The Hoa are an overseas Chinese minority in Vietnam. They are also typically referred to as either Chinese Vietnamese, Vietnamese Chinese, Sino-Vietnamese, or ethnic Chinese in/from Vietnam. The Vietnamese government's classification of the Hoa excludes two other groups of Chinese-speaking peoples, the San Diu (mountain Chinese) and the Ngai. Along with ethnic Vietnamese, the Hoa are usually referred to as "Vietnamese" by Chinese from mainland China and Taiwan. A homeowners association (abbrev. ... Traditional Chinese characters refers to one of two standard sets of printed Chinese characters. ... Standard Mandarin, also known as Standard Chinese, Modern Standard Chinese or Standard spoken Chinese, is the official modern Chinese spoken language used by the Peoples Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan), and Singapore. ... Pinyin, more formally called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... Min (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; POJ: Bân hong-giân; BUC: Mìng huŏng-ngiòng) is a general term for a group of dialects of the Chinese language spoken in the southeastern Chinese province of Fujian as well as by migrants from this province in Guangdong (around Chaozhou-Swatou... Mǐn N n (Chinese: 閩南語), also spelt as Minnan or Min-nan; native name B ; literally means Southern Min or Southern Fujian and refers to the local language/dialect of southern Fujian province, China. ... Technical note: Due to technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. ... This article is about all of the Cantonese (Yue) dialects. ... Jyutping (sometimes spelled Jyutpin) is a romanization system for Standard Cantonese developed by the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong (LSHK) in 1993. ... This article is about the concept of a minority. ... The San Diu (also known as San Deo, Trai, Trai Dat and Man Quan Coc) are an ethnic group in North Vietnam. ... The Ngái are an ethnic group in Vietnam and other Indochinese countries. ... Categories: Vietnamese people | Ethnicity stubs ... ...

According to the 1999 Vietnamese census, with 1.1% of the population, the Hoa are the 6th-largest ethnic group in Vietnam.

Languages

Cholon, the center of Chinese activity in Ho Chi Minh City for nearly 240 years.

The Chinese who escaped from Qing Dynasty China to Vietnam declared themselves as the Minh-huong (明鄉 or mingxiang in pinyin) which means the people of the Ming Dynasty. The Hoa are descended from early mainland Chinese settlers from the Guangdong province who arrived in Vietnam from the 18th to 20th centuries. The final group of Mainland Chinese migrants came during the 1940s. A large proportion of Hoa who are living outside of Vietnam speak the Vietnamese accent of Cantonese Chinese as their mother tongue. The second largest group of Hoa tend to speak Teochew Chinese (Chaozhou), but may also speak Cantonese as a lingua franca. The younger generation of Hoa in Vietnam tends to speak both Vietnamese and Cantonese. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 672 KB) Summary Binh Tay Market in Cho Lon, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 672 KB) Summary Binh Tay Market in Cho Lon, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. ... Cholon (Vietnamese: quoc ngu ; chu nom ) is the name of the Chinese district of Ho Chi Minh City (the former Saigon), the largest such Chinatown district in Vietnam. ... “Saigon” redirects here. ... Flag (1890-1912) Anthem Gong Jinou (1911) Territory of Qing China in 1892 Capital Shengjing (1636-1644) Beijing (1644-1912) Language(s) Chinese Manchu Mongolian Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1636-1643 Huang Taiji  - 1908-1912 Xuantong Emperor Prime Minister  - 1911 Yikuang  - 1911-1912 Yuan Shikai History  - Establishment of the Late... Pinyin, more formally called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... For other uses, see Ming. ... In this map of China, the light-coloured areas represent Mainland China, while yellow coloured area refers to Taiwan. ... Not to be confused with the former Kwantung Leased Territory in north-eastern China. ... This article is on all of the Yue dialects. ... The Teochew, Teochiu, or Tiuchiu dialect (Guangdong romanization: Dio7 Ziu1; Missionary romanization: Tiô-chiu-oÄ“, Chinese:潮州话, Hanyu Pinyin: Cháozhōuhuà), is a Chinese language and dialect of Minnan spoken in the Chaoshan region of eastern Guangdong. ... Lingua franca, literally Frankish language in Italian, was originally a mixed language consisting largely of Italian plus a vocabulary drawn from Turkish, Persian, French, Greek and Arabic and used for communication throughout the Middle East. ...

