The Nintendo Entertainment System (North America, Europe, Australia, Asia, and Brazil)

The Nintendo Entertainment System, or NES, is an 8-bit video game console released by Nintendo in North America, Europe, Australia, Asia, and Brazil. In Japan it is known as the Nintendo Family Computer (任天堂ファミリーコンピュータ), or Famicom (ファミコン). In South Korea, the official licensed version was marketed as the Comboy (컴보이) by Hyundai Electronics, even though the units also contained the Nintendo Entertainment System marking. The most successful gaming console of its time in Asia and North America, where it helped revitalize the video game industry following the video game crash of 1983, and set the standard for subsequent consoles in everything from game design (the first modern platform game, Super Mario Bros., was the system's first "killer app") to business practices. The NES was the first console for which the manufacturer openly courted third-party developers. Image File history File linksMetadata Nintendo_entertainment_system. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Nintendo_entertainment_system. ... 8-bit refers to the number of bits used in the data bus of a computer. ... The Nintendo GameCube is an example of a current generation video game console. ... Nintendo (Japanese: 任天堂; NASDAQ: NTDOY, TYO: 7974 ) is a Japanese company originally founded on November 6, 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi to produce handmade hanafuda cards, for use in a Japanese playing card game of the same name. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America North America is a continent in the northern hemisphere bordered on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the east by the North Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Caribbean Sea, and on the west by the... A satellite composite image of Europe // Etymology Picture of Europa, carried away by bull-shaped Zeus. ... Asia is the largest and most populous of the Earths continents. ... Screenshot of E.T. (Atari 2600 version) The video game crash of 1983 was the sudden crash of the video game business and the bankruptcy of a number of companies producing home computers and video game consoles in North America in late 1983 and early 1984. ... Game design is the process of designing the content, background and rules of a game. ... A screenshot of the original Donkey Kong. ... Super Mario Bros. ... A killer application (commonly shortened to killer app) is a computer program that is so useful that people will buy a particular piece of computer hardware, gaming console, and/or an operating system simply to run that program. ... In the video game industry, a third-party developer is a developer that is not only a separate entity from a console manufacturer, but also not affiliated or held by any contractual agreement to make exclusive games for any specific console. ...

This article is specifically about the history of the console. For a more general overview of the system itself, please see the main Nintendo Entertainment System article. The Nintendo Entertainment System, or NES, is an 8-bit video game console released by Nintendo in North America, Brazil, Europe, Asia, and Australia. ...

The Nintendo Family Computer

The Nintendo Family Computer (Japan)

The video game market experienced a period of rapid growth and unprecedented popularity in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Consoles such as the Atari 2600 and the Intellivision proved to be wildly popular, and many third-party developers arose in their wake to exploit the growing industry. Nintendo was one such development studio, and, by 1982 had found success with a number of arcade games, such as Donkey Kong, which was in turn ported to, and packaged with, the Colecovision console in North America. Around this time, Nintendo announced their intentions to produce their own console hardware. Spearheaded by Masayuki Uemura, Nintendo's R&D team had been secretly working on a system which was originally intended to include a 16-bit CPU and a floppy disk drive, and would retail for an average for $75 to $100 USD. However, these original specifications proved too unrealistic, and the final product was substantially scaled back; launched in 1983, the Nintendo Family Computer (Famicom) was an 8-bit machine that was limited to cartridge-based games. Nintendo Family Computer (sold in Japan). ... Nintendo Family Computer (sold in Japan). ... The 1970s in its most obvious sense refers to the decade between 1970 and 1979. ... The 1980s, in its most obvious sense, was the decade between 1980 and 1989. ... The Atari 2600, released in 1977, is the first successful video game console to use plug-in cartridges instead of having one or more games built in. ... The Intellivision is a video game console released by Mattel in 1980; development of the console began in 1978 (less than a year after the introduction of its main competitor, the legendary Atari 2600 aka the Atari VCS). ... 1982 (MCMLXXXII) is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Centipede by Atari is a typical example of a 1980s era arcade game. ... Donkey Kong (J: ドンキーコング) is an arcade game created by Nintendo, released in 1981. ... The Colecovision is Colecos third generation video game console, released in August 1982. ... Masayuki Uemura designed the Nintendo Entertainment System and the Super Nintendo Entertainment System videogame consoles. ... In computer science, 16-bit is an adjective used to describe integers that are at most two bytes wide, or to describe CPU architectures based on registers, address buses, or data buses of that size. ... Intel 80486DX2 microprocessor in a ceramic PGA package A central processing unit (CPU), or sometimes simply processor, is the component in a digital computer that interprets and executes instructions and data contained in software. ... A floppy disk is a data storage device that comprises a circular piece of thin, flexible (hence floppy) magnetic storage medium encased in a square or rectangular plastic wallet. ... USD redirects here. ... 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 8-bit refers to the number of bits used in the data bus of a computer. ... In a variety of electronic equipments, a cartridge (in video game terms, cart, game pack, or Game Pak) can be one method of programming different functionality, providing variable content, or a method by which consumables may be replenished. ...

