NationMaster - Encyclopedia: History of the Earth

The history of the World is human history from the dawn of humanity to the present.

History of the world. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and is the current year. ... April 19 is the 109th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (110th in leap years). ...

Paleolithic

See main article about the Paleolithic. The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic (Greek paleos=old and lithos=stone or the Old Stone Age) was the first period in the development of human technology of the Stone Age. ...

Homo sapiens first arose in the Earth between 400 and 250 thousand years ago during the Palaeolithic period. This occurred after a long period of evolution. Ancestors of humans, such as Homo erectus, had been using simple tools for many millennia, but as time progressed, tools became far more refined and complex. At some point, humans had begun using fire for heat and for cooking. Humans also developed language sometime during the Paleolithic, as well as a conceptual repertoire that included systematic burial of the dead and adornment of the living. During this period, all humans lived as hunter-gatherers, who were generally nomadic. Image File history File links Map of human races migration, according to the mithocondrial dna. ... Image File history File links Map of human races migration, according to the mithocondrial dna. ... Human migration denotes any movement of groups of people from one locality to another. ... Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA, or less popularly, mDNA) is DNA which is not located in the nucleus of the cell but in the mitochondria. ... Population genetics is the study of the distribution of and change in allele frequencies under the influence of the five evolutionary forces: natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, migration and nonrandom mating. ... These pages contain the trends of millennia and centuries. ... Human beings are defined variously in biological, spiritual, and cultural terms, or in combinations thereof. ... Earth, also known as the Earth, Terra, and (mostly in the 19th century) Tellus, is the third planet outward from the Sun. ... The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic – lit. ... Human evolution is the process of change and development, or evolution, by which human beings emerged as distinct species. ... Binomial name Homo erectus Dubois, 1894 Subspecies Homo erectus palaeojavanicus Homo erectus soloensis Homo erectus (upright man) is a hominid species that is believed to be an ancestor of modern humans. ... A large bonfire Fire is a form of combustion. ... A red-hot iron rod cooling after being worked by a blacksmith. ... Cooking is the act of preparing food for consumption. ... In anthropology, the hunter-gatherer way of life is that led by certain societies of the Neolithic Era based on the exploitation of wild plants and animals. ... Communities of nomadic people move from place to place, rather than settling down in one location. ...

Modern humans spread rapidly over the globe from Africa and the frost-free zones of Europe and Asia. The rapid expansion of humankind to North America and Oceania took place at the climax of the most recent Ice Age, when temperate regions of today were extremely inhospitable. Yet, humans had colonised nearly all the ice-free parts of the globe by the end of the Ice Age, some 12,000 years ago. Africa is the worlds second-largest continent and 3rd most populous. ... World map showing location of Europe Europe is geologically and geographically a peninsula, forming the westernmost part of Eurasia. ... World map showing location of Asia Asia is the central and eastern part of the continent of Eurasia, defined by subtracting the European peninsula from Eurasia. ... World map showing location of North America A satellite composite image of North America North America is a continent in the northern hemisphere, bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the east by the North Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Caribbean Sea, and on the west... Map of Oceania. ... Variations in CO2, temperature and dust from the Vostok ice core over the last 400 000 years For the animated movie, see Ice Age (movie). ...

Neolithic Revolution

See main article about the Neolithic Period. ,neos=new, lithos=stone, or New Stone Age) was a period in the development of human technology that is traditionally the last part of the Stone Age. ...

A major change, described by the great prehistorian Vere Gordon Childe as a "revolution", occurred around the 9th millennium BCE with the adoption of agriculture. Although research has tended to concentrate on the Fertile Crescent area of the Middle East, archaeology in the Americas, East Asia and Southeast Asia indicates that agricultural systems using different crops and animals may well have developed at similarly early dates. As might be expected, agriculture was particularly important in areas which became the cradles of early civilizations, such as the Yellow River valley in China, the Nile in Egypt, and the Indus Valley. Some peoples, such as Aborigines of Australia and the Bushmen of southern Africa, did not use agriculture until relatively modern times. Recent findings of considerable quantities of grains in the Ohalo II paleolithic site in modern Israel seem to suggest that cereals had been intentionally sown (without the agriculture-associated additional caretaking activities like fertilization, land clearance, etc) since 21000BC (PNAS 101 p9551-9555). Vere Gordon Childe (April 14, 1892â€“October 19, 1957) was an Australian archaeologist, perhaps best known for his excavation of the unique Neolithic site of Skara Brae in Orkney and for his Marxist views which informed his thinking about prehistory. ... (10th millennium BC – 9th millennium BC – 8th millennium BC – other millennia) Beginning of the Neolithic time period of the Holocene epoch. ... Farming, ploughing rice paddy, in Indonesia Agriculture is the process of producing food, feed, fiber and other desired products by the cultivation of certain plants and the raising of domesticated animals (livestock). ... The Fertile Crescent is a region in the Middle East incorporating present-day Israel, West Bank, and Lebanon and parts of Jordan, Syria, Iraq and south-eastern Turkey. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... For other Yellow Rivers, see Yellow River (disambiguation). ... There is also Nile, a death metal band from South Carolina, USA. The Nile in Egypt Length 6 695 km Elevation of the source 1 134 m Average discharge 2 830 m³/s Area watershed 3 400 000 km² Origin Africa Mouth the Mediterranean Basin countries Uganda - Sudan - Egypt The... The Indus known as Daria-e-Sindh to the native Pakistanis, got its name from early Roman cartographers. ... Australian Aborigines are the main indigenous people of Australia. ... The Bushmen or San peoples of South Africa and neighbouring Botswana and Namibia, who live in the Kalahari, are part of the Khoisan group and are related to the Khoikhoi. ...

