrow Wilson in 1913, and have served at every inauguration since in some ceremonial role. The Philadelphia Area Council started a Scout honor society called the Order of the Arrow in 1915 that eventually became an important part of the Boy Scout program. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2406x1473, 1500 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): James E. West (Scouting) Portal:Scouting/Selected picture archive/2006 History of the Boy Scouts of America Portal... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2406x1473, 1500 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): James E. West (Scouting) Portal:Scouting/Selected picture archive/2006 History of the Boy Scouts of America Portal... Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 - February 3, 1924), was the 28th President of the United States. ... The Order of the Arrow (OA) is a program of the Boy Scout division of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). ...

Paul Sleman, Colin H. Livingstone, Ernest S. Martin and James E. West successfully lobbied Congress for a federal charter for the BSA, which President Woodrow Wilson signed on June 15, 1916. It reads: It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ... Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 - February 3, 1924), was the 28th President of the United States. ... June 15 is the 166th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (167th in leap years), with 199 days remaining. ... 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ...

During the war, radio transmitters were regulated, and Scouts were called to look for unauthorized units. Scouts were used as message runners, coast watchers, and were to be alert for men who had not reported for duty. Over $352 million of war bonds were sold by Scouts along with $101 million War Saving Stamps. They collected fruit pits to be processed into charcoal for gas masks and inventoried black walnut trees for use as propellers and gun stocks. The War Garden program was intended for Scouts to raise food at home, but was only moderately successful.^[4] This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... Fortitudo, by Sandro Botticelli Courage, also known as fortitude, is the ability to confront fear, pain, danger, uncertainty or intimidation. ... An American War Bonds poster from 1942 War bonds were a form of savings bond used by many combatant nations to help fund World War I and World War II. They were also a measure to manage inflation by removing money from the economy heated up by the war efforts. ... Charcoal is the blackish residue consisting of impure carbon obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances. ... A gas mask is a mask worn on the face to protect the body from airborne pollutants and toxins. ...

When Baden-Powell returned to the US in 1919, the BSA held a huge rally in Central Park, and later a rally for the return of General John J. Pershing. During the war, it was noted that troops tended to fold if the Scoutmaster was called for service. Changes in the troop structure included limiting the size to 32 Scouts, the introduction of the troop committee and the senior patrol leader position. The Associate Scout, Veteran Scout and Pioneer Scout programs were introduced for Scouts with loose or no troop affiliation. Select paid commissioners in first class councils started to become the first Scout executives and an early professional development program was implemented. Theodore Roosevelt died in January 1919, Dan Beard lead a pilgrimage of Scouts to the grave in October in what became an annual event. A Central Park landscape Central Park is a large public, urban park (843 acres or 3. ... John Joseph Black Jack Pershing (September 13, 1860 – July 15, 1948) was an officer in the United States Army. ...

The BSA sent a large contingent to the 1920 World Scout Jamboree. Baden-Powell presented the Silver Wolf to West and Livingstone. West was persuaded to write the constitution and by-laws for what became the World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM). As part of the world movement, the BSA adopted the left handshake and a new uniform: the high collar jacket was replaced by a shirt and neckerchief and shorts were added as an option. The World Scout Jamboree (Jamboree Scout Mondial in French) is a gathering of Scouts (ages 14-17) from all over the world. ... The World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM) is the supranational organization which governs most national Scout Movements, with 28 million members. ...

