British Army

Components British Army Territorial Army List of current regiments British Forces Germany Structure of the British Army Equipment Modern Equipment History History of the British Army Timeline of the British Army Personnel List of senior officers Officer rank insignia Enlisted rank insignia

The history of the British Army spans three centuries and numerous European, colonial and world wars. From the early 1800s until 1914, the United Kingdom was the greatest economic and imperial power in the world, and although this dominance was principally achieved through the strength of the British Royal Navy, the British Army played a significant role. The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. ... Flag of the British Army File links The following pages link to this file: British Army Royal Air Force Royal Navy Military of the United Kingdom Structure of the British Army Territorial Army British Forces Germany British Army officer rank insignia British Army enlisted rank insignia List of British Army... The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. ... In the United Kingdom the Territorial Army is a part of the British Army composed of reserve units, or part-time soldiers. ... This is a list of British Army regiments in the aftermath of the defence cuts of the Options for Change defence white paper in 1991. ... The British Forces Germany (BFG) is the successor of the British Army of the Rhine (BAOR) and Royal Air Force Germany (RAFG), which were disbanded in 1994 after the end of the Cold War. ... At the top level, the structure of the British Army is headed by two main administrative top-level budgets - Land Command and the Adjutant-General. ... This is a list of some of the equipment in use by the modern British Army. ... // 1600-1699 1633 - The Royal Regiment of Foot (later the Royal Scots) is placed on the Scottish Establishment, later becoming the oldest infantry regiment in continious service in the British Army. ... This is a list of senior officers of the British Army. ... Origins From medieval times, devices such as pennants and shield patterns through to the full development of heraldry had been used to identify very senior ranks such as the monarch or other leaders of armies. ... Enlisted ranks is not a term used in the British Army, and is only used in this articles title for the sake of consistency with rank listings in other countries; not least those of the United States. ... Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents of Earth which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiographic one, leading to various perspectives about Europes borders. ... In general, the word colonial means of or relating to a colony. In United States history, the term Colonial is used to refer to the period before US independence. ... Events and Trends Beginning of the Napoleonic Wars (1803 - 1815). ... 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the senior service of the British armed services being the oldest of its three branches. ... The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. ...

In peacetime, Britain has generally maintained only a small professional volunteer army, expanding this as required in time of war, due to Britain's traditional role as a sea power. Since 1745, the army has played little or no role in British domestic politics, and, other than in Ireland, has seldom been deployed against internal threats. Army (from French armée) can, in some countries, refer to any armed force. ... Naval warfare is combat in and on seas and oceans. ... // Events May 11 - War of Austrian Succession: Battle of Fontenoy - At Fontenoy, French forces defeat an Anglo-Dutch-Hanoverian army including the Black Watch June 4 – Frederick the Great destroys Austrian army at Hohenfriedberg August 19 - Beginning of the 45 Jacobite Rising at Glenfinnan September 12 - Francis I is elected...

The Army has been involved in many international conflicts, including the Napoleonic Wars, the Crimean War and the two World Wars. Historically, it contributed to the expansion and retention of the British Empire. Whilst in the latter part of the 20th century, it oversaw a generally orderly dismantling of that empire. The 1990s saw the Army become increasing involved in multi-national peacekeeping work and this has continued into the 21st century. Recently, it has also been deployed in combat operations in Iraq. Combatants Allies: • Great Britain/United Kingdom, • Prussia, • Austria, • Sweden, • Russia • France • Denmark-Norway • Poland Casualties Full list Full list The Napoleonic Wars were a series of wars fought during Napoleon Bonapartes rule over France. ... Combatants United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Second French Empire, Ottoman Empire, Kingdom of Sardinia Imperial Russia Strength 250,000 British 400,000 French 10,000 Sardinian 1,200,000 Russian Casualties 17,500 British 90,000 French 35,000 Turkish 2,050 Sardinian killed, wounded and died of... A World War is a military conflict affecting the majority of the worlds major nations. ... The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... The 1990s decade refers to the years from 1990 to 1999, inclusive. ... Norwegian Blue Helmet during the Siege of Sarajevo, 1992 - 1993, photo by Mikhail Evstafiev. ... The 21st century is the century that began on 1 January 2001 and will last to 31 December 2100. ...

The British Army has long been at the forefront of new military developments. It was the first to develop and deploy the tank, and what is now the Royal Air Force had its origins within the British army. The Royal Air Force (often abbreviated to RAF) is the air force branch of the British Armed Forces. ...

Origins (1661-1774)

The British Army came into being with the merger of the Scottish Army and the English Army, following the unification of the two countries' parliaments and the creation of the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. Although England had made many earlier claims to sovereignty in Scotland, there had been no unified British state prior to that time (other than a brief period during which the Roman province of Britain had achieved political independence-although even that had failed to establish complete control over the north of the island). The new British Army incorporated existing English and Scottish regiments, and was controlled from London. Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right)1 Capital London Head of State King of Great Britain Head of Government Prime Minister Parliament House of Commons, House of Lords This article is about the historical state called the Kingdom of Great Britain (1707-1800). ...