Agriculture led to several major changes. It allowed far larger population densities. It also created, and allowed for, the storage of food surpluses that could support people not directly involved in food production. The development of agriculture allowed the creation of the first cities. The development of cities has led to what has been called civilization; first in the Sumerian civilization of lower Mesopotamia (3500 BCE), then in Egypt along the Nile (3000 BCE) and Harappa in the Indus Valley (2500 BCE). There is evidence of elaborate cities with high levels of social and economic complexity. However, these civilisations were so different from one another that they almost certainly must have been independent in origin. At this time developments such as writing and extensive trade were introduced. City lights from space. ... A civilization or civilisation has a variety of meanings related to human society. ... Sumer (or Shumer, Sumeria, Shinar, native ki-en-gir) formed the southern part of Mesopotamia from the time of settlement by the Sumerians until the time of Babylonia. ... Mesopotamia [mesuputÄmÄ“u] (Greek: ÎœÎµÏƒÎ¿Ï€Î¿Ï„Î±Î¼á½·Î±, translated from Old Persian Miyanrudan the Land between the Rivers or the Aramaic name Beth-Nahrin House of Two Rivers) is a region of Southwest Asia. ... (5th millennium BC â€“ 4th millennium BC â€“ 3rd millennium BC - other millennia) // Events City of Ur in Mesopotamia (40th century BC). ... (5th millennium BC â€“ 4th millennium BC â€“ 3rd millennium BC - other millennia) // Events City of Ur in Mesopotamia (40th century BC). ... Harappa is a city in Punjab, northeast Pakistan, located beside a former course of the Ravi River; about 35km southwest of Sahiwal. ... (4th millennium BC – 3rd millennium BC – 2nd millennium BC – other millennia) Events Syria: Foundation of the city of Mari (29th century BC ) Iraq: Creation of the Kingdom of Elam Germination of the Bristlecone pine tree Methuselah about 2700 BC, the oldest known tree still living now Dynasty of Lagash in... Writing may refer to two activities: the inscribing characters on a medium, with the intention of forming words and other lingual constructs that represent language and record information, or the creation of information to be conveyed through written language. ... Look up Trade in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Trade centers on the exchange of goods and/or services. ...

The 2nd millennium BCE saw the emergence of complex state societies in Crete, mainland Greece and central Turkey. In China, proto-urban societies may have developed by 2500 BCE, but the first dynasty to be identified by archaeology is that of the Shang. In the Americas, civilizations such as the Maya, the Moche and Nazca emerged in Mesoamerica and Peru at the end of the 1st millennium BCE. (3rd millennium BC – 2nd millennium BC – 1st millennium BC – other millennia) Events Second dynasty of Babylon First Bantu migrations from west Africa The Cushites drive the original inhabitants from Ethiopia, and establish trade relations with Egypt. ... Greece and Crete Crete, sometimes spelled Krete (Greek ÎšÏÎ®Ï„Î· / Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the fifth largest in the Mediterranean Sea. ... (4th millennium BC – 3rd millennium BC – 2nd millennium BC – other millennia) Events Syria: Foundation of the city of Mari (29th century BC ) Iraq: Creation of the Kingdom of Elam Germination of the Bristlecone pine tree Methuselah about 2700 BC, the oldest known tree still living now Dynasty of Lagash in... Shang Dynasty (Chinese: å•†æœ) or Yin Dynasty (æ®·ä»£) (1600 BC - 1046 BC) is the first historic Chinese dynasty and ruled in the northeastern region of China proper. ... The word Maya or maya can refer to: The Maya – a Native American people of southern Mexico and northern Central America the modern Maya people the pre-Columbian Maya civilization the Maya language Maya – a concept in Hindu/Vedic philosophy a state of misperception of reality the inherent force of... Moche Pottery (Image Â© PROMPERU, used with permission) The Moche civilization (aka the Mochica culture, Early Chimu, Pre-Chimu, Proto-Chimu, etc. ... -1... Mesoamerica is the region extending from central Mexico south to the northwestern border of Costa Rica that gave rise to a group of stratified, culturally related agrarian civilizations spanning an approximately 3,000-year period before the European discovery of the New World by Columbus. ... (Redirected from 1st millennium BCE) (2nd millennium BC – 1st millennium BC – 1st millennium AD – other millennia) Events The Iron Age began in Western Egypt declined as a major power The Tanakh was written Buddhism was founded Cyrus the Great conquered Babylon and created the Persian Empire (6th century BC) Sparta...

Bronze and Iron Ages

See main articles on Bronze and Iron Ages. The Bronze Age is a period in a civilizations development when the most advanced metalworking has developed the techniques of smelting copper from natural outcroppings and alloys it to cast bronze. ... Iron Age Axe found on Gotland This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age, for the mythological Iron Age see Iron Age (mythology). ...

