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Contemporary typographers view typography as craft with a very long history tracing its origins back to the first punches and dies used to make seals and currency and in ancient times. The basic elements of typography are at least as old as civilization and the earliest writing systems—a series of key developments that were eventually drawn together as a systematic craft. Some historians view the parallel development of technique in China and early 13th century Korea as separate from that in mid-15th century Europe, while others view them as connected. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (504x720, 132 KB)Cropped version of Source image: This is actually a long-s - i ligature piece. ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (504x720, 132 KB)Cropped version of Source image: This is actually a long-s - i ligature piece. ...
A piece of cast metal type, Garamond style long s / i ligature. ...
An italicized long s used in the word Congress in the United States Bill of Rights. ...
In writing and typography, a ligature occurs where two or more letterforms are written or printed as a unit. ...
Movable type. ...
HIStory: Past, Present and Future – Book I (or simply HIStory) is a double-disc album by Michael Jackson released in 1995 by the Epic Records devision of Sony Music. ...
Seal on envelope A seal is an impression printed on, embossed upon, or affixed to a document (or any other object) in order to authenticate it, in lieu of or in addition to a signature. ...
Ancient history is the study of significant cultural and political events from the beginning of human history until the Early Middle Ages. ...
Cities are a major hallmark of human civilization. ...
Writing Systems of the World today A Specimen of typeset fonts and languages, by William Caslon, letter founder; from the 1728 Cyclopaedia. ...
Typography (from the Greek words τύπος type = "to strike" "That by which something is symbolized or figured..." and γραφία graphia = to write). Etymology is the study of the origins of words. ...
Typography, type-founding and typeface design began as closely related crafts in mid-15th century Europe with the introduction of movable type printing at the junction of the medieval era and the Renaissance. Handwritten letterforms of the mid-15th century embodied 3000 years of evolved letter design, and were the natural models for letterforms in systematized typography. The scribal letter known as textur or textualis, produced by the strong gothic spirit of blackletter from the hands of German area scribes, served as the model for the first text types. The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (600x836, 178 KB) Summary The beginning of the Gutenberg Bible, volume 1, Old Testament, Epistle of St. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (600x836, 178 KB) Summary The beginning of the Gutenberg Bible, volume 1, Old Testament, Epistle of St. ...
A copy of the Gutenberg Bible, this version owned by the U.S. Library of Congress The Gutenberg Bible (also known as the 42-line Bible, and as the Mazarin Bible) is a print of the Latin Vulgate translation of the Bible that was printed by its namesake, Johannes Gutenberg...
Blackletter in a Latin Bible of 1407 AD, on display in Malmesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, England. ...
This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...
Calligraphy in a Latin Bible of AD 1407 on display in Malmesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, England. ...
Movable type. ...
The printing press is a mechanical device for printing many copies of a text on rectangular sheets of paper. ...
Raphael was famous for depicting illustrious figures of the Classical past with the features of his Renaissance contemporaries. ...
Blackletter in a Latin Bible of 1407 AD, on display in Malmesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, England. ...
The Western (Royal) Portal at Chartres Cathedral ( 1145). ...
Blackletter in a Latin Bible of AD 1407, on display in Malmesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, England. ...
Johannes Gutenberg employed the scribe Peter Schoeffer to help design and cut the letterpunches for the first typeface—the D-K type of 202 characters used to print the first books in Europe. A second typeface of about 300 characters designed for the 42-line Bible ca 1455 was probably cut by the goldsmith Hans Dunne with the help of two others—Götz von Shlettstadt and Hans von Speyer. Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg (c. ...
Illustration of a 15th century scribe This is about scribe, the profession. ...
Peter Schoeffer (1452-1502), was the principal workman of Johannes Gutenberg. ...
A copy of the Gutenberg Bible, this version owned by the U.S. Library of Congress The Gutenberg Bible (also known as the 42-line Bible, and as the Mazarin Bible) is a print of the Latin Vulgate translation of the Bible that was printed by its namesake, Johannes Gutenberg...
Cultural tradition ensured that German typography and type design remained true to the gothic/blackletter spirit; but the parallel influence of the humanist and neo-classical typography in Italy catalysed textur into four additional sub-tyles that were distinct, structurally rich and highly disciplined: bastarda, fraktur rotunda & schwabacher. The German word Fraktur (pronounced in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) refers to a specific sub-group of blackletter typefaces. ...
Blackletter in a Latin Bible of AD 1407, on display in Malmesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, England. ...
The German word Schwabacher (pronounced in IPA) refers to a specific blackletter typeface. ...
