NationMaster - Encyclopedia: History of the Philippines

The History of the Philippines is believed to have begun with the arrival of the first humans via land bridges at least 30,000 years ago.^[1] The first recorded visit from the West is the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan on Homonhon Island, southeast of Samar on March 16, 1521.^[2] Prior to Magellan's arrival, there were several established kingdoms and sultanates present in the Philippines, such as the Buddhist Kingdom of Butuan, the indianized kingdoms of Tondo and Maysapan, some of which flourished from as early as the 10th century AD, as well as the Muslim Sultanates of Sulu, Maynila, Maguindanao, and Lanao.^{[citation needed]} Despite these kingdoms attaining complex political and social orders, as well as enjoying trade with China, India, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam and Java, none had come to encompass the whole archipelago that was to become the Philippines. The remainder of settlements were independent Barangays which had allied themselves with one of the several larger kingdoms. The Tabon Man is a term used to reference a particular set of remains of Homo Sapiens. ... Ati woman Negrito refers a dwindling ethnic group which is now restricted to parts of Southeast Asia. ... Austronesian redirects here. ... The Angono Petroglyphs is the oldest known work of art in the Philippines. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Kalantiao is a spelling variation of Kalantiaw, the name of the fictitious ancient Filipino ruler and part of a historical hoax perpetrated by Jose E. Marco in 1913. ... The Moro are a multilingual ethnic group and the largest mainly non-Christian[1] ethnic group in the Philippines, comprising about 5. ... The Sultanate of Maguindanao was a Muslim state that ruled parts of the island of Mindanao, in southern Philippines. ... Spanish East Indies This article covers the history of the Philippines from the arrival of European explorer Ferdinand Magellan in 1521, to the end of Spanish rule in 1898. ... Spanish East Indies This article covers the history of the Philippines from the arrival of European explorer Ferdinand Magellan in 1521, to the end of Spanish rule in 1898. ... A map of the former territories of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. ... Flag A map of the Spanish East Indies Capital Manila (Cebu until 1595, Bacolor 1762-1763, Iloilo 1898) Language(s) Spanish Religion Roman Catholicism Political structure Colony Monarch - 1565-1598 Philip II - 1896-1898 Alfonso XIII Governor-General - 1565-1572 Miguel LÃ³pez de Legazpi - 1898 Diego de los R... Combatants Filipino independence movement Spanish Empire Commanders Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Aguinaldo Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines Strength 80,000 soldiers unknown Casualties unknown unknown The Philippine Revolution (1896â€”1898) was an armed conflict between the Spanish colonial regime and the Katipunan, which sought Philippine independence from Spain. ... The Katipunan was a Philippine revolutionary organization founded by Filipino rebels in Manila, in 1892, which aimed to gain independence from Spain. ... Flag Anthem: Himno Nacional Filipina Location of Filipinas in Asia Capital Bacoor, Cavite Malolos, Bulacan January 23, 1899-March 29, 1899 San Isidro, Nueva Ecija March 29, 1899-May 9, 1899 Palanan, Isabela September 6, 1900-March 23, 1901 Language(s) Spanish (official), Tagalog Government Republic President - 1898-1901 Emilio... This article covers the history of the Philippines from 1898 to 1946. ... Anthem Lupang Hinirang Location of the Philippines in Asia Capital Manila Â¹ Language(s) Pilipino, English, Spanish Government Republic President - 1935-1944 Manuel L. Quezon - 1944-1946 Sergio OsmeÃ±a - 1946 Manuel Roxas Vice President - 1935-1944 Sergio OsmeÃ±a - 1946 Elpidio Quirino Historical era American colonization - Philippine Independence Act March... The history of the Philippines is believed to begin with the arrival of the first humans in the Philippines by land bridges at least 30,000 years ago. ... Flag Anthem Himno Nacional Filipino awit sa paglikha ng bagong Pilipinas Location of the Philippines in Asia Capital Manila, Baguio, Tokyo Language(s) Filipino (official), Japanese, English Government Republic President Jose P. Laurel Historical era World War II - Established October 14, 1943 - Disestablished August 17, 1945 Area - 1945 300,000... This article covers the history of the Philippines during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos. ... This article covers the history of the Philippines from the granting of independence in 1946 to the end of the presidency of Diosdado Macapagal. ... This article covers the history of the Philippines during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos. ... This article covers the history of the Philippines following the 1986 EDSA Revolution. ... This is a timeline of Philippine history. ... // List of major battles Battle of Manila Battle of Bataan Battle of Mactan Battle of Corregidor Battle of Luzon Battle of Leyte Battle of Pulang Lupa Balangiga Massacre Small Wars Wars with local Islamic Extremists Wars with local Communist Insurgents Foreign Service International Force East Timor see INTERFET UN Transitional... Telephones - main lines in use: 7. ... According to Philippine government statistics and current census data, some 95% of the population is ethnically Malay, descendants of immigrants from the Malay Peninsula and Indonesian archipelago, who arrived long before the Christian era. ... Land Transportation Railways narrow gauge (1067 mm), 492 km (an additional 405 km are not in operation) (2001) Most are on Luzon, operated by the Philippine National Railways. ... This is a timeline of Philippine history. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe, Africa and Asia. ... Occident redirects here. ... For the Presidential railcar named Ferdinand Magellan, see Ferdinand Magellan Railcar. ... Samar, formerly Western Samar, is a province in the Philippines located in the Eastern Visayas region. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Maguindanao is a province of the Philippines located in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). ... Maranao is the term used for the people of Lanao, a predominantly Muslim region in the Philippine island of Mindanao. ... A barangay (Tagalog: baranggay , pronounced as ba-rang-gai, gai as in guy), also known by its former name, the barrio, is the smallest local government unit in the Philippines and is the native Filipino term for a village, district or ward. ...

Spanish colonization and settlement began with the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi's expedition in 1565 and established the first permanent settlement of San Miguel on the island of Cebu,^[3] and more settlements continued northward reaching the bay of Manila on the island of Luzon in 1571.^[4] In Manila, they established a new town and thus began an era of Spanish colonization that lasted for more than three centuries.^[5] Miguel LÃ³pez de Legazpi (1502 - August 20, 1572, Manila), also known as El Adelantado (The Governor) and El Viejo (The Elder), was a Spanish conquistador who established the first colony in the Philippine Islands in 1565. ... For other uses, see Cebu (disambiguation). ... For other meanings of the word, see Manila (disambiguation). ... Map of the Philippines showing the island groups of Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. ...

Spanish rule brought political unification to an archipelago of previously independent kingdoms and communities that later became the Philippines, and introduced elements of western civilization such as printing and the calendar. The Philippines was ruled as a territory of the Viceroyalty of New Spain and administered from Mexico City, Mexico from 1565 to 1821, and administered directly from Madrid, Spain from 1821 until the end of the Spanish-American War in 1898, with a brief interlude from 1762 to 1764 when it was ruled by Britain. During the Spanish period numerous towns were founded, infrastructures built, new crops and livestock introduced, and trade flourished. Spanish missionaries converted most of the population to Christianity and founded schools, universities and hospitals across the islands. A map of the former territories of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. ... Nickname: Location of Mexico City Coordinates: , Country Federal entity Boroughs The 16 delegaciones Founded c. ... This article is about the Spanish capital. ... Belligerents United States Republic of Cuba Philippine Republic Kingdom of Spain Commanders Nelson A. Miles William R. Shafter George Dewey MÃ¡ximo GÃ³mez Emilio Aguinaldo Patricio Montojo Pascual Cervera Arsenio Linares Manuel MacÃas y Casado RamÃ³n Blanco y Erenas Casualties and losses 385 KIA USA 5,000... Topics in Christianity Preaching Prayer Ecumenism Relation to other religions Movements Music Liturgy Calendar Symbols Art Criticism Christianity Portal This box: Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament. ...

The Philippine Revolution against Spain began in April 1896, culminating two years later with a proclamation of independence and the establishment of the First Philippine Republic. However, the Treaty of Paris, at the end of the Spanish-American War, transferred control of the Philippines to the United States. This agreement was not recognized by the Philippine Government which, on June 2, 1899, proclaimed a Declaration of War against the United States.^[6] The Philippine-American War which ensued resulted in massive casualties.^[7] Philippine president Emilio Aguinaldo was captured in 1901 and the U.S. government declared the conflict officially over in 1902. The Filipino leaders, for the most part, accepted that the Americans had won, but hostilities continued and only began to decline in 1913. U.S. colonial rule of the Philippines started in 1905 with very limited local rule. Partial autonomy (commonwealth status) was granted in 1935, preparatory to a planned full independence from the United States in 1946. Preparation for a fully sovereign state was interrupted by the Japanese occupation of the islands during World War II.^[4] Combatants Filipino independence movement Spanish Empire Commanders Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Aguinaldo Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines Strength 80,000 soldiers unknown Casualties unknown unknown The Philippine Revolution (1896â€”1898) was an armed conflict between the Spanish colonial regime and the Katipunan, which sought Philippine independence from Spain. ... Flag Anthem: Himno Nacional Filipina Location of Filipinas in Asia Capital Bacoor, Cavite Malolos, Bulacan January 23, 1899-March 29, 1899 San Isidro, Nueva Ecija March 29, 1899-May 9, 1899 Palanan, Isabela September 6, 1900-March 23, 1901 Language(s) Spanish (official), Tagalog Government Republic President - 1898-1901 Emilio... The Treaty of Paris of 1898, signed on December 10, 1898, ended the Spanish-American War. ... President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs a declaration of war against the Empire of Japan on December 8, 1941, one day after the attack on Pearl Harbor. ... Belligerents United States Philippine Constabulary Philippine Scouts First Philippine Republic several groups post-1902 Commanders William McKinley Theodore Roosevelt Emilio Aguinaldo Miguel Malvar several unofficial leaders post-1902 Strength 126,000 soldiers[1] First Philippine Republic: 80,000 soldiers Casualties and losses ~5,000-7,000[1][2] ~12,000... Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy (March 22, 1869 â€“ February 6, 1964) was a Filipino general, politician, and independence leader. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

With a promising economy in the 1950s and 1960s, the Philippines in the late 1960s and early 1970s saw a rise of student activism and civil unrest against the corrupt dictatorship of President Ferdinand Marcos who declared martial law in 1972.^[4] Because of close ties between United States and President Marcos, the U.S. government continued to support Marcos even though his administration was well-known for massive corruption and extensive human rights abuse. The peaceful and bloodless People Power Revolution of 1986, however, brought about the ousting of Marcos and a return to democracy for the country. The period since then, however, has been marked by political instability and hampered economic productivity. Students occupying Sheffield town hall over the introduction of higher education fees Student activism is work done by students to effect political, environmental, economic, or social change. ... Ferdinand Emmanuel EdralÃn Marcos (September 11, 1917 â€“ September 28, 1989) was President of the Philippines from 1966 to 1986. ... Battlespace Weapons Tactics Strategy Organization Logistics Lists War Portal For other uses, see Martial law (disambiguation). ... The EDSA Revolution, also referred to as the People Power Revolution and the Philippine Revolution of 1986, was a mostly nonviolent mass demonstration in the Philippines. ... Judiciary Supreme Court Chief Justice Reynato Puno Court of Appeals Â· Sandiganbayan Court of Tax Appeals Â· Ombudsman Elections Commission on Elections 2007 | 2004 | 2001 | 1998 1995 | 1992 | 1987 | 1986 | All Foreign relations Government Website Human rights Other countries Atlas Politics Portal The political system in the Philippines takes place in an...