The Famicom was released in Japan on July 15, 1983 for ¥14,800. Among the launch titles for this console were Donkey Kong, Donkey Kong Junior, and Popeye. The console itself was intentionally designed to resemble a toy. Its bright red and white color scheme and two hardwired controllers were unusual, though not unprecedented, for consoles of this era. In order to accommodate add-on peripherals, the system included a 15-pin expansion port which could be used to attach a light gun, Power Pad, keyboard for BASIC programming, and other specialized controllers. Many such devices were produced for the console, though many of them, such as a karaoke machine, true 3D glasses, and the Famicom Disk System, which incorporated the floppy drive dropped from the original specifications, were never released outside of Japan. July 15 is the 196th day (197th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 169 days remaining. ... 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Japanese 10 yen coin (obverse) showing Phoenix Hall of Byodoin Yen is the currency used in Japan. ... Donkey Kong (J: ドンキーコング) is an arcade game created by Nintendo, released in 1981. ... Donkey Kong Jr. ... Popeye is a 1982 arcade game released by Nintendo; it is based on the Popeye comic/cartoon characters licensed from King Features Syndicate. ... A display of Roman toys, including several that would be familiar to children today: a doll, dice, rattles, and toy dishes for playing house. ... A peripheral ***is ***a ***type ******of ***************computer ***hardware************ ***that ***is ***added ***to ***a ***host ******computer*** ******in ***order ************to ***expand ***its abilities***. ***More ***specifica************lly ***the term ***is ***used ***to describe ***those ***devices ***that ***are optional ***in ***nature***, as ***opposed ***t*********o ***hardware ***that ***is ***either ***demanded***, ***or ***always r*********equired... In computing, a port (derived from seaport) is usually a connection through which data is sent and received. ... Super Scope, Nintendo´s light gun for the Super Nintendo A light gun is a pointing device for computers and a control device for arcade and video games. ... The Power Pad is a floor mat game controller released in the United States for the Nintendo Entertainment System. ... Alphanumeric keyboards include typewriter and computer keyboards. ... BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of high-level programming languages. ... A Karaoke machine Karaoke (Japanese: カラオケ, from 空 kara, empty, and オーケストラ ōkesutora, orchestra) is a form of entertainment in which an amateur singer or singers sing along with recorded music on microphone. ... Stereoscopy, stereoscopic imaging or 3-D (three-dimensional) imaging is a technique to create the illusion of depth in a photograph, movie, or other two-dimensional image, by presenting a slightly different image to each eye. ... The Famicom Disk System, attached to a late-model AV Famicom The Famicom Disk System (FDS) was released on February 21, 1986 by Nintendo as a peripeheral to its overwhelmingly popular Family Computer (Famicom) console in Japan. ...

