The history of the Southern United States reaches back thousands of years and included the Mississippian peoples, well known for their mound building. European history in the region began in the very earliest days of the exploration and colonization of North America. Spain, France, and England eventually explored and claimed parts of the U.S. South, and the cultural influences of each can still be seen in the region today. In the centuries since, the history of the Southern United States has recorded a large number of important events, including the American Revolution, the American Civil War, the ending of slavery, and the American Civil Rights Movement. The United States is primarily situated in central North America, a large and diverse expanse of land and people. ... This is a timeline of United States history. ... For colonies not among the Thirteen colonies, see European colonization of the Americas or English colonization of the Americas. ... // Era overview In the year AD 1776, war was beginning. ... This article covers the History of the United States from 1789 through 1849. ... This period of U.S history saw the breakdown of the ability of white Americans of the North and South to reconcile fundamental differences in their approach to government, economics, society and African Americans. ... // Era Overview At the end of the Civil War, the United States was still bitterly divided. ... // Red Scare from 1918 to 1921 Main article: Red Scare The roots of the Red Scare lie in the efforts of the U.S. government to suppress dissent and engineer pro-war opinion in the preparation for the American entry into World War I. After the war, fear and hysteria... // Era Overview The period of U.S. history 1945-1964 is seen as a period of foreign and domestic stalemate. ... // Civil rights The assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963 changed the political mood of the country. ... // Changing demographics and the growth of the Sun Belt The most widely discussed demographic phenomenon of the 1970s was the rise of the Sun Belt, the Southwest, Southeast, and especially Florida and California (surpassing New York as the nations most populous state in 1964). ... This article covers the history of the United States from 1988 through present. ... This is a list of articles related to the History of the United States. ... The United States have rich and complicated diplomatic histories. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards and make it more accessible to a general audience, this article may require cleanup. ... After expanding across North America in the early and mid-nineteenth century, the United States soon began to expand overseas, emerging after World War II as a leading world power. ... The Military history of the United States spans a period of less than two and a half centuries. ... At the time of the American revolution and beyond, the technology and industry of the United States was lagging behind that of its European counterparts, although not by much. ... The economic history of the United States has its roots in the quest of European settlers for economic gain in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. ... The cultural history of the United States is a broad topic, covering or having influence in many of the worlds cultural aspects. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location within the British Isles Languages English (de facto) Capital London de facto Largest city London Area – Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population – Total (mid-2004) – Total (2001 Census) – Density Ranked 1st UK 50. ... The U.S. Southern states or the South, also known colloquially as Dixie, constitute a distinctive region covering a large portion of the United States, with its own unique heritage, historical perspective, customs, musical styles, and cuisine. ... The American Revolution ended two centuries of British rule for most of the North American colonies and created the modern United States of America. ... Combatants United States of America Confederate States of America Commanders Abraham Lincoln Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis Robert E. Lee Strength 1,556,678 1,064,200 Casualties KIA: 110,100 Total dead: 359,500 Wounded: 275,200 KIA: 74,500 Total dead: 198,500 Wounded: 137,000+  The American... The Buxton Memorial Fountain, celebrating the emancipation of slaves in the British Empire in 1834, London. ... The civil rights movement in the United States has been a long, primarily nonviolent struggle to bring full civil rights and equality under the law to all citizens of United States. ...

Native American civilizations

In Pre-Columbian times (before Columbus arrived in the New World in 1492), the only inhabitants of what is now the Southern United States were Native Americans. The most important Native American nation in the region was the Mississippian people, who were a Mound builder culture that flourished in the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States in the centuries leading up to European contact. The Mississippian way of life began to develop around 900 A.D. in the Mississippi River Valley (for which it is named). Christopher Columbus (October 30, 1451? – 20 May 1506) was an explorer and trader who crossed the Atlantic Ocean and reached the Americas on October 12, 1492 under the flag of Castile. ... An Atsina named Assiniboin Boy Native Americans in the United States (also known as Indians, American Indians, First Americans, Indigenous Peoples, Aboriginal Peoples, Aboriginal Americans, Amerindians, Amerinds, or Original Americans) are the indigenous peoples within the territory that is now encompassed by the continental United States and their descendants in... The Mississippian culture was a mound-building Native American culture that flourished in the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States States]] from approximately 900 to 1500 A.D., varying a bit regionally. ... The Mound Builders were Archaic and Woodland Pre-Columbian Native American cultures. ... This article is about the river in the United States. ...

Around 1500, European contact with the Mississippian culture began, with the most important contact being the arrival of Hernando de Soto. Due to aggression on both sides and cultural misunderstandings, the encounter left nearly all of the Spaniards and thousands of Native Americans dead. After the destruction and flight of the de Soto expedition, the Mississippian peoples continued their way of life with little direct European influence. However, European-introduced diseases soon tore through the culture, causing it to disintegrate into smaller nations and tribes. Hernando de Soto is a: Spanish explorer. ...

Among the notable Native American nations that developed in the South after the Mississippians include what are known as "the five civilized tribes": the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek and Seminole. For other uses, see Cherokee (disambiguation). ... Young Chickasaw warrior The Chickasaws are a Native American people of the United States, originally from present-day Mississippi, now mostly living in Oklahoma. ... Pushmataha was the most famous leader of the Choctaws. ... The Creeks are an American Indian people originally from the southeastern United States, also known by their original name Muscogee (or Muskogee), the name they use to identify themselves today. ... The Seminole are a Native American Indian people of Florida. ...

