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The Ottoman Empire was founded by Osman I (in Arabic Uthmān, hence the name Ottoman Empire). As sultan Mehmed II conquered Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453, the state grew into a mighty empire. The Empire reached its apex under Suleiman the Magnificent in the 16th century when it stretched from the Persian Gulf in the east to Hungary in the northwest; and from Egypt in the south to the Caucasus in the north. After its defeat at the Battle of Vienna in 1683, however, the empire began a slow decline, culminating in the defeat of the empire by the Allies in World War I. The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto of sultan Abdülaziz El-Muzaffer Daima (Ottoman Turkish for the Ever Victorious) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Constantinople (Ä°stanbul) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 6. ...
Sultan Osman I Osman I (1258–1326) (Ottoman عُثمَان ʿUthmān) was the founder of the Ottoman Empire. ...
Mehmed II Mehmed II, also known as Muhammed II (March 30, 1432 – May 3, 1481; also known as el-Fatih, the Conqueror) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire for a short time from 1444 to 1446, and later from 1451 to 1481. ...
Map of Constantinople. ...
Shows the Location of the Province İstanbul Suleymaniye Mosque seen from Tepebaşı (January 2005) Istanbul (Turkish: İstanbul; contraction of the citys previous Greek name Constantinople) is the largest city in Turkey, and arguably the most important. ...
Events May 29 - Fall of Constantinople to Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II the Conqueror, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire). ...
An empire (also known technically, abstractly or disparagingly as an imperium, and with powers known among Romans as imperium) comprises a set of regions locally ruled by governors, viceroys or client kings in the name of an emperor. ...
Suleiman the Magnificent Suleiman I (November 6, 1494 – September 5/6, 1566); in Turkish Süleyman, (nicknamed the Magnificent in Europe and the Lawgiver in the Islamic World, in Turkish Kanuni) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 to 1566 and successor to Selim I. He was born...
(15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ...
Regional map showing the word Bahr Fars, (Persian Gulf) in Arabic, from the 9th century text Al-aqalim by the great geographer Istakhri. ...
The Caucasus , a region boardering Asia Minor, is located between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea which includes the Caucasus mountains and surrounding lowlands. ...
The Battle of Vienna in 1683 (as distinct from the Siege of Vienna in 1529) marked the final turning point in a 250-year struggle between the forces of Christian Europe and the Islamic Ottoman Empire. ...
Events June 6 - The Ashmolean Museum opens as the worlds first university museum. ...
When spelt with a capital A, Allies usually denotes the countries that fought together against the Central Powers in World War I and against the Axis Powers in World War II. // Other uses In general, allies are people or groups that have joined an alliance and are working together to...
Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ...
 Download high resolution version (1636x1321, 455 KB)Ottoman Empire, 1481-1683 (581K) From The Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, 1923. ...
Rise Main article: Rise of the Ottoman Empire This article details the rise of the Ottoman Empire in the 14th and 15th centuries, as well as its days of glory in the 16th century. ...
In the late 13th century the Seljuq empire had collapsed and Anatolia was divided into hundreds of small states. One of these states was Söğüt, a small tribe settled in the river valley of Sakarya. The founder and bey (chief) of the tribe was Ertoğrül, the father of Osman I. When Ertoğrül died in 1281, Osman became the leader of the tribe and became the founder of a great empire that would exist for more than six centuries. (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ...
The Seljuk Turks (Turkish: Selçuk; Arabic: سلجوق Saljūq, السلاجقة al-Salājiqa; Persian: سلجوقيان Saljūqiyān; also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuq) were a major branch of the Oghuz Turks and a dynasty that occupied parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th to 14th centuries. ...
Anatolia (Greek: ανατολή anatolÄ“ or anatolÃ, rising of the sun or East; compare Orient and Levant, by popular etymology Turkish associated with Anadolu to ana mother and dolu filled), also called by the Latin name of Asia Minor, is a region of Southwest Asia which corresponds today to the Asian portion...
Söğüt was a Seljuk Turkish tribe in western Anatolia that later gave birth to the Ottoman Empire. ...
ErtuÄŸrul (1198-1281), also ErtoÄŸrul, was the father of Osman I, the founder of the Ottoman Empire. ...
Sultan Osman I Osman I (1258–1326) (Ottoman عُثمَان ʿUthmān) was the founder of the Ottoman Empire. ...
Events February 22 - Martin IV becomes Pope August 15 - Kamikaze storm wipes out invading Mongol army in the coast of Japan The Ottoman Empire was founded as an autonomous state (Beylik) in present day Bilecik, Turkey, by Osman Bey. ...
Fall Main article: Fall of the Ottoman Empire This article details the decline and fall of the Ottoman Empire in the 17th to 20th centuries. ...
The Ottoman Empire failed to keep up technologically with its European rivals, especially Russia. It suffered a huge naval loss at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571. Although the Ottoman fleet quickly recovered from this singular defeat, the event was significant in that it showed Christian Europe that the mighty Ottoman Empire was not as invincible as had been previously thought. The naval Battle of Lepanto took place on 7 October 1571 at the northern edge of the entrance to the Gulf of Corinth (then the Gulf of Lepanto), off western Greece. ...