With a high concentration of troops in the New York City area, administration started to become burdensome. In 1921, Franklin Delano Roosevelt was persuaded to head a foundation overseeing the New York borough councils. Dr. George J. Fisher, a YMCA administrator, was recruited as the Deputy Chief Scout Executive. The US was divided 12 regions and then into areas directly reportable to the National Council. Boy's Life was in financial trouble by 1923 and West took over as editor. James J. Storrow replaced Colin Livingstone as president in 1925 and William Hillcourt, later known as "Green Bar Bill" began his association with the BSA. The first program for Scouts with disabilities was introduced in 1923.^[5] After Storrow died in 1926, Milton A. McRae became the president briefly, followed by Walter W. Head. The Silver Buffalo Award was created in 1926: the first awards were to Baden-Powell, the Unknown Scout (presented as a statue at Gilwell Park), W. D. Boyce, Livingstone, Storrow (posthumously) Beard, Seton and Robinson. Charles Lindbergh was elected as the 18th Honorary Scout in 1927 and awarded the Silver Buffalo in 1928. Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882–April 12, 1945), 32nd President of the United States, the longest-serving holder of the office and the only man to be elected President more than twice, was one of the central figures of 20th century history. ... (L) William Green Bar Bill Hillcourt and (R) Lord Robert Baden-Powell; the two men with the largest impact on the Boy Scouts of America. ... The Silver Buffalo Award, created in 1925, is bestowed upon those adults who give truly noteworthy and extraordinary service to youth. ... Gilwell Park is a campsite and activity centre for Boy Scouts, Girl Guides, and school groups, and a training and conference centre for Scout Leaders. ... For the U.S. Representative from Minnesota (1859 – 1924), see Charles August Lindbergh For Charles Augustus Lindbergh, Junior, see Lindbergh kidnapping Charles Augustus Lindbergh (February 4, 1902 – August 26, 1974), known as Lucky Lindy and The Lone Eagle, was an American pilot famous for the first solo, non-stop flight...

The Rural Scouting program was expanded with the Railroad Scouting program in 1926. The BSA began expanding the Negro Scouting program: by 1927 thirty-two communities in the south had "colored troops", with twenty-six troops in Louisville, Kentucky.^[6] The junior assistant Scoutmaster position was created in 1926 and Eagle Palms were added in 1927. Boys' Life promoted a photo safari to Africa for three Scouts in 1928. Later in 1928, a trip to the Antarctic with Commander Byrd was promoted and Eagle Scout Paul Siple was selected for the expedition. Hillcourt wrote the first Patrol Leader Handbook, published in 1929. The Silver Wolf was presented to Beard and Mortimer L. Schiff. The first Silver Buffalo Awards were presented in 1926.^[4] Membership registration and fees for volunteers began in 1929. By the end of the decade the BSA had a membership of 842,540. “Louisville” redirects here. ... An Eagle Scout is a Scout with the highest rank attainable in the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). ... Greek ἀνταρκτικός, opposite the arctic) is a continent surrounding the Earths South Pole. ... Rear Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd, USN (October 25, 1888 – March 11, 1957) was a pioneering American polar explorer and famous aviator. ... Paul Allman Siple (1908-1968) was an American Antarctic explorer and geographer who took part in six Antarctic expeditions, including the two Byrd expeditions of 1928-1930 and 1933-1935. ... Mortimer Loeb Schiff (1877 – 1931) was a notable early Boy Scouts of America (BSA) leader. ... The Silver Buffalo Award, created in 1925, is bestowed upon those adults who give truly noteworthy and extraordinary service to youth. ...

1930s

Cover of Time Magazine
July 12, 1937
1937 National Scout Jamboree

Mortimer Schiff was elected as president in 1931, but died after serving one month and Walter Head returned until 1946. Schiff's mother purchased and donated 400 acres of land in New Jersey and donated it to the BSA, thus creating Mortimer L. Schiff Scout Reservation as a national training center. President Roosevelt encouraged Scouts to do their part during the During the Great Depression. Scouts responded by providing services to assist relief agencies and Scout leaders provided training for the Civilian Conservation Corps. The Senior Scout program within the troop and the Rovering program for older Scouts was introduced in 1933, but was not promoted and was discontinued in 1947. The BSA planned to celebrate their 25th anniversary with a jamboree in Washington, D.C., but it was canceled due to an outbreak of polio. An experimental Wood Badge course was conducted in 1936 along with a Rover Wood Badge Course&ndash both werer based on the then current British syllabi. The 1937 National Scout Jamboree was opened by Dan Beard who lit a fire with flint and steel using wood from all 48 states. In 1937, oil magnate Waite Phillips donated to the BSA a large tract of land in the Rocky Mountains of New Mexico that became the Philmont Scout Ranch. Scouts participated at the 1939 New York World's Fair. Just under 4,000 Scouts camped on site and served as ushers, guides and honor guards. A rally attracted 63,0000 Scouts. The decade ended with a membership of 1,391,831.^[4] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Scouting in New Jersey. ... The Great Depression was a decade of unemployment, low profits, low prices, high poverty and stagnant trade that affected the entire world in the 1930s. ... CCC workers on road construction, Camp Euclid, Ohio 1936 The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was a work relief program for young men from unemployed families established in March 1933 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in his first hundred days. ... This article is about the disease. ... The Wood Badge or Woodbadge is the recognition received by adults in Scouting who have completed the Leader training program provided by their respective Scout Association. ... Born 1883, died 1964. ... Rockies may also refer to the National League Baseball team, the Colorado Rockies. ... Capital Santa Fe Largest city Albuquerque Area  Ranked 5th  - Total 121,665 sq mi (315,194 km²)  - Width 342 miles (550 km)  - Length 370 miles (595 km)  - % water 0. ... The Tooth of Time, an icon of Philmont Scout Ranch. ... Trylon, Perisphere and Helicline photo by Sam Gottscho The 1939-40 New York Worlds Fair, located on the current site of Flushing Meadows-Corona Park (also the location of the 1964-1965 New York Worlds Fair), was one of the largest worlds fairs of all time. ...