These people were for the most part hunters and farmers. They often built villages surrounded with fortification, as there were frequent wars between tribes, though some were nomadic. In some villages, a central meeting house was the focal point and was used for ceremonial purposes, or for religious worship. Some built mounds to honor their dead. Women made pottery from clay and decorated it with depictions of people and animals. Some tribes had a caste system in which chiefs and their families were honored and a kind of nobility existed. Communities of nomadic people move from place to place, rather than settling down in one location. ...

European colonization

Spanish exploration

After Christopher Columbus discovered the West Indies, Spain made frequent exploratory trips to the New World. Rumors of natives being decorated with gold and stories of a Fountain of Youth helped hold the interest of many Spanish explorers, and colonization followed eventually. Among the first European settlements in North America were Spanish settlements in what would later become the state of Florida. Spain also colonized parts of Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. The Caribbean or the West Indies is a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea. ... The Fountain of Youth by Lucas Cranach the Elder The Fountain of Youth is a legendary spring that reputedly restores the youth of anyone who drinks of its waters. ... Official language(s) English Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 22nd 170 451 km² 260 km 800 km 17. ... Official language(s) English Capital Montgomery Largest city Birmingham Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 30th 52,423 mi²/135,775 km² 190 mi/306 km 330 mi/531 km 3. ... Official language(s) English Capital Jackson Largest city Jackson Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 32nd 125,546 km² 275 km 545 km 3 30°13N to 35°N 88°7W to 91°41W Population  - Total (2000)  - Density Ranked 31st 2,697,243 23. ... Official language(s) English and French Capital Baton Rouge Largest city New Orleans at last census; probably Baton Rouge since Hurricane Katrina Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 31st 134,382 km² 210 km 610 km 16 29°N to 33°N 89°W to 94°W Population... Official language(s) None. ...

French colonization

The French primarily established colonies in Canada. They found the New World to be a fruitful land for fur trapping and trading. The French fur traders expanded their hunting lands by traveling down the Mississippi River, where they found animals such as beaver, mink, and fox. France quickly claimed these fertile regions for themselves and several French settlements were established. Two very notable French colonies were New Orleans and Bienville, which would be later renamed Mobile. The French called their territory Louisiana, in honor of their King Louis. // Indian trade The fur trade (also called the Indian trade) was a huge part of the early history of contact in North America between European-Americans and American Indians (now often called Native Americans in the United States and First Nations in Canada). ... This article is about the river in the United States. ... Binomial name Castor canadensis Kuhl, 1820 The American Beaver (Castor canadensis) is a large semi-aquatic rodent native to Canada, most of the United States and parts of northern Mexico. ... Binomial name Mustela vison (Schreber, 1777) The American Mink, Mustela vison, is a North American member of the Mustelidae family found in Alaska, Canada and most of the United States. ... A Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) Any particular fox is a member of one of 27 species of small omnivorous canids. ... New Orleans is the largest city in the state of Louisiana, United States of America. ... Motto: Nickname: The Azalea City Map Political Statistics Founded 1702 Incorporated 1814 Mobile County Mayor Sam Jones Geographic Statistics Area  - Total  - Land  - Water 412. ... Official language(s) English and French Capital Baton Rouge Largest city New Orleans at last census; probably Baton Rouge since Hurricane Katrina Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 31st 134,382 km² 210 km 610 km 16 29°N to 33°N 89°W to 94°W Population...

American Colonial Era (1607-1775)

Jamestown and Roanoke Island colonies

After the defeat of the Spanish Armada, the exploration of the new world opened to other European Countries, most notably England. Walter Raleigh established a settlement on Roanoke Island, North Carolina in 1585, though the colony failed to prosper. The colonists were retrieved the following year by English supply ships. In 1587, Raleigh again set out with a group of colonists to Roanoke. From this colony, the first recorded European birth in North America, a child named Virginia Dare, was reported. That group of colonists disappeared and is known as the "Lost Colony". Many people theorize that they were either killed or taken in by local tribes. http://www. ... http://www. ... Combatants England, The Netherlands Spain Commanders Charles Howard Francis Drake Duke of Medina Sidonia Strength 34 warships 163 merchant vessels 22 galleons 108 merchant vessels Casualties 500 dead or wounded 600 dead, 397 prisoners 3 merchant ships sunk 1 merchant ship captured The Spanish Armada or Great/Grand Armada(Old... Walter Raleigh, by Nicholas Hilliard, c. ... A map of the Roanoke area, by John White Roanoke Island is an island in the Outer Banks of North Carolina. ... Official language(s) English Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 28th 139,509 km² 805 km 240 km 9. ... Virginia Dare (August 18, 1587 – unknown) was the first child to be born in America of English parents on Roanoke Island in the Colony of Roanoke, now in North Carolina. ...

Like New England, the South was originally settled by English Protestants, later becoming a melting pot of religions as with other parts of the country. While the earlier attempt at colonization had failed on Roanoke Island, the English established their first permanent colony in Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607, at the mouth of the James River, which in turn empties into the Chesapeake Bay. Jamestown was established in 1607, on the James River in Virginia, about 45 miles (70 kilometers) southeast of where Richmond, Virginia, is now located. ... The James River at Cartersville The James River in the U.S. state of Virginia is 547. ... Chesapeake Bay - Landsat photo The Chesapeake Bay is the largest estuary in the United States. ...