The rapid spread of movable type printing across Europe produced additional Gothic, half-Gothic and Gothic-to-roman transitional types. Johann Bámler's schwabacher, Augsburg appeared in 1474. The half-Gothic Rotunda type of Erhard Ratdolt ca 1486 was cut to suit Venetian taste. In 1476 William Caxton printed the first books in England with a so-called Bâtarde type (an early schwabacher design), but soon abandoned it. The German word Schwabacher (pronounced in IPA) refers to a specific blackletter typeface. ...
Augsburg is a city in south-central Germany. ...
In Mosta, Malta, the Rotunda of Santa Marija Assunta is covered by a saucer dome. ...
William Caxton (c. ...
Classical revival In Italy the heavy gothic styles were soon displaced by Venetian or "old style" Latin types, also called antiqua. The inscriptional capitals on Roman buildings and monuments were structured on a euclidean geometric scheme and the discrete component-based model of classical architecture. Their structurally-perfect design, near-perfect execution in stone, balanced angled stressing, contrasting thick & thin strokes, and incised serifs became the typographic ideal for western civilization. The best-known example of Roman inscriptional capitals exists on the base of Trajan's Column, inscribed ca 113. Antiqua is the traditional term for most kinds of roman typeface derived from the archetype designed by Nicholas Jenson circa 1470. ...
The Arch of Titus, with an inscription in Roman square capitals Roman square capitals, also called elegant capitals and quadrata, are an ancient Roman form of writing, and the basis for modern capital letters. ...
This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ...
The Taj Mahal, commissioned by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, as a mausoleum for his wife, Arjumand Banu Begum. ...
Euclid Euclidean geometry is a mathematical system attributed to the Greek mathematician Euclid of Alexandria. ...
Table of Geometry, from the 1728 Cyclopaedia. ...
A refined canonic version of the Orders engraved for the Encyclopédie, vol. ...
From the point of view of modern times, the ancient civilizations of the Mediterranean sometimes seem to blend smoothly into one melange we call the Classical. ...
In typography, serifs are the structural details on the end of strokes that make up letters and symbols. ...
For alternative meanings for The West in the United States, see the U.S. West and American West. ...
The Arch of Titus, with an inscription in Roman square capitals Roman square capitals, also called elegant capitals and quadrata, are an ancient Roman form of writing, and the basis for modern capital letters. ...
Events Trajan starts an expedition against Armenia. ...
In their enthusiastic revivial of classical culture, Italian scribes and humanist scholars of the early 15th century searched for ancient minuscules to match the Roman inscriptional capitals. Practically all of the available manuscripts of classical writers had been rewritten during the Carolingian Renaissance, and with a lapse of three hundred years since the widespread use of this style, the humanist scribes mistook Carolingian minuscule as the authentic writing style of the ancients. Dubbing it lettera antica, they began by copying the minuscule hand almost exactly, combining it with Roman capitals in the same manner as the manuscripts they were copying. [3] Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1980x872, 601 KB)Photo of the inscription on Trajans column 1means the typographical arrangement and layout of a published work. ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1980x872, 601 KB)Photo of the inscription on Trajans column 1means the typographical arrangement and layout of a published work. ...
The Arch of Titus, with an inscription in Roman square capitals Roman square capitals, also called elegant capitals and quadrata, are an ancient Roman form of writing, and the basis for modern capital letters. ...
Trajans Column is a monument in Rome raised by Apollodorus of Damascus at the order of the Senate. ...
Events Trajan starts an expedition against Armenia. ...
Neoclassicism (sometimes rendered as Neo-Classicism or Neo-classicism) is the name given to quite distinct movements in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture. ...
Humanism is a broad category of active ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people, based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appeal to universal human qualities—particularly rationalism. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Letter case. ...
Sample of Carolingian minuscule, one of the products of the Carolingian Renaissance. ...
Example from 10th century manuscript Carolingian or Caroline minuscule is a script developed as a writing standard in Europe so that the Roman alphabet could be easily recognized by the small literate class from one region to another. ...
Upon noticing the stylistic mismatch between these two very different letters, the scribes redesigned the small Carolingian letter, lengthening ascenders and descenders, and adding incised serifs and finishing strokes to integrate them with the Roman capitals. By the time moveable type reached Italy several decades later, the humanistic writing had evolved into a consistent model known as humanistic minuscule, which served as the basis for type style we know today as Venetian. [3] Image File history File links Carolingian_sample. ...
Image File history File links Carolingian_sample. ...
This Carolingian Gospel Book is written in a fine Carolingian minuscule. ...