1940s

Boy Scouts attend church service in Philadelphia, 1949.

In 1940, composer Irving Berlin wrote to West expressing a desire to further the aims of Scouting. He created a foundation to distribute the royalties from his song "God Bless America" to the Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (476x693, 721 KB) Description Description: en: Troop 152 Scouts, Philadelphia, at Scout Sunday Service at the St Francis de Sales parish (47th & Springfield, Philadelphia), 1949 Source: photo taken by Bernie Kelley Date: April 2003 Author: Bruce Andersen Permission: CC-BY-SA... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (476x693, 721 KB) Description Description: en: Troop 152 Scouts, Philadelphia, at Scout Sunday Service at the St Francis de Sales parish (47th & Springfield, Philadelphia), 1949 Source: photo taken by Bernie Kelley Date: April 2003 Author: Bruce Andersen Permission: CC-BY-SA... Irving Berlin (May 11, 1888 – September 22, 1989) was a Russian-American composer and lyricist, one of the most prodigious and famous American songwriters in history. ... God Bless America is an American patriotic song written by Irving Berlin in 1918 and revised by him in 1938. ...

In 1941, the Webelos rank was created for 11-½ year-old boys. The first Webelos badge used the emblem today known as the Arrow of Light and was worn on the left pocket flap. Den mothers became optional Cubbing leaders in 1936, eventually becoming a registered position in 1948. The Bob Cat rank was introduced in 1938 as the entry-level badge for a new Cub, with a pin for non-uniform wear. Until 1942, boys joining Cubbing at any age were required to work their way through the ranks, first earning Bob Cat, then Wolf, Bear and Lion, wearing only their current rank and arrow points. After 1942, Bob Cat became a joining rank, then the Cub Scout progressed to the next rank for his age level and all earned rank badges were worn. In 1945, the Cubbing program was renamed to Cub Scouts. 1947 saw the uniform change from knickers to trousers. The age groups were changed to 8, 9 and 10 in 1949. Bob Cat became Bobcat around 1950.^[4][7][8] Knickers is a word used to refer to two very different items of clothing. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Pants. ...

In 1949 the minimum age for a Boy Scout was lowered from 12 to 11 and adults were now proscribed from earning merit badges and youth ranks.

1950s

BSA membership rose dramatically between 1950 and 1960, from 2.8 million to 5.2 million. The 40th anniversary celebrated the theme of "Strengthen the Arm of Liberty." As part of the theme, the BSA distributed over 200 replicas of the Statue of Liberty. The 8-foot-4-inch copper statues are known as the "Little Sisters of Liberty".^[9] For other freedom monuments, see Monument of Liberty. ...

The first pinewood derby was held in 1953, becoming an official part of the program in 1955. In 1954, the Webelos den program was started for 10-½ year olds and a Webelos den emblem was introduced, used on the Webelos den flag and replacing the den number on the uniform. The Bobcat pin was approved for uniform wear in 1959.^[8] In 1956, Scouts and Scouters who participated in an approved international activity or event were allowed to wear the World Crest as a permanent award. Local councils were allowed to present the crest in 1957. Official Pinewood Derby car kit. ... The World Crest, also called the World Membership Badge The World Crest was an award given out by the Boy Scouts of America as an award for scouts and scouters who had participated in an international scouting event. ...