Settlement of the Chesapeake Bay was driven by desire to obtain precious metal resources, specifically gold. The colony was also technically still within Spanish territorial claims (and hopefully the gold reportedly within that territory), yet far enough from most Spanish settlements as to avoid colonial clashes. As the "Anchor of the South", the region includes the Delmarva Peninsula and much of coastal Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware. General Name, Symbol, Number gold, Au, 79 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 6, d Appearance metallic yellow Atomic mass 196. ... Delmarva Peninsula map The Delmarva Peninsula is a large peninsula on the East Coast of the United States, occupied by portions of three U.S. states: Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia. ... Official language(s) English Capital Richmond Largest city Virginia Beach Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 35th 110,862 km² 320 km 690 km 7. ... Official language(s) None Capital Annapolis Largest city Baltimore Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 42nd 32,160 km² 145 km 400 km 21 37°53N to 39°43N 75°4W to 79°33W Population  - Total (2000)  - Density Ranked 19th 5,296,486 165... Official language(s) None Capital Dover Largest city Wilmington Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 49th 6,452 km² 48 km 161 km 21. ...

Early in the history of the colony, it became clear that the claims of gold deposits were vastly exaggerated. Referred to as the "Starving Time" of the Jamestown colony, the years from the time of landing in 1607 until 1609 were rife with starvation and instability. However, Native American support, in addition to reinforcements from Britain, sustained the colony. An Atsina named Assiniboin Boy Native Americans in the United States (also known as Indians, American Indians, First Americans, Indigenous Peoples, Aboriginal Peoples, Aboriginal Americans, Amerindians, Amerinds, or Original Americans) are the indigenous peoples within the territory that is now encompassed by the continental United States and their descendants in...

Due to continued political and economic instability, however, the Colony of Virginia charter was revoked in 1624. Primary in this revocation was the revelation that thousands of settlers were "gone" and presumed starved after investigations following a 1622 attack by Native American tribes led by Opchanacanough. A royal charter was established for Virginia, yet the House of Burgesses, formed in 1619, was allowed to continue as political leadership for the colony in conjunction with a royal governor.-1... A charter is a document bestowing certain rights on a town, city, university, land or institution; sometimes used as a loan of money. ... Opechancanough or Opchanacanough was a chief of the Powhatan tribe of what is now Virginia in the United States. ... Patrick Henry before the House of Burgesses in an 1851 painting by Peter F. Rothermel The House of Burgesses was the lower house of the Colony of Virginia. ... HI A governor is also, a monkey who is smart and can fly like a penguin is a device that regulates the speed of a machine. ...

Important for the Virginia Colony and Southern political and cultural development was Governor William Berkeley and his rule over Virginia from 1645 until 1675. His desire for an elite immigration to Virginia led to the "Second Sons" policy, which recruited the younger sons of the English planter elite to emigrate to Virginia. Also, Berkeley emphasized the "headright system", giving large tracts of land to those arriving in the colony. Much of this early immigration would lead to the aristocratic nature of the political and social structure of the South. Sir William Berkeley (1605-July 9, 1677) was a governor of Virginia, appointed by King Charles I, of whom he was a favorite. ... The headright system was used in Jamestown as an attempt to solve labor shortages due to the advent of the tobacco economy, which required large plots of land with many workers. ...

Despite the early failures, English colonists continued to arrive along the southern Atlantic coast. Virginia became a prosperous English colony. The area now known as Georgia, was also settled, though its beginnings were as a penal colony similar to what was established by the English in Australia. Prisoners bound for Australia were originally meant for Louisiana, to effect legimate conquest of New France with civilian occupation and thus extend British North America. This strategy was abandoned at the Treaty of Paris and because the Patriots were firm in their conviction that no White man should endure slavery, even as Black slaves were being manumitted by the abolitionist movement in the British Isles. By 1763, British North America included 19 British colonies and territories on the continent of North America. ...

Rise of tobacco culture and slavery in the colonial South

See main article Slavery in Colonial America Slavery was introduced to Colonial British North America in the 17th century, in imitation of labor practices used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies in South American colonies. ...

From the 1613 introduction of tobacco, its cultivation began to form the basis of the early Southern economy. Only later technological developments, especially the Whitney Cotton gin of 1794, allowed greater cotton cultivation. Until that point, most cotton was farmed in large plantations in the Province of Carolina, and small-scale farming of tobacco was the dominant cash crop export of the South and the Middle Atlantic States. Species N. glauca N. longiflora N. rustica N. sylvestris N. tabacum Ref: ITIS 30562 as of August 26, 2005 Tobacco (, L.) refers to a genus of broad-leafed plants of the nightshade family indigenous to North and South America, or to the dried and cured leaves of such plants. ... Tillage (American English), or cultivation (UK) is the agricultural preparation of the soil to receive seeds. ... Eli Whitney Eli Whitney (December 8, 1765 - January 8, 1825) was an American inventor and manufacturer. ... Cotton gin The cotton gin is a machine invented by American inventor Eli Whitney in 1793 to mechanize the production of cotton fiber. ... Cotton plant as imagined and drawn by John Mandeville in the 14th century Cotton is a soft fiber that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant (Gossypium spp. ... The Carolina Colony grants of 1663 and 1665 The Province of Carolina from 1663 to 1729, was a North American British colony. ... In agriculture, a cash crop is a crop which is grown for money. ... The Middle Atlantic States form one of the nine geographic divisions within the United States that are officially recognized by that countrys census bureau. ...

Early slave ship, carrying hundreds of slaves in crowded, unhealthy conditions

The earliest form of slavery in the colonies emerged from the first introduction of slaves in 1619 aboard a Dutch slave ship until, approximately the 1660s, when slaves became a better economic labor force than indentured servants. During this period, often life expectancy was low and indentured servants came from overpopulated European areas. With the lower price of servants compared to slaves, and the high mortality of the servants, planters often found it much more economical to use servants. Slave ship poster, from http://www. ... Slave ship poster, from http://www. ... The Buxton Memorial Fountain, celebrating the emancipation of slaves in the British Empire in 1834, London. ... An Indentured servant is an unfree labourer under contract to work (for a specified amount of time) for another person, often without any pay, but in exchange for accommodation, food, other essentials and/or free passage to a new country. ... World map showing Life expectancy Life expectancy is the average number of years remaining for a living being (or the average for a class of living beings) of a given age to live. ...

