Today, the Web and the Internet allow connectivity from literally everywhere on earth—even ships at sea and in outer space.

The World Wide Web ("WWW" or simply the "Web") is a global information medium which users can read and write via computers connected to the Internet. The term is often mistakenly used as a synonym for the Internet itself, but the Web is a service that operates over the Internet, as e-mail does. The history of the Internet dates back significantly further than that of the World Wide Web. Image File history File links Question_book-3. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 773 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (785 × 609 pixels, file size: 42 KB, MIME type: image/png) An example of how the Internet allows near-universal connectivity. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 773 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (785 × 609 pixels, file size: 42 KB, MIME type: image/png) An example of how the Internet allows near-universal connectivity. ... Layers of Atmosphere - not to scale (NOAA)[1] Outer space, sometimes simply called space, refers to the relatively empty regions of the universe outside the atmospheres of celestial bodies. ... The ASCII codes for the word Wikipedia represented in binary, the numeral system most commonly used for encoding computer information. ... This article is about the machine. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... In the 1950s and early 1960s, prior to the widespread inter-networking that led to the Internet, most communication networks were limited by their nature to only allow communications between the stations on the network. ... WWWs historical logo designed by Robert Cailliau The World Wide Web (commonly shortened to the Web) is a system of interlinked, hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. ...

The hypertext portion of the Web has an interesting history, notable influences being IBM's Generalized Markup Language and Ted Nelson's Project Xanadu. Since its implementation in the 1990s as an academic system for sharing papers, the World Wide Web has evolved far beyond what its creators imagined. In computing, hypertext is a user interface paradigm for displaying documents which, according to an early definition (Nelson 1970), branch or perform on request. ... Generalized Markup Language (GML) is a set of macros (tags) for the IBM text formatter, SCRIPT. SCRIPT is the main component of IBMs Document Composition Facility (DCF). ... Theodor Holm Nelson is an American sociologist, philosopher, and pioneer of information technology. ... Project Xanadu was founded by Ted Nelson in 1960 as the original hypertext project. ...

The concept of a home-based global information system goes back at least as far as Isaac Asimov's short story "Anniversary" (Amazing Stories, March 1959), in which the characters look up information on a home computer called a "Multivac outlet" -- which was connected by a "plantewide network of circuits" to a mile-long "super-computer" somewhere in the bowels of the Earth. One character is thinking of installing a Mulitvac, Jr. model for his kids.

Interestingly, the story was set in the far distant future when commercial space travel was commonplace, and yet the machine "prints the answer on a slip of tape" that comes out a slot -- there is no video display -- and the owner of the home computer says that he doesn't spend the kind of money to get a Multivac outlet that talks.

1980-91: Development of the World Wide Web

The NeXTcube used by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN became the first Web server.

In 1980, the Englishman Tim Berners-Lee, an independent contractor at CERN, built ENQUIRE, as a personal database of people and software models, but also as a way to play with hypertext; each new page of information in ENQUIRE had to be linked to an existing page. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2163x1456, 591 KB) Summary Description : LE premier serveur Web Source : http://robert. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2163x1456, 591 KB) Summary Description : LE premier serveur Web Source : http://robert. ... Sir Tim Berners-Lee Sir Tim (Timothy John) Berners-Lee, KBE (TimBL or TBL) (b. ... Sir Tim Berners-Lee Sir Tim (Timothy John) Berners-Lee, KBE (TimBL or TBL) (b. ... CERN logo The European Organization for Nuclear Research (French: ), commonly known as CERN (see Naming), pronounced (or in French), is the worlds largest particle physics laboratory, situated just northwest of Geneva on the border between France and Switzerland. ... ENQUIRE was an early project (in the second half of 1980) of Tim Berners-Lee, who went on to create the World Wide Web in 1989. ... In computing, hypertext is a user interface paradigm for displaying documents which, according to an early definition (Nelson 1970), branch or perform on request. ...