Transition from humanistic minuscule to roman type The classically-endowed city of Rome attracted the first printers known to have set up shop outside Germany—Arnold Pannartz and Konrad Sweynheim, closely followed by the brothers Johanne and Wendelin of Speyer (de Spira), and the Frenchman Nicolas Jenson, who had learnt his craft from Gutenberg. The sequence of appearance and production dates for types used by these printers have yet to be established with certainty; all four are known to have printed with types ranging from textur Gothic to fully-developed romans inspired by the earlier humanistic writing, and within a few years the center of printing in Italy shifted from Rome to Venice. Nickname: The Eternal City Motto: SPQR: Senatus PopulusQue Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 8th century BC Mayor Walter Veltroni Area - City 1,285 km² (496. ...
Speyer (English formerly Spires) is a city in Germany (Rhineland-Palatinate) with approx. ...
Nicolaus Jenson (1420 - 1480) was a French engraver, typographer and printer who did most of his work in Venice. ...
Venice (Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venexia) is the capital of the region of Veneto and the province of the same name in Italy. ...
Some time before 1472 in Venice, Johanne and Wendlin issued material printed with a half-Gothic-half-roman type known as "Gotico-antiqua". This design paired simplified Gothic capitals with a rationalized humanistic minuscule letter set, itself combining Gothic minuscule forms with elements of Carolingian, in a one step forward, half step back blending of styles. February 20 - Orkney and Shetland are returned by Norway to Scotland, due to a defaulted dowry payment Possible discovery of Bacalao (possibly Newfoundland, North America) by João Vaz Corte-Real. ...
Around the same time (1468) in Rome, Pannartz and Sweynheim were using another typeface that closely mimicked humanistic minuscule, known as "Lactantius". Unlike the rigid fractured forms of Speyer's half-Gothic, the Lactantius is characterized by smoothly rendered letters with a restrained organic finish. The Lactanius a departed from both the Carolingian and Gothic models; a vertical backstem and right-angled top replaced the diagonal Carolingian structure, and a continuous curved stroke replaced the fractured Gothic bowl element. Events Baeda Maryam succeeds his father Zara Yaqob as Emperor of Ethiopia Births February 29 - Pope Paul III (died 1549) Juan del Encina, Spanish poet, dramatist and composer Charles I of Savoy John, Elector of Saxony (died 1532) Juan de Zumárraga, Spanish Franciscan prelate and first bishop of Mexico...
For details on the evolution of lower case letterforms from Latin capitals, see Latin alphabet. The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. ...
Individual letters: Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Look up A, a in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
The letter B is the second letter of the modern Latin alphabet. ...
Look up C, c in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Look up D, d in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
The letter E is the fifth letter in the Latin alphabet. ...
Look up F, f in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
The letter G is the seventh letter in the Latin alphabet. ...
Look up H, h in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
The lowercase i redirects here. ...
The letter J is the tenth letter in the Latin alphabet; it was the last to be added to that alphabet. ...
Look up K, k in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
L is the twelfth letter of the Latin alphabet. ...
Look up M, m in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
This article is about the letter N. For the Flash game, see N (game). ...
This is for the letter O. For Oxygen, see here. ...
Look up P, p in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Q is the seventeenth letter of the Latin alphabet. ...
The letter R is the eighteenth letter in the Latin alphabet. ...
Look up S, s in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
For other uses, see T (disambiguation). ...
U is the twenty-first letter of the modern Latin alphabet. ...
Look up V, v in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Look up W in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Look up X, x in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Look up Y, y in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Look up Z, z in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Nicolas Jenson began printing in Venice with his original roman font from 1470. Jenson's design and the very similar roman types cut by Francesco Griffo ca. 1499 and Erhard Radolt ca. 1486 are acknowledged as the definitive and archetypal roman faces that set the pattern for the majority of western text faces that followed. Roman type has two separate meanings in typography, both of which refer to the fact that the capital letters of a Roman font have an appearance similar to those used for lettering stone in ancient Rome: Roman type can refer to one of the major families of traditional typefaces as...
Nicolaus Jenson (1420 - 1480) was a French engraver, typographer and printer who did most of his work in Venice. ...
Events May 15 - Charles VIII of Sweden who had served three terms as King of Sweden dies. ...
Francesco Griffo (? - 1518), also called Francesco da Bologna, was a fifteenth-century Venetian punchcutter. ...
An archetype is a generic, idealized model of a person, object or concept from which similar instances are derived, copied, patterned or emulated. ...
The Jenson roman was an explicitly typographic letter designed on its own terms that declined to imitate the appearance of hand-lettering. Its effect is one of a unified cohesive whole, a seamless fusion of style with structure, and the successful convergence of the long progression of preceding letter styles. Jenson adapted the structural unity and component-based modular integration of Roman capitals to humanistic minuscule forms by masterful abstract stylization. The carefully-modelled serifs follow an artful logic of asymmetry. The ratio of extender lengths to letter bodies and the distance between lines, results in balanced, harmonious body of type. Jenson also mirrors the ideal expressed in renaissance painting of carving up space (typographic "white space") with figures (letters) to articulate the relationship between the two and make the white space dynamic. Abstraction is the process of reducing the information content of a concept, typically in order to retain only information which is relevant for a particular purpose. ...
