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Writing systems evolved in the Early Bronze Age (late 4th millennium BC) out of neolithic proto-writing. Image File history File links Gnome-globe. ...
Image File history File links Kielitynkäkuva. ...
Writing systems of the world today. ...
In typography, a grapheme is the atomic unit in written language. ...
A list of writing systems (or scripts), classified according to some common distinguishing features. ...
A Specimen of typeset fonts and languages, by William Caslon, letter founder; from the 1728 Cyclopaedia. ...
For the traditional ordering of the letters of the Arabic alphabet, see Abjad numerals. ...
An abugida or alphasyllabary is a writing system composed of signs (graphemes) denoting consonants with an inherent following vowel, which are consistently modified to indicate other vowels (or, in some cases, the lack of a vowel). ...
A syllabary is a set of written symbols that represent (or approximate) syllables, which make up words. ...
A logogram, or logograph, is a single grapheme which represents a word or a morpheme (a meaningful unit of language). ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
A Chinese character. ...
A writing system, also called a script, is used to visually record a language with symbols. ...
The Bronze Age is a period in a civilizations development when the most advanced metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use) consisted of techniques for smelting copper and tin from naturally occurring outcroppings of ore, and then alloying those metals in order to cast bronze. ...
(5th millennium BC – 4th millennium BC – 3rd millennium BC - other millennia) // Events Sumerian city of Ur in Mesopotamia (40th century BC); Sumerian hegemony in Mesopotamia, with the invention of writing, base-60 mathematics, astronomy and astrology, civil law, complex hydrology, the sailboat, the wheel, and the potters wheel, 4000...
An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools. ...
Proto-writing
- See also: History of communication
The early writing systems of the late 4th millennium BCE were not a sudden invention. They were rather based on ancient traditions of symbol systems that cannot be classified as writing proper, but have many characteristics strikingly reminiscent of writing, so that they may be described as proto-writing. They may have been systems of ideographic and/or early mnemonic symbols that allowed to convey certain information, but they are probably devoid of linguistic information. These systems emerge from the early Neolithic, as early as the 7th millennium BC. Notably the Vinca script shows an evolution of simple symbols beginning in the 7th millennium, gradually increasing in complexity throughout the 6th millennium and culminating in the Tărtăria tablets of the 5th millennium with their rows of symbols carefully aligned, evoking the impression of a "text". The hieroglyphic scripts of the Ancient Near East (Egyptian, Sumerian proto-Cuneiform and Cretan) seamlessly emerge from such symbol systems, so that it is difficult to say, already because very little is known about the symbols' meanings, at what point precisely writing emerges from proto-writing. The history of communication dates back to the earliest signs of life. ...
Image File history File links Tartaria_tablets. ...
Image File history File links Tartaria_tablets. ...
One of the Tartaria tablets The three Tărtăria tablets are probably amulets or votive tablets, which bear incised symbols that are believed by some to be a very early form of writing. ...
Image File history File links China-writing. ...
Image File history File links China-writing. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
Various seashells Danielle A shell is the hard, rigid outer covering, or integument, allanimals. ...
A Chinese character. ...
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: English mnemonics A mnemonic (pronounced in Received Pronunciation) is a memory aid, and most serve an educational purpose. ...
Broadly conceived, linguistics is the study of human language, and a linguist is someone who engages in this study. ...
An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools. ...
During the 7th millennium BC, agriculture spreads from Anatolia to the Balkans. ...
A clay vessel unearthed in Vinča, found at depth of 8. ...
One of the Tartaria tablets The three Tărtăria tablets are probably amulets or votive tablets, which bear incised symbols that are believed by some to be a very early form of writing. ...
In 2003, 7th millennium BC radiocarbon dated symbols Jiahu Script carved into tortoise shells were discovered in China. The shells were found buried with human remains in 24 Neolithic graves unearthed at Jiahu, Henan province, northern China. According to some archaeologists, the writing on the shells had similarities to the 2nd millennium BC Oracle bone script.[1]; others[citation needed], however, have dismissed this claim 'as nonsense', claiming that simple geometric designs such as those found on the Jiahu Shells, cannot be linked to early writing. The 4th millennium BC Indus script may similarly constitute proto-writing, possibly already influenced by the emergence of writing in Mesopotamia. Radiocarbon dating is a radiometric dating method that uses the naturally occurring isotope carbon-14 (14C) to determine the age of carbonaceous materials up to about 60,000 years[1]. Raw, i. ...