Prehistory

Human fossil records indicate that the Philippines may have been inhabited as early as 50,000 years ago. According to earlier archaeological findings, the first Human beings in the Philippines came from the islands around Asia which Professor H. Otley Beyer, eminent American authority on Philippine archeology and anthropology, dubbed the "Dawn Man".^[8] Yet the oldest human fossil found in the Philippines thus far is the 22,000-year-old skull cap of a "Stone-Age" Human discovered by Dr. Robert B. Fox, an American anthropologist of the National Museum, inside Tabon Cave, Palawan, on May 28, 1962 and dubbed the "Tabon Man".^[9] The Tabon caves of Palawan indicate settlement for at least 30,500 years; these hunter-gatherers used stone flake tools.^[10] After these early settlers, the Negrito arrived, whose ancestors include the Ati and the Aeta.^[8] Boracay is a tropical island located approximately 315km (200 miles) south of Manila and 2km off the northwest tip of the island of Panay in the Western Visayas region of the Philippines. ... For other uses, see Fossil (disambiguation). ... This article is about modern humans. ... Henry Otley Beyer (July 13, 1883-1966) was an American anthropologist, who spent most of his adult life in the Philippines teaching Filipinos and other scholars about Philippine indigenous culture. ... Archaeology or sometimes in American English archeology (from the Greek words αρχαίος = ancient and λόγος = word/speech) is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains, including architecture, artefacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes. ... This article is about the social science. ... A national museum is a museum maintained by a nation. ... The Tabon Caves are a set of caves in Palawan, Philippines. ... Palawan is an island province of the Philippines located in the Mimaropa region. ... The Tabon Man is a term used to reference a particular set of remains of Homo Sapiens. ... Palawan is an island province of the Philippines located in the Mimaropa region. ... In archaeology, a lithic flake is a thin, sharp fragment of stone that results from the process of lithic reduction. ... Ati woman Negrito refers a dwindling ethnic group which is now restricted to parts of Southeast Asia. ... The Ati are an indigenous tribe of Negritos on the island of Panay in the Philippines. ... The Aeta are an indigenous people who live in scattered, isolated mountainous parts of the Philippines. ...

Indigenous Kingdoms and Thalassocracies 900 AD to 1521

Laguna Copperplate inscription

The official end of Philippine prehistory was in 900 AD, with the discovery of the Laguna Copperplate Inscription being the oldest known proof of literacy in the country, and the first marker for official written history. The document describes a pardon of a debt of a man named Namwaran (along with his descendants), from the Commander in Chief of Tundun, represented by the Lord Minister of Pailah (now Pila), Jayadewa. Various place names are mentioned in the document, as well as proof of a complex social stratum, highly influenced by Hindu systems and beliefs (the calendar system used on the Laguna Copperplate Inscription was that of Jyotisha, the Hindu lunar calendar). Scattered documents from neighbouring states and kingdoms, such as China, Java, Ryukyu and Japan describe various aspects of early Philippine society. Events Persian scientist, Rhazes, distinguished smallpox from measles in the course of his writings. ... The Laguna Copperplate inscription (also shortened to LCI) is the first written document found in a Philippine language. ... Jyotisha (, in Hindi and English usage Jyotish; sometimes called Hindu astrology, Indian astrology, and/or Vedic astrology) is the Hindu system of astrology, one of the six disciplines of Vedanga, and regarded as one of the oldest schools of ancient astrology to have had an independent origin, affecting all other...

Trade and social caste

The Philippines had trade relations with southern China, and cultural ties with India through neighboring present-day Malaysia, and Indonesia as early as the 9th to the 12th century.^[4] The social and political organization of the population, in the widely scattered islands, evolved into a generally common pattern. Only the permanent-field rice farmers of northern Luzon had any concept of territoriality.^[1] The basic unit of settlement was the barangay, originally a kinship group headed by a Datu (chief). Within the barangay, the broad social divisions consisted of the maharlika (nobles), including the datu; timawa (freemen); and a group described before the Spanish period as dependents. Dependents included several categories with differing status: landless agricultural workers; those who had lost freeman status because of indebtedness or punishment for crime; and alipin (slaves), most of whom appear to have been war captives.^[1] Map of the Philippines showing the island groups of Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. ... A barangay (Tagalog: baranggay , pronounced as ba-rang-gai, gai as in guy), also known by its former name, the barrio, is the smallest local government unit in the Philippines and is the native Filipino term for a village, district or ward. ... Datu or datto is the title for ancient tribal chieftains and monarchs in pre-Hispanic Philippines. ... Nobility is a traditional hereditary status (see hereditary titles) that exists today in many countries (mainly present or former monarchies). ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: Oath of a Freeman // Freeman The term freeman was generally an English or American Colonial expression in Puritan times, which referred to those persons who were not under legal restraint â€“ usually for the payment of an outstanding debt, because of their continual...

In the period between the 7th century to the beginning of the 1400s, numerous prosperous centers of trade had emerged, including the Kingdom of Namayan which flourished alongside Manila Bay,^[11]^[12]^[13], the Rajahnate of Cebu, the Confederation of Panay,^[14] the Rajahnate of Butuan, the Kingdom of Sanfotsi situated in Pangasinan, the Kingdoms of Zabag and Wak-Wak situated in Pampanga^[15] and Aparri (which specialized in trade with Japan and the Kingdom of Ryukyu in Okinawa). For other uses, see Cebu (disambiguation). ... For American vessels, see USS Panay. ... Pangasinan, officially Province of Pangasinan (Pangasinan: Luyag na Pangasinan), is one of the provinces of the Republic of the Philippines. ... REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES Province of Pampanga Region: Central Luzon (Region III) Capital: City of San Fernando Founded: December 11, 1571 Population: 2000 censusâ€”1,882,730 (10th largest) Densityâ€”863 per kmÂ² (4th highest) Area: 2,180. ... Aparri is a municipality of the province of Philippines. ... The main building of Shuri Castle Ryukyu Kingdom was an independent kingdom which ruled the Ryukyu Islands from the 14th century to the 19th century. ... Okinawa Prefecture (Japanese 沖縄県; Okinawan Uchinā) is Japans southernmost prefecture, and consists of 169 islands known as The Ryūkyū Islands or Ryūkyūs, in an island chain over 1000 km long, which extends southwest from Kyūshū (the southwesternmost of Japans main four islands) to Taiwan, although the northern islands...

The introduction of Islam - 1200s

In 1380, Karim ul' Makhdum, the first Islamic missionary to reach the Sulu Archipelago and Jolo, brought Islam to what is now the Philippines. Islam is one of the oldest organized religions to be established in the Philippines. ... Marawi City is a 3rd class city in the province of Lanao del Sur, Philippines. ... Makhdum Karim (14th century) was an Arab trader known for having brought Islam to the Sulu Archipelago of the Philippines, in the year 1380. ... This article is about the Muslim concept. ... Sulu Archipelago is an island chain in the southwest Philippines. ... Jolo is an island in the southwest Philippines. ...

The Sheik Karimal Makdum Mosque was the first mosque established in the Philippines on Simunul. Subsequent visits by Arab Muslim missionaries from the now culturized Malaysia and Indonesia, helped strengthen the Islamic faith in the Philippines, mostly in the south but as far north as Manila. Vast sultanates were established, comprising the Sultanate of Maguindanao and the Sultanate of Sulu. Since the first people who established themselves as sultans in various parts of the Malay Archipelago—Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines—were usually of Arab descent, most people of royal lineage claim Arab descent, some going as far as claiming descent from the Prophet Muhammad himself. Simunul is a municipality in the province of Tawi-Tawi, Philippines. ... For other meanings of the word, see Manila (disambiguation). ... A sultan (Arabic: سلطان) is an Islamic monarch ruling under the terms of shariah. ... The Sultanate of Maguindanao was a Muslim state that ruled parts of the island of Mindanao, in southern Philippines. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... For other uses, see Sultan (disambiguation). ... World map depicting Malay Archipelago The Malay Archipelago is a vast archipelago located between mainland Southeastern Asia (Indochina) and Australia. ... Muhammad in a new genre of Islamic calligraphy started in the 17th century by Hafiz Osman. ...

Further immigration by Muslims to the Philippines by traders and proselytizers from Malaysia, Indonesia, India and the Arabia strengthened the foothold of the Islamic faith.^[16] By the 13th century, Islam was firmly entrenched in the Sulu Archipelago and spread from there to Mindanao; it had reached the Manila area by 1565.^[1] Although Islam spread to Luzon, Animism, syncretized with Hinduism and Vajrayana Buddhism, was still the religion of the majority of the Philippine islands. Arabia redirects here. ... Sulu Archipelago is an island chain in the southwest Philippines. ... Mindanao is the second largest and easternmost island in the Philippines. ... For other meanings of the word, see Manila (disambiguation). ... A mandala used in Vajrayana Buddhist practices. ...