The agricultural settlements had until this time been almost completely dependent on stone tools. In Eurasia, copper and bronze tools, decorations, and weapons began to become commonplace around 3000 BCE. After bronze the Eastern Mediterranean region, Middle East and China saw the introduction of iron tools and weapons. The Americas may not have had metal tools until the Chavin horizon in 900 BCE, we also know the Moche had metal armor and knives and tableware, and even the metal poor Inca had metal tipped plows, at least after the conquest of Chimor. However, very little archaeological research has been done in Peru so far and almost all the Khipus (recording devices in the form of knots used by the Incas) were burned in the Spanish conquest of Peru. Whole cities were still being discovered in 2004. Some digs suggest steel may have been discovered there before western civilization. Bold text --202. ... African-Eurasian aspect of Earth Eurasia is the landmass composed of the continents of Europe and Asia. ... General Name, Symbol, Number copper, Cu, 29 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 4, d Appearance copper, metallic Atomic mass 63. ... Bronze figurine, found at Ã–land Bronze is the traditional name for a broad range of alloys of copper. ... (31st century BC - 30th century BC - 29th century BC - other centuries) (4th millennium BC - 3rd millennium BC - 2nd millennium BC) Events 2925 - 2776 BC - First Dynasty wars in Egypt 2900 BC - Beginning of the Early Dynastic Period I in Mesopotamia. ... The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Atomic mass 55. ... Chav n is the name of a pre-Moche people in Peru Chav n is a parish belonging to the municipality of Viveiro, Spain. ... Centuries: 11th century BC - 10th century BC - 9th century BC Decades: 950s BC 940s BC 930s BC 920s BC 910s BC - 900s BC - 890s BC 880s BC 870s BC 860s BC 850s BC Events and trends 909 BC - Zhou xiao wang becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China. ... Moche Pottery (Image Â© PROMPERU, used with permission) The Moche civilization (aka the Mochica culture, Early Chimu, Pre-Chimu, Proto-Chimu, etc. ... For other meanings of Inca, see Inca (disambiguation). ... Late Intermediate Period Cultures Chimor (also Kingdom of Chimor) was the political grouping of the Chimú culture that ruled the northern coast of Peru, beginning around 850 and ending around 1470. ... Khipu, or quipa, or quipu were recording devices used during the Inca Empire and its predecessor societies in the Andean region. ... On this side we return to Panama and poverty, On that side we go to Peru and become rich. ... Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, with carbon being the primary alloying material. ...

The diffusion of ironworking technology was at least partially responsible for the collapse of the Minoan, Mycenaean and Hittite civilisations around 1200 BCE, as these advanced peoples lost their technological lead to their barbarian neighbours. These collapses inaugurated a period of confusion, after which two competing civilisations emerged in the west, the Greeks and Persians. Sometime during the transition in the early Iron Age, coinage was introduced in Lydia. Chinese civilisation too began to assume its familiar aspect during the 1st millennium BCE. The Zhou Dynasty produced a vast peasant workforce as well as a nobility in charge of organising government and conducting the worship of its ancestors. The diffusion of ideas or artifacts from one culture to another is a well-attested and uncontroversial concept of cultural anthropology. ... Map of Minoan Crete The Minoans were a pre-Hellenic Bronze Age civilization in Crete in the Aegean Sea, prior to Helladic or Mycenaean culture (i. ... Mycenaean can have the following meanings: coming from or belonging to the ancient town of Mycenae in Pelloponese in Greece; belonging to the culture of the Mycenaean period of the eastern Mediterranean in the late Bronze Age; the Mycenaean language, an ancient form of Greek, known from inscriptions in Linear... The Hittites is the conventional English-language term for an ancient people who spoke an Indo-European language and established a kingdom centered in Hattusa (the modern village of Boğazköy in north-central Turkey), through most of the second millennium BC. The Hittite kingdom, which at its height controlled central... (13th century BC - 12th century BC - 11th century BC - other centuries) (1200s BC - 1190s BC - 1180s BC - 1170s BC - 1160s BC - 1150s BC - 1140s BC - 1130s BC - 1120s BC - 1110s BC - 1100s BC - other decades) (3rd millennium BC - 2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC) Events 1200 BC - Ancient Pueblo Peoples... This article is about the Persians (Iranians), a nationality and an ethnic group. ... A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of goods and services. ... Lydia was an ancient kingdom of Asia Minor, known to Homer as Mæonia. ... (Redirected from 1st millennium BCE) (2nd millennium BC – 1st millennium BC – 1st millennium AD – other millennia) Events The Iron Age began in Western Egypt declined as a major power The Tanakh was written Buddhism was founded Cyrus the Great conquered Babylon and created the Persian Empire (6th century BC) Sparta... The Zhou Dynasty (å‘¨æœ; Wade-Giles: Chou Dynasty) (late 10th century BC to late 9th century BC - 256 BC) followed the Shang (Yin) Dynasty and preceded the Qin Dynasty in China. ...

New philosophies and religions arose in both east and west, particularly around the 6th century BCE. Over time a great variety of religions developed around the world with Hinduism and Buddhism in India, Zoroastrianism in Persia being some of the earliest major faiths. In the east, three schools of thoughts were to dominate Chinese thinking until the modern day. These were Taoism, Legalism and Confucianism. The Confucian tradition, which would attain predominance, looked not to the force of law, but to the power and example of tradition for political morality. In the west, the Greek philosophical tradition, represented by the works of Plato and Aristotle, were diffused throughout Europe and the Middle East by the conquests of Alexander of Macedon in the 4th century BCE. The term philosophy derives from a combination of the Greek words philos meaning love and sophia meaning wisdom. ... (7th century BC - 6th century BC - 5th century BC - other centuries) (600s BC - 590s BC - 580s BC - 570s BC - 560s BC - 550s BC - 540s BC - 530s BC - 520s BC - 510s BC - 500s BC - other decades) (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium AD) Events Cyrus the Great conquered many... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Statues of Buddha such as this, the Tian Tan Buddha statue in Hong Kong, remind followers to practice right living. ... Faravahar, The depiction of the human soul before birth and after death. ... The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). ... For other uses of the words tao and dao, see Dao (disambiguation). ... In Chinese History, Legalism (法家; pinyin Fǎjiā) was one of the four main philosophic schools at the end of the Zhou Dynasty. ... Confucianism (å„’å®¶ Pinyin: rÃºjiÄ, literally The School of the Scholars; or less correctly: å”æ•™ kÅng jiÃ o The Religion of Kong), sometimes translated as the School of Literati, is an East Asian ethical, religious and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of Confucius. ... PLATO, an apronym for Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operation, was one of the first generalized Computer assisted instruction systems, originally built by the University of Illinois (U of I) and later taken over by Control Data (CDC), who provided the machines it ran on. ... Aristotle (sculpture) Aristotle (Greek: Î‘ÏÎ¹ÏƒÏ„Î¿Ï„ÎÎ»Î·Ï‚ AristotelÄ“s) (384 BC â€“ March 7, 322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher. ... Bust of Alexander the Great in the British Museum. ... (5th century BC - 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - other centuries) (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium AD) Events Invasion of the Celts into Ireland Kingdom of Macedon conquers Persian empire Romans build first aqueduct Chinese use bellows The Scythians are beginning to be absorbed into the Sarmatian...