In 1959, the dimensions of the Boy Scout Handbook increased to their present size and it was printed in full color for the first time. Cub Scouts and Boy Scouts lowered their age limits, and Exploring was extensively modified to include vocational exploration.^[4][7]

1960s

Changes in the advancement program led to the Lion badge being discontinued and replaced by the new Webelos badge in 1967 along with the introduction of the Webelos neckerchief and hat and the Webelos Colors. The meaning of Webelos was changed to We'll Be Loyal Scouts. Also in 1967, the den mother position was changed to den leader and opened to males and females and the den leader coach position was added as a trainer of den leaders. However, its staunch standing on morals during this tumultuous time its banning of racially segregated units in 1968 helped it maintain its reputation.^[4][7][8]

The 1970s: the Improved Scouting Program

The BSA commissioned a series of studies and developed an updated program to modernize Scouting in a manner similar to the changes of the British Boy Scout Association in 1967. September of 1972 saw the launch of the Improved Scouting Program. The Cub Scout Promise was changed from "to be square" to "to help other people", as the term square went from meaning honest to rigidly conventional. The use of boy was de-emphasized: the eighth edition of the handbook was titled simply Scout Handbook and the new strategic logo used Scouting/USA. Much of the Scoutcraft information and requirements were removed, replaced by information on drug abuse, family finances, child care and community problems. Conservation included both urban and wilderness areas. The concept of the personal growth agreement conferences was introduced as a requirement for each rank. Under the new program, a Scout could reach First Class without going hiking or camping or cooking over a fire. The program was modified for a system of immediate recognition. Individual rank requirements were supplemented with skill awards recognized by metal belt loops. Ranks and merit badges were to be presented immediately, and recognized later at the court of honor. The merit badge program— previously only available to First Class and above—was opened to all ranks, and merit badges were required for Tenderfoot, Second Class and First Class. The number of required merit badges for Eagle Scout was increased to 24, and Camping merit badge was dropped from the required list. The entry age was changed to 11 or 10-½ if a boy had finished fifth grade. It has been suggested that Gimmie 5 be merged into this article or section. ... The term square, in referring to a person, originally meant someone who was honest, traditional, and loyal. ... Scoutcraft is a term coined by the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). ... A court of honor (or, court of honour) is a semi-official or unofficial tribunal constituted to determine various questions of social protocol, breaches of etiquette, and other allegations of breaches of honor, or entitlement to various honors. ...

The Senior Boy Scout program was replaced by the Leadership Corps. Initially the Leadership Corps was limited to leaders 14–15; older boys were expected to become junior assistant Scoutmasters or move to Exploring. The Leadership Corps could wear the forest green shirt with a Scout BSA strip until it was discontinued in 1979. The Leadership Corps patch was worn in place of the patrol patch, The first version of the patch was trapezoidal, replaced by a round patch in 1987. The red beret was initially introduced for the Leadership Corps, and extended for troop wear in 1973.^[10] The Troop Leader Development (TLD) program was introduced in 1974 to train youth leaders.^[11]The Cornerstone program was introduced to train adult leaders. Leaders who completed the course were recognized by a special version of the leader's emblem that was embroidered with mylar thread, giving a shiny look.^[12]

1972 saw the introduction of new colored cloth badges for all ranks and positions, the new Webelos badge was introduced and the old badge became the Arrow of Light. In 1973, most Cub Scout leadership positions were opened to women, and in 1976 the Cubmaster, assistant Cubmaster, and all commissioner positions were opened.^[13]

In 1976, concerns over the lack of emphasis on Scoutcraft and declining membership lead to the introduction of "All Out for Scouting", a back-to-basics program developed by William "Green Bar Bill" Hillcourt. The program was launched with "Brownsea Double-Two", a week long course for the senior patrol leader who would then introduce the troop-level "Operation Flying Start" to their units.^[14] Junior Leader Training (JLT) replaced TLD and Brownsea Double-Two in 1979. From a peak of 6.5 million Scouts in 1972, membership declined to a low of 4.3 million in 1980.^[15] (L) William Green Bar Bill Hillcourt and (R) Lord Robert Baden-Powell; the two men with the largest impact on the Boy Scouts of America. ...