Prior to the English Civil War in 1642, there was no standing army in England or Scotland. Troops were raised in either country by its King, when required, a development of the feudal concept of fief (in which a lord was obligated to raise a certain quota of knights, men at arms and yeomanry, under greater control of the King). After the English Tudor queen, Elizabeth I, died childless, the Scottish Stewart, King James VI, found himself also King James I of England, and moved to London. His heir, Charles I, found himself embroiled in war over his attempt to rule without a parliament. This led to various Royalist and Parliamentary armies being raised to battle for the control of England in the English Civil War. With its victory in that war, the English Parliament assumed control, and standing companies, based on Cromwell's New Model Army, formed the basis of the first regiments of the new standing English Army. Cromwell had deprived both England and Scotland of a monarch when he had Charles I beheaded. When the still independent Scotland proclaimed his son , also named Charles Stewart, King of Scotland on 4th February, 1649, Cromwell invaded the country in an attempt to depose the uncrowned King and to force his own protectorship upon Scotland (Edinburgh Castle surrendered to the English on Christmas Eve, 1650, but Charles II was crowned at Scone on New Year's Day. This invasion resulted in many Scottish Prisoners-Of-War being shipped as slaves to English colonies. Following Cromwell's death, the Restoration of Charles II saw the New Model Army kept as a standing force, and the King raised further regiments loyal to the Crown. On January 26th, 1661 Charles II issued the Royal Warrant that created the genesis of what would become the British Army, although the Scottish and English Armies would remain two seperate organisations until the unification of England and Scotland in 1707. The term English Civil War (or Wars) refers to the series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1651. ... Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location (dark green) within the United Kingdom (light green), with the Republic of Ireland (blue) to its west Languages None official English de facto Capital None official London de facto Largest city London Area – Total Ranked... Motto: Nemo me impune lacessit (English: No one provokes me with impunity) Scotlands location within Europe Scotlands location within the United Kingdom Languages English, Gaelic, Scots Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow First Minister Jack McConnell Area - Total - % water Ranked 2nd UK 78,782 km² 1. ... Under the system of feudalism, a fiefdom, fief, feud or fee, consisted of heritable lands or revenue-producing property granted by a liege lord in return for a vassal knights service (usually fealty, military service, and security). ... A statue of an armoured knight of the Middle Ages For the chess piece, see knight (chess). ... In the 1790s, the threat of invasion of England was high, with the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. ... The Tudor dynasty or House of Tudor (Welsh: Tudur) is a series of five monarchs of Welsh origin who ruled England and Ireland from 1485 until 1603. ... Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603 ) was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. ... The Coat of Arms of King James I, the first British monarch of the House of Stuart. ... The term English Civil War (or Wars) refers to the series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1651. ... Unfinished portrait miniature of Oliver Cromwell by Samuel Cooper, 1657. ... The New Model Army became the best known of the various Parliamentarian armies in the English Civil War. ... A regiment is a military unit, larger than a company and smaller than a division. ... The name Charles I is used to refer to numerous persons in history: Kings: Charles I of England, Scotland, and Ireland Charles I of France (also known as Charles the Bald) Charles I of Spain (also known as Charles V of the German Empire) Charles I of Romania Charles I... Charles Stewart was a variant spelling of the name of the two Stuart dynasty Kings of Britain, namely Charles I and Charles II, as well as of Bonnie Prince Charlie, the Young Pretender. ... Scones with honey. ... King Charles II The English Restoration or simply Restoration was an episode in the history of Great Britain beginning in 1660 when the monarchy was restored under King Charles II after the English Civil War. ... Charles II or The Merry Monarch (29 May 1630–6 February 1685) was the King of England, King of Scots, and King of Ireland from 30 January 1649 (de jure) or 29 May 1660 (de facto) until his death. ... Events January 1 - John V is crowned King of Portugal April 25 - Allied army is defeated by Bourbonic army at Almansa (Spain) in the War of the Spanish Succession. ...

In an effort to control the powers of the monarch, the English Parliament had passed the Bill of Rights 1689 to prevent a standing army in peacetime without the consent of Parliament. To this day, annual continuation notices are required for the British Army to remain legal. However, now the Army was under the control of the Government, and the last King to lead his troops into battle was George II at the Battle of Dettingen in 1743. The Bill of Rights 1689 is an English Act of Parliament with the full title An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown and also known by its short title, the Bill of Rights. ... George II (George Augustus) (10 November 1683–25 October 1760) was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover) and Archtreasurer and Prince-Elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 11 June 1727 until his death. ... The Battle of Dettingen took place on June 16 (some sources, no doubt using a different calendar, say June 27), 1743 at Dettingen in Bavaria during the War of the Austrian Succession. ... // Events February 14 - Henry Pelham becomes British Prime Minister February 21 - - The premiere in London of George Frideric Handels oratorio, Samson. ...

Units had originally been known by the names of their colonels, such as Sir John Mordaunt's Regiment of Foot, but in 1751 a numeral system was adopted, with each regiment gaining a number in accordance with their rank in the order of precedence, so John Mordaunt's Regiment became the 47th Regiment of Foot. During the period of 1661-1774, the British Empire expanded during the many wars it took part in against its European rivals and the Army actively participated in all the conflicts, including the Seven Years' War (1755-63), deemed to be one of the first 'world wars', and saw one of the most important conquests by the Army; the taking of Quebec. Events Adam Smith is appointed professor of logic at the University of Glasgow March 25 - For the last time, New Years Day is legally on March 25 in England and Wales. ... An order of precedence is a sequential hierarchy of nominal importance of people; it is used by many organizations and governments. ... Official name 47th (The Lancashire) Regiment of Foot Nicknames The Cauliflowers The Lancashire Lads Wolfes Own Motto Marches Description Line Infantry regiment Creation date 1751 Reason for creation Battle Honours Louisburg, Quebec 1759, Tarifa, Vittoria, San Sebastian, Nive, Peninsula, Ava, Alma, Inkerman, Sevastopol The 47th (the Lancashire) Regiment of... The Seven Years War (1756–1763), some of whose theatres are called the Pomeranian War and the French and Indian War, was hailed by Winston Churchill as the first world war, as it was the first conflict in human history to be fought around the globe. ... 1755 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1763 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Motto: Je me souviens (French: I remember) Official languages French Capital Quebec City Largest city Montréal Lieutenant-Governor Lise Thibault Premier Jean Charest (PLQ) Parliamentary representation  - House seat  - Senate seats 75 24 Area Total  â€¢ Land  â€¢ Water    (% of total)  Ranked 2nd 1,542,056 km² 1,183,128 km² 176...