Due to similar culture with Vietnamese and close proximity with China, the Chinese Vietnamese have tended to retain the strongest ties and greater affinity to traditional Chinese culture. The intermarriage between the Hoa and the majority Kinh ethnic is the highest compared to other minorities in Vietnam. ^[1] Chinese culture has roots going back over five thousand years. ...

They are predominantly urban dwellers. A few Hoa live in small settlements in the northern highlands near the Chinese frontier, where they are also known as ngai. Traditionally, as elsewhere in Southeast Asia, the Chinese have retained a distinctive cultural identity, but in 1955 North Vietnam and China agreed that the Hoa should be integrated gradually into Vietnamese society and should have Vietnamese citizenship conferred on them.

Occupations

This article contains material from the Library of Congress Country Studies, which are United States government publications in the public domain. The Country Studies are works published by the Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress ( USA), freely available for use by researchers. ... The U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1789 by a constitutional convention, sets down the basic framework of American government in its seven articles. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...

Before 1975 the northern Hoa were mainly rice farmers, fishermen, and coal miners, except for those residing in cities and provincial towns. In the South, the French colonizers had allowed the Cholon Chinese to be the trading middleman. Subsequently, they became dominant in commerce and manufacturing. According to an official source, at the end of 1974 the Hoa controlled more than 80 % of the food, textile, chemical, metallurgy, engineering, and electrical industries, 100 % of wholesale trade, more than 50 % of retail trade, and 90 % of export-import trade. Dominance over the economy enabled the Hoa to "manipulate prices" of rice and other scarce goods. This particular source further observed that the Hoa community constituted "a state within a state," inasmuch as they had built "a closed world based on blood relations, strict internal discipline, and a network of sects, each with its own chief, to avoid the indigenous administration's direct interference." It was noted by Hanoi in 1983 that as many as 60 % of "the former bourgeoisie" of the south were of Chinese origin. Cholon (Vietnamese: quoc ngu ; chu nom ) is the name of the Chinese district of Ho Chi Minh City (the former Saigon), the largest such Chinatown district in Vietnam. ...

History

Population and expulsion

As of 2006, the Hoa became the largest ethnic minority in Vietnam, with figures of 2.3 million.^[2]

In mid-1975, when North and South Vietnam were unified, the combined Hoa communities of the North and South numbered approximately 1.3 million, and all but 200,000 resided in the South, most of them in the Saigon metropolitan area, especially in the Cholon district (Chinatown). Beginning in 1975, the Hoa bore the brunt of socialist transformation in the South. The government attempted to require all ethnic Chinese adopt Vietnamese nationality, and those who refused faced heavy taxes, occupational discrimination, and had food rations reduced.^[3][4] Further reforms in 1977 prohibited Chinese from entering civil service, working for public enterprises, engaging in retail trades or farming, or moving from one place to another. Distrusted Chinese nationals were required to fill out "voluntary repatriation" forms, which would lead the to confiscation of their property and exile from the country^[5], while ethnic Chinese with Vietnamese citizenship were denied the right to stand for elections and began to suffer occupational and political discrimination. ^[6][7] Cholon (Vietnamese: quoc ngu ; chu nom ) is the name of the Chinese district of Ho Chi Minh City (the former Saigon), the largest such Chinatown district in Vietnam. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

By April 1977, Vietnam began to expel both Chinese and non-Vietnamese minorities from the Sino-Vietnamese border areas into China.^[8][9][10] As Vietnam prepared to escalate its border conflict with Kampuchea, surveillence, harassment, and expulsions of ethnic Chinese nationwide increased,^[11][12] as they were increasingly distrusted and seen as a possible fifth column for China. Distrust deepened in 1978, as China announced reforms, as part of its Four Modernizations, to protect its citizens living abroad as well as reestablish relations with overseas Chinese to encourage foreign investment.^[13] A fifth column is a group of people which clandestinely undermines a larger group to which it is expected to be loyal, such as a nation. ... The Four Modernizations (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ) were the goals of Deng Xiaoping’s reforms. ...