The classical empires

By the last centuries BCE the Mediterranean, the Ganges and the Yellow River became the seats of empires which future rulers would strive to imitate. In China the Qin and Han dynasties extended the rule of imperial government through political unity, improving communications and also notably the establishment of state monopolies by Emperor Wu. In India, the influence of the Mauryas spread over much of the north subcontinent and Pandyas at the south of the subcontinent. In the west, the Romans began expanding their territory through conquest and colonisation from the beginning of the 5th century BCE. By the reign of Augustus around the birth of Jesus of Nazareth, Rome controlled all the lands surrounding the Mediterranean. (2nd millennium BC – 1st millennium BC – 1st millennium – other millennia) Events The Iron Age began in Western Europe Egypt declined as a major power The Tanakh was written Buddhism was founded Cyrus the Great conquered Babylon and created the Persian Empire (6th century BC) Sparta and Athens fought the Peloponnesian... Early morning on the Ganges The River Ganges (Ganga in Indian languages) (Devanagiri गंगा) is a major river in northern India. ... For other Yellow Rivers, see Yellow River (disambiguation). ... The Qin Dynasty (ç§¦æœ Pinyin QÃn, Wade-Giles Chin; 221 BC - 207 BC) was preceded by the Zhou Dynasty and followed by the Han Dynasty in China. ... Han commanderies and kingdoms AD 2. ... Emperor Wu of Han (156 BC*–March 29, 87 BC), personal name Liu Che, was the sixth emperor of the Chinese Han Dynasty, ruling from 141 BC to 87 BC. A military compaigner, Han China reached its greatest expansion under his reign, spanning from Kyrgyzstan in the west, Northern Korea... The Mauryan empire (321 to 185 BCE), at its largest extent around 230 BCE. The Mauryan Empire was Indias first great unified empire. ... The Pandyan kingdom was an ancient state at the tip of South India, founded around the 6th century BCE. It was part of the Dravidian cultural area, which also comprised other kingdoms such as that of the Pallava, the Chera, the Chola, the Chalukya and the Vijayanagara. ... Ancient Rome was a civilization that existed in Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East between 753 BC and its downfall in AD 476. ... (6th century BC - 5th century BC - 4th century BC - other centuries) (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium AD) Events Demotic becomes the dominant script of ancient Egypt Persians invade Greece twice (Persian Wars) Battle of Marathon (490) Battle of Salamis (480) Athenian empire formed and falls Peloponnesian War... Augustus (plural Augusti) is Latin for majestic or venerable. The greek equivalent is sebastos, or a mere grecization (by changing of the ending) augustos. ... This article is about the figure known by both Jesus of Nazareth and Jesus Christ. For other usages, see Jesus (disambiguation). ...

The great empires rested on the ability to exploit the process of military annexation and the formation of settlements to become agricultural centres. The relative peace they brought encouraged international trade and notably the growth of the Silk Road. They also faced common problems such as those associated with maintaining huge armies and the support of the bureaucracy. These costs fell most heavily on the peasantry, whilst land-owning magnates were increasingly able to evade centralised control. The pressure of barbarians on the frontiers hastened the process of internal dissolution. The Han empire fell into civil war in 220 whilst its Roman counterpart became increasingly decentralised and divided around the same time. The Silk Road (Traditional Chinese: çµ²ç¶¢ä¹‹è·¯; Simplified Chinese: ä¸ç»¸ä¹‹è·¯; pinyin: sÄ« chÃ³u zhÄ« lÃ¹, Persian Ø±Ø§Ù‡ Ø§Ø¨Ø±ÛŒØ´Ù… RÃ¢h-e Abrisham) was an interconnected series of routes through Southern Asia traversed by caravan and ocean vessel, and connecting Changan, China, with Antioch, Syria, as well as other points. ... Barbarian was originally a Greek term applied to any foreigner, one not sharing a recognized culture or degree of polish with the speaker or writer employing the term. ...

Age of kingdoms

Throughout the temperate zones of Eurasia, America, and North Africa, large empires continued to rise and fall.

The gradual breakup of the Roman Empire, which spanned several centuries following the 2nd century CE, coincided with the spread of Christianity westward from the Middle East. The western part of the Roman Empire fell under the domination of various Germanic tribes in the 5th century, and these polities gradually developed into a number of warring Catholic states. The remaining part of the Roman Empire in the eastern Mediterranean was henceforth known as the Byzantine Empire. Centuries later a large part of western Europe became the Holy Roman Empire comprising a number of states in what is now Germany and Italy. The Roman Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Ancient Roman polity in the centuries following its reorganization under the leadership of Octavian (better known as Caesar Augustus). ... (1st century - 2nd century - 3rd century - other centuries) Events Roman Empire governed by the Five Good Emperors (96–180) – Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius. ... Christianity is a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament writings of his early followers. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... The term Germanic tribes applies to the ancient Germanic peoples of Europe. ... (4th century - 5th century - 6th century - other centuries) // Events Rome sacked by Visigoths in 410. ... The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centred at its capital in Constantinople. ... This page is about the Germanic empire. ...