American Revolution, Napoleonic Wars and the Long Peace (1774-1854)

The American War of Independence began in 1775 when the Thirteen Colonies rose up against British rule. Many Americans, however, sought to remain with the British Empire and duly fought for the British, and were known as Loyalists. Five American units were placed on the regular establishment, known as the American Establishment (formed in 1779) though there were many other Loyalist units. Upon the independence of America and the end of the war in 1783, many of the Loyalist forces fled north to Canada, where many subsequently served with the British Army. The Army itself had established many units during the war, to serve in North America or provide replacements for garrisons; all but three -- the 23rd Dragoons, 71st and 78th Foot -- were disbanded in the immediate aftermath of the war. 1775 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Betsy Ross purportedly sewed the first American flag with 13 stars and 13 stripes representing each of the 13 states. ... 1779 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1783 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

An officer and private of the 52nd (Oxfordshire) Regiment of Foot (Light Infantry)

The 60th (Royal American) and 95th Regiments of Foot.

By the turn of the 19th Century, the Army was beginning to embrace new technology and new tactics, some of the most important being the rifle and creation of entire regiments of light infantry and riflemen; these skirmishers gave the Army the capability of acting in a fluid manner (rather than constricted by formations, which was still the predominant method of fighting during that period). The first light infantry regiments were the 43rd and 53rd Foot in 1803, though were still armed with muskets. An Experimental Corps of Riflemen was formed in 1800, armed with the Baker rifle. It was brought into the line as the 95th Regiment of Foot in 1802 (The Rifle Brigade from 1816). The 95th Rifles saw extensive service, most prominently in the Peninsular War where the mountainous terrain saw them in their element. The French Revolutionary Wars saw the Army take part in many campaigns against the French (as-well as countries conquered by them) in the Caribbean; the Indian sub-continent (including the capture of Ceylon); Europe and in North Africa, which including a successful campaign in 1801 to expel invading French troops in Egypt. The 52nd (Oxfordshire) Regiment of Foot (Light Infantry) by Joseph Constantine Stadler; published early 1800s. ... The 52nd (Oxfordshire) Regiment of Foot (Light Infantry) by Joseph Constantine Stadler; published early 1800s. ... The 60th (Royal American) Regiment of Foot and 95th Regiment of Foot. ... The 60th (Royal American) Regiment of Foot and 95th Regiment of Foot. ... The Kings Royal Rifle Corps was a British Army formation. ... There have been several regiments in the British Army numbered as the 95th Regiment of Foot. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... A rifle is a firearm that uses a spiral groove cut into the barrel to spin a projectile (usually a bullet), thus improving accuracy and range of the projectile. ... Traditionally light infantry (or skirmishers) were soldiers whose job was to provide a skirmishing screen ahead of the main body of infantry, harassing and delaying the enemy advance. ... The 53rd Regiment of Foot was raised in 1755 as the 55th but was renumbered in 1757 to the 53rd. ... 1803 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... In 1800 an Experimental Corps of Rifllemen were raised by Colonel Coote-Manningham and Lieutenant-Colonel the Hon William Stewart, drawn from officers and other ranks from drafts of a variety of British regiments. ... 1800 (MDCCC) was an common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The Baker rifle was the rifle used by the Rifle regiments of the British Army during the Napoleonic Wars. ... --69. ... 1816 was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Combatants Kingdom of Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, Spain, Russia, Sardinia France The French Revolutionary Wars occurred between the outbreak of war between the French Revolutionary government and Austria in 1792 and the Treaty of Amiens in 1802. ... The Union Jack, flag of the newly formed United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. ...

In 1803, with Napoleon as leader of France, the Napoleonic Wars began. As in the previous war with France, the Army saw service in many campaigns, including the capture of the Cape of Good Hope in Southern Africa; an abortive (initially unauthorised) invasion of Spanish-South America along with further wars and campaigns in the Indian sub-continent and Caribbean. The Army also saw service in the War of 1812 against America (unrelated to the Napoleonic Wars) though it was initially Canadian forces that fought the Americans back into the USA after their invasion of Canada failed. 1803 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ... Combatants Allies: • Great Britain/United Kingdom, • Prussia, • Austria, • Sweden, • Russia • France • Denmark-Norway • Poland Casualties Full list Full list The Napoleonic Wars were a series of wars fought during Napoleon Bonapartes rule over France. ... The Cape of Good Hope; looking towards the west, from the coastal cliffs above Cape Point. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... The War of 1812 (in Britain, the American War of 1812 to 1815), was fought between the United States and British Empire from 1812 to 1815, on land in North America and at sea around the world. ...