During its first year, many criticized the Famicom as unreliable, prone to programming errors and rampant freezing. Nintendo soon recalled all sold Famicom systems, and temporarily suspended production of the system while these concerns were addressed. The Famicom was subsequently reissued with a new motherboard. Following this, the Famicom's popularity soared, easily outselling its primary competitor, the Sega Master System. About 470,000 units were sold in 1983, and 1.65 million were sold in 1984. A product recall is a request to return to the maker a batch or an entire production run of a product, usually due to the discovery of safety issues. ... An old Octek Jaguar V main board with an AMD 386DX-40 processor. ... The Sega Master System (SMS for short), is an 8-bit cartridge-based gaming console that was manufactured by Sega. ... 1984 (MCMLXXXIV) is a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The NES goes international

The title screen of Super Mario Bros. has gone down in video game history.

Bolstered by its success in Japan, Nintendo soon turned its attention to the larger American market. However, in the wake of the video game crash of 1983-1984, many American pundits viewed video games as a fad which had already run its course. As a new console manufacturer, Nintendo had to convince a skeptical public to embrace its system. To this end, Nintendo entered into negotiations with Atari to release the Famicom under Atari's name as the name "Nintendo Enhanced Video System." This deal eventually fell through, and Atari decided to concentrate on its own next-generation 8-bit console, the Atari 7800, once again leaving Nintendo on its own. NES title screen of Super Mario Bros This is a screenshot of a copyrighted computer game or video game. ... NES title screen of Super Mario Bros This is a screenshot of a copyrighted computer game or video game. ... Screenshot of E.T. (Atari 2600 version) The video game crash of 1983 was the sudden crash of the video game business and the bankruptcy of a number of companies producing home computers and video game consoles in North America in late 1983 and early 1984. ... In biochemistry, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is the precursor molecule to FADH2. ... For the concept Atari (当たり) in the board game of Go, see Atari (go term). ... Atari 7800 System The Atari 7800 is a video game console released by Atari. ...

In June 1985, Nintendo presented its console, renamed the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES), at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) to skeptical gamers and industry insiders. As part of its strategy to win over their potential critics, The company promised to buy back any unsold consoles from retailers. Nintendo sought to distance its product from the traditional American video game system; the new name emphasized the broader entertainment potential of the system, one which used "packs" as opposed to the traditional "cartridge" (a technically meaningless distinction). A new, more subdued gray case served to make the console much less "toy-like" in the eyes of its designers. The unit was completely redesigned, losing the hard-wired controllers and opting for a front-loading cartridge slot which would hide the inserted cartridge from view. Unfortunately, the revisions had the side-effect of making the NES more prone to breakdown, as the loading mechanism became notorious for slowly failing, requiring gamers to use a variety of methods of getting their games to run properly, such as blowing on the contacts, partially inserting the cartridges, etc.^[1] June is the sixth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with a length of 30 days The month is named after the Roman goddess Juno, wife of Jupiter and equivalent to the Greek goddess Hera. ... This article is about the year. ... The Consumer Electronics Show (CES) is held each January in Las Vegas, Nevada, and is sponsored by the Consumer Electronics Association. ... A drawing of a self-service store Retailing services consist of the sale of goods/merchandise for personal or household consumption either from a fixed location such as a department store or kiosk, or away from a fixed location and related subordinated services (Definition of the WTO (last page). ... Entertainment is an amusement or diversion intended to hold the attention of an audience or its participants. ... A Contact is part of the active component of an electric switch. ...

The Dendy Junior II, the unlicensed Famicom clone released in Russia and the former USSR