In early 1978, Chinese in Ho Chi Minh City protested against discrimination, including confiscation of their properties, expulsions, and nullification of their nationality.^[14][15] By early 1978 the communist government decided to abolish private trade. On March 23, 1978, 30,000 police cordoned off the Cholon district of Ho Chi Minh City. This force conducted searches and confiscation in every house and shop in the district, including confiscations of goods and valuables from about 50,000 retailers.^[16][17][18] This operation was simultaneously conducted nationwide in other parts of the country, often with specific target quotas set for each area, and continued for a month.^[19][20] An announcement on March 24 outlawed all wholesale trade and large business activities, which forced around 30,000 businesses to close down overnight^[21], followed up by another that banned all private trade^[22][23]. Further government policies forced former owners to become farmers in the countryside or join the arm forces and fight at the Vietnam-Kampuchea border, and confiscated all old and foreign currencies, as well as any Vietnamese currency in excess of the US value of $250 for urban households and $150 by rural households. ^{[24][25][26][27][28][29]} While such measures were targeted at all bourgeois elements, such measures hurt ethnic Chinese the hardest and resulted in the takeover of Chinese properties in and around major cities.^[30][31] Chinese communities offered widespread resistance and clashes left the streets of Cholon "full of corpses".^[32][33] Cholon (Vietnamese: quoc ngu ; chu nom ) is the name of the Chinese district of Ho Chi Minh City (the former Saigon), the largest such Chinatown district in Vietnam. ... “USD” redirects here. ...

These measures, combined with external tensions stemming from Vietnam's dispute with Cambodia and China in 1978 and 1979 caused an exodus of as the majority of the Hoa, of whom more than 170,000 fled overland into the province of Guangxi, China, from the North and the remainder fled by boat from the South. China received a daily influx of 4-5,000 refugees, while Southeast Asian countries saw a wave of 5,000 boat people arriving at their shores each month. China sent unarmed ships to help evacuate Chinese refugees, but encountered diplomatic problems as the Vietnamese government denied that Chinese suffered persecution and later refused to issue exit permits after as many as 250,000 Chinese had applied for repatriation.^[34] In an attempt to stem the refugee flow, avert Vietnamese accusations that Beijing was coercing its citizens to emigrate, and encourage Vietnam to change its policies towards ethnic Chinese, China closed off its land border in 1955.^[35] This led to a jump in the number of boat people, with as many as 100,000 arriving in other countries by the end of 1978. However, the Vietnamese government by now not only encouraged the exodus, but took the opportunity to profit from it by imposing a price of five to ten taels of gold or an equivalent of uS $1,500 to $3,000 per person wishing to leave the country.^{[36][37][38][39][40]} The Vietnamese military also forcibly drove the thousands of border refugees across the Sino-Vietnamese land border, causing numerous border incidents and armed clashes, while blaming these movements on China by accusing them of using saboteurs to force Vietnamese citizens into China.^{[41][42][43][44][45][46]} This new influx brought the number of refugees in China to around 200,000.^[47] Guangxi (Zhuang: Gvangjsih; old orthography: ; Simplified Chinese: 广西; Traditional Chinese: 廣西; Pinyin: GuÇŽngxÄ«; Wade-Giles: Kuang-hsi; Postal System Pinyin: Kwangsi), full name Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Zhuang: Gvangjsih Bouxcuengh Swcigih; old orthography: ; Simplified Chinese: 广西壮族自治区; Traditional Chinese: 廣西壯族自治區; Pinyin: GuÇŽngxÄ« Zhuàngzú ZìzhìqÅ«) is a Zhuang autonomous region of... The tael (兩), PY: Liang, was part of the Chinese system of weights and currency. ...

The expulsion and persecution of ethnic Chinese in Vietnam was one of the reasons, though not cited as a primary one, for China initiating the Sino-Vietnamese War in 1979. However, this justification was played downplayed and never publicly stated for fear of both alienating other Southeast countries with Chinese minorities (who would feel threatened if mistreatment of their Chinese minorities could lead to war with China), and for fear of possible persecution of other populations of overseas Chinese due to suspicions of ties with China.^[48] However, the size of the exodus increased during and after the war. The monthly number of boat people arriving in Southeast Asia increased to 11,000 during the first quarter of 1979, 28,000 by April, and 55,000 in June, while more than 90,000 fled by boat to China. In addition, the Vietnamese military also began expelling ethnic Chinese from Vietnam-occupied Kampuchea, leading to over 43,000 refugees of mostly Chinese descent fleeing overland to Thailand^[49] By now, Vietnam was openly confiscating the properties and extorting money from fleeing refugees. In April 1979 alone, overseas Chinese outside of Vietnam had remitted a total of US $242 million (an amount equivalent to half the total value of Vietnam's 1978 exports) through Hong Kong to Ho Chi Minh City to help their friends or family pay their way out of Vietnam.^[50] By June, money from refugees had replaced the coal industry as Vietnam's largest source of foreign exchange and was expected to reach as much as 3 billion in US dollars.^[51] By 1980, the refugee population in China reached 260,000^[52], and the number of surviving boat people refugees in Southeast Asia reached 400,000.^[53] (An estimated 50%^[54][55] to 70%^[56] of boat people perished at sea.) By the end of 1980, the majority of the Hoa had fled or been expelled from Vietnam. In addition to Chinese, an estimated 30,000 ethnic Vietnamese refugees fled to China. This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Immigration to other countries