Muslim immigrants introduced another political concept for territorial states by introducing Sultans exercising authority via a panglima, as opposed to the older Indianized Rajah system used at the time of the Laguna Copperplate Inscription. States that use this system include those of Sulu, Maguindanao and Seludong (Manila). When the Spaniards arrived in the 16th century, the majority of the estimated 500,000 people in the islands lived in barangay settlements some still ruled by Rajahs while others were already ruled by Sultans.^[1] There are also Rajahs that converted into Islam. For other uses, see Sultan (disambiguation). ... A Raja (sometimes spelled Rajah) is a king, or princely ruler. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Sultanate of Maguindanao was a Muslim state that ruled parts of the island of Mindanao, in southern Philippines. ...

Spanish Settlement and Rule (1565-1898)

Early Spanish expeditions

The Philippine Islands first came to the attention of Europeans with the Spanish expedition around the world led by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan in 1521. Magellan landed on the island called Homonhon, claiming the archipelago for Spain and naming them Islas de San Lazaro.^[17] He established friendly relations with some of the local leaders espcially with Rajah Humabon and converted some of them to Roman Catholicism.^[17] In the Philippines, they explored many islands including the island of Mactan. However, Magellan was killed in a dispute led by a datu named Lapu-Lapu. For the Presidential railcar named Ferdinand Magellan, see Ferdinand Magellan Railcar. ... For the Presidential railcar named Ferdinand Magellan, see Ferdinand Magellan Railcar. ... Homonhon Island is an island in the province of Eastern Samar, Philippines, on the west side of Leyte Gulf. ... Rajah Humabon was the main Raja of Cebu island in the Philippines at the time of Ferdinand Magellans arrival in the archipelago in 1521. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... Image:Lapulapumanila. ...

Over the next several decades, other Spanish expeditions were dispatched to the islands. In 1543, Ruy López de Villalobos led an expedition to the islands and gave the name Las Islas Filipinas (after Philip II of Spain) to the islands of Samar and Leyte.^[18] The name would later be given to the entire archipelago. Ruy LÃ³pez de Villalobos (b. ... Philip II (Spanish: ; Portuguese: ) (May 21, 1527 â€“ September 13, 1598) was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598, King of Naples from 1554 until 1598, king consort of England (as husband of Mary I) from 1554 to 1558, Lord of the Seventeen Provinces (holding various titles for the individual territories... Samar, formerly Western Samar, is a province in the Philippines located in the Eastern Visayas region. ... REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES Province of Leyte Region: Eastern Visayas (Region VIII) Capital: Tacloban City Founded: 1543 and March 10, 1917 Population: 2000 censusâ€”1,592,336 (14th largest) Densityâ€”279 per kmÂ² (24th highest) Area: 5,712. ...

Spanish settlement

Permanent Spanish settlements were not established until 1565 when an expedition led by the Conquistador, Miguel López de Legazpi, arrived in Cebu from Mexico. Six years later, following the defeat of the local Muslim ruler, Rajah Sulaiman III, López de Legazpi established a capital at Manila, a location that offered the excellent harbor of Manila Bay, a large population, and proximity to the ample food supplies of the central Luzon rice lands. Manila became the center of Spanish government, including military, religious, and commercial activities in the islands.^[19] Despite the opposition of the Portuguese, who desired to maintain their monopoly on East Indies trade,little armed resistance initially.^[19] A significant problem the Spanish faced was the subjugation of the Muslims of western Mindanao, and the Sulu Archipelago. The Muslims, in response to attacks on them from the Spanish and their native allies, raided areas of Luzon and the Visayas that were under Spanish colonial control. The Spanish conducted intermittent military campaigns against the Muslims, but without conclusive results until after the middle of the 19th century.^[20] A Conquistador (Spanish: []) (English: Conqueror) was a Spanish soldier, explorer and adventurer who took part in the gradual invasion and conquering of much of the Americas and Asia Pacific, bringing them under Spanish colonial rule between the 15th and 19th centuries. ... Miguel LÃ³pez de Legazpi (1502 - August 20, 1572, Manila), also known as El Adelantado (The Governor) and El Viejo (The Elder), was a Spanish conquistador who established the first colony in the Philippine Islands in 1565. ... For other meanings of the word, see Manila (disambiguation). ... Photography sunset in Bay City, Pasay (near SM Mall of Asia) Manila Bay is one of the finest natural harbors in the world which serves the port of Manila (on Luzon), in the Philippines. ... Central Luzon region contains the largest plain of the Philippines, and produces most of the countrys rice supply. ... The Indies, on the display globe of the Field Museum, Chicago The Indies or East Indies (or East India) is a term used to describe lands of South and South-East Asia, occupying all of the former British India, the present Indian Union, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Maldives, and... Mindanao is the second largest and easternmost island in the Philippines. ... Sulu Archipelago is an island chain in the southwest Philippines. ... Map of the Philippines showing the island groups of Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. ... Map of the Philippines showing Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao Visayas is one of the three island groupings in the Philippines along with Luzon and Mindanao. ...

The Philippines would have had a similar battle standard, with the coat of arms of Manila in place of the one of Mexico City. Church and state were inseparably linked in Spanish policy, with the state assuming responsibility for religious establishments.^[19] One of Spain's objectives in colonizing the Philippines was the conversion of the local population to Roman Catholicism. The work of conversion was facilitated by the absence of other organized religions, except for Islam, which predominated in the southwest. The pageantry of the church had a wide appeal, reinforced by the incorporation of indigenous social customs into religious observances.^[19] The eventual outcome was a new Roman Catholic majority, from which the Muslims of western Mindanao and the upland tribal peoples of Luzon remained detached and alienated (such as the Ifugaos of the Cordillera region and the Mangyans of Mindoro).^[19] A modern coat of arms is derived from the medi val practice of painting designs onto the shield and outer clothing of knights to enable them to be identified in battle, and later in tournaments. ... The Cross of Burgundy Flag was used by Spain from 1506-1785. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ...

At the lower levels of administration, the Spanish built on traditional village organization by co-opting local leaders. This system of indirect rule helped create an indigenous upper class, called the principalia, who had local wealth, high status, and other privileges. This perpetuated an oligarchic system of local control. Among the most significant changes under Spanish rule was that the indigenous idea of communal use and ownership of land was replaced with the concept of private ownership and the conferring of titles on members of the principalia.^[19] Upper class is a concept in sociology that refers to the group of people at the top of a social hierarchy. ... The PrincipalÃa was the ruling class in the municipalities of Spanish Philippines composed of the Gobernadorcillo or the Municipal Captain who presided over it, the First Lieutenant, the former Municipal Captains or ex-Gobernadorcillos, the municipal judges, the newly formed cabezas de baranggay (cabezas reformados), and the awardees of... Look up Oligarchy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

The Philippines was not profitable as a colony during the early parts of Spanish rule, and a long war with the Dutch in the 17th century and intermittent conflict with the Muslims nearly bankrupted the colonial treasury.^[19] Colonial income derived mainly from entrepôt trade: The Manila Galleons sailing from the Fort of Manila to the Fort of Acapulco on the west coast of Mexico brought shipments of silver bullion, and minted coin that were exchanged for return cargoes of Asian, and Pacific products. There was no direct trade with Spain.^[19] An entrepÃ´t is a trading centre, or simply a warehouse, where merchandise can be imported and exported without paying import duties, often at a profit. ... A painting of a Spanish galleon. ... For other uses, see Acapulco (disambiguation). ... Silver coins are possibly the oldest mass form of coinage. ...

British rule (1762-1764)

In August 1759, Charles III ascended the Spanish throne. At the time, Britain and France were at war, in what was later called the Seven Years War. France successfully negotiated a treaty with Spain known as the Family Compact which was signed on 15 August 1761. By an ancillary secret convention, Spain was committed to making preparations for war against Britain.^[21] This article is about the 1756–1763 war. ... The Family Compact was the informal name for the wealthy, conservative elite of Upper Canada in the early 19th century. ...

War was declared between Spain and Britain on 4 January 1762. On 6 January 1762 the British Cabinet led by the First Lord of the Treasury, Lord Pelham, Duke of Newcastle, approved Colonel William Draper's 'Scheme for taking Manila with some Troops, which are already in the East Indies'. Draper was commanding officer of the 79th Regiment of Foot, which was currently stationed in Madras, India. On 21 January 1762 King George III signed the instructions to Draper to implement his Scheme, emphasising that by taking advantage of the 'existing war with Spain' Britain might be able to assure her post-war mercantile expansion. There was also the expectation that the commerce of Spain would suffer a 'crippling blow'. On arrival in India, Draper's brevet rank became brigadier general.^[22] Alternate meanings in cabinet (disambiguation) A Cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of government, typically representing the executive branch. ... The First Lord of the Treasury is the head of the commission exercising the ancient office of Lord High Treasurer in the United Kingdom, usually but not always the Prime Minister. ... Duke of Newcastle is a title which has been created several times in the peerages of England and Great Britain. ... Madras refers to: the Indian city of Chennai, formerly known as Madras, the former Indian state, now known as Tamil Nadu (Plural of Madra): Ancient people of Iranian affinites, who lived in northwest Panjab in the Uttarapatha division of ancient India. ... George III (George William Frederick) (4 June 1738–29 January 1820) was King of Great Britain, and King of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until 1 January 1801, and thereafter King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A Brigadier General, or one-star general, is the lowest rank of general officer in the United States and some other countries, ranking just above Colonel and just below Major General. ...

On 24 September 1762 ^[23], the small but technically proficient force of British Army regulars and British East India Company soldiers, supported by the ships and men of the East Indies Squadron of the British Royal Navy, sailed into Manila Bay from Madras.^[24] The British East India Company, sometimes referred to as John Company, was the first joint-stock company (the Dutch East India Company was the first to issue public stock). ... This article is about the navy of the United Kingdom. ... Photography sunset in Bay City, Pasay (near SM Mall of Asia) Manila Bay is one of the finest natural harbors in the world which serves the port of Manila (on Luzon), in the Philippines. ...