In China dynasties would similarly rise and fall. Nomads from the north began to invade in the 4th century, eventually conquering nearly all of northern China and setting up many small kingdoms. The Sui Dynasty reunified China in 581, and under the Tang Dynasty (618-907) China entered into a second golden age. However, the Tang Dynasty also splintered, and after about half a century of turmoil, the Northern Song Dynasty reunified China in 982. However, pressure from nomadic empires to the north became increasingly urgent. All of North China was lost to the Jurchen in 1141, and the Mongol Empire conquered all of China in 1279, as well as almost all of Eurasia's landmass, missing only western Europe and Japan. (3rd century - 4th century - 5th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 4th century was that century which lasted from 301 to 400. ... The Sui Dynasty (隋朝 Hanyu Pinyin: Suí, 581-618) followed the Southern and Northern Dynasties and preceded the Tang Dynasty in China. ... Events The Sui Dynasty replaces the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the last of the Northern Dynasties in China. ... Events End of the Sui Dynasty and beginning of the Tang Dynasty in China. ... Events Oleg leads Kievan Rus in a campaign against Constantinople Yelü Abaoji establishes Liao (Khitan) dynasty Births Deaths Categories: 907 ... Alternative meaning: Song Dynasty (420-479) The Song dynasty (Chinese: 宋朝) was a ruling dynasty in China from 960-1279. ... Events Greenland founded by Erik the Red ; first contact of Europeans with North America Births Emma of Normandy Atisha the Bengali Buddhist Saint Deaths Categories: 982 ... North China (北方 Hanyu pinyin: Běifāng) and South China (南方 Hanyu pinyin: Nánfāng) are two approximate regions within China. ... The Jurchens (Chinese: 女真, pinyin: nǚzhēn) were a Tungusic people who inhabited parts of Manchuria and northern Korea until the seventeenth century, when they became the Manchus. ... Events February 2 - Battle of Lincoln. ... The Mongol Empire (1206â€“1368) was the largest contiguous empire in world history. ... Events Battle of Yamen. ... African-Eurasian aspect of Earth Eurasia is the landmass composed of the continents of Europe and Asia. ... Western Europe is distinguished from Eastern Europe by differences of history and culture rather than by geography. ...

Northern India was ruled by the Guptas in these times. In southern India, three prominent Tamil kingdoms emerged, Cheras, Cholas, and Pallavas. The ensuing stability contributed to herald the golden age of Hindu culture in the 4th and 5th centuries CE. Silver coin of the Gupta King Kumara Gupta I (414-455 CE). ... Tamil girls in Tiruvannamalai The Tamil people are an ethnic group from South Asia with a recorded history going back almost two millennia. ... The Cheras were one of the three ancient Tamil dynasties who ruled the southern tip of the peninsula of India for most of its early history. ... The Cholas were the most famous of the three dynasties that ruled ancient Tamil Nadu. ... The Pallavas were hereditary Hindu rulers who dominated southeastern India between the 4th and 9th centuries. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... (3rd century - 4th century - 5th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 4th century was that century which lasted from 301 to 400. ... (4th century - 5th century - 6th century - other centuries) // Events Rome sacked by Visigoths in 410. ...

Vast societies also began to be built up in Central America at this time with the Maya and the Aztecs in Mesoamerica being the most notable. As the mother culture of the Olmecs gradually declined, the great Mayan city-states slowly rose in number and prominence, and Maya culture spread throughout the Yucatán and surrounding areas. The later empire of the Aztec was built on neighboring cultures and was influenced by conquered peoples, such as the Toltec. Picture of Machu Picchu taken in the morning. ... Picture of Machu Picchu taken in the morning. ... View of Machu Picchu Machu Picchu (literally means old peak; sometimes called the Lost City of the Incas) is a well-preserved pre-Columbian Inca ruin located on a high mountain ridge, at an elevation of about 7,710 feet (2,350 m). ... For other meanings of Inca, see Inca (disambiguation). ... Central America is the region of North America located between the southern border of Mexico and the northwest border of Colombia, in South America. ... The word Maya or maya can refer to: The Maya – a Native American people of southern Mexico and northern Central America the modern Maya people the pre-Columbian Maya civilization the Maya language Maya – a concept in Hindu/Vedic philosophy a state of misperception of reality the inherent force of... The word Aztec is usually used as a historical term, although some contemporary Nahuatl speakers would consider themselves Aztecs. ... Mesoamerica is the region extending from central Mexico south to the northwestern border of Costa Rica that gave rise to a group of stratified, culturally related agrarian civilizations spanning an approximately 3,000-year period before the European discovery of the New World by Columbus. ... A mother culture is a term for an early people and their culture, with great and widespread influence on later cultures and people. ... Olmec stone head The Olmec were an ancient people living in the tropical lowlands of south-central Mexico, roughly what would now be the Veracruz and Tabasco regions of the Mexican isthmus. ... The YucatÃ¡n Peninsula separates the Caribbean Sea from the Gulf of Mexico. ... The Toltecs (or Toltec or Tolteca) were a Pre-Columbian Native American people who dominated much of central Mexico between the 10th and 12th century AD. Their language, Nahuatl, was also spoken by the Aztecs. ...

South America saw the rise of the Inca in the 14th and 15th centuries. The Inca Empire of Tawantinsuyu spanned the entire range of the Andes and held its capital at Cusco. The Inca were prosperous and advanced, known for an excellent road system and unrivaled masonry. South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... For other meanings of Inca, see Inca (disambiguation). ... (13th century - 14th century - 15th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 14th century was that century which lasted from 1301 to 1400. ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... A view of Machu Picchu, the Lost City of the Incas, now an archaeological site. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Cusco is a city in southeastern Peru in the Huatanay Valley (Sacred Valley), of the Andes mountain range. ... Major highways of the Inca Empire Among the many roads and trails constructed in western South America, the Inca road systems in Peru are the most extensive yet constructed on the South American continent. ... The term masonry can also refer to Freemasonry Masonry is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by mortar. ...