Another major development occurred when Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf introduced Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) in 1977 for cross-network connections.[1] Although it had used the older Network Control Protocol (NCP) since its establishment in 1969, ARPANET and its associated networks slowly began a transition to the new protocol during the 1970s. In 1978, Internet Protocol was added to TCP, responsible for the routing of messages. The TCP/IP combination was officially adopted by ARPANET and its partners in 1983, redefining the Internet as networks using the TCP/IP network. The standardisation of network protocols helped lay the foundations for the later growth of the World Wide Web. Robert E. Kahn, (born December 23, 1938), along with Vinton G. Cerf, invented the TCP/IP protocol, the technology used to transmit information on the modern Internet. ... Vinton Gray Cerf (born June 23, 1943) (last name pronounced just like the English word surf) is a American computer scientist who is commonly referred to as one of the founding fathers of the Internet for his key technical and managerial role, together with Bob Kahn, in the creation of... The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet protocol suite. ... The Network Control Program (sometimes the abbreviation NCP is mistakenly expanded to Network Control Protocol, but this term is not found in the contemporary documentation) was the original protocol suite of the ARPANET. In NCP, the physical layer, the data link layer, and the network layer were all specified by... ARPANET logical map, March 1977. ... The Internet Protocol (IP) is a data-oriented protocol used for communicating data across a packet-switched internetwork. ...

In 1984 Berners-Lee returned to CERN, and considered its problems of information presentation: physicists from around the world needed to share data, with no common machines and no common presentation software. He wrote a proposal in March 1989 for "a large hypertext database with typed links", but it generated little interest. His boss, Mike Sendall, encouraged Berners-Lee to begin implementing his system on a newly acquired NeXT workstation. He considered several names, including Information Mesh, The Information Mine (turned down as it abbreviates to TIM, the WWW's creator's name) or Mine of Information (turned down because it abbreviates to MOI which is "Me" in French), but settled on World Wide Web.^{[citation needed]} For other meanings, see Next. ...

Robert Cailliau, Jean-François Abramatic and Tim Berners-Lee at the 10th anniversary of the WWW Consortium.

He found an enthusiastic collaborator in Robert Cailliau, who rewrote the proposal (published on November 12, 1990) and sought resources within CERN. Berners-Lee and Cailliau pitched their ideas to the European Conference on Hypertext Technology in September 1990, but found no vendors who could appreciate their vision of marrying hypertext with the Internet. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Robert Cailliau. ... Sir Tim Berners-Lee Sir Tim (Timothy John) Berners-Lee, KBE (TimBL or TBL) (b. ... WWWC redirects here. ... Robert Cailliau. ... is the 316th day of the year (317th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar). ...

By Christmas 1990, Berners-Lee had built all the tools necessary for a working Web: the first Web browser, WorldWideWeb (which was also a Web editor), the first Web server (info.cern.ch), and the first Web pages that described the project itself. The browser could access Usenet newsgroups and FTP files as well. However, it could run only on the NeXT; Nicola Pellow therefore created a simple text browser that could run on almost any computer. To encourage use within CERN, they put the CERN telephone directory on the web — previously users had had to log onto the mainframe in order to look up phone numbers. WorldWideWeb was the worlds first web browser and WYSIWYG (What you see is what you get) HTML editor. ... On the first webpages created by Tim Bernes Lee, Nicola Pellow was credited as having contributed to the WWW project. Pellow was with the project from November 1990 to August 1991, and October 1992 to ??. A graduate of Leicester Polytechnic, UK, Nicola wrote the original line mode browser. ...

Paul Kunz from the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center visited CERN in May 1991, and was captivated by the Web. He brought the NeXT software back to SLAC, where librarian Louise Addis adapted it for the VM/CMS operating system on the IBM mainframe as a way to display SLAC’s catalog of online documents; this was the first web server outside CERN and the first in North America.^{[citation needed]} Particle physicist and software developer Paul Kunz initiated the deployment of the first web server outside of Europe. ... The Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) is a United States Department of Energy National Laboratory operated by Stanford University under the programmatic direction of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science. ... VM/CMS (Virtual Machine/Conversational Monitor System, originally called CP/CMS when it first appeared) is a bundled pair of operating systems used on IBM System/360, System/370, System/390, zSeries, and System z9 mainframes (and compatible systems). ... SAS 8 on an IBM mainframe, seen here via one of its user interfaces, classic 3270 emulation. ...

On August 6, 1991, Berners-Lee posted a short summary of the World Wide Web project on the alt.hypertext newsgroup. This date also marked the debut of the Web as a publicly available service on the Internet. is the 218th day of the year (219th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ...