The expedition, led by Brigadier General William Draper and Rear-Admiral Samuel Cornish, captured Manila, "the greatest Spanish fortress in the western Pacific", and attempted to establish free trade with China.^[25]

The Spanish defeat was not really surprising. The Royal Governor of the Philippines, Don Pedro Manuel de Arandia had died in 1759 and his replacement Brigadier Don Francisco de la Torre had not arrived because of the British attack on Havana, Cuba. Spanish policy was for the Archbishop of Manila to be Lieutenant Governor. Because the garrison was commanded by the Archbishop Don Manuel Rojo del Rio y Vieyra, instead of by a military expert, many mistakes were made by the Spanish forces, some of whom were only armed with bows and arrows.^[26]

Under Spanish rule, the Philippines never paid its own way, but survived on an annual subsidy paid by the Spanish Crown. As a cost saving measure, and because the Spanish authorities never really contemplated a serious expedition against Manila by a European power, the 200 year old fortifications at Manila had not been improved much since first built by the Spanish.^[27]

On 5 October (4 October local calendar), the night before the fall of the walled city of Manila (now called Intramuros), the Spanish military persuaded Archbishop Rojo to summon a council of war. By very heavy battery fire that day, the British had successfully breached the walls of the bastion San Diego, dried up the ditch, dismounted the cannons of that bastion and the two adjoining bastions, San Andes and San Eugeno, set fire to parts of the town, and driven the Spaniards from the walls. The Spanish military recommended capitulation. The archbishop would not consent. The only positive action from the council of war was the dispatch of Oidor Don Simón de Anda y Salazar to the provincial town of Bulucan to organize continued resistance to the British once Manila fell^[28]. He took a substantial portion of the treasury and official records with him, departing Fort Santigo through the postern of Our Lady of Solitude, to a boat on the Pasig River.

Early success by the British in Manila did not enable them to expand their control over all parts of the Spanish Philippines. They were severely undermanned and underarmed, and in reality could only control Manila and Cavite. But Manila was the capital, and key, to the Spanish Philippines, and the British accepted the written surrender of the Spanish government in the Philippines from Archbishop Rojo and the Real Audiencia on 30 October 1762.^[29] An Audiencia (Spanish: audiency) was a Judicial District to functioned as an Appeals Court. ...

The terms of surrender finally proposed by the Real Audencia, agreed to by the British leaders, and signed by the Spanish under their Royal Seal, secured private property, guaranteed the Roman Catholic religion and its episcopal government, and granted the citizens of the former Spanish colony the rights of peaceful travel and of trade 'as British subjects'. Under the direction of the provisional British governor, (Dawsonne Drake), the Philippines continued to be governed by the Real Audencia, the expenses of which were agreed to be paid by Spain.^[30]

The Seven Years War was ended by the Peace of Paris signed on 10 February 1763. At the time of signing the treaty, the signatories were not aware that the Philippines had been taken by the British and was being administered as a British colony. Consequently no specific provision was made for the Philippines. Instead they fell under the general provision that all other lands not otherwise provided for be returned to the Spanish Crown.^[31] Painting by Benjamin West depicting John Jay, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Henry Laurens, and William Temple Franklin. ...

On 20 March 1764, the Spanish governor designate, Brigadier de la Torre, arrived at Santa Cruz, Manila, with packets from London and Madrid, including dispatches from London for the surrender of Manila to him. The dispatches from London threw the British officers into intense disarray, with the provisional governor being ousted, commanding officers being arrested, and some garrison troops refusing to obey various orders and countermanding orders, including orders to arrest and detain their commanding officers. However, the threat of the oncoming monsoon season quickly induced the British to settle down and get out while they could. ^[32]

The British ended their rule by embarking from Manila and Cavite in the first week of April 1764, and sailing out of Manila Bay for Batavia, India, and England. The conflict over payment by Spain of the outstanding part of the ransom promised by Archbishop Rojo and the Real Audencia in the terms of surrender, and compensation expected from Britain for excesses committed by Governor Drake against residents of Manila, continued in Europe for years afterwards.^[33]

Spanish rule in the 19th Century

In 1781, Governor-General José Basco y Vargas established the Economic Society of the Friends of the Country.^[34] The Philippines was administered from the Viceroyalty of New Spain until the grant of independence to Mexico in 1821 necessitated the direct rule from Spain of the Philippines from that year. Developments in and out of the country helped to bring new ideas to the Philippines including the ideals of the French and American Revolutions. In 1863, Queen Isabella of Spain decreed the establishment of a public school system in Spanish, leading to increasing numbers of educated Filipinos. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 cut travel time to Spain. Both of these events prompted the rise of the ilustrados, an enlightened class of Creoles and Indios, since many young Filipinos were able to study in Europe. Combatants Filipino independence movement Spanish Empire Commanders Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Aguinaldo Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines Strength 80,000 soldiers unknown Casualties unknown unknown The Philippine Revolution (1896â€”1898) was an armed conflict between the Spanish colonial regime and the Katipunan, which sought Philippine independence from Spain. ... JosÃ© Basco y Vargas was the 44th governor of the Philippines under Spanish colonial rule, from 1778 to 1787. ... The Sociedades EconÃ³micas de Amigos del PaÃs (Economic Societies of Friends of the Country) were private associations established in various cities throughout Enlightenment Spain, and to a lesser degree in some of her colonies (the Philippines, Cuba, Chile, and elsewhere). ... A map of the former territories of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. ... For other uses, see Suez (disambiguation). ... HWadup my homei G! The Illustrado were very cool and awesome blossome peoples! -Robert D. This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ...

The first official census in the Philippines was carried out in 1878. The country's population as of December 31, 1877 was recorded at 5,567,685 persons.^[35]

Enlightened by the Propaganda Movement to the injustices of the Spanish colonial government and the "frailocracy", the ilustrados originally clamored for adequate representation to the Spanish Cortes and later for independence. José Rizal, the most celebrated intellectual and radical illustrado of the era, wrote the novels "Noli Me Tangere", and "El filibusterismo", which greatly inspired the movement for independence.^[36] The Katipunan, a secret society whose primary purpose was that of overthrowing Spanish rule in the Philippines, was founded by Andrés Bonifacio who became its Supremo (leader). For places, institutions and objects named after this person, see Rizal (disambiguation). ... Type Bicameral Houses Senado de EspaÃ±a Congreso de los Diputados President of the Senate Francisco Javier Rojo GarcÃa, PSOE PSE-EE since 2004 President of the Congress JosÃ© Bono MartÃnez, PSOE since 2008 Members 609 259 senators 350 deputies Political groups Senado: PP, PSOE, ECP, PNV, CiU... For places, institutions and objects named after this person, see Rizal (disambiguation). ... Noli Me Tangere is a Spanish-language novel written by JosÃ© P. Rizal, and published in 1887, in Europe. ... El filibusterismo (The Reign of Greed as the alternative English title) is the second novel written by Philippine national hero JosÃ© Rizal. ... The Katipunan was a Philippine revolutionary organization founded by Filipino rebels in Manila, in 1892, which aimed to gain independence from Spain. ... For the Europe album, see Secret Society (Europe album). ... This article is about the person AndrÃ©s Bonifacio. ...

The Philippine Revolution began in 1896. Rizal was implicated in the outbreak of the revolution and executed for treason in 1896. The Katipunan in Cavite split into two groups, Magdiwang, led by Mariano Álvarez (a relative of Bonifacio's by marriage), and Magdalo, led by Emilio Aguinaldo. Leadership conflicts between Bonifacio and Aguinaldo culminated in the execution or assassination of the former by the latter's soldiers. Aguinaldo agreed to a truce with the Pact of Biak-na-Bato and Aguinaldo and his fellow revolutionaries were exiled to Hong Kong. Not all the revolutionary generals complied with the agreement. One, General Francisco Makabulos, established a Central Executive Committee to serve as the interim government until a more suitable one was created. Armed conflicts resumed, this time coming from almost every province in Spanish-governed Philippines. Combatants Filipino independence movement Spanish Empire Commanders Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Aguinaldo Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines Strength 80,000 soldiers unknown Casualties unknown unknown The Philippine Revolution (1896â€”1898) was an armed conflict between the Spanish colonial regime and the Katipunan, which sought Philippine independence from Spain. ... For other uses, see Treason (disambiguation) or Traitor (disambiguation). ... This article is about the province of Cavite. ... Magdiwang is a 5th class municipality in the province of Romblon, Philippines. ... Mariano Ãlvarez (1818-1924) - Filipino general, statesman, and teacher. ... Magdalo was the name of two military organizations in the Philippines: A faction of the Katipunan chapter in Cavite, mostly made up of ilustrados of that province, that supported General Emilio Aguinaldo as leader of the Philippine Revolution. ... Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy (March 22, 1869 â€“ February 6, 1964) was a Filipino general, politician, and independence leader. ... The Pact of Biak na Bato, signed in December 1897, created a truce between rival rebel groups in the Philippine Revolution: Magdiwang, led by Mariano Alvarez and Magdalo, led by Emilio Aguinaldo. ... It has been suggested that transitional government be merged into this article or section. ...

In 1898, as conflicts continued in the Philippines, the USS Maine, having been sent to Cuba because of U.S. concerns for the safety of its citizens during an ongoing Cuban revolution, exploded and sank in Havana harbor. This event precipitated the Spanish-American war.^[37] After Commodore George Dewey defeated the Spanish squadron at Manila, the U.S. invited Aguinaldo to return to the Philippines, which he did on May 19, 1898, in the hope he would rally Filipinos against the Spanish colonial government. By the time U.S. land forces had arrived, the Filipinos had taken control of the entire island of Luzon, except for the walled city of Intramuros. On June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo declared the independence of the Philippines in Kawit, Cavite, establishing the First Philippine Republic under Asia's first democratic constitution.^[36] For other ships of the same name, see USS Maine. ... Belligerents United States Republic of Cuba Philippine Republic Kingdom of Spain Commanders Nelson A. Miles William R. Shafter George Dewey MÃ¡ximo GÃ³mez Emilio Aguinaldo Patricio Montojo Pascual Cervera Arsenio Linares Manuel MacÃas y Casado RamÃ³n Blanco y Erenas Casualties and losses 385 KIA USA 5,000... Commodore is a military rank used in some navies for officers whose position exceeds that of a Captain, but is less than that of a Flag Officer. ... George Dewey (December 26, 1837 â€“ January 16, 1917) was an admiral of the United States Navy, best known for his victory (without the loss of a single life of his own forces due to combat; one man died of a heart attack) at the Battle of Manila Bay during the... Intramuros circa 1920s Walls of Intramuros, located along the southern bank of the Pasig River, is the oldest among the districts of the city of Manila, the capital of the Philippines. ... Kawit (formerly Cavite El Viejo) is a 1st class urban municipality in the province of Cavite, Philippines. ... This article is about the province of Cavite. ... Flag Anthem: Himno Nacional Filipina Location of Filipinas in Asia Capital Bacoor, Cavite Malolos, Bulacan January 23, 1899-March 29, 1899 San Isidro, Nueva Ecija March 29, 1899-May 9, 1899 Palanan, Isabela September 6, 1900-March 23, 1901 Language(s) Spanish (official), Tagalog Government Republic President - 1898-1901 Emilio...