Jiahu script refers the markings on prehistoric artifacts found in Jiahu, a neolithic culture found in Henan, China. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
9000 years old Jiahu playable Flutes. ...
Henan (Chinese: æ²³å—; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ho-nan), is a province of the Peoples Republic of China, located in the central part of the country. ...
Oracle bone script (Chinese: 甲骨文; Hanyu Pinyin: ; literally shell bone writing) refers to incised (or, rarely, brush-written) ancient Chinese characters found on oracle bones, which are animal bones or turtle shells used in divination in ancient China. ...
An Indus Valley seal with the seated figure termed pashupati. ...
Invention of writing The oldest-known forms of writing were primarily logographic in nature, based on pictographic and ideographic elements. Most writing systems can be broadly divided into three categories: logographic, syllabic and alphabetic (or segmental); however, all three may be found in any given writing system in varying proportions, often making it difficult to categorise a system uniquely. A logogram, or logograph, is a single grapheme which represents a word or a morpheme (a meaningful unit of language). ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
A Chinese character. ...
The invention of the first writing systems is roughly contemporary with the beginning of the Bronze Age in the late Neolithic of the late 4th millennium BC. The first writing system is generally believed to have been invented in Sumer, by the late 3rd millennium developing into the archaic cuneiform of the Ur III stage. Contemporaneously, the Proto-Elamite script developed into Linear Elamite. The Bronze Age is a period in a civilizations development when the most advanced metalworking has developed the techniques of smelting copper from natural outcroppings and alloys it to cast bronze. ...
An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools. ...
(5th millennium BC – 4th millennium BC – 3rd millennium BC - other millennia) // Events Sumerian city of Ur in Mesopotamia (40th century BC); Sumerian hegemony in Mesopotamia, with the invention of writing, base-60 mathematics, astronomy and astrology, civil law, complex hydrology, the sailboat, the wheel, and the potters wheel, 4000...
Sumer (or Å umer) was the earliest known civilization of the ancient Near East, located in the southern part of Mesopotamia (southeastern Iran) from the time of the earliest records in the mid 4th millennium BC until the rise of Babylonia in the late 3rd millennium BC. The term Sumerian applies...
The third millennium (so called because it is the third period of 1000 years in the Common Era) is a period of time which began on (depending on your beliefs) 1 January 2001 and will end on 31 December 3000 or 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2999. ...
The cuneiform script is one of the earliest known forms of written expression. ...
The third dynasty of Ur reinstalled Sumerian rule after several centuries of Akkadian and Gutian kings (Sumerian Renaissance). ...
Silver cup from Marvdasht, Fars, with Proto-Elamite inscription on it. ...
Linear Elamite is a Bronze Age writing system used in Elam, known from a few monumental inscriptions only. ...
The development of Egyptian hieroglyphs is also parallel to that of the Mesopotamian scripts, and not necessarily independent. The Egyptian proto-hieroglyphic symbol system develops into archaic hieroglyphs by 3200 BC (Narmer Palette) and more widespread literacy by the mid 3rd millennium (Pyramid Texts). A section of the Papyrus of Ani showing cursive hieroglyphs. ...
Front and Back Sides of Narmer Palette, this facsimile on display at the Royal Ontario Museum, in Toronto, Canada. ...
The Pyramid Texts are a collection of Ancient Egyptian religious texts from the time of the Old Kingdom, mostly inscriptions found in pyramids. ...
The Indus script develops over the course of the 3rd millennium, either as a form of proto-writing, or already an archaic mode of writing, but its evolution was cut short by the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization around 1900 BC. An Indus Valley seal with the seated figure termed pashupati. ...
Excavated ruins of Mohenjo-daro. ...
The Chinese script may have originated independently of the Middle Eastern scripts, around the 16th century BC (early Shang Dynasty), out of a late neolithic Chinese system of proto-writing dating back to c. 6000 BC. Technical note: Due to technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. ...
The Lion Gate at Mycenae, the center of Mycenean Greece 1700 – 1500 BC -- Hurrian conquests. ...
Remnants of advanced, stratified societies dating back to the Shang period have been found in the Yellow River Valley. ...
The pre-Columbian writing systems of the Americas (including among others Olmec and Mayan) also had independent origins. World map showing the Americas CIA political map of the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World consisting of the continents of North America[1] and South America with their associated islands and regions. ...
Monument 1, one of the four Olmec colossal heads at La Venta. ...