After its defeat at the Battle of Vienna in 1683, the Ottoman Empire began a long period of decline. This was the real point at which the Empire began "dying". After the great defeat of the Ottomans at Vienna, Prince Eugene of Savoy lead Austrian forces to further victories. By 1699, the whole of Hungary had been lost forever, conquered from the Ottomans by the Austrians. In 1774 after a catastrophic war with Russia, the Ottomans were compelled to sign the humiliating Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji. The Battle of Vienna in 1683 (as distinct from the Siege of Vienna in 1529) marked the final turning point in a 250-year struggle between the forces of Christian Europe and the Islamic Ottoman Empire. ...
Events June 6 - The Ashmolean Museum opens as the worlds first university museum. ...
Eugene of Savoy (part of a statue in front of the Hofburg in Vienna) François-Eugène, Prince of Savoy-Carignan, known as Prinz Eugen in German (October 16, 1663-April 24, 1736) was a noted general. ...
1774 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...
The Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji (Küçük Kaynarca) was signed on July 21, 1774, between Russia (represented by Field-Marshal Rumyantsev) and the Ottoman Empire after the Ottoman Empire was defeated in the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-1774. ...
Disaster struck year after year for the Ottomans throughout the 19th century, and early in the 20th:
1813: Revolt of the Serbs. 1813 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ...
1821: Beginning of the Greek War of Independence. 1821 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...
The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution of 1821, was a war against the Ottoman Empire for independence, which started that year. ...
1830: Algeria's gradual cession to French rule. 1830 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...
1832: Greek sovereignty formalized. 1832 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...
1853: Start of the Crimean War with Russia, which, though won with British, French and Sardinian aid, further demonstrated how backward the Ottoman military had become. 1853 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...
The Crimean War lasted from 28 March 1854 to 1856. ...
1856: Establishment of a united Romanian autonomous state. 1856 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...
1876 : Occupation of Cyprus by Britain. 1876 is a leap year starting on Saturday. ...
1877: Another (foolishly unnecessary) war with Russia. 1877 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...
1878: Treaty of San Stefano - recognition of Romanian and Serbian independence, as well as the establishment of an autonomous Bulgarian principality under nominal Ottoman protection. Austria-Hungary occupies Bosnia by default. 1878 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...
The Treaty of San Stefano was a treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire at the conclusion of the last Russo-Turkish War. ...
Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ...
Bosnia and Herzegovina (officially Bosna i Hercegovina, shortened to BiH, also in English variously written Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Bosnia-Hercegovina) is a mountainous country in the western Balkans. ...
1881: Tunisia becomes a French colony. 1881 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...
1882: Egypt under British protection. 1882 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...
1885: Province of Eastern Rumelia transferred to Bulgarian jurisdiction. 1885 is a common year starting on Thursday. ...
Flag of Eastern Rumelia Eastern Rumelia was a province of the Ottoman Empire that achieved a semi-autonomous status under the Treaty of Berlin, 1878, which revised the Treaty of San Stefano between Russia and the Ottomans a few months earlier. ...
1908: Austria-Hungary annexes Bosnia by mere declaration; Bulgaria obtains full independence. 1908 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ...
1911: Ottomans easily defeated by Italy in a short war, with the Italians gaining Libya; thus the 340-year Ottoman presence in North Africa is brought to an end. 1911 is a common year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ...
1912: First Balkan War; Albania declares independence; Ottoman Empire nearly wiped out from Europe, save for Constantinople and just enough land around to defend it. 1912 is a leap year starting on Monday. ...
The Balkan Wars were two wars in South-eastern Europe in 1912-1913 in the course of which the Balkan League (Serbia, Montenegro, Greece, and Bulgaria) first conquered Ottoman-held Macedonia and most of Thrace and then fell out over the division of the spoils, Bulgaria suffering defeat at the...
Map of Constantinople. ...
1914: Cyprus annexed outright by Britain. Entry of the Empire into World War I on the side of the Central Powers. 1914 is a common year starting on Thursday. ...
Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ...
The Central Powers are depicted in red. ...
The decline culminated in the defeat of the Empire by the Allies in World War I. As a result of subsequent treaties, the Ottomans lost control of the Arab lands, and were obliged to acknowledge the independent state of Armenia. Theirs was an empire only in name. The 'coup de grâce' to the Ottoman state was delivered in 1922, with the overthrow of Sultan Mehmet VI Vahdettin by the new republican assembly of Turkey. When spelt with a capital A, Allies usually denotes the countries that fought together against the Central Powers in World War I and against the Axis Powers in World War II. // Other uses In general, allies are people or groups that have joined an alliance and are working together to...
Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ...
The term the Middle East sometimes applies to the peninsula alone, but usually refers to the Arabian Peninsula plus the Levant, Mesopotamia, and Iran. ...
1922 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...
Sultan Mehmed VI Mehmed VI, original name Mehmed Vahdettin or Mehmed Vahideddin (January 14, 1861 – May 16, 1926) was the last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, reigning from 1918–1922. ...
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