Simultaneously, a German squadron arrived in Manila and declared that if the United States did not seize the Philippines as a colonial possession, Germany would. In the Battle of Manila, the United States captured the city from the Spanish. This battle marked an end of Filipino-American collaboration, as Filipino forces were prevented from entering the captured city of Manila, an action deeply resented by the Filipinos.^[38] Spain and the United States sent commissioners to Paris to draw up the terms of the Treaty of Paris which ended the Spanish-American War. The Filipino representative, Felipe Agoncillo, was excluded from sessions as the revolutionary government was not recognized by the family of nations.^[38] Although there was substantial domestic opposition, the United States decided neither to return the Philippines to Spain, nor to allow Germany to annex the Philippines. In addition to Guam and Puerto Rico, Spain was forced in the negotiations to hand over the Philippines to the U.S. in exchange for US$20,000,000.00,^[39] which U.S. characterized as "... a gift from the gods."^[40]^[41] The first Philippine Republic rebelled against the U.S. occupation, resulting in the Philippine-American War (1899–1913). Combatants United States Spain Commanders Wesley Merritt George Dewey Fermin Juadenes Strength 10,700 U.S. soldiers 10,000 Filipinos 15,000 Casualties 122 150 The Battle of Manila was the land battle between the United States and Spain during the Spanish-American War, not to be confused with the... The Treaty of Paris of 1898, signed on December 10, 1898, ended the Spanish-American War. ... Felipe Agoncillo was the Filipino representative to the negotiations in Paris that led to the Treaty of Paris (1898), ending the Spanish-American War. ... USD redirects here. ... Belligerents United States Philippine Constabulary Philippine Scouts First Philippine Republic several groups post-1902 Commanders William McKinley Theodore Roosevelt Emilio Aguinaldo Miguel Malvar several unofficial leaders post-1902 Strength 126,000 soldiers[1] First Philippine Republic: 80,000 soldiers Casualties and losses ~5,000-7,000[1][2] ~12,000...

American period (1898–1946)

Filipinos initially saw their relationship with the United States as that of two nations joined in a common struggle against Spain.^[42] As allies, Filipinos had provided the American forces with valuable intelligence and military support.^[43] However, the United States later distanced itself from the interests of the Filipino insurgents. Aguinaldo was unhappy that the United States would not commit to paper a statement of support for Philippine independence.^[43] Relations deteriorated and tensions heightened as it became clear that the Americans were in the islands to stay.^[43] This article covers the history of the Philippines from 1898 to 1946. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas US Government Portal For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ... This article is about the 25th President of the United States; for other people named William McKinley, see William McKinley (disambiguation). ... Philippine independence refers to the struggles of the Filipinos for independence from colonial rule —first by Spain, and then by the United States. ...

Philippine-American War

Hostilities broke out on February 4, 1899, after two American privates on patrol killed three Filipino soldiers in San Juan, a Manila suburb.^[44] This incident sparked the Philippine-American War, which would cost far more money and took far more lives than the Spanish-American War.^[36] Some 126,000 American soldiers would be committed to the conflict; 4,234 Americans died, as did 16,000 Filipino soldiers who were part of a nationwide guerrilla movement of indeterminate numbers.^[44] Estimates on civilian deaths during the war range between 250,000 and 1,000,000, largely because of famine and disease. Atrocities were committed by both sides.^[44] Belligerents United States Philippine Constabulary Philippine Scouts First Philippine Republic several groups post-1902 Commanders William McKinley Theodore Roosevelt Emilio Aguinaldo Miguel Malvar several unofficial leaders post-1902 Strength 126,000 soldiers[1] First Philippine Republic: 80,000 soldiers Casualties and losses ~5,000-7,000[1][2] ~12,000... The City of San Juan (Filipino: Lungsod ng San Juan) is a city in Metro Manila in the Philippines. ... For other meanings of the word, see Manila (disambiguation). ... Belligerents United States Philippine Constabulary Philippine Scouts First Philippine Republic several groups post-1902 Commanders William McKinley Theodore Roosevelt Emilio Aguinaldo Miguel Malvar several unofficial leaders post-1902 Strength 126,000 soldiers[1] First Philippine Republic: 80,000 soldiers Casualties and losses ~5,000-7,000[1][2] ~12,000... Belligerents United States Republic of Cuba Philippine Republic Kingdom of Spain Commanders Nelson A. Miles William R. Shafter George Dewey MÃ¡ximo GÃ³mez Emilio Aguinaldo Patricio Montojo Pascual Cervera Arsenio Linares Manuel MacÃas y Casado RamÃ³n Blanco y Erenas Casualties and losses 385 KIA USA 5,000... Guerilla may refer to Guerrilla warfare. ...

The poorly-equipped Filipino troops were easily overpowered by American troops in open combat, but they were formidable opponents in guerrilla warfare.^[44] Malolos, the revolutionary capital, was captured on March 31, 1899. Aguinaldo and his government escaped however, establishing a new capital at San Isidro, Nueva Ecija. On June 5,1899, Antonio Luna, Aguinaldo's most capable military commander, was killed by Aguinaldo's guards in an apparent assassination while visiting Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija to meet with Aguinaldo.^[45] Gregorio del Pilar, another key general, was killed on December 2, 1899 in the Battle of Tirad Pass. With his best commanders dead and his troops suffering continued defeats as American forces pushed into northern Luzon, Aguinaldo dissolved the regular army in November 1899 and ordered the establishment of decentralized guerrilla commands in each of several military zones. The general population, caught between Americans and rebels, suffered significantly.^[44] Nickname: Map of Bulacan showing the location of Malolos City. ... San Isidro is a 4th class municipality in the province of Nueva Ecija, Philippines. ... Gen. ... Cabanatuan City is a 1st class city in the province of Nueva Ecija, Philippines. ... Nueva Ecija is a landlocked province of the Philippines located in the Central Luzon region. ... Gregorio del Pilar c. ... Combatants United States Philippines Commanders Major P.C. March General Gregorio del Pilarâ€ Strength 500 60 Casualties 2 dead and 9 wounded 52 dead and wounded The Battle of Tirad Pass, sometimes referred to as the Philippine Thermopylae, was a battle in the Philippine-American War fought on December 2... Map of the Philippines showing the island groups of Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. ...

Aguinaldo was captured at Palanan, Isabela on March 23, 1901 and was brought to Manila. Convinced of the futility of further resistance, he swore allegiance to the United States and issued a proclamation calling on his compatriots to lay down their arms, officially bringing an end to the war.^[44] However, sporadic insurgent resistance continued in various parts of the Philippines, especially in the Muslim south, until 1913.^[46] Palanan is a remote 3rd class municipality in the province of Isabela, Philippines. ...

United States territory

The United States defined its territorial mission as one of tutelage, preparing the Philippines for eventual independence.^[47] Civil government was established by the United States in 1901, with William Howard Taft as the first American Governor-General of the Philippines, replacing the military governor, Arthur MacArthur, Jr. The governor-general acted as head of the Philippine Commission, a body appointed by the U.S. president with legislative and limited executive powers. The commission passed laws to set up the fundamentals of the new government, including a judicial system, civil service, and local government. A Philippine Constabulary was organized to deal with the remnants of the insurgent movement and gradually assume the responsibilities of the United States Army. The elected Philippine Assembly was inaugurated in 1907, becoming a lower house of a bicameral legislature, with the appointed Philippine Commission as upper house. For other persons named William Howard Taft, see William Howard Taft (disambiguation). ... Governor-General of the Philippines was the title of the chief political executive during two pre-independence phases in the history of the Philippines, under Spanish and U.S. rule. ... Arthur MacArthur, Jr. ... The Philippine Commission was a body appointed by the President of the United States to exercise legislative and limited executive powers in the Philippines. ... Philippine Constabulary Logo The Philippine Constabulary (PC) was the oldest of the nations four armed forces. ... The United States Army is the largest, and by some standards oldest, established branch of the armed forces of the United States and is one of seven uniformed services. ... The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view. ... In government, bicameralism is the practice of having two legislative or parliamentary chambers. ...

United States policies towards the Philippines shifted with changing administrations.^[36] During the early years of territorial administration, the Americans were reluctant to delegate authority to the Filipinos. However, when Woodrow Wilson became U.S. President in 1913, a new policy was adopted to put into motion a process that would gradually lead to Philippine independence. The Jones Act, passed by the U.S. Congress in 1916 to serve as the new organic law in the Philippines, promised eventual independence and instituted an elected Philippine senate. Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856â€”February 3, 1924), was the twenty-eighth President of the United States. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas US Government Portal For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ... The Jones Act was a United States statute enacted in 1916, which modified the form of government for the then U.S. territory of the Philippines. ... Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives President of the Senate President pro tempore Dick Cheney, (R) since January 20, 2001 Robert C. Byrd, (D) since January 4, 2007 Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, (D) since January 4, 2007 Members 535 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political... The Laws of Nature are claimed in the United States Declaration of Independence to be the work of the Creator of unalienable rights identified as Natures God. ... The Senate of the Philippines is the upper chamber of the bicameral legislature of the Philippines, the Congress of the Philippines. ...

The 1920s saw alternating periods of cooperation and confrontation with American governors-general, depending on how intent the incumbent was on exercising his powers vis-à-vis the Philippine legislature. Members to the elected legislature lobbied for immediate and complete independence from the United States. Several independence missions were sent to Washington, D.C. A civil service was formed and was gradually taken over by Filipinos, who had effectively gained control by 1918. For other uses, see Washington, D.C. (disambiguation). ...

Philippine politics during the American territorial era was dominated by the Nacionalista Party, which was founded in 1907. Although the party's platform called for "immediate independence", their policy toward the Americans was highly accommodating.^[48] Within the political establishment, the call for independence was spearheaded by Manuel L. Quezon, who served continuously as Senate president from 1916 until 1935. The Nacionalista Party logo with party motto, Ang Bayan Higit sa Lahat (Nation, Above All). ... Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina (b. ... The President of the Senate is the title often given to the presiding officer, or chairman, of a senate. ...