Hillcourt returned from retirement to write the ninth edition of the Boy Scout Handbook in 1979, returning much of the Scoutcraft skills.^[16] The number of Eagle required merit badges was reduced back to 21, and Camping was restored to the required list. The Boy Scouts is the official handbook of the Boy Scouts and the Boy Scouts of America. ...

1980s

In 1980, the new Boy Scout uniform designed by Oscar de la Renta was introduced. The Varsity Scouts program was introduced in 1984 as an alternate program for older boys. The Uniform and insignia of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) gives a Scout visibility and creates a level of identity within both the unit and the community. ... Oscar de la Renta (born July 22, 1932) is a leading fashion designer. ... Varsity Scouting is part of the Boy Scout Division of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). ...

Tiger Cubs were started in 1982 as a pack associated program for seven year old boys; the uniform consisted of an orange T-shirt and a cap. The Tiger Cub Promise was "I promise to love God, my family and my country, and to learn about the world." The Tiger Cub Motto was "Search, Discover, Share."

In 1984, several uniform changes were brought in. Webelos Scouts were given the option to wear the Boy Scout uniform with Webelos cap, neckerchief, insignia and blue shoulder loops. The original yellow Cub Scout neckerchief became the Wolf Cub Scout neckerchief and Bear Cub Scouts got their own light blue neckerchief. In 1986, Cub Scout membership was changed from age based to school grade based^[17] and the Webelos Scout program was expanded to two years.

In 1989, some of the last elements of the Improved Scout Program ended when the skill award program was discontinued and the individual requirements were returned to the ranks. The Leadership Corps program was eliminated and the Venture crew and Varsity team programs for older boys 14–17 within the troop were introduced.^[4] Initially, girls were allowed to participate in team and crew activities, but this was later quietly dropped. These programs used the Venture/Varsity Letter with activity pins for recognition. The Varsity team program within the troop was discontinued in 1996. When the Venturing program was introduced in 1998, Venture crews were redesignated as Venture patrols. In early 2005, the BSA quietly stopped allowing Venture Patrols to use the Venture/Varsity Letter and activity pins, restricting them to just Varsity Scouts.^[18] Initially, the youth leaders were the Venture crew chief and assistant crew chief and the Varsity team captain and team co-captain. The adult leaders were the assistant Scoutmaster Venture and the assistant Scoutmaster Varsity. All of these positions and the emblems were eliminated except for assistant Scoutmaster Venture. The BSA Venturing Logo Venturing is a division of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) for young men and women ages 14–21. ...

1990s

The Cub Scout Academics program was introduced in 1992 and became the Cub Scout Academics and Sports program in 1996. In 1990 requirements for the World Crest were changed to taking part in an international exhibit or display or an international event. The requirements were eliminated in 1991, and all Scouts now wear the World Crest as a display of world brotherhood in Scouting. The International Activity Patch replaced the World Crest as an emblem of participation in an international event.^[8] This is also the era in which the BSA restructured in an effort to reduce manpower by consolidating smaller councils into larger ones. In 1996 the Tiger Cub was presented with a Tiger Cub BSA emblem for wear on the blue Cub Scout uniform after graduating into the pack. Venturing made its debut in 1998.^[4]

2000

The Tiger Cub Den became an integrated part of the pack in 2001 and the standard blue uniform was adopted with Tiger Cub hat, neckerchief and slide. The Tiger Cub strip was replaced by the diamond shaped badge and the Tiger Cub Promise was replaced by the Cub Scout Promise. In 2004, the ScoutReach division lauched the Scouting and Soccer program as an outreach to Hispanic youth and families.^[19][4]The Tiger Cub Motto was replaced by the Cub Scout Motto in 2006. A new version of the Webelos badge was introduced, oval shaped like the Boy Scout badges and worn only on the khaki shirt.^[20][21] In June 2006, in a move to align Tiger Cubs with the rest of the Cub Scout program, Tiger Cubs were required to earn the Bobcat badge first.