Field Marshal Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington

The most important campaign the Army fought during the conflict was the Peninsular War in Portugal and Spain. After the French had invaded Portugal and Spain, the British landed in Portugal to help them in their uprising against the French in 1808. The British were commanded by Lieutenant-General Arthur Wellesley (later 1st Duke of Wellington) and he achieved a number of important victories over the French but was, in spite of this, replaced as commander. After Sir John Moore was killed at the Battle of Corunna in January 1809, Wellesley returned as Commander-in-Chief. With the help of the Portuguese and Spanish (including guerrillas), the British fought many bloody battles against the French who had invaded Portugal twice, being pushed out both times, and the British also having to retreat from Spain a number of times until, in May 1813, a renewed offensive saw the French pushed back in Spain, and the British successfully entered France itself in October 1813. With the British now firmly in France and the French experiencing defeats elsewhere, Napoleon was forced into exile in April 1814. He returned to France and regained power but was defeated at Battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815 by a British, Belgian, Dutch, and Prussian force under the command of the Duke of Wellington. Image File history File links 1st duke of Wellington unofficial photo of part of a painting on display in the Duke of Wellingtons Regimental Headquarters. ... Image File history File links 1st duke of Wellington unofficial photo of part of a painting on display in the Duke of Wellingtons Regimental Headquarters. ... The Peninsular War (1808–1814) (known as War of Independence in Spain, as French Invasions in Portugal, as Guerre dEspagne in France was a major conflict during the Napoleonic Wars, fought on the Iberian Peninsula by Spanish, Portuguese, and the British forces against the Napoleonic French. ... 1808 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, KG, GCB, GCH, PC, FRS (c. ... Sir John Moore (November 13, 1761 – January 16, 1809) was a British soldier and General. ... The Battle of La Coruña took place on January 16, 1809, between 14,000 British under Sir John Moore, and 16,000 French under Marshal Soult, who was endeavouring to prevent the British from evacuating by sea from the port. ... 1809 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Guerrilla (also called a partisan) is a term borrowed from the Spanish guerrilla meaning little war, and used to describe small combat groups and the individual members of such groups (see Etymology). ... 1813 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1814 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Combatants France Anglo-Allied/Prussian/ Dutch Commanders Napoléon Bonaparte (Ney in control of battle) Duke of Wellington Gebhard von Blücher Strength 72,000 67,000 Anglo-Dutch 60,000 Prussian (48,000 engaged by about 18:00) Casualties 25,000 22,000 Map of the Waterloo campaign The... June 18 is the 169th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (170th in leap years), with 196 days remaining. ... The Battle of New Orleans 1815 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

Due to the war, the British Empire had increased in size and was continuing to do so after the end of the war. The Government, however, implemented heavy cuts on the Armed Forces, with many units being disbanded, including the émigre units that had fled to Britain from countries occupied by France such as the King's German Legion and Royal Corsican Rangers. The cuts proved too severe and a number of new regiments were raised. Though the Royal Navy played an extremely prominent part in the expansion and maintenance of the Empire, the Army's contribution was vital. One of the most important contributions was its participation in the many wars during the expansion of British power in the Indian sub-continent, eventually culminating in the establishment of most what is modern-day India by the 1850s. The Army also saw increasing service in Africa and in the Far East, including the First China War between 1839-42, a war ostensibly provoked for trade reason. Émigré is a French term that literally refers to a person who has migrated out, but often carries a connotation of politico-social self-exile. ... When Napoleon imposed the Convention of Artlenburg (Convention of the Elbe) on July 5, 1803 the Kurfürstentum Hannover (Electorate of Hannover) was disbanded and its army dissolved. ... // Events and Trends Technology Production of steel revolutionised by invention of the Bessemer process Benjamin Silliman fractionates petroleum by distillation for the first time First transatlantic telegraph cable laid First safety elevator installed by Elisha Otis Science Charles Darwin publishes The Origin of Species, putting forward the theory of evolution... Africa is the worlds second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia. ... 1839 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1842 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

Crimea, Mutiny, Colonial Wars & the Cardwell-Childers reforms (1854-1914)

Organisation

Due to the Indian Mutiny (1857-58), the Army was extremely overstretched, to such an extent that Canadian volunteers raised a regiment for the British Army, titled the 100th (or Prince of Wales's Royal Canadians) Regiment of Foot, for service in India; it did not, however, see service there. In the aftermath of the Mutiny, control of India was transferred from the East India Company to the Crown. The so-called 'European' regiments of the East India Company, consisting of three cavalry and nine infantry regiments, were transferred to the British Army. There were also many troops and batteries of artillery that became incorporated into the Royal Regiment of Artillery. An engraving titled Sepoy Indian troops dividing the spoils after their mutiny against British rule gives a contemporary view of events from the British perspective. ... 1857 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1858 (MDCCCLVIII) is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The British East India Company, sometimes referred to as John Company, was a joint-stock company which was granted an English Royal Charter by Elizabeth I on December 31, 1600, with the intent to favour trade privileges in India. ... The Royal Regiment of Artillery, generally known as the Royal Artillery (RA), is, despite its name, a corps of the British Army It is made up of a number of regiments. ...

At the peak of the British Empire, the middle and upper classes were often 'militaristic', usually seeking to join the armed forces to increase their social standing, especially the Yeomanry regiments. In 1859, there was an assassination attempt on Napoleon III, ruler of France, by Felice Orsini which was linked to Britain. In spite of the fact Britain had only just been in a war against Russia with France as its ally, there was now an increased fear of war breaking out. This saw a surge in interest in the more affluent communities in creating volunteer units, known as 'Volunteer Rifle Corps'. There were many such corps formed all over the United Kingdom, one of the most prominent was the Artists' Rifles (originally known as the 38th Middlesex Rifle Volunteer Corps) established in 1860 by the art student Edward Starling. The middle class (or middle classes) comprises a social group once defined by exception as an intermediate social class between the nobility and the peasantry. ... The term upper class refers to a group of people at the top of a social hierarchy. ... In the 1790s, the threat of invasion of England was high, with the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. ... 1859 (MDCCCLIX) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar). ... Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte (April 20, 1808 - January 9, 1873) was the son of King Louis Bonaparte and Queen Hortense de Beauharnais; both monarchs of the French puppet state, the Kingdom of Holland. ... Felice Orsini (1819 - March 13, 1858) was an Italian revolutionary who tried to assassinate Napoleon III. Felice Orsini was born at Meldola in Romagna. ... The Volunteer Army was a citizen army of part-time rifle corps, created as a popular movement in the 19th. ... The 21st Special Air Service Regiment (Artists) (Volunteers) is a special forces regiment of the British Territorial Army. ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ...