Frank Murphy was the last Governor-General of the Philippines (1933-35), and the first U.S. High Commissioner of the Philippines (1935-36). The change in form was more than symbolic: it was intended as a manifestation of the transition to independence. For the Australian rules footballer, see Frank Murphy (footballer). ... Governor-General of the Philippines was the title of the chief political executive during two pre-independence phases in the history of the Philippines, under Spanish and U.S. rule. ... High Commissioner of the Philippines was the title of the personal representative of the President of the United States to the Commonwealth of the Philippines during the period 1935-1946. ...

Commonwealth

In 1933, the United States Congress passed the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act as a Philippine Independence Act over President Herbert Hoover's veto.^[49] Though the bill had been drafted with the aid of a commission from the Philippines, it was opposed by Philippine Senate President Manuel L. Quezon, partially because of provisions leaving the United States in control of naval bases. Under his influence, the Philippine legislature rejected the bill.^[50] The following year, a revised act known as the Tydings-McDuffie Act was finally passed. The act provided for the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines with a ten-year period of peaceful transition to full independence. The commonwealth would have its own constitution and be self-governing, though foreign policy would be the responsibility of the United States, and certain legislation required approval of the United States president.^[50] Anthem Lupang Hinirang Location of the Philippines in Asia Capital Manila Â¹ Language(s) Pilipino, English, Spanish Government Republic President - 1935-1944 Manuel L. Quezon - 1944-1946 Sergio OsmeÃ±a - 1946 Manuel Roxas Vice President - 1935-1944 Sergio OsmeÃ±a - 1946 Elpidio Quirino Historical era American colonization - Philippine Independence Act March... Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina (b. ... FDR redirects here. ... For other uses, see Washington, D.C. (disambiguation). ... Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives President of the Senate President pro tempore Dick Cheney, (R) since January 20, 2001 Robert C. Byrd, (D) since January 4, 2007 Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, (D) since January 4, 2007 Members 535 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political... Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy at the age of thirty The Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act was the first law setting a specific date for Philippine independence from the United States. ... Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 â€“ October 20, 1964) was the 31st President of the United States (1929â€“1933). ... Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina (b. ... The Tydings-McDuffie Act (officially the Philippine Independence Act; Public Law 73-127) approved on March 24, 1934 was a United States federal law which provided for self-government of the Philippines and for Filipino independence (from the United States) after a period of ten years. ... Anthem Lupang Hinirang Location of the Philippines in Asia Capital Manila Â¹ Language(s) Pilipino, English, Spanish Government Republic President - 1935-1944 Manuel L. Quezon - 1944-1946 Sergio OsmeÃ±a - 1946 Manuel Roxas Vice President - 1935-1944 Sergio OsmeÃ±a - 1946 Elpidio Quirino Historical era American colonization - Philippine Independence Act March...

A constitution was framed and approved by Franklin D. Roosevelt in March 1935. On May 14, 1935, a Filipino government was formed on the basis of principles similar to the U.S. Constitution. The commonwealth was established in 1935, electing Manuel L. Quezon as the president and featuring a very strong executive, a unicameral National Assembly, and a Supreme Court composed entirely of Filipinos for the first time since 1901.^[51] FDR redirects here. ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: The United States Constitution The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States of America. ... Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina (b. ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box: The National Assembly is either a legislature, or the lower house of a bicameral legislature in some countries. ... For specific national Supreme Courts, see Category:National supreme courts. ...

World War II and Japanese occupation

Japan launched a surprise attack on the Clark Air Base in Pampanga, Philippines on December 8, 1941, just ten hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Aerial bombardment was followed by landings of ground troops on Luzon. The defending Philippine and United States troops were under the command of General Douglas MacArthur. Under the pressure of superior numbers, the defending forces withdrew to the Bataan Peninsula and to the island of Corregidor at the entrance to Manila Bay. The history of the Philippines is believed to begin with the arrival of the first humans in the Philippines by land bridges at least 30,000 years ago. ... Flag Anthem Himno Nacional Filipino awit sa paglikha ng bagong Pilipinas Location of the Philippines in Asia Capital Manila, Baguio, Tokyo Language(s) Filipino (official), Japanese, English Government Republic President Jose P. Laurel Historical era World War II - Established October 14, 1943 - Disestablished August 17, 1945 Area - 1945 300,000... Note on correct pronunciation: Filipino (Tagalog) speakers pronounce Bataan as (phonetically) Bata-An. In English, the name is rendered Baaa-Tan or Bat-tan. The Bataan Death March (also known as The Death March of Bataan) took place in the Philippines in 1942 and was later accounted as a Japanese... Battle of the Philippines Conflict World War II, Pacific War Date December 8, 1941-May 8, 1942 Place the Philippines Result Japanese victory The Battle of the Philippines was the invasion of the Philippines by Japan in 1941-42, and the defence of the islands by Filipino and United States... This article is about the actual attack. ... This article is about the American general; for the municipality in the Philippines, see General MacArthur, Eastern Samar. ... The Bataan Peninsula is a rocky extension of the Zambales Mountains, on Luzon in the Philippines. ... Corregidor and the entrance to Manila Bay Corregidor in 1941 Corregidor is an island in the entrance of the Philippines Manila Bay. ...

On January 2, 1942, General MacArthur declared the capital city, Manila, an open city to prevent its destruction,^[52] The Philippine defense continued until the final surrender of United States-Philippine forces on the Bataan Peninsula in April 1942 and on Corregidor in May of the same year. Most of the 80,000 prisoners of war captured by the Japanese at Bataan were forced to undertake the infamous Bataan Death March to a prison camp 105 kilometers to the north. It is estimated that about 10,000 Filipinos and 1,200 Americans died before reaching their destination.^[53] In war, in the event of the imminent capture of a city, the government/military structure of the country that owns the city will sometimes declare it an open city, thus announcing that they have abandoned all defensive efforts. ... Note on correct pronunciation: Filipino (Tagalog) speakers pronounce Bataan as (phonetically) Bata-An. In English, the name is rendered Baaa-Tan or Bat-tan. The Bataan Death March (also known as The Death March of Bataan) took place in the Philippines in 1942 and was later accounted as a Japanese...

President Quezon and Osmeña had accompanied the troops to Corregidor and later left for the United States, where they set up a government in exile.^[54] MacArthur was ordered to Australia, where he started to plan for a return to the Philippines.

The Japanese military authorities immediately began organizing a new government structure in the Philippines and established the Philippine Executive Commission. They initially organized a Council of State, through which they directed civil affairs until October 1943, when they declared the Philippines an independent republic. The Japanese-sponsored republic headed by President José P. Laurel proved to be unpopular.^[55] The Philippine Executive Commission or PEC was established on January of 1942 with Jorge B. Vargas as its first Chairman. ... The Philippine Council of State is an advisory body first established during the American colonial period by Governor-General Francis Burton Harrison. ... JosÃ© Paciano Laurel y GarcÃa (March 9, 1891 - November 6, 1959) was the president of the Japanese-sponsored Republic of the Philippines from 1943 to 1945. ...

Japanese occupation of the Philippines was opposed by large-scale underground and guerrilla activity. The Philippine Army continued to fight the Japanese in a guerrilla war and was considered an auxiliary unit of the United States Army. Their effectiveness was such that by the end of the war, Japan controlled only twelve of the forty-eight provinces.^[55] The major element of resistance in the Central Luzon area was furnished by the Hukbalahap (Filipino: "Hukbong Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon") ("People's Army Against the Japanese"), which armed some 30,000 people and extended their control over much of Luzon.^[55] The Philippine Army (PA) is the ground arm of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP). ... Judiciary Supreme Court Chief Justice Reynato Puno Court of Appeals Â· Sandiganbayan Court of Tax Appeals Â· Ombudsman Elections Commission on Elections Chairman: Resurreccion Z. Borra 2013 | 2010 | 2007 | 2004 | 2001 | 1998 1995 | 1992 | 1987 | 1986 | All Foreign relations Government Website Human rights Other countries Atlas Politics Portal The province (Filipino: lalawigan... The Hukbalahap was the militant arm of the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP), formed in 1942 to fight the Japanese occupation in the Philippines during World War II. The term is a contraction of the Filipino term Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon which means Peoples Army...

MacArthur's Sixth United States Army landed on Leyte on October 20, 1944. Landings in other parts of the country followed, and the Allies with the Philippine Commonwealth troops pushed toward Manila. Fighting continued until Japan's formal surrender on September 2, 1945. The Philippines suffered great loss of life and tremendous physical destruction by the time the war was over. An estimated 1 million Filipinos had been killed, a large proportion during the final months of the war, and Manila was extensively damaged.^[55] The Sixth United States Army was a field army of the United States Army. ...

Independent Philippines and the Third Republic (1946–1972)

Elections were held in April 1946, with Manuel Roxas becoming the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines. The United States ceded its sovereignty over the Philippines on July 4, 1946, as scheduled.^[36]^[56] However, the Philippine economy remained highly dependent on United States markets– more dependent, according to United States high commissioner Paul McNutt, than any single U.S. state was dependent on the rest of the country.^[57] The Philippine Trade Act, passed as a precondition for receiving war rehabilitation grants from the United States,^[58] exacerbated the dependency with provisions further tying the economies of the two countries. A military assistance pact was signed in 1947 granting the United States a 99-year lease on designated military bases in the country (the lease was later reduced to 25 years beginning 1967). This article covers the history of the Philippines from the granting of independence in 1946 to the end of the presidency of Diosdado Macapagal. ... Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (IPA: ; October 11, 1884 â€“ November 7, 1962) was First Lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945. ... Manuel AcuÃ±a Roxas (January 1, 1892 â€“ April 15, 1948) was the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines. ... The Economy of the Philippines is a capitalist market economy in Asia, and one of the newly industrialized emerging market economies of the world. ... The economy of the United States has been the worlds largest national economy since the late 1890s;[1] its gross domestic product (GDP) was estimated as $13. ... Paul V. McNutt in his Washington office, 1941. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas US Government Portal A U.S. state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of... The Bell Trade Act of 1946, also known as the Philippine Trade Act was an act passed by the United States Congress specifying the economic conditions governing the independence of the Philippines from the United States. ... A military base is a facility directly owned and operated by and/or for the military or one of its branches that shelters military equipment and personnel, and facilitates training and operations. ...