The WorldWideWeb (WWW) project aims to allow links to be made to any information anywhere. [...] The WWW project was started to allow high energy physicists to share data, news, and documentation. We are very interested in spreading the web to other areas, and having gateway servers for other data. Collaborators welcome!" —from Tim Berners-Lee's first message

1992-1995: Growth of the WWW

In keeping with its birth at CERN, early adopters of the World Wide Web were primarily university-based scientific departments or physics laboratories such as Fermilab and SLAC. CERN logo The European Organization for Nuclear Research (French: ), commonly known as CERN (see Naming), pronounced (or in French), is the worlds largest particle physics laboratory, situated just northwest of Geneva on the border between France and Switzerland. ... Aerial view of the Fermilab site. ... The Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) is a U.S. national laboratory operated by Stanford University for the U.S. Department of Energy. ...

Early websites intermingled links for both the HTTP web protocol and the then-popular Gopher protocol, which provided access to content through hypertext menus presented as a file system rather than through HTML files. Early Web users would navigate either by bookmarking popular directory pages, such as Berners-Lee's first site at http://info.cern.ch/, or by consulting updated lists such as the NCSA "What's New" page. Some sites were also indexed by WAIS, enabling users to submit full-text searches similar to the capability later provided by search engines. HTTP (for HyperText Transfer Protocol) is the primary method used to convey information on the World Wide Web. ... Gopher is a distributed document search and retrieval network protocol designed for the Internet. ... In computing, hypertext is a user interface paradigm for displaying documents which, according to an early definition (Nelson 1970), branch or perform on request. ... For library and office filing systems, see Library classification. ... HTML, short for Hypertext Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for web pages. ... NCSA may refer to: the National Center for Supercomputing Applications the North Carolina School of the Arts This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Wide Area Information Servers or WAIS is a distributed text searching system that uses the protocol standard ANSI Z39. ... This article is about search engines. ...

There was still no graphical browser available for computers besides the NeXT. This gap was filled in April 1992 with the release of Erwise, an application developed at Helsinki University of Technology, and in May by ViolaWWW, created by Pei-Yuan Wei, which included advanced features such as embedded graphics, scripting, and animation. Both programs ran on the X Window System for Unix. Erwise was a popular web browser in the early days of the World Wide Web. ... Helsinki University of Technology (TKK) (Finnish: Teknillinen korkeakoulu; Swedish: Tekniska högskolan) is the premier technical university in Finland and the largest in the Nordic Countries with over 15000 students. ... ViolaWWW was one of the first graphically-based web browsers. ... Pei-Yuan Wei (魏培源, pinyin: Wèi Péiyuán) is a former undergraduate student at the University of California, Berkeley who created ViolaWWW, one of the first graphical web browsers. ... “X11” redirects here. ... Filiation of Unix and Unix-like systems Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX®, sometimes also written as or ® with small caps) is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and Douglas McIlroy. ...

Students at the University of Kansas adapted an existing text-only hypertext browser, Lynx, to access the web. Lynx was available on Unix and DOS, and some web designers, unimpressed with glossy graphical websites, held that a website not accessible through Lynx wasn’t worth visiting. The University of Kansas (often referred to as KU) is an institution of higher learning in Lawrence, Kansas. ... Lynx is a text-only web browser for use on cursor-addressable, character cell terminals. ...

Early Browsers

Mosaic 3.0 for windows

The turning point for the World Wide Web was the introduction ^[1] of the Mosaic web browser^[2] in 1993, a graphical browser developed by a team at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (NCSA-UIUC), led by Marc Andreessen. Funding for Mosaic came from the High-Performance Computing and Communications Initiative, a funding program initiated by then-Senator Al Gore's High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991 also known as the Gore Bill.^[3]. Image File history File links Mosaic web browser 3. ... Image File history File links Mosaic web browser 3. ... Mosaic was the first popular World Wide Web browser and Gopher client. ... Mosaic was the first popular World Wide Web browser and Gopher client. ... National Center for Supercomputing Applications NCSA Building, 1205 W. Clark St. ... A Corner of Main Quad The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC, U of I, or simply Illinois), is the oldest, largest, and most prestigious campus in the University of Illinois system. ... Plaque commemorating the creation of Mosaic web browser by Bina and Andreessen, new NCSA building, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. ... Official portrait 1994 Al Gore, former Vice-President of the United States (1993-2001) and 2000 Democratic Party presidential nominee, has been involved in the development of the Internet and technology since the 1970s. ... The High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991 (HPCA) was a bill created and introduced by then Senator Al Gore (it was thus referred to as the [1]) It was passed on 09 December 1991. ... The High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991 (HPCA) was a bill created and introduced by then Senator Al Gore (it was thus referred to as the [1]) It was passed on 09 December 1991. ...