Islam, which began in Arabia in the 7th century CE, was also one of the most remarkable forces growing from only a few followers to become the basis of a series of large Empires in India, the Middle East, and North Africa. Islam listen? (Arabic: al-islÄm) the submission to God is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions, and the worlds second largest religion. ... The term the Middle East sometimes applies to the peninsula alone, but usually refers to the Arabian Peninsula plus the Levant, Mesopotamia, and Iran. ... // Events Islam starts in Arabia, the Quran is written, and Syria, Iraq, Persia, North Africa and Central Asia convert to Islam. ...

In North Africa Nubia and Ethiopia, which both had long been linked to the Mediterranean world, remained as Christian enclaves as the rest of Africa north of the equator converted to Islam. With Islam came new technologies that for the first time allowed substantial trade to cross the Sahara. Taxes on this trade led to prosperity in North Africa and the rise of a series of kingdoms in the Sahel. Today Nubia is the region in the south of Egypt, along the Nile and in northern Sudan, but in ancient times it was an independent kingdom. ... The Sahelian kingdoms were a series of empires that had many similarities. ...

This period was marked by slow, but steady, technological improvements with developments of influential importance such as the stirrup and the mouldboard plough arriving every few centuries. Haniwa horse statuette, complete with saddle and stirrups, 6th century, Kofun period, Japan. ... A farmer works the land in the traditional way with a horse and plough The plough (American spelling: plow) is a tool used in farming for initial cultivation of soil in preparation for sowing seed or planting. ...

Rise of Europe

From the 11th to the 15th centuries CE the Holy Roman Empire in western Europe launched a series of crusades against Byzantine and Islamic lands in the eastern Mediterranean, most notably the Holy Lands in the area around Jerusalem. By the late 13th century the last of the crusader strongholds in the Middle East had fallen to the Muslims. After the final fall of the Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) to the Ottoman Turks, its scholars fled west to Rome, bringing renewed energy and interest in classical knowledge. Scholars consider the fall of the Byzantine Empire as a key event in ending the Middle Ages and starting the Renaissance because it marks the end of the old religious order in Europe and the beginning of the use of cannon and gunpowder, as used in the taking of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. Gutenburg bible page This work is copyrighted. ... Gutenburg bible page This work is copyrighted. ... The printing press is a mechanical device for printing many copies of a text on rectangular sheets of paper. ... Events March - French troops under Guy de Richemont besiege the English commander in France, Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, in Caen April 15 - Battle of Formigny. ... A millennium is a period of time equal to one thousand years. ... A cover of Life Magazine from 1911 Life has been the name of two notable magazines published in the United States. ... (10th century - 11th century - 12th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 11th century was that century which lasted from 1001 to 1100. ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... This page is about the Germanic empire. ... This article is about the medieval Crusades . ... Islam ( Arabic al-islām الإسلام, listen?) the submission to God is a monotheistic faith and the worlds second-largest religion. ... Jerusalem (31Â°46â€² N 35Â°14â€² E; Hebrew: ×™Ö°×¨×•Ö¼×©×Ö¸×œÖ·×™Ö´× Yerushalayim; Arabic: Ø§Ù„Ù‚Ø¯Ø³ al-Quds; see also names of Jerusalem) is an ancient Middle Eastern city of key importance to the religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. ... (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... A Muslim is a believer in or follower of Islam. ... The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centred at its capital in Constantinople. ... The Ottoman Turks were the ethnic subdivision of the Turkic people who dominated the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire. ... City motto: Senatus Populusque Romanus â€“ SPQR (The Senate and the People of Rome) Founded 21 April 753 BC mythical, 1st millennium BC Region Latium Mayor Walter Veltroni (Democratici di Sinistra) Area - City Proper 1290 kmÂ² Population - City (2004) - Metropolitan - Density (city proper) 2,546,807 almost 4,000,000 1... Classical antiquity is a broad and perhaps misleading term for a long period of European, Middle East and North African history, that begins roughly with the earliest recorded Greek poetry of Homer (7th century BC), and continues through the rise of Christianity and the fall of the Western Roman Empire... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... By Region: Italian Renaissance Northern Renaissance -French Renaissance -German Renaissance -English Renaissance The Renaissance was a great cultural movement which brought about a period of scientific revolution and artistic transformation, at the dawn of modern European history. ... Map of Constantinople. ...

Through the renaissance, Europe began to have a technological edge on the rest of the world by 1500, and over the next few centuries, this trend began to accelerate. Advancing seafaring technology allowed Christopher Columbus in 1492 to penetrate across the Atlantic Ocean and bridge the gap from Africa-Eurasia to the Americas. This had dramatic effects on both continents. The Europeans brought with them diseases the Americans had never before encountered, and over 90% of them were killed in a series of devastating epidemics. The Europeans also had the technological advantage of horses, steel, and guns that allowed them to overpower the Aztec and Incan empires, along with the great cultures of North America. World map showing location of Europe Europe is geologically and geographically a peninsula, forming the westernmost part of Eurasia. ... // Events Europes population was ~60 million. ... Christopher Columbus For information about the film director, see the article on Chris Columbus. ... Events January 2 - Boabdil, the last Moorish King of Granada, surrenders his city to the army of Ferdinand and Isabella after a lengthy siege. ... The supercontinent of Africa-Eurasia (or Afro-Eurasia) is the worlds largest land mass and contains around 85% of the human population. ... The Americas (sometimes referred to as America) is the area including the land mass located between the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean, generally divided into North America and South America. ... The Aztecs were a Mesoamerican people of central Mexico in the 14th, 15th and 16th century. ... For other meanings of Inca, see Inca (disambiguation). ... World map showing location of North America A satellite composite image of North America North America is a continent in the northern hemisphere, bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the east by the North Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Caribbean Sea, and on the west...