In typography, serifs are the small features at the end of strokes within letters. ...
Logic, from Classical Greek λόγος (logos), originally meaning the word, or what is spoken, (but coming to mean thought or reason) is most often said to be the study of criteria for the evaluation of arguments, although the exact definition of logic is a matter of controversy among philosophers. ...
Symmetry is a characteristic of geometrical shapes, equations and other objects; we say that such an object is symmetric with respect to a given operation if this operation, when applied to the object, does not appear to change it. ...
In number and more generally in algebra, a ratio is the linear relationship between two quantities of the same unit. ...
Nicolas Jenson's roman type used in Venice circa 1470. Later "old style" or Venetian book romans such as Aldines, and much later Bembo, were closely based on Jenson. The name "roman" is customarily applied uncapitalized to distinguish early Jenson and Aldine-derived types from classical Roman letters of antiquity. Some parts of Europe call roman "antiqua" from its connection with the humanistic "lettera antica"; "medieval" and "old-style" are also employed to indicate roman types dating from the late 15th century, especially those used by Aldus Manutius (Italian: Manuzio). Roman faces based on those of Speyer and Jenson are also called Venetian. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2264x1209, 227 KB)Sample of roman typeface by Nicolas Jenson, from an edition of Laertius, printed in Venice 1475. ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2264x1209, 227 KB)Sample of roman typeface by Nicolas Jenson, from an edition of Laertius, printed in Venice 1475. ...
Nicolaus Jenson (1420 - 1480) was a French engraver, typographer and printer who did most of his work in Venice. ...
Aldus Manutius (1449/50 - February 6, 1515), the Latin form of Aldo Manuzio (born Teobaldo Mannucci) was the founder of the Aldine Press. ...
Bembo was a Monotype “recutting†(in effect a revival and reworking) of type used by Aldus Manutius. ...
Aldus Manutius (1449/50 - February 6, 1515), the Latin form of Aldo Manuzio (born Teobaldo Mannucci) was the founder of the Aldine Press. ...
See also: Incunabulum – early printed books A page from a rare Blackletter Bible (1497) printed in Strasbourg by J.R. Grueninger. ...
The humanist spirit driving the Renaissance produced its own unique style of formal writing, known as "cursiva humanistica". This slanted and rapidly written letter, evolved from humanistic minuscule and the remaining Gothic current cursive hands in Italy, served as the model for cursive or italic typefaces. As books printed with early roman types forced humanistic minuscule out of use, cursiva humanistica gained favor as a manuscript hand for the purpose of writing. The popularity of cursive writing itself may have created some demand for a type of this style. The more decisive catalyst was probably the printing of pocket editions of Latin classics by Aldus Manutius. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Cursive is any style of handwriting in which all the letters in a word are connected, making a word one single (complicated) stroke. ...
Latin literature, the body of written works in the Latin language, remains an enduring legacy of the culture of ancient Rome. ...
The "Aldino" italic type, comissioned by Manutius and cut by Franceso Griffo in 1499, was a closely-spaced condensed type. Griffo's punches are a delicate translation of the Italian cursive hand, featuring letters of irregular slant angle and uneven height and vertical position, with some connected pairs (ligatures), and unslanted small roman capitals the height of the lower case t. The fame of Aldus Manutius and his editions made the Griffo italic widely copied and influential, although it was not the finest of the pioneer italics. The "Aldino" style quickly became known as "italic" from its Italian origin. In writing and typography, a ligature occurs where two or more letterforms are written or printed as a unit. ...
Around 1527 the Vatican chancellery scribe Ludovico Arrighi designed a superior italic type and had the punches cut by Lauticio di Bartolomeo dei Rotelli. The more modular structure of Arrighi's italic and its few ligatures made it less a copy of the cursive hand than Griffo's. Its slightly taller roman capitals, a gentler slant angle, taller ascenders and wider separation of lines gave the elegant effect of refined handwriting. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Italic type designed by Ludovico Arrighi, ca 1527. This elegant design inspired later French italic types. Surviving examples of 16th century Italian books indicate the bulk of them were printed with italic types. By mid-century the popularity of italic types for sustained text setting began to decline until they were used only for in-line citations, block quotes, preliminary text, emphasis, and abbreviations. Italic types from the 20th century up to the present are much indebted to Arrighi and his influence on French designers. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1477x662, 89 KB)Sample of original italic typeface designed by Ludovico Arrighi ca 1527. ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1477x662, 89 KB)Sample of original italic typeface designed by Ludovico Arrighi ca 1527. ...