The Roxas administration granted general amnesty to those who had collaborated with the Japanese in World War II, except for those who had committed violent crimes. Roxas died suddenly of a heart attack in April 1948, and the vice president, Elpidio Quirino, was elevated to the presidency. He ran for president in his own right in 1949, defeating Jose P. Laurel and winning a four-year term. Look up Amnesty in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Elpidio Rivera Quirino (November 16, 1890 â€“ February 29, 1956) was the sixth President of the Philippines. ... PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES Jose P. Laurel José Paciano Laurel y García (March 9, 1891 - November 6, 1959) was the president of the Japanese-sponsored Republic of the Philippines from 1943 to 1945. ...

World War II had left the Philippines demoralized and severely damaged. The task of reconstruction was complicated by the activities of the Communist-supported Hukbalahap guerrillas (known as "Huks"), who had evolved into a violent resistance force against the new Philippine government. Government policy towards the Huks alternated between gestures of negotiation and harsh suppression. Secretary of Defense Ramon Magsaysay initiated a campaign to defeat the insurgents militarily and at the same time win popular support for the government. The Huk movement had waned in the early 1950s, finally ending with the unconditional surrender of Huk leader Luis Taruc in May 1954. This article is about the form of society and political movement. ... The Hukbalahap was the militant arm of the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP), formed in 1942 to fight the Japanese occupation in the Philippines during World War II. The term is a contraction of the Filipino term Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon which means Peoples Army... For the municipality, see Ramon Magsaysay, Zamboanga del Sur. ... Luis Taruc (June 21, 1913 - May 4, 2005) was a Philippine Communist political figure and revolutionary. ...

Supported by the United States, Magsaysay was elected president in 1953 on a populist platform. He promised sweeping economic reform, and made progress in land reform by promoting the resettlement of poor people in the Catholic north into traditionally Muslim areas. Though this relieved population pressure in the north, it heightened religious hostilities.^[59] Nevertheless, he was extremely popular with the common people, and his death in an airplane crash in March 1957 dealt a serious blow to national morale. Look up Populism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... -1...

Carlos P. Garcia succeeded to the presidency after Magsaysay's death, and was elected to a four-year term in the election of November that same year. His administration emphasized the nationalist theme of "Filipino first", arguing that the Filipino people should be given the chances to improve the country's economy.^[60] Garcia successfully negotiated for the United States' relinquishment of large military land reservations. However, his administration lost popularity on issues of government corruption as his term advanced.^[61] Carlos Polistico Garcia (November 4, 1896 â€“ June 14, 1971) was the 8th president of the Philippines (1957-1961). ...

Diosdado Macapagal was elected president in the 1961 election, defeating Garcia's re-election bid. Macapagal's foreign policy sought closer relations with neighboring Asian nations, particularly Malaya (later Malaysia) and Indonesia.^[59] Negotiations with the United States over base rights led to anti-American sentiment.^[59] Notably, the celebration of Independence Day was changed from July 4 to June 12, to honor the day that Emilio Aguinaldo declared independence from Spain in 1898. For the airport, see Diosdado Macapagal International Airport For the boulevard in Metro Manila, see Diosdado Macapagal Boulevard Diosdado Pangan Macapagal (September 28, 1910 â€“ April 21, 1997) was a Filipino politician who served as the 9th President of the Philippines. ... The Federation of Malaya, or in Malay Persekutuan Tanah Melayu, was formed in 1948 from the British settlements of Penang and Malacca and the nine Malay states and replaced the Malayan Union. ... For other uses, see Independence Day (disambiguation). ... Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy (March 22, 1869 â€“ February 6, 1964) was a Filipino general, politician, and independence leader. ...

Marcos era and martial law (1965–1986)

Macapagal ran for re-election in 1965, but was defeated by his former party-mate, Senate President Ferdinand Marcos, who had switched to the Nacionalista Party. Early in his presidency, Marcos initiated ambitious public works projects and intensified tax collection which brought the country economic prosperity throughout the 1970s. His administration built more roads (including a substantial portion of the Pan-Philippine Highway) than all his predecessors combined, and more schools than any previous administration.^[62] Marcos was re-elected president in 1969, becoming the first president of the independent Philippines to achieve a second term. This article covers the history of the Philippines during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos. ... Flag SEATO founding members are highlighted in purple Capital Bangkok, ThailandÂ¹ Political structure International organisation Historical era Cold War - Treaty 8 September, 1954 - Dissolved 30 June, 1977 Â¹ Headquarters were in Bangkok, Thailand The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), was an international organization for collective defense created by the Southeast Asia... Manila (Maynila in Filipino) is the capital city of the Philippines. ... Ferdinand Emmanuel EdralÃn Marcos (September 11, 1917 â€“ September 28, 1989) was President of the Philippines from 1966 to 1986. ... The Pan-Philippine Highway The Pan-Philippine Highway (also known as the Maharlika Highway) is a 2500 km network of roads, bridges, and ferry services that connect the islands of Luzon, Samar, Leyte, and Mindanao in the Philippines, serving as the countrys principal transport backbone. ...

The Philippine Legislature was corrupt and impotent. Opponents of Marcos blocked the necessary legislation to implement his ambitious plans. Because of this, optimism faded early in his second term and economic growth slowed.^[63] Crime and civil disobedience increased. The Communist Party of the Philippines formed the New People's Army. The Moro National Liberation Front continued to fight for an independent Muslim nation in Mindanao. An explosion during the proclamation rally of the senatorial slate of the Liberal Party on August 21, 1971 prompted Marcos to suspend the writ of habeas corpus, which he restored on January 11, 1972 after public protests. The New Peoples Army, or NPA, is a communist-based revolutionary group in the Philippines, formed in December 1969. ... The New Peoples Army (NPA), is a paramilitary group fighting for communist revolution in the Philippines. ... The Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) is an active Islamic movement in the Southern Philippines. ... The Liberal Party (Filipino: Partido Liberal) is a liberal party in the Philippines, founded in 1945 by a breakaway from the Nacionalista Party. ... In common law jurisdictions, habeas corpus, or more precisely habeas corpus ad subjiciendum, is a prerogative writ which requires the addressee to produce in court a person in its custody and justify his or her imprisonment. ...

Martial law

Amidst the rising wave of lawlessness and the threat of a Communist insurgency, Marcos declared martial law on September 21, 1972 by virtue of Proclamation No. 1081. Marcos, ruling by decree, curtailed press freedom and other civil liberties, closed down Congress and media establishments, and ordered the arrest of opposition leaders and militant activists, including his staunchest critics senators Benigno Aquino, Jr., Jovito Salonga and Jose Diokno.^[64] The declaration of martial law was initially well received, given the social turmoil the Philippines was experiencing.^[65] Crime rates plunged dramatically after a curfew was implemented.^[66] Many political opponents were forced to go into exile. Battlespace Weapons Tactics Strategy Organization Logistics Lists War Portal For other uses, see Martial law (disambiguation). ... Proclamation No. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Jovito R. Salonga also known as Ka Jovy Born poor in a remote barrio in Pasig, Rizal on June 22, 1920. ... Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ...

A constitutional convention, which had been called for in 1970 to replace the colonial 1935 Constitution, continued the work of framing a new constitution after the declaration of martial law. The new constitution went into effect in early 1973, changing the form of government from presidential to parliamentary and allowing Marcos to stay in power beyond 1973. hi:Alternative meaning: Constitutional convention (political custom) this is random:Alternative meaning: Constitutional convention (political custom) A constitutional convention is a gathering of delegates for the purpose of writing a new constitution or revising an existing constitution. ... (Redirected from 1935 Constitution of the Philippines) The Constitution of the Philippines (Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas in Filipino) is the supreme law of the Philippines. ... States currently utilizing parliamentary systems are denoted in red and orangeâ€”the former being constitutional monarchies where authority is vested in a parliament, the latter being parliamentary republics whose parliaments are effectively supreme over a separate head of state. ...

Marcos claimed that martial law was the prelude to creating a "New Society" based on new social and political values.^[67] The economy during the 1970s was robust, with budgetary and trade surpluses. The Gross National Product rose from P55 billion in 1972 to P193 billion in 1980. Tourism rose, contributing to the economy's growth. However, Marcos, his cronies and his wife, Imelda Romualdez-Marcos, wilfully engaged in rampant corruption.^[68] Measures of national income and output are used in economics to estimate the value of goods and services produced in an economy. ... Imelda RomuÃ¡ldez Marcos (born July 2, 1929 in Manila) is a former First Lady and erstwhile powerful political figure in the Philippines. ...

Fourth Republic

Appeasing the Roman Catholic Church before the visit of Pope John Paul II,^[69] Marcos officially lifted martial law on January 17, 1981. However, he retained much of the government's power for arrest and detention. Corruption and nepotism as well as civil unrest contributed to a serious decline in economic growth and development under Marcos, whose health declined due to lupus. Catholic Church redirects here. ... John Paul II (Latin: , Italian: , Polish: ) born IPA: ; 18 May 1920 â€“ 2 April 2005) reigned as the 264th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church and Sovereign of the State of the Vatican City from 16 October 1978, until his death, almost 27 years later. ... Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE or lupus) is a chronic autoimmune disease that can be fatal, though with recent medical advances, fatalities are becoming increasingly rare. ...

The political opposition boycotted the 1981 presidential elections, which pitted Marcos against retired general Alejo Santos.^[64] Marcos won by a margin of over 16 million votes, which constitutionally allowed him to have another six-year term. Finance Minister Cesar Virata was elected as Prime Minister by the Batasang Pambansa. Presidential elections and parliamentary elections were held on June 16, 1981 in the Philippines. ... Alejo Santos (July 11, 1911 â€” February 18, 1984) was a Filipino soldier and World War II hero who parlayed his fame into a political career. ... Former Philippine Prime Minister Cesar E.A. Virata Cesar Emilio Aguinaldo Virata (b. ... Batasang Pambansa (National Assembly) is where members of the Philippines House of Representatives hold their sessions. ...