Nonetheless, and again as a side-effect of the video game crash, it was clear that for the NES to succeed in the American market, it could not be seen exclusively as a gaming system. Many major American retailers had seriously cut back, or stopped entirely, their sales of such devices. To reach these places, Nintendo again chose to distance itself from other game developers. As part of this strategy, the NES unveiling at CES included R.O.B. (Robotic Operating Buddy), a plastic robot that connected to the NES and moved as part of an on-screen game. R.O.B. convinced retailers that the NES's possibilities went far beyond traditional video game systems, and helped to gain support among toy stores willing to take a chance on Nintendo's product. The company also hired Worlds of Wonder, makers of Laser Tag and Teddy Ruxpin, to handle the NES's marketing. The Dendy Junior II, a clone of the Nintendo Entertainment System released in the former Soviet Union in the early 1990s This work is copyrighted. ... The Dendy Junior II, a clone of the Nintendo Entertainment System released in the former Soviet Union in the early 1990s This work is copyrighted. ... The Robotic Operating Buddy R.O.B. (Robotic Operating Buddy) was a short-lived accessory for the Nintendo Entertainment System. ... A humanoid robot holding a trumpet In practical usage, a robot is a mechanical device which can perform complex tasks either according to direct human control, partial control with human supervision, or autonomously (that is, fully under computer control). ... Worlds of Wonder or WoW was a 1980s American toy company, founded by former Atari employees, including Don Kingsborough. ... Lasertag is an indoor sport loosely related to (as the name would suggest) the original game of tag. ... 2005 version of Teddy Ruxpin by Backpack Toys Teddy Ruxpin is an animatronic teddy bear invented by Ken Forsse, Larry Larsen and John Davies. ... It has been suggested that Product marketing be merged into this article or section. ...

Nintendo released its system in the United States on October 18, 1985 [2] to test markets in New York City, where its 100,000 systems quickly sold out. A nationwide release soon followed in February 1986, available in two different packages: a full-featured $249 USD "Deluxe Set" which came packaged with the R.O.B., the Zapper light gun, two game controllers, and two games (Duck Hunt, and Gyromite), and a scaled-down $199 "Action Set," which omitted the R.O.B. and Gyromite, and added Super Mario Bros.^[3] A test market, in the field of business and marketing, is a geographic region or demographic group used to gauge the viability of a product or service in the mass market prior to a wide scale roll-out. ... The construction of the Empire State Building, 1930. ... The gray NES Zapper The orange Zapper. ... Duck Hunt is a first-person shooter video game for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) game console system. ...

The NES was also released in Europe, where it received a much less enthusiastic response from European gamers. Many third-party publishers went with the technically-superior Sega Master System over the latecomer NES, and Nintendo lagged in market and retail penetration. The NES did outsell the Master System in Australia, although by a much-smaller margin than in North America.

Never officially released by Nintendo in Russia, an unlicensed third-party hardware clone named the Dendy Junior was produced in the former Soviet Union in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Aesthetically, it was an exact duplicate of the original Famicom, with only the color scheme and labels changed to reflect its different name. In addition, the hardwired controllers of the original console were omitted in favor of removable controllers which connect to the front of the unit using DB-9 serial connectors, identical to those used in the Atari 2600 and the Atari 8-bit family of computers. The Jargon File has this definition for clone: An exact duplicate: Our product is a clone of their product. ... The 1980s, in its most obvious sense, was the decade between 1980 and 1989. ... The 1990s refers to the years 1990 to 1999; the last decade of the 20th Century, but in an economical sense The Nineties is often considered to span from the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 to the September 11 attacks in 2001. ... The D-subminiature or D-sub is a common type of electrical connector used particularly in computers. ... Atari built a series of 8-bit home computers based on the MOS Technology 6502 CPU, starting in 1979. ...

The later years (1987-1995)

The successful launch of the NES catapulted Nintendo to the forefront of the video game industry. For the remainder of the 1980s, Nintendo was the undisputed king of home video games. Buoyed by the success of the system, NES game packs were similarly smashing sales records: Super Mario Bros. 3, released in 1989, would gross well over $500 million, selling over 7 million copies in America and 4 million copies in Japan, making it the most successful home video game in history. By 1990 the NES had reached a larger user base in the United States than any previous console, easily surpassing the previous record set by the Atari 2600 in 1982. Reaping the benefits of that success, that year Nintendo surpassed Toyota as Japan's most successful corporation. By the end of its production run, over 20 million NES units had sold in the U.S. alone, outselling its primary competitors, the Atari 7800 and the Sega Master System, in North America by a wide margin. The NES could be found in more than a third of all households in America and Japan. The 1980s, in its most obvious sense, was the decade between 1980 and 1989. ... Super Mario Bros. ... 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... Toyota redirects here. ...