The origins of Mosaic begin in 1992. In November 1992, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) established a website. In December 1992, Andreessen and Eric Bina, students attending UIUC and working at the NCSA, began work on Mosaic. They released an X Window browser in February 1993. It gained popularity due to its strong support of integrated multimedia, and the authors’ rapid response to user bug reports and recommendations for new features. National Center for Supercomputing Applications NCSA Building, 1205 W. Clark St. ... A Corner of Main Quad The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC, U of I, or simply Illinois), is the oldest, largest, and most prestigious campus in the University of Illinois system. ... Eric Bina is the co-creator of Mosaic and the co-founder of Netscape. ... Mosaic was the first popular World Wide Web browser and Gopher client. ... Look up Multimedia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

After graduation, Andreessen and Jim Clark, former CEO of Silicon Graphics, met and formed Mosaic Communications Corporation to develop the Mosaic browser commercially. The company changed its name to Netscape in April 1994, and the browser was developed further as Netscape Navigator. This article is about the racing driver Jim Clark. ... Silicon Graphics, Inc. ... Netscape Communications Corporation was the publisher of the Netscape Navigator web browser as well as many other internet and intranet client and server software products. ... Netscape Communications (formally known as Netscape Communications Corporation and commonly known as Netscape), is an American computer services company, best known for its web browser. ... Netscape Navigator, also known as Netscape, was a proprietary web browser that was popular during the 1990s. ...

The first Microsoft Windows browser was Cello, written by Thomas R. Bruce for the Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School to provide legal information, since most lawyers had access to Windows but not to Unix. Cello was released in June 1993. “Windows” redirects here. ... Cello 1. ... Cornell Law School, located in Ithaca, New York, is a graduate school of Cornell University. ...

Web organization

In May 1994 the first International WWW Conference, organized by Robert Cailliau, was held at CERN; the conference has been held every year since. In April CERN had agreed that anyone could use the Web protocol and code royalty-free; this was in part a reaction to the perturbation caused by the University of Minnesota announcing that it would begin charging license fees for its implementation of the Gopher protocol. This article is about the oldest and largest campus of the University of Minnesota. ... Gopher is a distributed document search and retrieval network protocol designed for the Internet. ...

In September 1994, the World Wide Web Consortium was founded at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as an industry organization, with Tim Berners-Lee as director. It has been suggested that W3C Markup Validation Service be merged into this article or section. ... “MIT” redirects here. ...

1996-1998: Commercialization of the WWW

By 1996 it became obvious to most publicly traded companies that a public Web presence was no longer optional. Though at first people saw mainly the possibilities of free publishing and instant worldwide information, increasing familiarity with two-way communication over the "Web" led to the possibility of direct Web-based commerce (e-commerce) and instantaneous group communications worldwide. These concepts in turn intrigued many bright, young, often underemployed people (many of Generation X), who realized that new business models would soon arise based on these possibilities, and wanted to be among the first to profit from these new models. Electronic commerce, EC, e-commerce or ecommerce consists primarily of the distributing, buying, selling, marketing, and servicing of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. ... For other uses, see Generation X (disambiguation). ...

An annual event started in 1995, the Webby Awards, working to recognize the best websites on the Internet. The event was typically an extravaganza held annually in San Francisco, California, 45 miles north of the heart of Silicon Valley. Presented by The International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences, the Webby Awards are a set of awards presented to the worlds best websites. The awards have been given out since 1996. ... San Francisco redirects here. ... For the Nintendo 64 game, see Space Station Silicon Valley. ...

Browser wars

Main article: Browser wars. For statistics, see Usage share of web browsers.