The adjective Mayan is sometimes used to refer to the indigenous peoples of parts of Mexico and Central America, their culture, language, and history. ...
Almost all known writing systems of the world today are ultimately descended from writing as developed either in Egypt - see Genealogy of scripts derived from Proto-Sinaitic - or in China. There have been a number of notable exceptions, such as the Mayan hieroglyphs of Mesoamerica (developing from ca. the 3rd century BC), and possibly Rongorongo of the Easter Island. Nearly all the segmental scripts (alphabets, but see below for more precise terminology) used around the globe were apparently derived from the Proto-Sinaitic alphabet. ...
Maya glyphs in stucco at the Museo de sitio in Palenque, Mexico The Maya script, commonly known as Maya hieroglyphs, was the writing system of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization of Mesoamerica, presently the only deciphered script of the Mesoamerican writing systems. ...
Rongorongo or ko hau rongo rongo (chants or lines of recitations in the Rapa Nui language, because they were probably chanted by chieftans or scribes) is one of three scripts of Easter Island (or Rapa Nui as it is known by its inhabitants), the others being the tau and...
Bronze Age writing - Further information: History of the alphabet
Writing emerged in a variety of different cultures in the Bronze age. The history of the alphabet begins in Ancient Egypt, more than a millennium into the history of writing. ...
Cuneiform script -
The original Sumerian writing system was derived from a system of clay tokens used to represent commodities. By the end of the 4th millennium BC, this had evolved into a method of keeping accounts, using a round-shaped stylus impressed into soft clay at different angles for recording numbers. This was gradually augmented with pictographic writing using a sharp stylus to indicate what was being counted. Round-stylus and sharp-stylus writing was gradually replaced about 2700-2500 BC by writing using a wedge-shaped stylus (hence the term cuneiform), at first only for logograms, but developed to include phonetic elements by the 29th century BC. About 2600 BC cuneiform began to represent syllables of the Sumerian language. Finally, cuneiform writing became a general purpose writing system for logograms, syllables, and numbers. From the 26th century BC, this script was adapted to the Akkadian language, and from there to others such as Hurrian, and Hittite. Scripts similar in appearance to this writing system include those for Ugaritic and Old Persian. The cuneiform script is one of the earliest known forms of written expression. ...
Sumer (or Shumer, Sumeria, Shinar, native ki-en-gir) formed the southern part of Mesopotamia from the time of settlement by the Sumerians until the time of Babylonia. ...
(5th millennium BC – 4th millennium BC – 3rd millennium BC - other millennia) // Events Sumerian city of Ur in Mesopotamia (40th century BC); Sumerian hegemony in Mesopotamia, with the invention of writing, base-60 mathematics, astronomy and astrology, civil law, complex hydrology, the sailboat, the wheel, and the potters wheel, 4000...
The cuneiform script is one of the earliest known forms of written expression. ...
A logogram, or logograph, is a single grapheme which represents a word or a morpheme (a meaningful unit of language). ...
The Sumerian language ( EME.GIR15 native tongue) of ancient Sumer was spoken in Southern Mesopotamia from at least the 4th millennium BCE. Sumerian was gradually replaced by Akkadian as a spoken language in the beginning of the 2nd millenium BCE, but continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary...
Akkadian (liÅ¡Änum akkadÄ«tum) was a Semitic language (part of the greater Afro-Asiatic language family) spoken in ancient Mesopotamia, particularly by the Assyrians and Babylonians. ...
Hurrian is a conventional name for the language of the Hurrians (Khurrites), a people who entered northern Mesopotamia around 2300 BC and had mostly vanished by 1000 BC. Hurrian was the language of the Mitanni kingdom in northern Mesopotamia, and was likely spoken at least initially in Hurrian settlements in...
Hittite is the extinct language once spoken by the Hittites, a people who once created an empire centered on ancient Hattusas (modern BoÄŸazkale) in north-central Anatolia (modern Turkey). ...
The Ugaritic alphabet is a cuneiform version of the Levantine consonant alphabet (abjad), used from around 1300 BC for the Ugaritic language, an extinct Canaanite language discovered in Ugarit, Syria. ...
Sketch of the first column of the Behistun Inscription Old Persian is the oldest attested Persid language. ...