As an example of their resiliency to Chinese culture, upon their arrival in North America, some Chinese Vietnamese (Sino-Vietnamese) immigrants have re-asserted Chinese identity by changing their Vietnamized surnames - which was required under the autocratic regime of Ngô Đình Diệm of the former South Vietnam - back to Chinese-sounding equivalents; for example, Duong to Tang, Hoang to Wong (Cantonese) or Huang (Mandarin), Truong to Chang, Tran to Chen and so on.   «ngoh dihn zih-ehm» (January 3, 1901 – November 2, 1963) was the first President of South Vietnam (1955–1963). ... Anthem Thanh niên Hành Khúc (Call to the Citizens) Capital Saigon Language(s) Vietnamese Government Republic Last President¹ Duong Van Minh Last Prime minister Vu Van Mau Historical era Cold War  - Regime change June 14, 1955  - Dissolution April 30, 1975 Area  - 1973 173,809 km² 67,108...

Today, there are many Chinese Vietnamese communities in Australia, Canada, France, and the United States, where they have been instrumental in breathing new life into old existing Chinatowns. For example, the established Chinatowns of Los Angeles, Houston, Toronto, and Paris have a Vietnamese atmosphere due the large presence of ethnic Chinese from Vietnam. Some of these communities also have associations for transplanted Vietnamese Chinese refugees; for example, the America Vietnam Chinese Association in Los Angeles and Association des Résidents en France d'origine indochinoise in Paris. New Chinatown, Los Angeles postcard, late 1940s Chinatown in Downtown Los Angeles, California, (Chinese: 洛杉磯唐人街/luò shān jÄ« táng rén jiÄ“, Vietnamese: khu Hoa kieu, thanh pho Los Angeles) was originally located less than a mile from its current location. ... Toronto Downtown Chinatown, Spadina & Dundas. ...

The Chinese Vietnamese poulation in China now number up to 300,000, and live mostly in 194 refugee settlements mostly in the provinces of Guangdong, Yunnan, Fujian, Hainan, Jiangxi, and Guangxi. Most (85%+) have achieved economic independence, but the remainder still live below the poverty line in rural areas. While they have most of the same rights as Chinese nationals, including employment, education, housing, property ownership, pensions, and health care, they had not been granted citizenship and continued to be regarded by the government as refugees. Their refugee status allowed them to receive UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) assistance and aid until the early twenty-first century^[57]. In 2007, the Chinese government began drafting legislation to grant full Chinese citizenship to Indochinese refugees, including the ethnic Chinese which make up the majority, living within its borders^[58]. Not to be confused with the former Kwantung Leased Territory in north-eastern China. ... Yunan redirects here. ...   (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Fu-chien; Postal map spelling: Fukien, Foukien; local transliteration Hokkien from Min Nan Hok-kiàn) is one of the provinces on the southeast coast of the Peoples Republic of China. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Jiangxi (Chinese: 江西; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chiang-hsi; Postal System Pinyin: Kiangsi) is a southern province of the Peoples Republic of China, spanning from the banks of the Yangtze River in the north into hillier areas in the south. ... Guangxi (Zhuang: Gvangjsih; old orthography: ; Simplified Chinese: 广西; Traditional Chinese: 廣西; Pinyin: GuÇŽngxÄ«; Wade-Giles: Kuang-hsi; Postal System Pinyin: Kwangsi), full name Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Zhuang: Gvangjsih Bouxcuengh Swcigih; old orthography: ; Simplified Chinese: 广西壮族自治区; Traditional Chinese: 廣西壯族自治區; Pinyin: GuÇŽngxÄ« Zhuàngzú ZìzhìqÅ«) is a Zhuang autonomous region of...

There is also a sizable Chinese Vietnamese refugee population - many of whom speak Cantonese - in Hong Kong, but they have experienced discrimination in housing and employment.