Swiss art historian Jakob Burckhardt described the classically-inspired Renaissance modello of dual case roman and cursive italic types as "The model and ideal for the whole western world". Venetian pre-eminence in type design was brought to an end by the political and economic turmoil that concluded the Renaissance in Italy with sack of Rome in 1527. Jakob Burckhardt (May 25, 1818 - August 8, 1897) was a Swiss historian of art and culture. ...
Typography was introduced to France by the German printers Martin Crantz, Michael Freyburger and Ulrich Gering, who set up a press in Paris in 1470, where they printed with an inferior copy of the Lactantius type. Gothic types dominated in France until the end of the 15th century, when they were gradually supplanted by roman designs. Jodocus Badius Ascensius in partnership with Henri Estienne (Josse Bade) established a press in Paris in 1503. Printing with undeveloped Roman and half-Gothic types, the French pair were too occupied meeting the demand for Humanistic and classical texts to design any original types of their own. French books nonetheless began to follow the format established by Italian printers, and Lyon and Paris became the new centers of activity. Early Modern France is the portion of French history that falls in the early modern period from the end of the 15th century to the end of the 18th century (or from the French Renaissance to the eve of the French Revolution). ...
City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country France Région Île-de-France Département Paris (75) Subdivisions 20 arrondissements Mayor Bertrand Delanoë (PS) (since 2001) City Statistics Land...
City flag City coat of arms Motto: (Arpitan: Forward, forward, Lyon the best) Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country France Région Rhône-Alpes Département Rhône (69) Subdivisions 9 arrondissements Intercommunality Urban Community of Lyon Mayor Gérard Collomb (PS) (since 2001) City Statistics Land...
De Colines, Estienne & Augereau After their 1494 invasion of Italy the French were greatly influenced by Renaissance culture, and later set about converting French culture from Gothic to neo-classical. The required phonetic and orthographic changes to French language hindered the evolution of type design in France until the late 1520's. At the end of this period roman types introduced by Robert Estienne, Simon de Colines and Antoine Augereau began a phase of type design with a distinctly French character. Robert Estienne carried on the establishment of his father Henri Estienne, who had died in 1520. Simon de Colines had been the elder Estienne's assistant, married his widow, and set up his own press. 1494 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Robert I Estienne (Paris 1503 – Geneva September 7, 1559), also known as Robert Stephens (Latin: Stephanus), was a 16th century printer in Paris. ...
The de Colines roman of 1531 resembled Griffo's 1499 roman but did not copy it closely. Narrower forms and tighter letter fit; a with low angled bowl; elevated triangular stem serifs on i, j, m, n and r; flattened baseline serifs, delicately-modeled ascender serifs and graceful, fluid lines characterize the French style. Robert Estienne's roman of 1532 was similar to the de Colines face, which Estienne complemented with a fine italic type based on that of Arrighi. The craftsmen who cut the punches for the romans used by Estienne and de Colines remain unidentified. In 1532 Antoine Augereau cut the punches for a roman type very close to Estienne's. The lower cases of the Estienne and Augereau types became the basis for post-Renaissance old style typography, and were copied by French typographers for the next 150 years. Events January 26 - Lisbon, Portugal is hit by an earthquake-- thousands die October 1 - Battle of Kappel - The forces of Zürich are defeated by the Catholic cantons. ...
Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...
The ascenders are the parts of the characters that lie above the midline, highlighted in red. ...
Events May 16 - Sir Thomas More resigns as Lord Chancellor of England. ...
The svelte French style reached its fullest refinement in the roman types attributed the best-known figure of French typography—Claude Garamond (also Garamont). In 1541 Robert Estienne, printer to the king, helped Garamond obtain commissions to cut the sequence of Greek fonts for François I, known as the "grecs du roi". A number of roman faces used in Garamond's publishing activities can be positively attributed to him as punch-cutter. From the dates of their appearance, and their similarity to romans used by Estienne, Christoffel Plantijn and the printer André Wechel, the types known as "Canon de Garamond" and "Petit Canon de Garamond" shown on a specimen sheet issued by the Egenolff-Berner foundry in 1592 are generally accepted as Claude Garamond's final roman types. Various examples of Garamond There are several typefaces called Garamond. ...
Image File history File links GaramondSpecimenA.svg‎ Specimen of the Garamond typeface. ...
Image File history File links GaramondSpecimenA.svg‎ Specimen of the Garamond typeface. ...
Robert Slimbach was born in Evanston, Illinois in 1956. ...
1480-1561, Parisian designer and maker of printing types. ...
Francis I (French: François Ier) (September 12, 1494 – July 31, 1547), called the Father and Restorer of Letters (French: le Père et Restaurateur des Lettres), was crowned King of France in 1515 in the cathedral at Reims and reigned until 1547. ...