Egyptian hieroglyphs -
Writing was very important in maintaining the Egyptian empire, and literacy was concentrated among an educated elite of scribes. Only people from certain backgrounds were allowed to train to become scribes, in the service of temple, pharaonic, and military authorities. The hieroglyph system was always difficult to learn, but in later centuries was purposely made even more so, as this preserved the scribes' position. A section of the Papyrus of Ani showing cursive hieroglyphs. ...
Elamite scripts -
Main article: Proto-Elamite script The undeciphered Proto-Elamite script emerges from as early as 3200 BC and evolves into Linear Elamite by the later 3rd millennium, which is then replaced by Elamite Cuneiform adopted from Akkadian. Silver cup from Marvdasht, Fars, with Proto-Elamite inscription on it. ...
Linear Elamite is a Bronze Age writing system used in Elam, known from a few monumental inscriptions only. ...
The Elamite Cuneiform is a script which was used from about 2500 BC to 331 AD and was adapted from Akkadian Cuneiform. ...
Anatolian hieroglyphs -
Anatolian hieroglyphs are an indigenous hieroglyphic script native to western Anatolia first appears on Luwian royal seals, from ca. the 20th century BC, used to record the Hieroglyphic Luwian language. Drawing of the hieroglyphic seal found in the Troy VIIb layer. ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
Hieroglyphic Luwian is a variant of the Luwian language, recorded in a small number of monumental hieroglyphic inscriptions. ...
Cretan scripts -
Cretan hieroglyphs are found on artifacts of Minoan Crete (early to mid 2nd millennium BC, MM I to MM III, overlapping with Linear A from MM IIA at the earliest). They remain undeciphered. Cretan hieroglyphs are found on artifacts of Bronze Age Minoan Crete (early to mid 2nd millennium BC, MM I to MM III, overlapping with Linear A from MM IIA at the earliest). ...
Linear A incised on tablets found in Akrotiri, Santorini. ...
This article is about the ancient syllabary. ...
Cretan hieroglyphs are found on artifacts of Bronze Age Minoan Crete (early to mid 2nd millennium BC, MM I to MM III, overlapping with Linear A from MM IIA at the earliest). ...
Minoan may refer to the following: The Minoan civilization The (undeciphered) Eteocretan language The (undeciphered) Minoan language The script known as Linear A An old name for the Mycenean language before it was deciphered and discovered to be a form of Greek. ...
For the famous World War II battle, see: Battle of Crete For other uses, see Crete (disambiguation). ...
Linear A incised on tablets found in Akrotiri, Santorini. ...
Early Semitic alphabets -
The first pure alphabets (properly, "abjads", mapping single symbols to single phonemes, but not necessarily each phoneme to a symbol) emerged around 1800 BC in Ancient Egypt, as a representation of language developed by Semitic workers in Egypt, but by then alphabetic principles had already been inculcated into Egyptian hieroglyphs for a millennium. These early abjads remained of marginal importance for several centuries, and it is only towards the end of the Bronze Age that the Proto-Sinaitic script splits into the Proto-Canaanite alphabet (ca. 1400 BC) Byblos syllabary and the South Arabian alphabet (ca. 1200 BC). The Proto-Canaanite was probably somehow influenced by the undeciphered Byblos syllabary and in turn inspired the Ugaritic alphabet (ca. 1300 BC). The Middle Bronze Age alphabets are two similar but undeciphered scripts, dated to be from the Middle Bronze Age (2000-1500 BC), and believed to be ancestral to nearly all modern alphabets: the Proto-Sinaitic script discovered in the winter of 1904-1905 by William Flinders Petrie, and dated to...
A Specimen of typeset fonts and languages, by William Caslon, letter founder; from the 1728 Cyclopaedia. ...
For the traditional ordering of the letters of the Arabic alphabet, see Abjad numerals. ...
(Redirected from 1800 BC) (19th century BC - 18th century BC - 17th century BC - other centuries) (3rd millennium BC - 2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC) Events 1787 - 1784 BC -- Amorite conquests of Uruk and Isin 1786 BC -- Egypt: End of Twelfth Dynasty, start of Thirteenth Dynasty, start of Fourteenth Dynasty 1766...
Khafres Pyramid (4th dynasty) and Great Sphinx of Giza (c. ...
In linguistics and ethnology, Semitic (from the Biblical Shem, Hebrew: ש×, translated as name, Arabic: سام) was first used to refer to a language family of largely Middle Eastern origin, now called the Semitic languages. ...
It has been suggested that Hieroglyph (French Wiki article) be merged into this article or section. ...