Because of this, slavery in the early colonial period differed greatly in the American colonies from that in the Caribbean. Often Caribbean slaves were worked literally to death on large sugar and rice plantations, while American slaves maintained higher life expectancy and attained a level of natural reproduction. This natural reproduction was important for the continuation for slavery after the prohibition on slave importation in 1808 by Congress. Central America and the Caribbean (detailed pdf map) The Caribbean, (Spanish: Caribe; French: Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Dutch: Cariben or Caraïben, or more commonly Antillen) or the West Indies, is a group of islands and countries which are in or border the Caribbean Sea which lies on... Magnified view of refined sugar crystals. ... Species Oryza glaberrima Oryza sativa Rice refers to two species (Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima) of grass, native to tropical and subtropical southeastern Asia and to Africa, which together provide more than one fifth of the calories consumed by humans. ... A congress is a gathering of people, especially a gathering for a political purpose. ...

Much of the slave trade was conducted on the basis of the "Triangular Trade", an exchange of slaves, rum, and sugar. Southern planters purchased slaves using rum, made in New England from cane sugar, which was in turn grown in the Caribbean. This slave trade was generally able to fulfill labor needs in the South from the cultivation of tobacco after the decline of indentured servants. A triangular trade is any three-way exchange, but the term is often used to refer to one particular instance: the 18th century trade between Europe, the west coast of Africa, and the Caribbean. ... Caribbean rum, circa 1941 For other uses, see Rum (disambiguation). ... The states of New England are Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. ... Species Ref: ITIS 42058 as of 2004-05-05 Sugarcane is one of six species of a tall tropical southeast Asian grass (Family Poaceae) having stout fibrous jointed stalks whose sap at one time was the primary source of sugar. ... Central America and the Caribbean (detailed pdf map) The Caribbean, (Spanish: Caribe; French: Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Dutch: Cariben or Caraïben, or more commonly Antillen) or the West Indies, is a group of islands and countries which are in or border the Caribbean Sea which lies on...

At approximately the point when tobacco labor needs began to increase, the mortality of the colonies decreased. By the late 17th century and early 18th century, slaves became economically viable sources of labor for the growing tobacco culture. Also, further South than the Mid-Atlantic, Southern settlers grew wealthy by raising and selling rice, indigo, and cotton. These plantations of South Carolina often became modeled on Caribbean plantations, yet never attained similar size. Species Oryza glaberrima Oryza sativa Rice refers to two species (Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima) of grass, native to tropical and subtropical southeastern Asia and to Africa, which together provide more than one fifth of the calories consumed by humans. ... This page may meet Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ... Cotton plant as imagined and drawn by John Mandeville in the 14th century Cotton is a soft fiber that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant (Gossypium spp. ... Official language(s) English Capital Columbia Largest city Columbia Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 40th 82,965 km² 320 km 420 km 6 32°430N to 35°12N 78°030W to 83°20W Population  - Total (2000)  - Density Ranked 26th 4,012...

The growth of the Southern colonies

For details on each specific colony, see Province of Georgia, Province of Maryland, Province of North Carolina, Province of South Carolina, and Virginia Colony. Georgia Colony, as specified in the 1732 grant The Georgia Colony was one of the Southern colonies in British North America. ... The Province of Maryland was one of the 13 colonies that went on to establish the United States. ... The Province of North Carolina was originally part of the Province of Carolina, which was chartered by eight Lords Proprietors. ... The South Carolina Colony was originally part of the Province of Carolina, which was chartered in 1663. ... The 1609 charter for the Virginia colony from sea to sea The Virginia Colony refers to the English colony in North America that existed during the 17th and 18th centuries before the American Revolution. ...

By the end of the 17th century, the number of colonists was growing. The large population centers were still in the northeastern and middle colonies, leaving the southern colonies of Maryland, Virginia, Georgia, North and South Carolina a rural frontier land. The economies of these colonies were tied to agriculture. During this time the great plantations were formed by wealthy colonists who saw great opportunity in the new country. Tobacco and cotton were the main cash crops of the areas and were readily accepted by English buyers. Rice and indigo were also grown in the area and exported to Europe. The plantation owners built a vast aristocratic life and accumulated a great deal of wealth from their land. They supported slavery as a means of working their land and tended to keep close ties with the European cultural circles. Official language(s) None Capital Annapolis Largest city Baltimore Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 42nd 32,160 km² 145 km 400 km 21 37°53N to 39°43N 75°4W to 79°33W Population  - Total (2000)  - Density Ranked 19th 5,296,486 165... Official language(s) English Capital Richmond Largest city Virginia Beach Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 35th 110,862 km² 320 km 690 km 7. ... Official language(s) English Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 28th 139,509 km² 805 km 240 km 9. ... Official language(s) English Capital Columbia Largest city Columbia Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 40th 82,965 km² 320 km 420 km 6 32°430N to 35°12N 78°030W to 83°20W Population  - Total (2000)  - Density Ranked 26th 4,012... A plantation is an intentional planting of a crop, on a larger scale, usually for uses other than cereal production or pasture. ... Species N. glauca N. longiflora N. rustica N. sylvestris N. tabacum Ref: ITIS 30562 as of August 26, 2005 Tobacco (, L.) refers to a genus of broad-leafed plants of the nightshade family indigenous to North and South America, or to the dried and cured leaves of such plants. ... Cotton plant as imagined and drawn by John Mandeville in the 14th century Cotton is a soft fiber that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant (Gossypium spp. ... Species Oryza glaberrima Oryza sativa Rice refers to two species (Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima) of grass, native to tropical and subtropical southeastern Asia and to Africa, which together provide more than one fifth of the calories consumed by humans. ... Indigo dye indigo molecule Indigo dye is an important dyestuff with a distinctive blue color (see indigo). ... World map showing Europe Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiogeographic one. ...