In the United States, the Chinese Vietnamese have also started prominent Vietnamese communities called Little Saigon, including those in the states of California, Texas, and Washington. They own a large share of businesses especially catering to ethnic Vietnamese. // Little Saigon is a name given to any of several overseas Vietnamese immigrant and descendant communities outside Vietnam, usually in the United States. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Largest metro area Greater Los Angeles Area  Ranked 3rd  - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 770 miles (1,240 km)  - % water 4. ... Official language(s) No official language See languages of Texas Capital Austin Largest city Houston Largest metro area Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington Area  Ranked 2nd  - Total 261,797 sq mi (678,051 km²)  - Width 773 miles (1,244 km)  - Length 790 miles (1,270 km)  - % water 2. ... For the capital city of the United States, see Washington, D.C.. For other uses, see Washington (disambiguation). ...

List of concentrations of Hoa by country

Vietnam

• Ho Chi Minh City: Cholon
• Can Tho
• Danang
• Hanoi
• Haiphong
• Kien Giang
• Quang Ninh

Hong Kong “Saigon” redirects here. ... Cholon (Vietnamese: quoc ngu ; chu nom ) is the name of the Chinese district of Ho Chi Minh City (the former Saigon), the largest such Chinatown district in Vietnam. ... Cần ThÆ¡ is a city in Vietnam. ... Da Nang (in Vietnamese: Quốc Ngữ Đà Nẵng) is a major port city in the South Central Coast of Vietnam, on the coast of the South China Sea. ... Hanoi (Vietnamese: Hà Ná»™i, Hán Tá»±: 河内)  , estimated population 3,145,300 (2005), is the capital of Vietnam. ... Haiphong (Vietnamese: Hải Phòng, Chinese 海防, HÇŽifáng) is the third most populous city in Vietnam. ... Kiên Giang   is a southern province of Vietnam known for fishing and rice farming. ... Quảng Ninh is a large province located along the northeastern border of Vietnam. ...

• Yuen Long

Australia Yuen Long (元朗, Jyutping: jyun4 long5, pinyin: Yuánlǎng) (used to be known as Un Long), one of the 18 districts of Hong Kong, located in the North-West of the New Territories, is a post-war new town set in the centre of Hong Kongs largest alluvial plain. ...

• Melbourne: Box Hill, Footscray
• Sydney: Cabramatta, Bankstown

Canada This article is about the Australian city; the name may also refer to City of Melbourne or Melbourne city centre. ... This article is about the metropolitan area in Australia. ... Cabramatta is a suburb of Sydney, New South Wales (NSW), Vietnamese commercial area, with some Lao, Cambodian and Chinese businesses also present. ... Bankstown is a major suburb in Sydney, Australias south west. ...

• Montreal: Chinatown, Montreal, Brossard
• Ottawa, Ontario
• Toronto: Chinatown, Toronto, Mississauga, North York, Ontario, Kitchener, Ontario, Waterloo, Ontario
• Windsor, Ontario

France Nickname: Motto: Concordia Salus (well-being through harmony) Coordinates: , Country Province Region Montréal Founded 1642 Established 1832 Government  - Mayor Gérald Tremblay Area [1][2][3]  - City 365. ... The gate on Saint Lawrence Boulevard. ... Motto: Si Je Puis Oultre (Old French for If I Can Do More) Coordinates: Country  Canada Province Québec Administrative region Montérégie (16) RCM Independent City (previously the now defunct Champlain) Electoral district Federal: Brossard—La Prairie      MP: Marcel Lussier Provincial: La Pinière      MNA: Fatima Houda-P... This article is about the capital city of Canada. ... Toronto Downtown Chinatown, Spadina & Dundas. ... Motto: Pride in our past, Faith in our future Area: 288. ... North York forms the central part of the northern half of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ... , The City of Kitchener (IPA ) is a city in southwestern Ontario, Canada. ... , Waterloo, Ontario, Canada is the smallest of the three cities in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, and is adjacent to the larger city of Kitchener. ... Nickname: Motto: The river and the land sustain us. ...

• Paris: 13th arrondissement

United Kingdom This article is about the capital of France. ... The 13e arrondissement is one of the 20 arrondissements of Paris, France. ...

• London: Hackney, Lewisham

United States This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... The London Borough of Hackney is a London Borough in the east end of London and part of inner London. ... Lewisham is a district in south-east London, England and the principal settlement of the London Borough of Lewisham. ...