In the early 1870s, the Cardwell reforms, named after the Secretary of State of War Edward Cardwell, saw radical reforms of the armed forces implemented in the aftermath of the inadequacies found in the Crimean War. Some of the reforms included the abolition of the purchase of commissions, replacing it with advancement by seniority and merit; the end of flogging and the pairing of single-battalion regiments via administrative depots on a county-based system. The Childers reforms, which came into effect on 1 July 1881, continued the reforms which strengthened regiments' county affiliations by discarding the numeral system and combining most of the single-battalion regiments into two-battalion regiments with, for the most part, county names in their titles. This created a force of 69 Line Infantry regiments, consisting of 48 English, 10 Scottish, 8 Irish, and 3 Welsh regiments. Another aspect of the reforms included the further integration of the militia into the regular regimental system, becoming additional numbered battalions of the regiments, and the establishment of a reserve force. These changes, and the others that were implemented, bore the Army in good stead for the two World Wars it would experience in the 20th Century. // Events and Trends Technology The invention of the telephone (1876) by Alexander Graham Bell. ... A series of reforms of the British Army undertaken by Secretary of State for War (and former soldier) Edward Cardwell in 1870. ... Edward Cardwell, 1st Viscount Cardwell (July 24, 1813–February 15, 1886) was a prominent British politician in the Peelite and Liberal parties during the middle of the 19th century. ... Combatants United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Second French Empire, Ottoman Empire, Kingdom of Sardinia Imperial Russia Strength 250,000 British 400,000 French 10,000 Sardinian 1,200,000 Russian Casualties 17,500 British 90,000 French 35,000 Turkish 2,050 Sardinian killed, wounded and died of... Through most of the history of the British Army it was common practice for officers to purchase their rank. ... Whipping on a post Flagellation is the act of whipping (Latin flagellum, whip) the human body. ... A Depot is usually a centralised store or operating base for logistical use by commercial or governmental bodies. ... The Childers Reforms were undertaken by Secretary of State for War Hugh Childers in 1881. ... July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 183 days remaining. ... 1881 (MDCCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Regular infantry, as distinct from specialised infantry such as Foot Guards, light infantry or special forces. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the...

For a list of the regiments that were established on 1 July, see List of British Army regiments (1881). July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 183 days remaining. ... This is a list of British Army cavalry and infantry regiments that were created by Childers reforms in 1881, a continuation of the Cardwell reforms. ...

The Second Boer War (1899-1902) provided further impetus for the expansion of the Army -- which had already been expanding in size during the last years of the 19th Century -- including the creation of the Irish Guards in 1900 in honour of the distinguished service of Irish regiments during that conflict, and the Royal Garrison Regiment, created to fill the void of units departing for South Africa. After the end of the war and the Army's inadequacies during it, further reforms took place, known as the Haldane reforms after Richard Burdon Haldane. Some of the reforms included the establishment of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in anticipation of a war on the European continent; and a part-time volunteer organisation, known as the Territorial Force, was also created, encompassing the reserve units of the Army with militia units being transferred to the newly created Special Reserve. An Air Battalion was formed in the Royal Engineers in 1911, becoming the Royal Flying Corps the following year. The RFC remained part of the Army until 1918 when it was separated to form the Royal Air Force. Combatants British Empire Orange Free State, South African Republic Commanders Frederick Roberts later Lord Kitchener Christiaan Rudolf de Wet and Paul Kruger Casualties Military dead:22,000 Civilian dead:N/A Total dead:22,000 Military dead:6,500 Civilian dead:24,000 Total dead:30,500 The Second Boer... Official name Irish Guards Colonel-in-Chief HM Queen Elizabeth II Colonel-of-the-Regiment James Hamilton, 5th Duke of Abercorn Nicknames Bobs Own The Micks Motto Quis Separabit (Who Shall Separate Us) Anniversaries Saint Patricks Day (17 March) Marches quick: St Patricks Day slow: Let Erin Remember... 1900 (MCM) was an exceptional common year starting on Monday. ... Richard Burdon Sanderson Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane, (July 30, 1856 - August 19, 1928), was an important British Liberal politician, lawyer, and philosopher. ... The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was the British army sent to France and Belgium in World War I and British Forces in Europe from 1939 - 1940 during World War II. The BEF was established by Secretary of State for War Richard Haldane following the Second Boer War in case the... In the United Kingdom the Territorial Army is a part of the British Army composed of reserve units, or part-time soldiers. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... The Air Battalion of the Royal Engineers was the first flying unit of the British Military. ... The Corps of Royal Engineers, usually just called the Royal Engineers (RE), and commonly known as the Sappers, is one of the corps of the British Army. ... 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ... The Royal Flying Corps (RFC) was the over-land air arm of the British military during most of World War I. Origin and Early History Formed by Royal Warrant on May 13, 1912, the RFC superseded the Air Battalion of the Royal Engineers. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... The Royal Air Force (often abbreviated to RAF) is the air force branch of the British Armed Forces. ...