The Middle Bronze Age alphabets are two similar but undeciphered scripts, dated to be from the Middle Bronze Age (2000-1500 BCE), and believed to be ancestral to nearly all modern alphabets: the Proto-Sinaitic script discovered in the winter of 1904-1905 by William Flinders Petrie, and dated to...
The Proto-Canaanite alphabet is an abjad of twenty-plus acrophonic glyphs, which is found in Levantine texts of the Late Bronze Age (from ca. ...
The ancient South Arabian alphabet (also known as musnad) branched from the Proto-Sinaitic alphabet in ca. ...
The Byblos syllabary is known from nine inscriptions found in Byblos, conventionally dated to betwenn the 18th and 15th centuries BC. The script is a syllabary of modified Egyptian hieroglyphs. ...
The Ugaritic alphabet is a cuneiform version of the Levantine consonant alphabet (abjad), used from around 1300 BC for the Ugaritic language, an extinct Canaanite language discovered in Ugarit, Syria. ...
Indus script -
The Middle Bronze Age Indus script has not yet been deciphered. It is unclear whether it should be considered an example of proto-writing (a system of symbols or similar), or if it is actual writing of the logographic-syllabic type of the other Bronze Age writing systems. An Indus Valley seal with the seated figure termed pashupati. ...
The Bronze Age is a period in a civilizations development when the most advanced metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use) consisted of techniques for smelting copper and tin from naturally occurring outcroppings of ore, and then alloying those metals in order to cast bronze. ...
An Indus Valley seal with the seated figure termed pashupati. ...
Chinese writing -
In China historians have found out a lot about the early Chinese dynasties from the written documents left behind. From the Shang Dynasty most of this writing has survived on bones or bronze implements. Markings on turtle shells have been carbon-dated to around 1500 BC. Historians have found that the type of media used had an effect on what the writing was documenting and how it was used. The Chinese written language consists of a writing system stretching back nearly 4000 years. ...
Remnants of advanced, stratified societies dating back to the Shang period have been found in the Yellow River Valley. ...
blue: sea turtles, black: land turtles Suborders Cryptodira Pleurodira See text for families. ...
Various seashells Danielle A shell is the hard, rigid outer covering, or integument, allanimals. ...
There have recently been discoveries of tortoise-shell carvings dating back to c. 6000 BC, like Jiahu Script,Banpo Script,but whether or not the carvings are of sufficient complexity to qualify as writing is under debate[2]. If it is deemed to be a written language, writing in China will predate Mesopotamian cuneiform, long acknowledged as the first appearance of writing, by some 2000 years. Undisputed evidence of writing in China dates from ca. 1600 BC. Jiahu script refers the markings on prehistoric artifacts found in Jiahu, a neolithic culture found in Henan, China. ...
The Banpo Script is a name sometimes given to the markings on prehistoric artifacts found in Banpo,Shaanxi 5000 BC to 4000 BC. Some believe the markings to be a writing system relating the Oracle bone script,Others doubt that the markings represent writing at all. ...
Iron Age and the rise of alphabetic writing -
The Phoenician alphabet is simply the Proto-Canaanite alphabet as it was continued into the Iron Age (conventionally taken from a cut-off date of 1050 BC). This alphabet gave rise to the Aramaic and Greek, as well as, likely via Greek transmission, to various Anatolian and Old Italic (including the Latin) alphabets in the 8th century BC. The Greek alphabet for the first time introduces vowel signs. The Brahmic family of India probably originated via Aramaic contacts from ca. the 5th century BC. The Greek and Latin alphabets in the early centuries AD gave rise to several European scripts such as the Runes and the Gothic and Cyrillic alphabets while the Aramaic alphabet evolved into the Hebrew, Syriac and Arabic abjads and the South Arabian alphabet gave rise to the Ge'ez abugida. The history of the alphabet begins in Ancient Egypt, more than a millennium into the history of writing. ...
The Proto-Canaanite alphabet is an abjad of twenty-plus acrophonic glyphs, which is found in Levantine texts of the Late Bronze Age (from ca. ...
Iron Age Axe found on Gotland This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age, for the mythological Iron Age see Iron Age (mythology). ...
Bilingual inscription (Greek and Aramaic) by the Indian emperor Ashoka the Great, 3rd century BC. The Aramaic alphabet is an abjad alphabet designed for writing the Aramaic language. ...
Various alphabetic writing systems were in use in Iron Age Anatolia to record Anatolian dialects and the Phrygian language. ...
Note: This article contains special characters. ...