On the other side of the agricultural coin were the small yeoman farmers. They did not have the capability or wealth to create large plantations. Instead, they worked small tracts of land and developed a political activism in response to the growing oligarchy of the plantation owners. Many politicians from this era were yeoman farmers speaking out to protect their rights as free men. Oligarchy is a political regime where most or all political power effectively rests with a small segment of society (typically the most powerful, whether by wealth, family, military strength, ruthlessness, or political influence). ...

Charleston became a booming trade town for the southern colonies. The abundance of pine trees in the area provided raw materials for shipyards to develop and the harbor provided a safe port for English ships bringing in imported goods. The colonists exported tobacco, cotton and textiles and imported tea, sugar and slaves. The fact that these colonies maintained an independent trade relation with England and the rest of Europe became a major factor later on as tension mounted leading up to the Revolutionary War. This article is about the city in South Carolina. ... Species About 115. ... The American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), also known as the American War of Independence, was a war fought primarily between Great Britain and revolutionaries within thirteen of her North American colonies. ...

After the late 17th century, the economies of the North and the South began to diverge, especially in coastal areas. The Southern emphasis on export production contrasted with the Northern emphasis on food production.

By the mid-18th century, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia had formed as colonies of Britain, along with the later Southern state of Louisiana as a colony of France. For the upper colonies, that is, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, and portions of North Carolina, the tobacco culture prevailed. However, in the lower colonies of South Carolina and Georgia, cultivation focused further on cotton and rice. Official language(s) English and French Capital Baton Rouge Largest city New Orleans at last census; probably Baton Rouge since Hurricane Katrina Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 31st 134,382 km² 210 km 610 km 16 29°N to 33°N 89°W to 94°W Population...

American Revolutionary War, Battle of Camden, South Carolina

Download high resolution version (1523x1009, 420 KB)http://www. ... Download high resolution version (1523x1009, 420 KB)http://www. ...

The South in the American Revolution (1776-1781)

For main article, see American Revolution: War in the South Combatants American Revolutionaries, France, Netherlands, Spain, allies British Empire, allies Commanders George Washington Comte de Rochambeau Nathanael Greene William Howe Henry Clinton Charles Cornwallis The American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), also known as the American War of Independence, was the military component of the American Revolution. ...

At the start of the Revolutionary War, the focus was in the Northeast, but a stalemate quickly developed, causing the British to rethink their strategy. A plan was made that involved capturing the Southern colonies and sweeping north, effectively choking off the resistance. There was a sizable population of British sympathizers in the Carolinas and, though the populations of these colonies had surpassed some of their northern counterparts, the region was still mostly rural wilderness. Lord Cornwallis, the British commander of the Southern theater, was put in charge of executing the plans. The American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), also known as the American War of Independence, was a war fought primarily between Great Britain and revolutionaries within thirteen of her North American colonies. ... The Carolinas is a collective term used in the United States to refer to the states of North and South Carolina together. ... Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis (December 31, 1738-October 5, 1805) was a British general and colonial governor. ...

Whereas New Englanders tended to stress their differences from the British, Southerners tended to emulate them. Much of this derived from the origins of many Southern immigrants. Much of New England had been populated by East Anglia emigrants, while the more rural and aristocratic western England had supplied settlers for the South. Much of the activity of the Revolution in the lower South surrounded the British belief that Loyalist support would emerge in the South, thereby turning the tide of war in the colonies. Norfolk and Suffolk, the core area of East Anglia. ... Aristocracy is a form of government in which rulership is in the hands of an upper class known as aristocrats. ... Loyalists (often capitalized L) were British North American colonists who remained loyal subjects of the British crown during the American Revolution. ...

However, due to interior non-slave owners and farmers, Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia emerged in support of the Patriot cause. In fact, Southerners were prominent among the leaders of the American Revolution and the Continental Congress; four of the first five Presidents of the United States were from the Southern state of Virginia. Official language(s) English Capital Richmond Largest city Virginia Beach Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 35th 110,862 km² 320 km 690 km 7. ... The Carolinas is a collective term used in the United States to refer to the states of North and South Carolina together. ... Patriots (also known as Partisans, or Rebels) were British North American colonists who rebelled against the Crown during the American Revolution and established the independent states that became the United States of America. ... The American Revolution ended two centuries of British rule for most of the North American colonies and created the modern United States of America. ... The Continental Congress is the label given to three successive bodies of representatives: The First Continental Congress met from September 5, 1774 to October 26, 1774. ... For the pop band, see Presidents of the United States of America. ... Official language(s) English Capital Richmond Largest city Virginia Beach Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 35th 110,862 km² 320 km 690 km 7. ...

In 1778, British forces swept into the South, taking Savannah, Georgia. From there, the troops moved north, capturing the important port city of Charleston, South Carolina in 1780. Later that year, in a devastating blow to the Patriot forces, Cornwallis’ troops took Camden, South Carolina. It seemed that the campaign was a success and Cornwallis was ready to start moving north for the second part of his plan. Nickname: The Coastal Empire or The Hostess City Motto: Official website: Savannah, Georgia Location Government County Chatham Mayor Otis S. Johnson Geographical characteristics Area Total 202. ... This article is about the city in South Carolina. ... Camden is a city located in Kershaw County, South Carolina. ...