Christophe Plantin by Peter Paul Rubens Christoffel Plantijn (in French Christophe Plantin) (ca. ...
Various examples of Garamond There are several typefaces called Garamond. ...
Robert Granjon Robert Granjon worked in the second half of the 16th century, mainly at Lyon, but was also recorded at Paris, Rome and Antwerp. His main contribution was an italic type known as "Parangon de Granjon". Italic type design had apparently become corrupted since the Arrighi and Aldine models. Granjon's italic had a greater slant angle, slanted roman capitals, and reduced weight and rigor. These qualities and its contrasting thick and thin strokes gave it a dazzling appearance that made it difficult to read. It was nevertheless the main influence for italic type design until the Arrighi model was revived in 1920. The Onze-Lieve-Vrouwekathedraal (Cathedral of our Lady) at the Handschoenmarkt, in the old quarter of Antwerp is the largest cathedral in the Low Countries and home to several triptychs by Baroque painter Rubens. ...
Baroque and rococo aesthetic trends, use of the pointed-pen for writing, and steel engraving techniques effected a gradual shift in typographic style. Contrast between thick and thin strokes increased. Tilted stressing transformed into vertical stressing; full rounds were compressed. Blunt bracketed serifs grew sharp and delicate until they were fine straight lines. Detail became clean and precise. (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ...
(17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ...
Adoration, by Peter Paul Rubens. ...
North side of the Catherine Palace in Tsarskoye Selo - carriage courtyard: all the stucco details sparkled with gold until 1773, when Catherine II had gilding replaced with olive drab paint. ...
Engraving is the practice of incising a design onto a hard, flat surface, by cutting grooves into it. ...
Transitional roman types combined the classical features of lettera antiqua with the vertical stressing and higher contrast between thick and thin strokes characteristic of the true modern romans to come.
The roman types used ca 1618 by the Dutch printing firm of Elzevir in Leyden reiterated the 16th century French style with higher contrast, less rigour and a lighter page effect. After 1647 most Elziver faces were cut by the highly-regarded Christoffel van Dyck, whose precise renditions were regarded by some experts at the time as finer than Garamond's. The Elzevier family were booksellers and publishers in the Netherlands in the seventeenth century. ...
Leiden (in English also, but now rarely, Leyden) is a city and municipality in South Holland, The Netherlands. ...
The Fell types
 Specimen of Fell type English roman. From mid-16th century until the end of the 17th, interference with printing by the British Crown thwarted the development of typefounding in England—most type used by 17th century English printers was of Dutch origin. The lack of material inspired Bishop of Oxford Doctor John Fell to purchase punches & matrices from Holland ca 1670 – 1672 for use by the Oxford University Press. The so-named Fell types, presumed to be the work of Dutch punchcutter Dirck Voskens, mark a noticeable jump from previous designs, with considerably shorter extenders, higher stroke contrast, narrowing of round letters, and flatenned serifs on the baseline and descenders. The design retained a retrogressive old-style irregularity, smooth modelling from vertical to horizontal, and angled stressing of rounds (except a vertically-stressed o). Fell capitals were condensed, even-width, with wide flattened serifs; all characteristics of the definitve modern romans of the late 18th century. Fell italic types were distinguished by high contrast matching the Fell romans; wider ovals; a split-branching stroke from the stems of m n r and u; and long, flat serifs—prefiguring modern. They repeated the non-uniform slant of French models, and the capitals included swash J and Q forms. Image File history File links Fell_english_roman_thumb. ...
Image File history File links Fell_english_roman_thumb. ...
John Fell (1625 - July 10, 1686), was an English churchman. ...
Oxford University Press (OUP) is a highly-respected publishing house and a department of the University of Oxford in England. ...
The first major figure in English typography is reckoned by type historians to have ended the monopoly of Dutch typefounding almost single-handedly. The gun engraver-turned-punchcutter William Caslon spent 14 years creating the stable of typefaces on the specimen sheet issued in 1734. The complete canon included roman, italic, Greek, Hebrew, Arabic etc. Caslon's Great Primer roman and English roman were retrogressive designs that very closely followed the Fell types and the roman of Miklós (Nicholas) Kis ca 1685 falsely attributed to Anton Janson. Like the Fells, Caslon's slightly bracketed serifs and old-style irregularity gave it a homely charm—its precise cut and perpendicularity place it firmly in the eighteenth century however. Caslon's italic structures follow the Fell italics, but at a condensed width and with conventional branching from stems. The typeface known as Caslon, (Englsih roman) designed by William Caslon I in 1734. ...
Image File history File links Caslon_english_roman_thumb. ...
Image File history File links Caslon_english_roman_thumb. ...