Operations

'Charge of the Light Brigade', Painting by Richard Caton Woodville (1825-1855)

Britain's first major war in Europe since Waterloo, the Crimean War, began in 1854 after Britain and France declared war on Russia, fearing Russian domination of the Mediterranean a year after it had invaded Turkish territory. The first signs of inadequacy in the Army was experienced during the Army's landings at Calamity Bay where the Army experienced great difficulty in its logistics. Further inadequacies were found throughout the war in British Army organisation and much incompetence was also discovered in the higher echelons of command, noticed most prominently in the Charge of the Light Brigade during the Battle of Balaklava. The war ended in 1856. The Army had suffered <?> killed, most of which was due to disease. In the immediate aftermath of the war the Victoria Cross, which became the highest award for bravery in the face of the enemy, was created. The following year the Indian Mutiny began and the Army was overstretched, having to bring in garrison units from all over the Empire. The Mutiny was quelled with the help of loyal Indian and Gurkha forces in 1858. Charge of the Light Brigade. ... Charge of the Light Brigade. ... Charge of the Light Brigade, Painting by Richard Caton Woodville (1825-1855) The Charge of the Light Brigade was an ill-advised cavalry charge, led by Lord Cardigan, which occurred during the Battle of Balaclava on October 25, 1854 during the Crimean War. ... Categories: Stub | Battles of the Crimean War ... 1856 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Victoria Cross medal, ribbon, and bar. ... An engraving titled Sepoy Indian troops dividing the spoils after their mutiny against British rule gives a contemporary view of events from the British perspective. ... 1858 (MDCCCLVIII) is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

After this, the Army increasingly concentrated on policing the Empire in its many distant outposts while also helping to expand it. The Army was used to intervene in other nations, mostly for British interests such as trade. In Canada, Irish-American ex-Union Army soldiers launched a number of encroachments into Canadian territory in 1866 and 1870, known as the Fenian Raids. These actions saw an increasing assertiveness in Canada, with Canadian units being the primary defenders. In 1878, the Second Afghan War took place between 1878-80 due to fears of Russian influence in Afghanistan, Russia being Britain's rival in the region. Elsewhere, in Africa, the Anglo-Zulu War began, in 1879, signifying further British expansion in southern Africa. The Zulu War saw disaster at Isandlwana, and heroic legend at Rorke's Drift. The performance of the Martini-Henry rifle (introduced in 1871) duly became a symbol of the Empire's colonial wars. There were many more campaigns in Africa before the end of the 19th Century, during a period of time known as the "scramble for Africa". The 21st Michigan Infantry, a company of Shermans veterans. ... 1866 (MDCCCLXVI) is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... 1870 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... The Fenian raids were attacks by members of the Fenian Brotherhood based in the United States, on British army forts, customs posts and other targets in Canada in order to bring pressure on Britain to withdraw from Ireland, between 1866 and 1871. ... 1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... ... The Battle of Rorkes Drift The Anglo-Zulu War was fought in 1879 between Britain and the Zulus, and signalled the end of the Zulus as an independent nation. ... 1879 (MDCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Combatants Britain Zulu Nation Commanders Brevet Lieutenant Colonel Henry Pulleine. ... Combatants Britain Zulu Nation Commanders John Rouse Merriott Chard Prince Dabulamanzi Strength 139 4,000–5,000 Casualties 17 killed, 15 wounded about 550 killed Rorkes Drift was a mission station in Natal, South Africa situated near a natural ford (drift) on the Buffalo River. ... The Martini-Henry (also known as the Peabody-Martini-Henry) was a breech-loading lever-actuated rifle adopted by the British, combining an action worked on by Friedrich von Martini (based on the Peabody rifle developed by Henry Peabody), with the rifled barrel designed by Scotsman Alexander Henry. ... 1871 (MDCCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... For information on the colonization of Africa prior to the 1880s, including Carthaginian and early European colonization, see Colonization of Africa. ...

The Boer War began in 1899 after tension between the British and the two Dutch Boer republics culminated in the Boers declaring war against the British. Though it was a relatively minor war in comparison to what awaited the British in 1914, many tactics, technology and equipment used during the war helped the British gain experience for the forthcoming World War. However, future inadequacies had been discovered in the Army during the war, and like the Crimean War, most of the Army's deaths was due to disease. The war also saw the present and future Dominions -- Australia, Canada, Newfoundland, New Zealand and South Africa -- become increasingly independent and assertive, all having had troops fight the Boers. The British eventually withdrew from all of these countries and the Dominions forces took over its duties. <need dates for when they left> The Army garrisons in Australia and New Zealand had already been withdrawn in 1870. The last British battalion to leave Canada was the 5th Battalion, The Royal Garrison Regiment in 1905 when it departed Halifax, Nova Scotia, which it had been garrisoning. There were many other small wars that the Army took part in just before WWI, nearly all being in Africa, with the exception of the Boxer Rebellion (1900) and an expedition to Tibet in 1904. 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Boer is the Afrikaans (and Dutch) word for farmer which came to denote the descendants of the Afrikaans-speaking migrating farmers of the expanding eastern Cape frontier. ... A Dominion is a wholly self-governing or virtually self-governing state of the British Empire or Commonwealth of Nations, particularly one which reached that stage of constitutional development in the late 19th and early 20th centuries such as Canada, Australia and New Zealand. ... Newfoundland (French: Terre-Neuve; Irish: Talamh an Éisc; Latin: Terra Nova) is a large island off the northeast coast of North America, and the most populous part of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. ... 1870 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Please read first: This article is about the Nova Scotia community. ... Motto: Munit Haec et Altera Vincit (Latin: One defends and the other conquers) Official languages None (English,French,Gaelic) Capital Halifax Largest city Halifax Lieutenant-Governor Myra Freeman Premier Rodney MacDonald (PC) Parliamentary representation  - House seat  - Senate seats 11 10 Area Total  â€¢ Land  â€¢ Water    (% of total)  Ranked 12th 55,283... Boxer forces, 1900 photograph The Boxer Uprising (Traditional Chinese: 義和團起義; Simplified Chinese: 义和团起义; Pinyin: Yìhétuán Qǐyì; The Righteous and Harmonious Fists) or Boxer Rebellion (義和團之亂 or 義和團匪亂) was a Chinese rebellion against foreign influence in areas such as trade, politics, religion and technology that occurred in China during the final... Tibet (older spelling Thibet; Tibetan: བོད་, Bod, pronounced pö in Lhasa dialect; Chinese: 西藏, Pinyin: XÄ«zàng or Chinese: 藏区, Pinyin: ZàngqÅ« [the two names are used with different connotations; see Name section below]) is a region in Central Asia and the home of the Tibetan people. ... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (link will take you to calendar). ...