Varsity Scouts

In 1984, the program was rolled out as an official program of the BSA for boys 14–17.

In 1989, with rollout of the Venture program, the Varsity letter was redesigned for the use of the Venture Crew as well, and activity pins were added. Boy Scouting is one of the traditional membership divisions of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA), available to boys 10–17. ...

While remaining small, the program has persisted, probably due to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints' policy is to charter a Varsity Team for all 14-15 year old boys in the US. In recent years, the number of teams chartered by other organizations has increased. In 2001 revised Varsity Scout manuals were released. The Salt Lake Temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the largest attraction in the citys Temple Square. ...

Venturing

Shortly after Boy Scouting was founded in the United States, its creators encountered a problem with older boys. Some grew bored with the program, usually around 14–15, while others didn't want to leave their troops after reaching the age of 18. To alleviate this problem, overtime a haphazard group of new programs were created for older boys, including the Sea Scouts, Air Scouts, Rover Scouts, Senior Scouts and Explorer Scouts, among others. Around 1935, most of these were brought together under the overall Senior Scout Program Division. In 1949, these programs were reworked into Explorers, which included Sea Explorers and Air Explorers. In 1959, these were further re-worked and condensed into a unified Exploring program with Sea Explorers as a relatively independent sub-group.^[22] Sea Scouts is a program within the Boy Scouts of Americas Venturing Program. ... Air Scouts are members of the international Scouting movement, with a particular emphasis on flying-based activities. ... Rover Scouting is a service division of Scouting for young men, and in some countries, women. ... This term should not be confused with Explorer Scouts, the UK equivalent of Exploring. ...

In the 1950s and beyond, many Explorer posts chose to run career awareness programs. Some of these programs became affiliated with specific organizations, such as police, fire departments and hospitals. In the 1960s and further into the 70s, this became an important aspect of the overall Exploring program. Even with the emphasis on more career-oriented posts, outdoor oriented posts still remained popular. In 1971, after a two-year experimental phase with Girl Scouts and Camp Fire Girls, the Explorer program went co-ed. The Girl Scouts of the United States of America (GSUSA) is a youth organization for girls in the United States and American girls living abroad. ... Now known as Camp Fire USA, the nationwide youth organization began on March 17, 1910 as Camp Fire Girls. ...

On July 30, 1996, the ACLU issued a statement^[23] charging that members of Explorer posts affiliated with public services had a significant advantage over non-members in finding employment with these services. Because the BSA prohibits its members from being openly homosexual or atheist, these public services were discriminating against such people. On April 10, 1997, the ACLU filed a lawsuit^[24] against the City of Chicago for allowing these programs. Most of these problematic units were career-awareness posts affiliated with government agencies, especially law enforcement and fire awareness posts. July 30 is the 211th day (212th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 154 days remaining. ... 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ... The American Civil Liberties Union, or ACLU, is a non_governmental organization devoted to defending civil rights and civil liberties in the United States. ... Since its coinage, the word homosexuality has acquired multiple meanings. ... For information about the band, see Atheist (band). ... April 10 is the 100th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (101st in leap years). ... 1997 (MCMXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Nickname: The Windy City, The Second City, Chi Town, City of the Big Shoulders, The 312, The City that Works Motto: Urbs In Horto (Latin: City in a Garden), I Will Location in Chicagoland and Illinois Coordinates: Country United States State Illinois County Cook & DuPage Incorporated March 4, 1837 Government...

In August 1998, the BSA split up the Exploring program and moved all career-oriented Explorer posts to their Learning for Life subsidiary. Participants in this program are not members of the BSA's Scouting program. All others, the hobby and high adventure oriented Exploring posts, were moved to the new Venturing program. This program was hastily designed due to the legal pressures (a change of this scale would take 7 to 10 years under normal circumstances) and as a result, there were many gaps and inconsistencies in the program guides. However, some of the new program (such as new awards) had already been in the works for several months. There has been some confusion between Venturing and the pre-existing Venture program. The awards system was incomplete. Many other details were noticeably less developed than their Exploring and Boy Scouting counterparts. Learning for Life (LFL) is an United States school and work-site based program that is a subsidiary of the Boy Scouts of America. ... Boy Scouting is one of the traditional membership divisions of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA), available to boys 10–17. ...