The typeface known as Caslon, (Englsih roman) designed by William Caslon I in 1734. ...
A Specimen of typeset fonts and languages, by William Caslon, letter founder; from the 1728 Cyclopaedia. ...
The typeface known as Caslon, (Englsih roman) designed by William Caslon I in 1734. ...
There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...
William Caslon's prodigous output was influential world-wide. Caslon type and its imitations were used throughout the expanding British empire. It was the dominant type in the American colonies for the second half of the 18th century. Caslon marks the rise of England as the center of typographic activity. The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ...
Betsy Ross purportedly sewed the first American flag with 13 stars and 13 stripes representing each of the 13 colonies. ...
Fleischman Johann Michael Fleischman (1701 – 1768) was born in Nürnberg where he trained as a punchcutter. He found employment with Dutch typefounders in Holland and settled there ca 1728. At the Enschedé foundry in Haarlem he cut punches for a large amount of material. Some time after 1743 he produced a distinguished roman design—related to the preceeding transitional types but departing from them. It prefigured modern romans with sparse transaxial modelling joining the vertical stressing to hairline thins, and ball-ends. Fleischman borrowed from the general mode of Phillipe Grandjean 's "romain du roi" "king's roman" commissioned by Louis XIV in 1692 for the Imprimerie Royale, but did not imitate that face. Fleischman's capitals were a new variety; an even-width scheme, compressed rounds, all-vertical stressing, and triangular beak ends of E F L T and Z, all characteristics prefiguring the "classical" moderns of Bodoni and Didot. Fleischman's italic bore some resemblance to Granjean's but had longer ascenders and followed the established Dutch structures for h v and w. Nuremberg coat of arms Location of Nuremberg Nuremberg (German: Nürnberg) is a city in the German state of Bavaria, in the administrative region of Middle Franconia. ...
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Louis XIV King of France and Navarre By Hyacinthe Rigaud (1701) Louis XIV (Louis-Dieudonné) (September 5, 1638–September 1, 1715) reigned as King of France and King of Navarre from May 14, 1643 until his death. ...
Fleischman was held in great esteem by his contemporaries, his designs exerting a decisive influence in the last quarter of the 18th century. Renowned French punchcutter Pierre Simon Fournier (1712 - 1768), confessed to having copied Fleischman's design, and was first to dub "contrast" types like the Fells, Caslon and Fleischman "modern". Fournier's rococo-influenced designs—Fournier and Narcissus—and his Modèles des Caractères (1742) continued the romaine du roi style and adapted it for his own modern age. Like Baskerville, his italics were inspired by handwriting and the engraved lettering known as copperplate hand. Fournier also published a two volume Manuel Typographique, in which he recorded much European typographic history, and introduced the first standardized system of type size measurement—the "point". This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...
Copperplate refers to the use of inscribed sheets of copper in printing. ...
 The Baskerville typeface designed by John Baskerville. The roman and italic types of John Baskerville ca 1772 appeared later than Fleischman's but are considered transitional and partly retrogressive with a return to lower contrast, smooth transaxial modelling, finely-modelled bracketed serifs, and long stems. The exquisite design and finish of Baskerville's roman however, combining elegance and strength, was modern. His roman design, and especially his italic, were rococo-influenced. His designs did not visibly quote any previous types. They were informed by his prior experience as a writing master and the influences of his time. The types of Joseph Fry, Alexander Wilson, and John Bell closely followed Baskerville, and through his correspondence with European typefounders Baskerville's influence penetrated most of western Europe. Baskerville as a meticulous artist who controlled all aspects of his creation, devising more accurate presses, blacker inks and paper sealed with hot rollers to ensure crisp impressions. Baskerville is a “transitional†typeface, designed by John Baskerville in England in the mid-18th century, revived in the early 20th century and widely used for books and other long texts. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Basker_specimen. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Basker_specimen. ...
John Baskerville (January 28, 1706 - January 8, 1775) was a printer in Birmingham, a member of the Royal Society of Arts, and an associate of some of the members of the Lunar Society. ...
Modern romans
 Facsimile of sample published with genuine Bodoni types by the Officina Bodoni in 1925. The font shown is the digital Bodoni Monotype ca 1999. True modern romans arrived with the types of the Italian Giambattista Bodoni and the French Didots. Completing trends begun by the Fell types, Fleischman, Fournier and Baskerville, the so-called "classical" modern romans eschewed chirographic and organic influences, their synthetic symmetric geometry answering to a rationalized and reformed classical model driven by the strict cartesian grid philosophy of René Descartes and the predictable clockwork universe of Isaac Newton. Image File history File links Bodoni_mt_thumb_ls. ...
Image File history File links Bodoni_mt_thumb_ls. ...