In late 1780, the British army and its Loyalist corps began to encounter better-organized Patriot militias in the Carolinas. Cornwallis sent troops to quell the growing Patriot resistance in the area, but the British troops met defeat after defeat. The most significant of these defeats was the Cowpens in January 1781. Nathaniel Greene, the commander of the patriot forces in the South, then encountered Cornwallis’ troops in March 1781 at Guilford Courthouse. Cornwallis won this battle, but lost more than a third of his troops in the process. Combatants United States Great Britain Commanders Daniel Morgan Banastre Tarleton Strength 1,000 1,100 Casualties 12 killed 61 wounded 110 killed 830 captured {{{notes}}} The Battle of Cowpens (1781) was an overwhelming victory by American revolutionary forces under Brigadier General Daniel Morgan. ... Nathanael Greene Nathanael Greene (July 27, 1742 (O.S.)–June 19, 1786), was a major general of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War. ... Combatants Britain United States Commanders Charles Cornwallis Nathanael Greene Strength 1,900 4,400 Casualties 93 killed 439 wounded 26 missing Total: 558 79 killed 185 wounded 1,046 missing Total: 1,310 The Battle of Guilford Court House was a battle fought on March 15, 1781 inside the present...

Patriot forces then advanced on the British fort Ninety-Six, but never laid siege. British forces moved in to help defend the fort, causing Patriot forces to abandon their efforts. However, British forces did eventually abandon the fort and moved back to the coast. The British campaign in the South was over, and six months later Cornwallis surrendered, ending the war. Fortifications (Latin fortis, strong, and facere, to make) are military constructions designed for defensive warfare. ...

Antebellum Era (1781-1860)

After the upheaval of the American Revolution effectively ended in 1781 at the Battle of Yorktown, the South became a major political force in the development of the United States. With the ratification of the Articles of Confederation, the South found political stability, with little federal interference in state affairs. However, with this stability came weakness by design, and the inability of the Confederation to maintain economic viability eventually forced the creation of the United States Constitution in Philadelphia in 1787. Importantly, Southerners of 1861 often believed their secessionist efforts and the Civil War paralleled the American Revolution, as a military and ideological "replay" of the latter. 1781 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Combatants Britain United States France Commanders Charles Cornwallis George Washington Comte de Rochambeau Strength 7,500 8,845 Americans 7,800 French Casualties 156 killed 326 wounded 7,018 captured Americans: 20 killed, 56 wounded French: 52 killed, 134 wounded {{{notes}}} The Battle of Yorktown (1781) was a victory by... The Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, commonly known as the Articles of Confederation, formed the first governing document of the United States of America. ... The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States of America. ... Philadelphia is a village located in Jefferson County, New York. ... 1787 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Combatants United States of America Confederate States of America Commanders Abraham Lincoln Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis Robert E. Lee Strength 1,556,678 1,064,200 Casualties KIA: 110,100 Total dead: 359,500 Wounded: 275,200 KIA: 74,500 Total dead: 198,500 Wounded: 137,000+  The American...

Southern interests retained great control during the Constitutional Convention of 1787, forcing the inclusion of the "fugitive slave clause" and the "Three-Fifths Compromise". Importantly, there was no explicit anti-slavery position in the Constitution at the time of its ratification. In spite of this, Congress retained the power to regulate slave importation 20 years after the ratification of the Constitution, and this resulted in an expected prohibition on slave imports by the Congress, effective January 1, 1808. While the two groups, both North and South, initially thought each other in agreement, they also held deeply rooted differences. After the convention, two emerging understandings of American republicanism came to loggerheads. This article discusses the history of the United States Constitution. ... The Three-Fifths Compromise was a compromise between Southern and Northern states reached during the 1787 United States Constitutional Convention in which only three-fifths of the population of slaves would be counted for enumeration purposes regarding both the distribution of taxes and the apportionment of the members of the... This article is about the abolition of slavery. ... Ratification is the process of adopting an international treaty, or a constitution or other nationally binding document (such as an amendment to a constitution) by the agreement of multiple subnational entities. ... Congress in Joint Session. ... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... 1808 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Republicanism is the idea of a nation being governed as a republic. ...

For the North, a Puritanical republicanism predominated, with leaders such as Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. In the South, Agrarian republicanism formed the basis of political culture. While both attempted to preserve their "way of life" in order to preserve the Union, their methods of this preservation were quite different. While Northern republicans aimed to make better people and thus ensure the survival of democracy, Southerners focused on making better conditions. Led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, the Agrarian republican position is characterized by the epitaph on the grave of Jefferson. While including his "condition bettering" roles in the foundation of the University of Virginia, and the writing of the Declaration of Independence and the Virginia Statutes on Religious Freedom, absent was his role in the federal government as president of the United States. Southern development of political thought thus focused on the ideal of the yeoman farmer; i.e., those who are tied to the land also have a vested interest in the stability and survival of the government. A portrait of Alexander Hamilton by John Trumbull, 1792. ... John Adams (October 30, 1735 – July 4, 1826) was the first (1789–1797) Vice President of the United States, and the second (1797–1801) President of the United States. ... Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 N.S. – July 4, 1826) was the third President of the United States (1801–1809), author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and one of the most influential founders of the United States. ... James Madison (March 16, 1751 – June 28, 1836) was the fourth (1809–1817) President of the United States. ... An epitaph (literally: on the grave in ancient Greek) is text honoring the dead, most commonly inscribed on a tombstone or plaque. ... Website Virginia. ... A declaration of independence is a proclamation of the independence of an aspiring state or states. ... The presidential seal was first used by president Hayes in 1880 and last modified in 1959 by adding the 50th star for Hawaii. ... Look up yeoman in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Antebellum slavery

See also, History of slavery in the United States The history of slavery in the United States began soon after Europeans first settled in the area (and so even before the founding of the United States), and officially ended with the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865. ...