The Great War (1914-18)

Organisation

At the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, the British Army was a small, professional force of 247,000 soldiers, over half of which were posted overseas in garrisons throughout the British Empire. The regular Army was supported by 224,000 reservists and 269,000 soldiers of the Territorial Force. The size of the Army was in stark contrast to the Royal Navy which was the largest navy in the world, while many of the Army's continental counterparts, such as the French and German Armies (both of whom employed conscription) numbered nearly 1 million troops and were part of highly militarised societies. Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... In the United Kingdom the Territorial Army is a part of the British Army composed of reserve units, or part-time soldiers. ...

Under the Entente Cordiale, the British Army's role in a European war was to embark the 120,000 soldiers of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), arranged in six infantry and one cavalry divisions, to cooperate with the French Army. Kaiser Wilhelm was famously dismissive of the BEF, on 19 August issuing his order to "exterminate... the treacherous English and walk over General French's contemptible little army." — in later years the survivors of the regular army dubbed themselves "The Old Contemptibles". By the end of 1914, after the battles of Mons, Le Cateau, the Aisne and Ypres, the old regular British Army had been effectively wiped out. The Entente Cordiale (French for friendly understanding) is a series of agreements signed on April 8, 1904, between the United Kingdom and France. ... The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was the British army sent to France and Belgium in World War I and British Forces in Europe from 1939 - 1940 during World War II. The BEF was established by Secretary of State for War Richard Haldane following the Second Boer War in case the... Symbol of the Polish 1st Legions Infantry Division in NATO code A division is a large military unit or formation usually consisting of around ten to fifteen thousand soldiers. ... German Emperor Wilhelm (born Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albrecht, Prince of Prussia 27 January 1859–4 June 1941), was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia (de: Deutscher Kaiser und König von Preußen), ruling from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918. ... August 19 is the 231st day of the year (232nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... The Earl of Ypres John Denton Pinkstone French, 1st Earl of Ypres, KP, GCB, OM, GCVO, KCMG, PC (28 September 1852–22 May 1925) was a British Field Marshal, the first commander of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in World War I. Biography Born in Ripple in Kent, the son... Combatants Britain Germany Commanders Sir John French Alexander von Kluck Strength 4 divisions 8 divisions Casualties 1,600 5,000 (estimate) The Battle of Mons (Flemish name for Mons is Bergen) was the first major action of the British Expeditionary Force in World War I. Following the surrender of the... On the 25th of September, 1914, the British, French & Belgians retreated from the Battle of Mons & set up defensive positions in Le Cateau. ... Combatants Britain, France Germany Commanders Sir John French, Louis Franchet dEsperey, Michel-Joseph Maunoury, Joseph Joffre Alexander von Kluck, Karl von Bülow, Josias von Heeringen Strength Two French armies and the BEF Three German armies Casualties Unknown Unknown The First Battle of the Aisne was the Allied follow... The First Battle of Ypres was the last major battle of the first year (1914) of World War I. This battle and the Battle of the Yser marked the end of the Race to the Sea where the Germans tried to reach the French Channel ports of Calais and Dunkerque...

August 1914: London volunteers await their pay at St. Martin-in-the-Fields

As the regular Army declined, the numbers were made up, first by the Territorials, followed by the volunteers of Lord Kitchener's New Army, known as Kitchener's Army. By the end of August 1914, he had raised six new divisions, rising to 29 divisions by March 1915. The Territorial Force also expanded, raising second- and third-line battalions and forming eight additional divisions on top of its peacetime strength of 14 divisions. By January 1916 when conscription was introduced, 2.6 million men had volunteered for service and a further 2.3 million were conscripted before the end of the war. Download high resolution version (1247x859, 331 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (1247x859, 331 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... London is the capital city of the United Kingdom and of England and is the most populous city in the European Union. ... St Martin-in-the-Fields is a Church of England church just northeast off Trafalgar Square in the City of Westminster, London. ... The Earl Kitchener The Right Honourable Horatio Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener, KG, KP, GCB, OM, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, ADC, PC (24 June 1850–5 June 1916) was a British Field Marshal, diplomat and statesman. ... WWI recruitment poster for Kitcheners Army. ... 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ...

A church service at the 10th (Irish) Division camp near Basingstoke, 1915.

A prominent feature of the early months of volunteering was the formation of Pals battalions, whole units recruited from the same town or workplace, such as the Grimsby Chums. Many of these pals who had lived and worked together, now joined up and trained together, only to die together on the first day on the Somme, leaving entire communities shattered. Download high resolution version (1000x664, 196 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (1000x664, 196 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The 10th (Irish) Division, was a New Army division, one of Kitcheners New Army K1 Army Group divisions raised largely in Ireland from the Irish National Volunteers in 1914. ... Basingstoke is a large town in the county of Hampshire in the south of England. ... The Pals battalions of World War I were units of the British Army that consisted of men who had enlisted together at special local recruiting drives, with the promise that they would be able to serve alongside their friends, neighbours and work colleagues (Pals) rather than having to be mixed... The Grimsby Chums was a British First World War Pals battalion of Kitcheners Army raised in and around the town of Grimsby in Lincolnshire. ... Combatants Britain, France, Newfoundland Germany Commanders Douglas Haig Henry Rawlinson Ferdinand Foch Fritz von Below Strength 13 British divisions 6 French divisions 6 divisions Casualties British: 57,470 French: 7,000 10,000 - 12,000 The first day on the Somme, 1 July 1916, was the opening day of the...