Since that time, things have improved. New and updated manuals have come out. Additional awards (Quest and TRUST) have been added. New leadership training programs for youth such as Venturing Leadership Skills Course and Kodiak/Kodiak-X (formerly called Nature of Leadership) have been rolled out, as well as Powder Horn for adults. Venturing Leadership Skills Course (VLSC) is the first level leadership development course for Venturers in the Boy Scouts of Americas Venturing program for older youth (14-21). ... Kodiak, and its followup Kodiak X, are the second and third level leadership development courses for Venturers in the Boy Scouts of Americas Venturing program for older youth (14-21). ... The Powder Horn pin awarded at the completion of training Powder Horn is a training course for both Venturing and Boy Scouting leaders, focusing on high adventure resources. ...

Venturing, like Exploring, continued the tradition of having a national president of the organization. Unlike other divisions, Venturing includes in its structure national and regional presidents. The pre-1998 Exploring program elected its national president at the biannual National Exploring Leadership Conference. The last president elected was Jon Fulkerson in 1998. He was elected to serve as the national Exploring president and served in that capacity for a period of two weeks, until August 1, 1998 at which time he became the first national Venturing president. His first term of office was spent promoting the infant program and working on violence prevention programs that have been adopted by the Venturing division. Currently, nominations are solicited for regional presidents, who are selected at the Annual National Meeting of the BSA in May by a subcommittee from the National Venturing Committee. The president is now selected from the pool of the four region presidents of the previous term. Many councils have council level Venturing youth cabinets (which may be called Venturing Officer Associations or Teen Leader Councils) who plan and carry out Venturing events at the council and district levels. Many regional presidents are trying to promote the establishment of area-level Venturing presidents and events, but this effort is inconsistent from region to region. Jon Fulkerson was the last National Exploring President elected by youth and became after just two weeks in office the first National Venturing President for the Boy Scouts of America on August 1, 1998. ... August 1 is the 213th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (214th in leap years), with 152 days remaining. ... 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean [1]. // Coated in ice, power and telephone lines sag and often break, resulting in power outages. ...

Sea Scouts

The Boy Scouts of America implemented the Sea Scouts program in 1912. The program was basically a nautical/naval program for older youth. Sea Scouts is a program within the Boy Scouts of Americas Venturing Program. ...

During the early years of the program, the program was poorly defined. Each new national leader making changes.

In 1917, scouter James "Kimo" Wilder came on board as Chief Seascout. He revamped the program and tried to make it successful. He didn't succeed, so stepped aside in 1923 for Commander Thomas J. Keane. Keane would revamp the Sea Scout program. This is the same basic program that exists today. Keane developed the naval-style uniforms, office title and insignia, four level advancement program of Apprentice, Ordinary, Able, and Quartermaster, and the like.

In 1935, Sea Scouts became part of the larger Senior Scout Division of the BSA. In 1949, Sea Scouts were renamed Sea Explorers, as part of the renaming of Senior Scouts to Explorers. In 1964, minor changes occurred to the Sea Explorer program to more fit with the new Exploring program. Over the years, National stopped promoting the Sea Explorer program. It was only through the dedication of many Sea Scout leaders that the program survived. In 1971, along with Exploring, Sea Explorers became officially coed. In 1998, with the new Venturing program, Sea Explorers returned to their name of Sea Scouts. Also, the program was revitalized and better promoted. The BSA Venturing Logo Venturing is a division of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) for young men and women ages 14–21. ...

Rival organizations

The BSA had many rival organizations in its early days, including:

• the Peace Scouts of California
• the YMCA Scouts
• the Leatherstocking Scouts

Growth

In 1919 Baden-Powell began a training program called Wood Badge for adult leaders in Scouting. The BSA would not fully implement this training until 1948. It was instituted all over the world and is still in use today. The Wood Badge or Woodbadge is the recognition received by adults in Scouting who have completed the Leader training program provided by their respective Scout Association. ...

See also

• Arthur Rose Eldred the first Eagle Scout

Arthur Eldred, 1912, BSAs first Eagle Scout. ...