Given its early start, Netscape was the web browser of choice for approximately 80% of users in 1996. The release of Internet Explorer 4 in 1997 and the exploitation of its desktop operating system monopoly pushed Microsoft to about 90% market share by 2001 (when IE 6 was released). In 1998, Netscape released the source code of its flagship product as the open source browser Mozilla. It was soon decided that further development of the Netscape code base would be too complicated, and the browser was re-written from scratch. By 2006, Mozilla-based browsers including Firefox and other competition had reduced Internet Explorer's market share from its peak of about 95% down to around 85%. The term browser wars is the name given to the competition for dominance in the web browser marketplace. ... A rough estimation of usage share of layout engines/web browsers This article aims to be an unbiased historical record for the usage share of web browsers, based on statistics and articles published by well-known websites. ... Source code (commonly just source or code) is any series of statements written in some human-readable computer programming language. ... Open source refers to projects that are open to the public and which draw on other projects that are freely available to the general public. ... Mozilla was the official, public, original name of Mozilla Application Suite by the Mozilla Foundation, nowadays called SeaMonkey suite. ... Firefox may refer to: Firefox (novel), written by Craig Thomas, published in 1978 Firefox (film), the 1982 movie starring Clint Eastwood, based on the novel Firefox (arcade game), the laserdisc arcade game based on the movie Mozilla Firefox, a web browser The Red Fox or the Red Panda, based on...

1999-2001: "Dot-com" boom and bust

The low interest rates in 1998–99 helped increase the start-up capital amounts. Although a number of these new entrepreneurs had realistic plans and administrative ability, most of them lacked these characteristics but were able to sell their ideas to investors because of the novelty of the dot-com concept. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Historically, the dot-com boom can be seen as similar to a number of other technology-inspired booms of the past including railroads in the 1840s, radio in the 1920s, transistor electronics in the 1950s, computer time-sharing in the 1960s, and home computers and biotechnology in the early 1980s. Dot-com (also dotcom or redundantly dot. ... Railway mania was the term given to the speculative frenzy in Britain in the 1840s. ... The home computer is a consumer-friendly word for the second generation of microcomputers (the technical term that was previously used), entering the market in 1977 and becoming common during the 1980s. ... The structure of insulin Biotechnology is technology based on biology, especially when used in agriculture, food science, and medicine. ...

In 2001 the bubble burst, and many dot-com startups went out of business after burning through their venture capital and failing to become profitable. Venture capital is a general term to describe financing for startup and early stage businesses as well as businesses in turn around situations. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

2002-Present: The Web becomes ubiquitous

The success of the Google search engine helped drive a resurgence in Internet advertising.

In the aftermath of the dot-com bubble, the World Wide Web continued to gain popularity even though many businesses trying to exploit it went bankrupt. Also during this time, however, a handful of companies discovered success developing business models that would not exist if not for the World Wide Web. These include Google's search engine and its system of "relevant advertising", Apple Computer's iTunes web music store and Expedia's web-based travel service. Other companies, while offering traditional services, managed to find a solid Web-based niche and survive the bust; these include Amazon.com (books and media) and eBay (auctions). Image File history File links Google_mainpage. ... Image File history File links Google_mainpage. ... Googles main pages unusually spartan design, uncluttered appearance and quick loading time have contributed greatly to the sites mass appeal. ... In this Internet world of ours, people are joining programs without achieving success. ... This article is about the corporation. ... This article is about search engines. ... Apple Inc. ... This article is about the iTunes application. ... Expedia. ... Amazon. ... This article is about the online auction center. ...

This era also brought social networking websites to light, that along with iTunes, are today an extensive part of youth culture, such as MySpace, Xanga, Friendster, and Facebook. A social network service focuses on the building and verifying of online social networks for communities of people who share interests and activities, or who are interested in exploring the interests and activities of others, and which necessitates the use of software. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... MySpace is a social networking website offering an interactive, user-submitted network of friends, personal profiles, blogs, groups, photos, music, and videos. ... Xanga (IPA: [zæŋgə]) is a website that hosts weblogs, photoblogs, and social networking profiles. ... Friendster is an Internet social network service. ... Facebook headquarters in Palo Alto, CA Facebook is a social networking website that allows people to communicate with their friends and exchange information. ...