In 1988, Sega released the Sega Mega Drive (renamed the Genesis in North America) in Japan. When this proved technologically superior to the Famicom, Nintendo saw their market share start to erode. Nintendo responded in the form of the Super Famicom (Super NES in North America), the Famicom's 16-bit successor, in 1991. Although Nintendo announced their intention to continue to support the Famicom alongside their newer console, more and more gamers and developers flocked to the newer offering, and the original Famicom's decline accelerated. 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on a Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Sega (セガ) (pronounced say-ga) is a video game software and hardware developer, and a former home computer and console manufacturer. ... Original Sega Mega Drive (PAL version) Sega Mega Drive (Japanese: メガドライブ Mega Doraibu) is a 16-bit video game console released by Sega in 1988. ... The Mega Drive/Genesis was a 16-bit video game console released by Sega in Japan (1988), Europe (1990) and most of the rest of the world as the Mega Drive. ... This article should be merged with Super Nintendo Entertainment System The Super Famicom design differed from that of the American SNES, though the controllers are almost the same. ... The European SNES design is identical to the Super Famicom. ... 1991 (MCMXCI) is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

A redesigned Famicom, called the AV Famicom, was released in Japan in 1993. The original Famicom hardware featured an RF modulator output plug, but by the early 1990s, more and more Japanese television sets had dropped RF jacks in favor of higher-quality RCA composite output. The AV Famicom replaced the original model's RF modulator plug with RCA composite AV cables, eliminated the hardwired controllers, and included a new, more compact case design. Retailing for ¥4,800 to ¥7,200 (equivalent to approximately $42 to $60 USD), the AV Famicom remained in production for almost a decade before being finally discontinued in 2003. In North America a new NES model (called the NES 2) was also released, using the same design as the AV Famicom. Unlike the AV Famicom, which featured only AV output, the NES 2 omitted the RCA composite output that had been included in the NES since its initial American release, and sported only RF output capabilities. 1993 (MCMXCIII) is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ... An RF modulator (for radio frequency modulator) is a small device that takes an input signal and outputs radio frequency-modulated signals. ... A panel of four RCA jacks, and three RCA (cinch; phono) plugs of various quality RCA jack in PlayStation 2 An RCA jack, also referred to as a phono connector or CINCH/AV connector, is a type of electrical connector which is commonly used in the audio/video market. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The NES 2 is a compact redesign of the original Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) video game console from Nintendo. ...

After a full decade of production, the NES was formally discontinued in the U.S. in 1995. Nintendo had sold 50 million consoles running more than 350 million game packs. 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The NES after 1995

The NES was in popular decline from 1991-1995, with the Sega Genesis and Nintendo's own Super NES eating away at its market share, and next-generation CD-ROM-based systems on the horizon. However, even though the NES was discontinued in North America in 1995, it had left the mark of many millions of game cartridges. The secondhand market - video rental stores, Goodwill, yard sales, flea markets, games repackaged by Game Time Inc. / Game Trader Inc. and sold at retail stores such as K-Mart - was burgeoning. Parallel to, or perhaps because of this, many people began to rediscover the NES around this time, and by 1997, many older NES games were becoming popular with collectors. The CD-ROM (an abbreviation for Compact Disc Read-Only Memory (ROM)) is a non-volatile optical data storage medium using the same physical format as audio compact discs, readable by a computer with a CD-ROM drive. ... For the article about the charity: see Goodwill Industries. ... A garage sale (also known as a yard sale or rummage sale) is an informal, irregularly scheduled marketplace of used household goods. ... A flea market is a place where vendors come to sell their goods. ... new Kmart logo Kmart Corporation was a US based corporation until it merged with Sears Holdings in November 2004. ... 1997 (MCMXCVII) is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