During the war, most new infantry battalions were raised within existing regiments; the Northumberland Fusiliers were most prolific, fielding 51 battalions. However, some new regiments were created, such as the fifth regiment of the Foot Guards, the Welsh Guards, created in 1915 to honour the distinguished actions of the Welsh regiments in the war. THE ROYAL NORTHUMBERLAND FUSILIERS Nomenclature One of Englands premier county regiments, the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers can trace its ancestory back to the year 1674. ... The Welsh Guards is an infantry regiment of the British Army, part of the Guards Division. ... For an explanation of often confusing terms such as Great Britain, Britain, United Kingdom, England and Wales and England, see British Isles (terminology). ...

The war also saw the British having an increasing reliance upon the Dominion and Empire troops, many of whom volunteered to serve in the British Army out of a perception that Britain was the 'Motherland'. The Royal Newfoundland Regiment and British West Indies Regiment were both formed in 1915, the latter of which was made up of volunteers from the Caribbean who had arrived in Britain. Both regiments were disbanded in 1919. There were also existing regiments like the West India Regiment and West Africa Regiment (both disbanded by the end of the 1920s). At various times on the Western Front, Australia, Canada and India provided corps, New Zealand a division and South Africa a brigade, all of which were attached to British armies. A Dominion is a wholly self-governing or virtually self-governing state of the British Empire or Commonwealth of Nations, particularly one which reached that stage of constitutional development in the late 19th and early 20th centuries such as Canada, Australia and New Zealand. ... The Royal Newfoundland Regiment is a militia unit of the Canadian Armed Forces. ... The West India Regiment (WIR) was a British colonial infantry regiment. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Social issues of the 1920s. ... For most of World War I, Allied Forces, predominantly those of France and the United Kingdom, were stalled at trenches on the Western Front. ... A corps (a word that immigrated from the French language, pronounced IPA: , but originating in the Latin corpus, corporis meaning body; plural same as singular) is either a large military unit or formation, an administrative grouping of troops within an army with a common function (such as artillery or signals... Army (from French armée) can, in some countries, refer to any armed force. ...

In August 1914, the Army's Royal Flying Corps dispatched 63 aircraft to France in support of the BEF. The aggressive doctrine of RFC commander, General Hugh Trenchard, and periods of technical inferiority such as the Fokker Scourge of 1916 and Bloody April in 1917 resulted in high casualty rates amongst aircrews. At the start of 1918, the RFC numbered nearly 4,000 aircraft, including capable fighters such as the Sopwith Camel and S.E.5a. On 1 April 1918, the RFC merged with the Royal Naval Air Service, forming the independent Royal Air Force. The Royal Flying Corps (RFC) was the over-land air arm of the British military during most of World War I. Origin and Early History Formed by Royal Warrant on May 13, 1912, the RFC superseded the Air Battalion of the Royal Engineers. ... Hugh Montague Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard (February 3, 1873 - February 10, 1956) was the British Chief of the Air Staff during World War I, and was instrumental in establishing the Royal Air Force (RAF). ... The Fokker Scourge, a term coined by the British press, was a period of time in World War I in the summer of 1915. ... 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... During the First World War, the month of April 1917 was known as Bloody April by the Allied air forces. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... An A-10 Thunderbolt II, F-86 Sabre, P-38 Lightning and P-51 Mustang fly in formation during an air show at Langley Air Force Base, Virginia. ... A Sopwith Camel at the Imperial War Museum in London. ... The Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5 was a British biplane fighter aircraft of the First World War. ... April 1 is the 91st day of the year (92nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 274 days remaining. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... The Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) was the air arm of the Royal Navy until near the end of World War I. When the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) was founded on April 13, 1912 it was intended to encompass all military flying. ... The Royal Air Force (often abbreviated to RAF) is the air force branch of the British Armed Forces. ...

Equipment

Vickers machine gun crew, Western Front.

The British Army were pioneers in some aspects of military technology, having adopted the first machine gun, the Maxim, in 1889 and by 1912 it possessed the Vickers machine gun. Both infantry and cavalry were equipped with the Lee-Enfield rifle (first introduced in 1895) with which the professionals of the regular Army could fire 15 aimed rounds per minute. However, in 1914 the Army was ill-prepared for large-scale continental warfare and ill-equipped for the environment of trench warfare, in particular short of grenades and mortars. Artillery suffered from a shortage of shells and initially supply only improved at the expense of quality. The Army adopted chemical weapons, usually in response to German innovations, and often lagged markedly, taking over a year to deploy their own mustard gas agent. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The Vickers machine gun or Vickers gun is a name primarily used to refer to the water-cooled . ... A weapon is a tool used to kill or incapacitate a person or animal, or destroy a military target. ... A machine gun is a fully-automatic firearm that is capable of firing bullets in rapid succession. ... An early Maxim gun in operation with the Royal Navy The Maxim gun was the first self-acting machine gun. ... 1889 (MDCCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The Vickers machine gun or Vickers gun is a name primarily used to refer to the water-cooled . ... Lee-Enfield No4 Mk1 with bayonet, scabbard attached The Lee-Enfield was the British armys standard bolt action, magazine-fed, repeating rifle from 1895 until 1956. ... 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Trench Warfare is a form of war in which both opposing armies have static lines apples, oranges, poo, cheese and bananas dug into the ground, facing each other. ... Grenade may refer to: The well-known hand grenade commonly used by soldiers. ... US soldier firing an M224 60-mm mortar. ... Historically, artillery refers to any engine used for the discharge of projectiles during war. ... Dressing the wounded during a gas attack by Austin O. Spare, 1918. ... Airborne exposure limit 0. ...