Gold and resources from the Americas began to be shipped to Europe, while at the same time large numbers of European colonists began to emigrate to the west. To meet the great demand for labour in the new colonies the mass export of Africans as slaves began. Soon much of the Americas had a large racial underclass of slaves. In West Africa, a series of thriving states developed along the coast, becoming prosperous from the exploitation of suffering central African peoples. Africa is the worlds second-largest continent and 3rd most populous. ... A monument celebrating the emancipation of slaves in the British Empire in 1834, erected in Victoria Tower Gardens, Millbank, Westminster, London Look up Slavery in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Slavery is a condition of control over a person against their will, enforced by violence or other forms of coercion. ...

The Portuguese and Spanish Empires were at first the predominant conquerors and source of influence, but soon the more northern English, French, and Dutch began to dominate the Atlantic. In a series of wars fought in the 17th and 18th centuries, culminating with the Napoleonic Wars, Britain emerged as the most powerful nation in the world. It controlled an empire that spanned the globe, controlling, at its peak, approximately one-quarter of the world's land surface. During the 16th century and the next one, Spain established itself as a superpower with globe-spanning reach, though it was not at certain periods without rivals. ... Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right) Englands location within the UK Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area - Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 kmÂ² Population - Total (2001) - Density Ranked 1st UK 49,138,831 377/kmÂ² Ethnicity... The Atlantic Ocean is Earths second-largest ocean, covering approximately one_fifth of its surface. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... The Napoleonic Wars are the wars fought during Napoleon Bonapartes rule of France. ...

Meanwhile, the voyages of the admiral Zheng He were halted by China's Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), established after the expulsion of the Mongols. A commercial revolution, sometimes described as "incipient capitalism", was also abortive. The Ming Dynasty would eventually fall to the Manchus, whose Qing Dynasty oversaw, at first, a period of calm and prosperity, but would increasingly fall prey to Western encroachment. Characters for Zheng He. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Events Timur ascends throne of Samarkand. ... // Events February to August - Explorer Abel Tasmans second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia. ... Honorary guard of Mongolia. ... Capitalism has been defined in various ways. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The Manchu (Manchu: Manju; Chinese: æ»¿æ— pinyin: MÇŽnzÃº; often shortened to æ»¿, MÇŽn) are an ethnic group who originated in Manchuria. ... The Qing Dynasty (Manchu: daicing gurun; Chinese: æ¸…æœ; pinyin: qÄ«ng chÃ¡o; Wade-Giles: ching chao), sometimes known as the Manchu Dynasty, was founded by the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro, in what is today northeast China expanded into China proper and the surrounding territories of Inner Asia, establishing...

Soon after the invasion of the Americas, Europeans had exerted their technological advantage over the people of Asia as well. In the 19th century Britain gained control of the Indian subcontinent, Egypt and Malaya, the French took Indochina while the Dutch occupied Indonesia. The British also occupied several of the areas still populated by neolithic peoples including Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa, and as in the Americas large numbers of British colonists began to emigrate to these areas. In the late nineteenth century the last unclaimed areas of Africa were divided among the European powers. Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Composite satellite image of the Indian subcontinent Map of South Asia. ... The Federation of Malaya, or in Malay Persekutuan Tanah Melayu, was formed in 1948 from the British settlements of Penang and Malacca and the nine Malay states and replaced the Malayan Union. ... French Indochina was a federation of French colonies and protectorates in Southeast Asia, part of the French colonial empire. ...

This era also saw the renaissance and subsequent Age of Reason lead to the Scientific Revolution, which changed our understanding of the world and made possible the Industrial Revolution, a major transformation of the world’s economies. It began in Britain and used new modes of production such as the factory, mass production, and mechanisation to produce a wide array of materials faster and for less labour than previous methods. The Age of Reason also lead to the beginnings of democracy as we know it today, in the American and French revolutions in the late 18th century. Democracy would grow to have a profound effect on world events and quality of life. During the industrial revolution, the world economy was soon based on coal, as new methods of transport such as railways and steam ships made the world a smaller place. Meanwhile, Industrial pollution and damage to the environment, present since the discovery of fire and the beginning of civilization, accelerated tenfold. The Age of Reason is either Thomas Paines book The Age of Reason. ... In the history of science, the scientific revolution was the period that roughly began with the discoveries of Kepler, Galileo, and others at the dawn of the 17th century, and ended with the publication of the Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica in 1687 by Isaac Newton. ... The Industrial Revolution was the major technological, socioeconomic and cultural change in the late 18th and early 19th century resulting from the replacement of an economy based on manual labor to one dominated by industry and machine manufacture. ... A factory (previously manufactory) or manufacturing plant is a large industrial building where workers manufacture goods or products. ... Mass production is the production of large amounts of standardised products on production lines. ... Mechanization refers to the use of powered machinery to help a human operator in some task. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... The well-being or quality of life of a population is an important concern in economics and political science. ... Coal is a fossil fuel extracted from the ground either by underground mining, open-pit mining or strip mining. ... Paddle steamers - Lucerne-Switzerland Left: original paddlewheel from a paddle steamer on the lake of Lucerne. ... Pollution is the release of harmful environmental contaminants, or the substances so released. ...

Twentieth century

Main article: The 20th century in review Image File history File links Download high resolution version (800x1094, 131 KB)Picture taken of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (800x1094, 131 KB)Picture taken of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. ... The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, 1945, rose some 18 km (11 mi) above the epicenter. ... Megane-bashi (Spectacles Bridge) Nagasaki listen? (é•·å´Žå¸‚; -shi, literally long peninsula) is the capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture located at the south-western coast of Kyushu, Japan. ... 1945 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: Immense human sacrifice, fierce indoctrinations, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons - the atom bomb being the ultimate. ... For the generic term for a high-tension rivalry between countries, see cold war (war). ... Above all, the 20th century is distinguished from most of human history in that its most significant changes were directly or indirectly economic and technological in nature. ...