At the same time, computer programmers who were also NES enthusiasts began to develop emulators capable of reproducing the internal workings of the NES on modern personal computers. When paired with a ROM image (a bit-for-bit copy of a NES cartridge's program code), the games could be played on a computer. Users traded illegally-copied ROMs on various BBSs around the country and, as it became more popular and accessible, on the Internet. ROMs were hard to come by, and emulators were often plagued by bugs and incompatibility issues; sometimes they were designed to play one specific game. In computing, a programmer is someone who does computer programming and develops computer software. ... A console emulator is a program for a computer, or other computing device, that can emulate a video game console or handheld, so a computer can be used to play games that were created for that console or to develop games for that console. ... Read-only memory (ROM) is used as a storage medium in computers. ... A bulletin board system or BBS is a computer system running software that allows users to dial into the system over a phone line and, using a terminal program, perform functions such as downloading software and data, uploading data, playing games, reading news, and exchanging messages with other users. ... A computer bug is an error, flaw, mistake, failure, or fault in a computer program that prevents it from working as intended, or produces an incorrect result. ...

Bloodlust Software's NESticle revolutionized the console emulation scene

However, emulation provided access to many rare and hard to find games that otherwise would have been lost. This provided gamers with a much wider selection than ever would have been possible with the original console. Emulators also came with a variety of built-in functions that changed the gaming experience, such as save states that allowed the player to save at an exact spot in the game and resume later at that exact spot. This is a screenshot of a copyrighted website, video game graphic, computer program graphic, television broadcast, or film. ... This is a screenshot of a copyrighted website, video game graphic, computer program graphic, television broadcast, or film. ...

On April 2, 1997, Bloodlust Software released NESticle 0.2 - an emulator that was remarkably stable, compatible, and easy to use by the standards of its day (the product, according to its creator Sardu, of "two weeks of boredom") and can be said to have revolutionized the game emulation scene, spawning many imitators and competitors. After this, emulators quickly became more refined and ROMs more easily available, which brought more people into NES emulation, which in turn served as a catalyst for further development, both for NES and other console emulators. 2 April is the 92nd day of the year (93rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 273 days remaining. ... Bloodlust Software is a developer of humorous PC computer games. ... NESticle was a popular NES emulator for DOS, created by Bloodlust Software (the team that also created Genecyst). ...

Nintendo did not take kindly to these developments and became one of the most vocal opponents of ROM trading. Nintendo and its supporters claim that ROM trading represents little more than blatant software piracy. Proponents of ROM trading argue that emulation preserves many classic games for future generations, outside of their more-fragile cartridge formats. The copyright infringement of software is often called software piracy by those seeking to reduce its incidence. ...

The NES revival settled down, to a degree, in 2000, after the secondhand market began to dry up or charge collector's prices, and finding ROMs no longer represented the challenge it had in the past. Nonetheless, developments continue, and the NES, alongside the Super NES, appears likely to command throngs of fans for years to come. There is also a strong independent community of developers dedicated to producing demos and games for the NES. This article is about the year 2000. ... A frame part of an animation displayed in real time. ...

Notes

1. ^  The root cause of many of the problems is the 72-pin connector that seats the cartridge. Replacing this connector, although not officially condoned by Nintendo, restores many "dead" NES units to working condition. There are wide variety of alternate sources for this connector (some have even reported getting them straight from Nintendo) and the replacement is a fairly simple operation.
2. ^  While the NES would ultimately meet with unprecedented success, R.O.B., despite its role in building retailer support for the system, was already failing in Japan, and did not fare much better in the U.S.; only two games, Gyromite and Stack-Up, were ever produced for the unit.

Gyromite was a video game released in 1985 for the Nintendo Entertainment System. ... Stack-Up was a Robot Series game for the NES, in which the player would program moves for the R.O.B. and stack the blocks on the special holders. ...

References

• Van Burnham. Supercade: A Visual History of the Videogame Age, 1971–1984. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. pp. 375. ISBN 0262524201
• Martin Nielsen. "The Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) FAQ v3.0A." ClassicGaming.com's Museum. October 8, 1997. Accessed on January 5, 2005.
• Dark Watcher. "Nintendo NES / Famicom." Dark Watcher's Console History. Accessed on January 5, 2005.
• GaZZwa. "History of Videogames (part 2)." Gaming World. Accessed on January 7, 2005.
• "The History of Nintendo: The Famicom rules the world! - (1983-89)" Accessed on September 27, 2005.