In 1983, opposition leader Benigno Aquino, Jr. was assassinated at the Manila International Airport upon his return to the Philippines after a long period of exile. This coalesced popular dissatisfaction with Marcos and began a succession of events, including pressure from the United States, that culminated in a snap presidential election in February 1986.^[70] The opposition united under Aquino's widow, Corazon Aquino. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... The Ninoy Aquino International Airport (Filipino: Paliparang Pandaigdig ng Ninoy Aquino) or NAIA, pronounced nah-eeyah, (IATA: MNL, ICAO: RPLL) is one of the two international airports serving the Metro Manila Area and the main international gateway of the Philippines. ... Presidential and vice-presidential snap elections were held on February 7, 1986 in the Philippines. ... Maria Corazon Sumulong Cojuangco Aquino (born January 25, 1933), widely known as Cory Aquino, was President of the Philippines from 1986 to 1992. ...

The official election canvasser, the Commission on Elections (Comelec), declared Marcos the winner of the election. However, there was a large discrepancy between the Comelec results and that of Namfrel, an accredited poll watcher. The allegedly fraudulent result was rejected by Corazon Aquino and her supporters. International observers, including a U.S. delegation, denounced the official results.^[70] Gen. Fidel Ramos and Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile withdrew their support for Marcos. A peaceful civilian-military uprising, now popularly called the People Power Revolution, forced Marcos into exile and installed Corazon Aquino as president on February 25, 1986. The Commission on Elections of the Philippines, or more commonly known as Comelec is an independent government body responsible for running elections in the countrys democratic government. ... The National Movement for Free Elections or NAMFREL is an officially accredited election watchdog in the Philippines. ... PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES Fidel V. Ramos Fidel Valdez Ramos (born March 18, 1928), military hero of the 1986 People Power Revolution that toppled the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos, became the 12th President of the Republic of the Philippines on June 30, 1992. ... Juan Ponce Enrile (born February 14, 1924) is a political figure in the Philippines. ... The EDSA Revolution, also referred to as the People Power Revolution and the Philippine Revolution of 1986, was a mostly nonviolent mass demonstration in the Philippines. ...

Fifth Republic (1986–present)

Corazon Aquino immediately formed a revolutionary government to normalize the situation, and provided for a transitional "Freedom Constitution".^[71] A new permanent constitution was ratified and enacted in February 1987.^[72] The constitution crippled presidential power to declare martial law, proposed the creation of autonomous regions in the Cordilleras and Muslim Mindanao, and restored the presidential form of government and the bicameral Congress.^[73] Progress was made in revitalizing democratic institutions and respect for civil liberties, but Aquino's administration was also viewed as weak and fractious, and a return to full political stability and economic development was hampered by several attempted coups staged by disaffected members of the Philippine military.^[74] This article covers the history of the Philippines from the presidency of Corazon Aquino until the present. ... Mount Pinatubo is an active stratovolcano located on the island of Luzon in the Philippines, at the intersection of the borders of the provinces of Zambales, Tarlac, and Pampanga. ... Judiciary Supreme Court Chief Justice Reynato Puno Court of Appeals Â· Sandiganbayan Court of Tax Appeals Â· Ombudsman Elections Commission on Elections Chairman: Resurreccion Z. Borra 2013 | 2010 | 2007 | 2004 | 2001 | 1998 1995 | 1992 | 1987 | 1986 | All Foreign relations Government Website Human rights Other countries Atlas Politics Portal The Constitution of the... The Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) of the Philippines consists of the provinces of Abra, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga, Mountain Province and Apayao. ... The Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM; Rehiyong Awtonomo ng Muslim Mindanao) of the Philippines is composed of five provinces and one city namely: Basilan, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu, Tawi-Tawi and the Marawi City. ...

Economic growth was additionally hampered by a series of natural disasters, including the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo that left 700 dead and 200,000 homeless.^[75] During the Aquino presidency, Manila witnessed six unsuccessful coup attempts, the most serious occurring in December 1989.^[76] Mount Pinatubo is an active stratovolcano located on the island of Luzon in the Philippines, at the intersection of the borders of the provinces of Zambales, Tarlac, and Pampanga. ...

In 1991, the Philippine Senate rejected a treaty that would have allowed a 10-year extension of the U.S. military bases in the country. The United States turned over Clark Air Base in Pampanga to the government in November, and Subic Bay Naval Base in Zambales in December 1992, ending almost a century of U.S. military presence in the Philippines. This article covers the history of the Philippines during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos. ... Clark Air Base, 1975. ... REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES Province of Pampanga Region: Central Luzon (Region III) Capital: City of San Fernando Founded: December 11, 1571 Population: 2000 censusâ€”1,882,730 (10th largest) Densityâ€”863 per kmÂ² (4th highest) Area: 2,180. ... Subic Bay is a bay on the west coast of the island of Luzon in the Philippines, about 100km northwest of Manila Bay. ... REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES Province of Zambales Region: Central Luzon (Region III) Capital: Iba Founded: 1578 Population: 2000 censusâ€”627,802 (39th largest) Densityâ€”169 per kmÂ² (49th highest) Area: 3,714. ...

In the 1992 elections, Defense Secretary Fidel V. Ramos, endorsed by Aquino, won the presidency with just 23.6% of the vote in a field of seven candidates. Early in his administration, Ramos declared "national reconciliation" his highest priority and worked at building a coalition to overcome the divisiveness of the Aquino years.^[73] He legalized the Communist Party and laid the groundwork for talks with communist insurgents, Muslim separatists, and military rebels, attempting to convince them to cease their armed activities against the government. In June 1994, Ramos signed into law a general conditional amnesty covering all rebel groups, and Philippine military and police personnel accused of crimes committed while fighting the insurgents. In October 1995, the government signed an agreement bringing the military insurgency to an end. A peace agreement with the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF), a major separatist group fighting for an independent homeland in Mindanao, was signed in 1996, ending the 24-year old struggle. However, an MNLF splinter group, the Moro Islamic Liberation Front continued the armed struggle for an Islamic state. Efforts by Ramos supporters to gain passage of an amendment that would allow him to run for a second term were met with large-scale protests, leading Ramos to declare he would not seek re-election.^[77] Presidential elections, legislative elections and local elections were held in the Philippines on May 11, 1992. ... Fidel Valdez Ramos (born March 18, 1928) was the 12th President of the Philippines. ... The New Peoples Army, or NPA, is a communist-based revolutionary group in the Philippines, formed in December 1969. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù†, Turkish: MÃ¼slÃ¼man, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... Look up Amnesty in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) is an active Islamic movement in the Southern Philippines. ... Mindanao is the second largest and easternmost island in the Philippines. ... â€œMILFâ€ redirects here. ...

Joseph Estrada, a former movie actor who had served as Ramos' vice president, was elected president by a landslide victory in 1998. His election campaign pledged to help the poor and develop the country's agricultural sector. He enjoyed widespread popularity, particularly among the poor.^[78] Estrada assumed office amid the Asian Financial Crisis. The economy did, however, recovered from it. From a low -0.6% growth in 1998 to a moderate growth of 3.4% by 1999^[79]^[80]^[81]^[82]^[83]^[84]. Like his predecessor there was a similar attempt to change the 1987 constitution. The process is termed as CONCORD or Constitutional Correction for Development. Unlike Charter change under Ramos and Arroyo the CONCORD proposal, according to its proponents, would only amend the 'restrictive' economic provisions of the constitution that is considered as impeding the entry of more foreign investments in the Philippines. However it was not successful in amending the constitution. Joseph EjÃ©rcito Estrada, more popularly known as Erap (born JosÃ© Marcelo EjÃ©rcito on April 19, 1937), is a popular former film actor in the Philippines and was the 13th President of the Philippines from June 30, 1998 to January 20, 2001. ... The Asian financial crisis was a financial crisis that started in July 1997 in Thailand and affected currencies, stock markets, and other asset prices in several Asian countries, many considered East Asian Tigers. ...

In March 21, 2000 President Estrada declared an "all-out-war" against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) after the worsening secessionist movement in Midanao^[85]^[86] The government later captured 46 MILF camps including the MILF's headquarters', Camp Abubakar^[85]^[87]^[88]. In October 2000, however, Estrada was accused of having accepted millions of pesos in payoffs from illegal gambling businesses. He was impeached by the House of Representatives, but his impeachment trial in the Senate broke down when the senate voted to block examination of the president's bank records. In response, massive street protests erupted demanding Estrada's resignation. Faced with street protests, cabinet resignations, and a withdrawal of support from the armed forces, Estrada was forced from office on January 20, 2001. â€œMILFâ€ redirects here. ... Depiction of the impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson, then President of the United States, in 1868. ... The EDSA Revolution of 2001, also called by the local media as EDSA II (pronounced as Edsa dos) or the Second People Power Revolution, is the common name of the four-day popular revolution that peacefully overthrew Philippine President Joseph Estrada in January 2001. ...

Vice President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (the daughter of the late President Diosdado Macapagal) was sworn in as Estrada's successor on the day of his departure. Her accession to power was further legitimized by the mid-term congressional and local elections held four months later, when her coalition won an overwhelming victory.^[68] Arroyo's initial term in office was marked by fractious coalition politics as well as a military mutiny in Manila in July 2003 that led her to declare a month-long nationwide state of rebellion.^[68] Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (born April 5, 1947), also known by her initials G.M.A., is the 14th and current president of the Republic of the Philippines. ... For the airport, see Diosdado Macapagal International Airport For the boulevard in Metro Manila, see Diosdado Macapagal Boulevard Diosdado Pangan Macapagal (September 28, 1910 â€“ April 21, 1997) was a Filipino politician who served as the 9th President of the Philippines. ...

Arroyo had declared in December 2002 that she would not run in the May 2004 presidential election, but she reversed herself in October 2003 and decided to join the race.^[68] She was re-elected and sworn in for her own six-year term as president on June 30, 2004. In 2005, a tape of a wiretapped conversation surfaced bearing the voice of Arroyo apparently asking an election official if her margin of victory could be maintained.^[89] The tape sparked protests calling for Arroyo's resignation.^[89] Arroyo admitted to inappropriately speaking to an election official, but denied allegations of fraud and refused to step down.^[89] Attempts to impeach the president failed later that year.

Arroyo currently spearheads a controversial plan for an overhaul of the constitution to transform the present presidential-bicameral republic into a federal parliamentary-unicameral form of government.^[90]

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