Although slavery was legal in all original "Northern" states before the advent of "free states" in the decades following the American Revolutionary War, slavery in the South continued. While large plantations with dozens or hundreds of slaves were rare, and usually found in the Deep South, the vast majority of Southerners never owned slaves. Most were independent yeoman farmers much like their counterparts in the North, and slavery was not part of everyday life for ordinary Southern citizens. Though some in the North felt that slavery was a moral issue, many Northerners felt that the abolition of slavery would be detrimental to economic interests; especially in later decades, a decrease of cotton cultivation could damage the emerging Northern textile industry. In spite of this, the slave system represented the basis of the Southern social and economic system, and thus even non-slave owners often virulently defended it against abolitionism or gradual emancipation. The Buxton Memorial Fountain, celebrating the emancipation of slaves in the British Empire in 1834, London. ... Combatants American Revolutionaries, France, Netherlands, Spain, allies British Empire, allies Commanders George Washington Comte de Rochambeau Nathanael Greene William Howe Henry Clinton Charles Cornwallis The American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), also known as the American War of Independence, was the military component of the American Revolution. ... A sugarcane plantation at Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, 2005 A plantation is a large tract of monoculture, as a tree plantation, a cotton plantation, a tea plantation or a tobacco plantation. ... Regional definitions vary from source to source. ... Morality, in the strictest sense of the word, deals with that which is innately regarded as right or wrong. ... Cotton plant as imagined and drawn by John Mandeville in the 14th century Cotton is a soft fiber that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant (Gossypium spp. ... It has been suggested that Textile manufacturing be merged into this article or section. ... This poster depicting the horrific conditions on slave ships was influential in mobilizing public opinion against slavery in the United Kingdom and the United States. ...

Nullification crisis, political representation, and rising sectionalism

See also, Nullification and Nullification crisis The process of nullification may refer to: The Hartford Convention, in which New England Federalists considered secession from the United States of America. ... In the United States, the Nullification Crisis (The states-rights doctrine that a state can refuse to recognize or to enforce a federal law passed by the United States Congress) was a sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson over the issue of protective tariffs. ...

The election of federalist John Adams in the Election of 1796 came in tandem with escalating tensions with France. In 1798, the XYZ Affair brought these tensions to the fore, and Adams became concerned about French power in America, fearing internal sabotage and malcontent brought on by French agents. Due to this and repeated attacks on Adams by Democratic-Republican publishers, Adams allowed the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts. Enforcement of the acts resulted in the jailing of "seditious" Republican editors throughout the North and South, and prompted Thomas Jefferson and James Madison to author the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798, later known as the "Principles of '98" by nullification leaders. The term federalist refers to a proponent of one of several different ideologies, depending on the locale or subject matter. ... John Adams (October 30, 1735 – July 4, 1826) was the first (1789–1797) Vice President of the United States, and the second (1797–1801) President of the United States. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... 1798 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The XYZ Affair was a diplomatic scandal that lasted from March of 1797 to 1800. ... Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening an enemy through subversion, obstruction, disruption, and/or destruction. ... The Democratic-Republican party was a United States political party, which evolved early in the history of the United States. ... The Alien and Sedition Acts were passed during the administration of President John Adams; his signature made them into law on July 14, 1798. ... Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 N.S. – July 4, 1826) was the third President of the United States (1801–1809), author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and one of the most influential founders of the United States. ... James Madison (March 16, 1751 – June 28, 1836) was the fourth (1809–1817) President of the United States. ... The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions were important political statements in favor of states rights written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in 1798. ...

These "Principles of '98" called upon state legislatures to act against unlawful acts of the federal Congress by threat of nullification by the states. While primarily a propaganda document with no legal force, South Carolina leaders of the late 1820s used its premise to support actual nullification. North Korean propaganda showing a soldier destroying the United States Capitol building. ... Official language(s) English Capital Columbia Largest city Columbia Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 40th 82,965 km² 320 km 420 km 6 32°430N to 35°12N 78°030W to 83°20W Population  - Total (2000)  - Density Ranked 26th 4,012... Events and Trends Nationalistic independence movements helped reshape the world during this decade: Greece declares independence from the Ottoman Empire (1821). ...

The Nullification crisis came as a result of the Tariff of 1828, which was passed as a protectionary measure for Northern industry. In 1832, in that same year the legislature of South Carolina nullified the entire "Tariff of Abominations" as the Tariff of 1828 was known in the South, prompting a stand-off between the state and federal government. The crisis was resolved through a combination of the actions of President Andrew Jackson, Congressional reduction of the tariff, and the Force Bill. Also, the crisis was of great importance for the later development of secessionist thought. In the United States, the Nullification Crisis (The states-rights doctrine that a state can refuse to recognize or to enforce a federal law passed by the United States Congress) was a sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson over the issue of protective tariffs. ... The Tariff of 1828, also known as the Tariff of Abominations, was a protective tariff passed by the U.S. Congress in 1828. ... 1832 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845), was the seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), hero of the Battle of New Orleans (1815), a founder of the Democratic Party, and the eponym of the era of Jacksonian democracy. ... The United States Force Bill of 1833 authorized President Andrew Jacksons use of whatever force necessary to execute laws. ... The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view. ...