A New dot-com boom occurred starting in 2004 with first MySpace, and second, the permanent placement of Google in the popular culture spotlight, as well as the rapid popularization of Wikipedia and its sister projects, a website proven revolutionary for promoting the User edited content concept. In 2005, 3 ex-PayPal employees formed a video viewing website called YouTube. Only a year later, YouTube was proven the most quickly popularized website in history, and even started a new concept of user-submitted content in major events, as in the CNN-YouTube Presidential Debates. MySpace is a social networking website offering an interactive, user-submitted network of friends, personal profiles, blogs, groups, photos, music, and videos. ... Wikipedia (IPA: , or ( ) is a multilingual, web-based, free content encyclopedia project, operated by the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization. ... The Wikimedia Foundation Inc. ... Look up Wiki in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... eBay North First Street satellite office campus (home to PayPal) PayPal is an e-commerce business allowing payments and money transfers to be made through the Internet. ... YouTube is a popular video sharing website where users can upload, view and share video clips. ... The CNN-YouTube presidential debates are a series of televised debates in which United States presidential hopefuls field questions submitted through the popular social networking site YouTube. ...

The latest extension of the World Wide Web has focused on connecting devices to the Internet, coined Intelligent Device Management. As Internet connectivity becomes more easily accessible, manufacturers have started to leverage the expanded computing power of their devices to enhance their usability and capability. Through Internet connectivity, manufacturers are now able to interact with the devices they have sold and shipped to their customers, monitor device performance, provide enhanced customer support, and offer their customers new complimentary services, even after the products have been shipped to the customer location. A new breed of software companies, such as Questra Corporation, Esprida, Axeda, and NextNine have emerged to leverage the ubiquitous Internet to help manufacturers enhance the products they sell and develop innovative services for their customers. Intelligent Device Management is a term used for enterprise software applications that allow various equipment manufacturers to proactively monitor and manage remote equipment, systems and products via the Internet and provide instant and cost-effective service & support to their customers. ...

See also

• Hypermedia
• Tim Berners-Lee
• Semantic Web
• Linked Data

The history of computing is longer than the history of computing hardware and modern computing technology and includes the history of methods intended for pen and paper or for chalk and slate, with or without the aid of tables. ... Computing hardware has been an important component of the process of calculation and computer data storage since it became useful for numerical values to be processed and shared. ... The history of computing hardware starting in the 1960s begins with the development of the integrated circuit (IC), which formed the basis of the first computer kits and home computers in the 1970s, notable examples being the MITS Altair, Apple II and Commodore PET; and which eventually powered personal and... The history of computing hardware in former Soviet Bloc is somewhat different from that of Western countries. ... The history of computer science began long before the modern discipline of computer science that emerged in the twentieth century. ... The history of computer operating systems recapitulates to a degree, the recent history of computing. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... It has been suggested that the section History from the article Programming language be merged into this article or section. ... Artificial Intelligence was founded in the early 1950s by an eclectic group of visionaries who claimed to be on the verge of changing the world and mans place in it. ... The graphical user interface, or GUI (IPA: ), is a computer interface that uses graphic icons and controls in addition to text. ... Home video-game systems became popular during the 1970s and 80s. ... This article presents a detailed timeline of events in the history of computing. ... This article presents a timeline of events in the history of computing from Prehistory until 1949. ... This article presents a timeline of events in the history of computing from 1950 to 1979. ... This article presents a timeline of events in the history of computing from 1980 to 1989. ... This article presents a timeline of events in the history of computing from 1990 to the present. ... Hypermedia is a term used as a logical extension of the term hypertext, in which audio, video, plain text, and non-linear hyperlinks intertwine to create a generally non-linear medium of information. ... Sir Tim Berners-Lee Sir Tim (Timothy John) Berners-Lee, KBE (TimBL or TBL) (b. ... W3Cs Semantic Web logo The Semantic Web is an evolving extension of the World Wide Web in which web content can be expressed not only in natural language, but also in a format that can be read and used by software agents, thus permitting them to find, share and... Linked Data is a term used to describe a recommended best practice for exposing, sharing, and connecting pieces of data on the Semantic Web. ...

References

• Robert Cailliau, James Gillies, How the Web Was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web, ISBN 978-0-19-286207-5, Oxford University Press (Jan 1, 2000)
• Tim Berners-Lee with Mark Fischetti, Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web by Its Inventor, ISBN 978-0-06-251586-5, HarperSanFrancisco, 1999
• Andrew Herman, The World Wide Web and Contemporary Cultural Theory : Magic, Metaphor, Power, ISBN 978-0-415-92502-0, Routledge, 1st Edition (June 2000)

Footnotes

External links

• Internet & World Wide Web History
• The World Wide Web History Project