The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. ...
(2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium) Ruins of the training grounds at Olympia, Greece. ...
The Brahmic family is a family of abugidas (writing systems) used in South Asia, Southeast Asia, Tibet, Mongolia, Manchuria. ...
Technical note: Due to technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. ...
The Gothic alphabet is an alphabetic writing system attributed by Philostorgius to Wulfila, used exclusively for writing the ancient Gothic language. ...
The Cyrillic alphabet (pronounced , also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters) is an alphabet used for several East and South Slavic languages—Belarusian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Rusyn, Serbian, and Ukrainian—and many other languages of the former Soviet Union, Asia and Eastern Europe. ...
Note: This article contains special characters. ...
11th century book in Syriac Serto. ...
The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing Arabic and various other languages, together with various closely related scripts that typically differ in the presence or absence of a few letters. ...
The ancient South Arabian alphabet (also known as musnad) branched from the Proto-Sinaitic alphabet in ca. ...
Note: This article contains special characters. ...
Meanwhile, the Japanese script was derived from the Chinese from ca. the 4th century AD. Japanese writing Kanji Kana Hiragana Katakana Hentaigana ManyÅgana Uses Furigana Okurigana RÅmaji This article describes the modern Japanese writing system and its history. ...
Writing and historicity Historians draw a distinction between prehistory and history, with history defined by the presence of autochthonous written sources. The emergence of writing in a given area is usually followed by several centuries of fragmentary inscriptions that cannot be included in the "historical" period, and only the presence of coherent texts (see early literature) marks "historicity". In the early literate societies, as much as 600 years passed from the first inscriptions to the first coherent textual sources (ca. 3200 to 2600 BC). In the case of Italy, about 500 years passed from the early Old Italic alphabet to Plautus (750 to 250 BC), and in the case of the Germanic peoples, the corresponding time span is again similar, from the first Elder Futhark inscriptions to early texts like the Abrogans (ca. 200 to 750 AD). It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Prehistoric man. ...
History studies the past in human terms. ...
The History of literature begins with the history of writing, in Bronze Age Mesopotamia, although the oldest literary texts that have come down to us date to a full millennium after the invention of writing, to the late 3rd millennium BC. The earliest literary author known by name is Enheduanna...
Note: This article contains special characters. ...
Titus Macchius Plautus, generally referred to simply as Plautus, was a playwright of Ancient Rome. ...
Thor, Germanic thunder god. ...
The 24 runes of the Elder Futhark The Elder Futhark (or Elder Fuþark, Older Futhark, Old Futhark) is the oldest form of the runic alphabet, used by Germanic tribes for Proto-Norse and other Migration period Germanic dialects of the 2nd to 8th centuries for inscriptions on artifacts (jewelery...
First page of Codex Abrogans The Abrogans, or Codex Abrogans, is probably the oldest book in the German language. ...
See also The cuneiform script is one of the earliest known forms of written expression. ...
The history of the alphabet begins in Ancient Egypt, more than a millennium into the history of writing. ...
The history of communication dates back to the earliest signs of life. ...
Scribe Writing Writing, in its most common sense, is the preservation and the preserved text on a medium, with the use of signs or symbols. ...
Pre-history Tallies carved from wood, bone, and stone have been used since prehistoric times. ...
This is a list consisting of the approximate dates of the first written accounts that are known for various languages. ...
The History of literature begins with the history of writing, in Bronze Age Mesopotamia, although the oldest literary texts that have come down to us date to a full millennium after the invention of writing, to the late 3rd millennium BC. The earliest literary author known by name is Enheduanna...
Further reading - Saggs, H., 1991. Civilization Before Greece and Rome Yale University Press. Chapter 4.
- Hoffman, Joel M. 2004. In the Beginning: A Short History of the Hebrew Language. New York University Press. Chapter 3.
- Hans J. Nissen, P. Damerow, R. Englund, Archaic Bookkeeping, University of Chicago Press, 1993, ISBN 0-226-58659-6.
- Denise Schmandt-Besserat HomePage, How Writing Came About, University of Texas Press, 1992, ISBN 0-292-77704-3.
Denise Schmandt-Besserat Denise Schmandt-Besserat is Professor Emerita of Art and Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Texas at Austin. ...
External links - BBC on tortoise shells discovered in China
- Fragments of pottery discovered in modern Pakistan
- Egyptian hieroglyphs c. 3000 BCE
- Denise Schmandt-Besserat HomePage
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