This page is a candidate to be moved to Wiktionary. ...
Bodoni is a typeface designed by Giambattista Bodoni (February 16, 1740 in Saluzzo – November 29, 1813 in Parma), an Italian engraver, publisher, printer and typographer of high repute. ...
Currently Monotype Imaging, Inc, a typesetting and typeface design company responsible for many developments in printing technology — in particular the Monotype machine which was the first fully mechanical typesetter — and the design and production of typefaces in the 19th and 20th centuries. ...
Image File history File links AFDidotSpecimen. ...
Image File history File links AFDidotSpecimen. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Linotype machine. ...
Bodoni is a typeface designed by Giambattista Bodoni (February 16, 1740 in Saluzzo – November 29, 1813 in Parma), an Italian engraver, publisher, printer and typographer of high repute. ...
Didot is the name of a family of French printers and publishers. ...
// Chirography See also: Penmanship, Calligraphy. ...
Sphere symmetry group o. ...
Fig. ...
René Descartes (March 31, 1596 – February 11, 1650), also known as Cartesius, was a noted French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist. ...
Sir Isaac Newton, FRS (4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727) [ OS: 25 December 1642 – 20 March 1727][1] was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, alchemist, and natural philosopher, regarded by many as the greatest figure in the history of science. ...
The "classical" appellation of modern romans stems from their return to long ascenders and descenders set on widely-spaced lines, and a corresponding light page effect reminiscent of old-style—ocurring at a time of classical revival.
Bodoni was foremost in progressing from rococo to the new classical style. He produced an italic very close to Baskerville's, and a French cursive script type falling in between italic type and joined scripts. The roman types of Francois Ambroise Didot and son Firmin Didot closely resemble the work of Bodoni, and opinion is divided over whether the Didots or Bodoni originated the first modern romans. At any rate the Didots' mathematical precision and vanishing of rococo design reflected the "enlightenment" of post-revolution France under Napoleon. Francois Ambroise also designed "maigre" and "gras" types corresponding to later condensed and expanded font formats. Didot is the name of a family of French printers and publishers. ...
Firmin Didot (1764-1836) was a French printer, engraver, and type founder. ...
For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ...
The Spanish designer Joaquin Ibarra's roman was influenced by Baskerville, Didot and Bodoni, but hewn nearer to old-style and used in the same classical manner, including spaced capitals. In England modern romans resembling Bodoni's were cut for the printer William Bulmer ca 1786 by the punchcutter William Martin, who had been apprenticed to Baskerville and influenced by him. Martin's italic mirrored the open-tail g and overall finesse of Baskerville's.
See also Movable type. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
The printing press is a mechanical device for printing many copies of a text on rectangular sheets of paper. ...
In traditional typography, punchcutting is the process by which matrices were made in hard metal for type founding in the early days. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
References - [1] Burke, James The Day the Universe Changed (c) 1985, ISBN 0-316-11695-5. Eight moments in history when a change in knowledge radically altered man's understanding of himself and the world. Chapter 4. Matter of Fact, details on the development of moveable type in Korea and Europe.
- Heller, Steven and Meggs, Phillip B Texts on Type: Critical Writings on Typography (c) 2001, Allworth Press, Allworth Communications, New York. ISBN 1-58115-082-2. A compilation of over fifty texts on the history, practice, and aesthetics of type design and typography. Section 4 Movement: Defining Modernism essays by Herbert Bayer, Jan Tschichold, Jeffery Keedy.
- [2] Man, John The Gutenberg Revolution:The story of a genius that changed the world (c) 2002 Headline Book Publishing, a division of Hodder Headline, London. ISBN 0-7472-4504-5. A detailed examination of Gutenberg's life and invention, skillfuly interwoven with the underlying social and religious upheaval of Medieval Europe on the eve of the Renaissance.
- [3] Nesbitt, Alexander The History and Technique of Lettering (c) 1957, Dover Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-486-20437-8, Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number: 57-13116. The Dover edition is an abridged and corrected republication of the work originally published in 1950 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. under the title Lettering: The History and Technique of Lettering as Design.
- Swanson, Gunnar Graphic Design and Reading: explorations of an uneasy relationship (c) 2000, Allworth Press, Allworth Communications, New York. ISBN 1-58115-063-6. The Myth of Content and the Encyclopedestrianization of Communication by James Souttar; Tracing the Invisible by Katie Salen.
James Burke James Burke (born November 22, 1936) is a British science historian, author and television producer best known for his documentary television series focusing on the history of science and technology leavened with a sense of humor. ...
The Day the Universe Changed is a name of a British documentary television series produced by and starring science historian James Burke, originally broadcast in 1985. ...
Steven Heller, (b. ...
The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ...
Dover Publications is a book publisher founded in 1941. ...
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