The twentieth century saw the domination of the world by Europe wane, as least partially from the internal destruction of World War II, and the United States and the Soviet Union rise as superpowers. Following World war II, the United Nations was founded in the hopes that it could prevent conflicts between nations and make future wars impossible. After 1990 the Soviet Union collapsed and the United States became the sole superpower, termed by some a hyperpower. See Pax Americana World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: Immense human sacrifice, fierce indoctrinations, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons - the atom bomb being the ultimate. ... A superpower is a state with the ability to influence events or project power on a wide scale. ... The United Nations, or UN, is an international organization established in 1945 and now made up of 191 states. ... 1990 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A hyperpower is a powerful country that is vastly stronger than any potential rival. ... The term Pax Americana (Latin: American Peace) denotes the period of peace in the Western world since the end of World War II in 1945, coinciding with the dominant military and economic position of the United States. ...

The century saw the rise of powerful ideologies. First with communism in the Soviet Union after 1917, which spread to Eastern Europe after 1945, and China in 1949, and scattered other nations in the Third World during the 1950s and 1960s. The 1920s saw militaristic fascist dictatorships gain control of Germany, Italy, Japan, and Spain. This article is about communism as a form of society and as a popular movement. ... 1917 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Eastern Europe is marked in orange Eastern Europe is, by convention, that part of Europe from the Ural and Caucasus mountains in the east to an arbitrarily chosen boundary in the west. ... 1945 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1949 is a common year starting on Saturday. ... For the Jamaican reggae band, see Third World (band). ... // Events and trends The 1950s in Western society was marked with a sharp rise in the economy for the first time in almost 30 years and return to the 1920s-type consumer society built on credit and boom-times, as well as the height of the baby-boom from returning... The 1960s, or The Sixties, in its most obvious sense refers to the decade between 1960 and 1969, but the expression has taken on a wider meaning over the past twenty years. ... Sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age or primarily in North America as the Roaring Twenties. // Events and trends Technology John T. Thompson invents Thompson submachine gun, also known as Tommy gun John Logie Baird invents the first working television system (1925) Charles Lindbergh becomes the first person to fly... Militarism (military+-ism) is an ideology which claims that the military is the foundation of a societys security, and thereby claims to be its most important aspect. ... Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, was the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ...

These transitions were evinced through wars of unparalleled scope and devastation. The First World War destroyed many of Europe's old monarchies, and weakened France and Britain. The Second World War saw most of the militaristic dictatorships in Europe destroyed and saw communism advance into Eastern Europe and Asia. This led to the Cold War, a forty-year stand-off between the United States, the Soviet Union and their respective allies. All of humanity and complex forms of life were put into jeopardy by the development of nuclear weapons. After out-spending the Soviet Union on weaponry, the US saw a collapse in the Soviet state, with fragmentation of the former republics, some re-joining Russia in a commonwealth, others reaching out toward Western Europe. Download high resolution version (950x950, 202 KB)Gene Cernan beside LRV at start of EVA-3 http://www. ... Download high resolution version (950x950, 202 KB)Gene Cernan beside LRV at start of EVA-3 http://www. ... Apollo 17 was the eleventh manned space mission in the NASA Apollo program, and was the sixth and last mission to date to land on the Moon. ... 1972 was a leap year that started on a Saturday. ... Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... For the generic term for a high-tension rivalry between countries, see cold war (war). ... The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, 1945, rose some 18 km (11 mi) above the epicenter. ...

The same century saw vast progress in technology, and a large increase in life expectancy and standard of living for the majority of humanity. As the world economy switched from one based upon coal to one based on oil, new communications and transportation technologies continued to make the world more united. The technological developments of the century also contributed to problems with the environment, though city pollution is lower today than in the days of coal. Coal is a fossil fuel extracted from the ground either by underground mining, open-pit mining or strip mining. ... Oil is a generic term for organic liquids that are not miscible with water. ... Pollution is the release of harmful environmental contaminants, or the substances so released. ... City lights from space. ...

The latter half of the century saw the rise of the information age and globalization: dramatically increased trade and cultural exchange. Space exploration reached throughout the solar system. DNA, the very building block of life, was discovered, and the human genome was sequenced, promising to eventually change the face of human disease. The number of scientific papers published each year today far surpasses the number published prior to 1900[1], and doubles approximately every 15 years.[2] Global literacy rates continue to increase, and the percentage of the global society's labour pool needed to produce the society's food has continued to decrease substantially over the century. Information Age is a term applied to the period where movement of information became faster than physical movement, more narrowly applied to the late 20th century and early 21st century post 1970. ... Globalization (or globalisation) is a term used to describe the changes in societies and the world economy that are the result of dramatically increased international trade and cultural exchange. ... Space exploration is the physical exploration of outer-Earth objects and generally anything that involves the technologies, science, and politics regarding space endeavors. ... Mosaic of Solar System planets except Pluto, including Earths Moon (not to scale). ... Space-filling model of a section of DNA molecule DNA Under electron microscope Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or deoxyribose nucleic acid is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions specifying the biological development of all cellular forms of life (and many viruses). ... Life is a multi-faceted concept. ... Human genome is the genome of Homo sapiens. ... A disease is any abnormal condition of the body or mind that causes discomfort, dysfunction, or distress to the person affected or those in contact with the person. ... Literacy is the ability to read and write. ... Labour (or labor) can mean any one of the following things: Physical or mental work; exertion. ...

Contents

Paleolithic

Neolithic Revolution

Bronze and Iron Ages

The classical empires

Age of kingdoms

Rise of Europe

Twentieth century

See also

Contents

Paleolithic GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Neolithic Revolution

Bronze and Iron Ages

The classical empires

Age of kingdoms

Rise of Europe

Twentieth century

See also

Paleolithic