References

1. ^ Robert, Peterson (2001). The Man Who Got Lost in the Fog. Scouting. Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved on 11 July 2006.
2. ^ ^{a b} Petterchak, Janice A. (2003). Lone Scout: W. D. Boyce and American Boy Scouting. Legacy Press. ISBN 0-9653198-7-3. 
3. ^ Rowan, Edward L (2005). To Do My Best: James E. West and the History of the Boy Scouts of America. Las Vegas International Scouting Museum. ISBN 0-9746479-1-8. 
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} A Brief History of the Boy Scouts of America. Three Fires Council. Retrieved on July 27, 2006.
5. ^ Scouts with Special Needs. Patriots’ Path Council, Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved on March 20, 2006.
6. ^ The Black Boy Scout, A History.... The African American Registry. Retrieved on July 31, 2006.
7. ^ ^{a b c} BSA: 1950s to Today. Troop 97. Retrieved on July 27, 2006.
8. ^ ^{a b c d} The Ultimate Boy Scouts of America History Site. Randy Woo. Retrieved on July 27, 2006.
9. ^ Template:Cite web url=http://www.scouting.org/media/inthenews/0300DK.pdf
10. ^ Brown, Michael R.. Leadership Corps (1972-89). A History of Senior Scouting Programs in the BSA. Retrieved on 7 March 2006.
11. ^ Historical Background of Leadership Development: Troop Leader Development, 1974. The Pine Tree Web. Retrieved on March 17, 2006.
12. ^ Trained. Black Eagle web. Retrieved on July 15, 2006.
13. ^ The Changing Role of Women in Cub Scouting. The Virtual Cub Leader's Handbook. Retrieved on 6 February 2006.
14. ^ Historical Background of Leadership Development: Brownsea Double-Two, 1976. The Pine Tree Web. Retrieved on March 17, 2006.
15. ^ BSA: the 1970s. Troop 97. Retrieved on March 17, 2006.
16. ^ 9th Edition—Official Boy Scout Handbook (1979-1990). The Boy Scout Handbook: 1910-Today. Troop 97. Retrieved on March 17, 2006.
17. ^ Packs chartered to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints continue to used the age based system
18. ^ Confused about Venture patrols. Scouting magazine. Boy Scouts of America (2005).
19. ^ Soccer and Scouting. Boy scouts of America. Retrieved on 2006-03-28.
20. ^ The Evolution of Cubbing: A 90 Year Chronology. The Virtual Cub Leader's Handbook. Retrieved on 6 February 2006.
21. ^ Craig Murray. Cub Scout Rank Badges 1930 - Present. The Hiker. Retrieved on 6 February 2006.
22. ^ Brown, Michael R.. A History of Senior Scouting Programs in the BSA. Retrieved on March 15, 2006.
23. ^ ACLU Says Government and Private Groups Operating Boy Scout Troops Are Discriminating. ACLU (1996). Retrieved on March 15, 2006.
24. ^ ACLU Challenges Chicago Scouting Programs That Require Belief in God. ACLU (1997). Retrieved on March 15, 2006.

July 11 is the 192nd day (193rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 173 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... July 27 is the 208th day (209th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 157 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... March 20 is the 79th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (80th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... July 31 is the 212th day (213th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 153 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... July 27 is the 208th day (209th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 157 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... July 27 is the 208th day (209th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 157 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... March 7 is the 66th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (67th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... March 17 is the 76th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (77th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... July 15 is the 196th day (197th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 169 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... February 6 is the 37th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... March 17 is the 76th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (77th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... March 17 is the 76th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (77th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... March 17 is the 76th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (77th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... The Salt Lake Temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the largest attraction in the citys Temple Square. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... March 28 is the 87th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (88th in leap years). ... February 6 is the 37th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... February 6 is the 37th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... March 15 is the 74th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (75th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... March 15 is the 74th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (75th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... March 15 is the 74th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (75th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...

External links

• National BSA home page

• The Ultimate Boy Scouts of America History Site

• Boy Scout Stuff - A Virtual Boy Scout Museum:1910-1919

• A Brief Background of Scouting in the United States 1910 to Today on troop97.net