As the population in the North grew from an influx of European immigrants, Northern representation in Congress also grew to a number that made Southern political leadership increasingly uncomfortable. Southerners became concerned that they would soon find themselves at the mercy of a federal government in which they no longer had an effective voice. By the late 1840s, Senator Jefferson Davis from Mississippi stated that this new Northern majority in the Congress would make the government of the United States "an engine of Northern aggrandizement" and that Northern leaders had an agenda to "promote the industry of the United States at the expense of the people of the South." // Events and Trends Technology First use of anaesthesia in an operation, by Crawford Long War, peace and politics First signing of the Treaty of Waitangi (Te Tiriti o Waitangi) on February 6, 1840 at Waitangi New Zealand. ... A senate is a deliberative body, often the upper house or chamber of a legislature. ... For other uses, see Jefferson Davis (disambiguation). ... Official language(s) English Capital Jackson Largest city Jackson Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 32nd 125,546 km² 275 km 545 km 3 30°13N to 35°N 88°7W to 91°41W Population  - Total (2000)  - Density Ranked 31st 2,697,243 23. ...

An additional factor that led to Southern sectionalism was the proliferation of cultural and literary magazines such as the Southern Literary Messenger and DeBow's Review. Reference:[1] Sectionalism is an exagerated loyalty to ones own area rather than to the country as a whole. ... The Southern Literary Messenger was a periodical published in Richmond, Virginia from 1834 until the end of the Civil War. ... DeBows Review was a highly influential and widely circulated magazine of agricultural, commercial, and industrial progress and resource in the American South during the middle of the 19th century. ...

Election of 1860, Secession, and Lincoln's response

Fears of a Northern Republican presidential victory became reality after the Election of 1860. With the election of Abraham Lincoln by 40% of the popular vote and without the electoral votes of any Southern state, Southerners viewed their political survival in doubt. Indeed, only 2 of the 996 counties of the South voted for Lincoln. Reference:U.S. presidential election, 1860 Summary The election of 1860 is widely considered to be a realigning election. ... Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865), sometimes called Abe Lincoln and nicknamed Honest Abe, the Rail Splitter, and the Great Emancipator, was the 16th President of the United States (1861 to 1865), and the first president from the Republican Party. ... This article is about the political process. ... The United States Electoral College is the electoral college which chooses the President and Vice President of the United States at the conclusion of each Presidential election. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ...

Members of the South Carolina legislature had previously sworn to secede from the Union if Lincoln was elected, thus prompting the secession of that state on December 20, 1860. Following South Carolina, the Mississippi legislature voted for secession on January 9, 1861, with Florida on the 10th. Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed within the next month. The sitting "lame duck" President, James Buchanan, felt himself powerless to act. Throughout the South, authorities occupied federal arsenals and fortifications without resistance. In the four months between Lincoln's election and his inauguration, the South strengthened its position unmolested. Official language(s) English Capital Columbia Largest city Columbia Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 40th 82,965 km² 320 km 420 km 6 32°430N to 35°12N 78°030W to 83°20W Population  - Total (2000)  - Density Ranked 26th 4,012... Secession is the act of withdrawing from an organization, union, or political entity. ... December 20 is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... Official language(s) English Capital Jackson Largest city Jackson Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 32nd 125,546 km² 275 km 545 km 3 30°13N to 35°N 88°7W to 91°41W Population  - Total (2000)  - Density Ranked 31st 2,697,243 23. ... January 9 is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Official language(s) English Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 22nd 170 451 km² 260 km 800 km 17. ... Official language(s) English Capital Montgomery Largest city Birmingham Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 30th 52,423 mi²/135,775 km² 190 mi/306 km 330 mi/531 km 3. ... Official language(s) English and French Capital Baton Rouge Largest city New Orleans at last census; probably Baton Rouge since Hurricane Katrina Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 31st 134,382 km² 210 km 610 km 16 29°N to 33°N 89°W to 94°W Population... Official language(s) None. ... A lame duck is an elected official who has lost a re-election, but continues to hold office in-between the time of the election and the time of the inauguration of the successor. ... James Buchanan (April 23, 1791 – June 1, 1868) was the 15th president of the United States (1857–1861). ... An arsenal is an establishment for the construction, repair, receipt, storage and issue of weapons and ammunition. ... Fortifications (Latin fortis, strong, and facere, to make) are military constructions designed for defensive warfare. ...

Once in office, Lincoln was initially unwilling to compel the Southern states back into the Union, deciding to allow Southern aggression to promote Northern support for forcible compulsion. When a supply ship was dispatched to federal-held Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harbor, secessionists felt obliged to act. To forestall the resupply of the fort, Rebel coastal artillery batteries opened fire at 4:30 a.m. on April 12, 1861, forcing rapid capitulation of the fort. In response to the attack on Fort Sumter, President Lincoln immediately called upon the states to supply 75,000 troops to serve for ninety days against “combinations too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings.” as a result of this call by the widely unsupported Lincoln for troops to invade another Southern state, Virginia, Arkansas, and Tennessee promptly seceded. Map detailing the location of Fort Sumter Fort Sumter, located in Charleston, South Carolina, harbor, was named after General Thomas Sumter. ... This article is about the city in South Carolina. ... Olivia Amador ... For the thrash metal band, see Artillery (band) Historically, artillery refers to any engine used for the discharge of projectiles during war. ... April 12 is the 102nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (103rd in leap years). ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Official language(s) English Capital Richmond Largest city Virginia Beach Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 35th 110,862 km² 320 km 690 km 7. ...