A mixed Vietnamese Chinese and Cambodian Chinese business district in Chicago

• Boston: Chinatown; and larger presence in Dorchester section
• Chicago - New Chinatown
• Detroit: Madison Heights, Michigan
• Honolulu: Chinatown
• Houston: Chinatown, Houston (Bellaire), Alief
• Los Angeles: Little Saigon/Orange County, Chinatown, Los Angeles, Lincoln Heights, San Gabriel Valley
• Philadelphia: Chinatown
• San Francisco: Little Saigon/San Francisco (Tenderloin district), San Jose, Fremont, Oakland, California
• Seattle: International District, Seattle, Washington

This article contains material from the Library of Congress Country Studies, which are United States government publications in the public domain. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2560x1920, 875 KB) Summary photo taken by Slo-mo Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2560x1920, 875 KB) Summary photo taken by Slo-mo Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Khmer name Khmer: ចិនកម្ពុជា Chinese Cambodians are Cambodian citizens of Chinese descent. ... Nickname: City on the Hill, Beantown, The Hub (of the Universe)1, Athens of America, The Cradle of Revolution, Puritan City, Americas Walking City Location in Massachusetts, USA Counties Suffolk County Mayor Thomas M. Menino(D) Area    - City 232. ... 1888 German map of Boston Harbor showing Dorchester in the lower left hand corner. ... Nickname: Motto: Urbs in Horto (Latin: City in a Garden), I Will Location in the Chicago metro area and Illinois Coordinates: , Country State Counties Cook, DuPage Settled 1770s Incorporated March 4, 1837 Government  - Mayor Richard M. Daley (D) Area  - City  234. ... Motto: Speramus Meliora; Resurget Cineribus (We Hope For Better Things; It Shall Rise From the Ashes - this motto was adopted after the disastrous 1805 fire that devastated the city) Nickname: The Motor City and Motown Location in Wayne County, Michigan Founded Incorporated July 24, 1701 1815  County Wayne County Mayor... Madison Heights is a city in Oakland County of the U.S. state of Michigan. ... Honolulu as seen from the International Space Station Honolulu is the largest city and the capital of the U.S. state of Hawai‘i. ... Houston redirects here. ... There are two Chinatowns in Houston, Texas. ... Flag Seal Nickname: City of Angels Location Location within Los Angeles County in the state of California Coordinates , Government State County California Los Angeles County Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 1,290. ... // Little Saigon is a name given to any of several overseas Vietnamese immigrant and descendant communities outside Vietnam, usually in the United States. ... Cities in Orange County Orange County is a county in Southern California, United States. ... New Chinatown, Los Angeles postcard, late 1940s Chinatown in Downtown Los Angeles, California, (Chinese: 洛杉磯唐人街/luò shān jÄ« táng rén jiÄ“, Vietnamese: khu Hoa kieu, thanh pho Los Angeles) was originally located less than a mile from its current location. ... Lincoln Heights may refer to: Lincoln Heights, Los Angeles, California Lincoln Heights, Ohio Lincoln Heights, a neighbourhood in Ottawa This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... San Gabriel Valley within Southern California The San Gabriel Valley is one of the principal valleys of southern California. ... For other uses, see Philadelphia (disambiguation) and Philly. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... // Little Saigon is a name given to any of several overseas Vietnamese immigrant and descendant communities outside Vietnam, usually in the United States. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... Tenderloin District may refer to: Tenderloin, Manhattan Tenderloin, San Francisco, California Category: ... For other uses, see San José. Nickname: Location of San Jose within Santa Clara County, California. ... For the unincorporated community in Yolo County, California, see Fremont, Yolo County, California. ... “Oakland” redirects here. ... City nickname Emerald City City bird Great Blue Heron City flower Dahlia City mottos The City of Flowers The City of Goodwill City song Seattle, the Peerless City Mayor Greg Nickels County King County Area   - Total   - Land   - Water   - % water 369. ... The International District of Seattle, Washington (also known as Chinatown) has been called the only place in the continental United States where Chinese Americans, Japanese Americans, Filipino Americans, Vietnamese Americans, Korean Americans, Laotian Americans, Cambodian Americans, and other Asian Americans live in one neighborhood. ... The Country Studies are works published by the Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress ( USA), freely available for use by researchers. ... The U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1789 by a constitutional convention, sets down the basic framework of American government in its seven articles. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...

Notable persons

• Tsui Hark, Hong Kong film director
• Frank Jao, pioneer of the Vietnamese American enclave of Little Saigon in Orange County, California, USA
• Lui Leung-Wai, Hong Kong actor

Tsui Hark (Chinese: 徐克; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Hsü Ko) (born Tsui Man-kong (徐文光) on February 15, 1950) is a New Wave film director in Hong Kong who is also a highly influential producer, often likened to Steven Spielberg for a similar galvanizing effect on his countrys cinematic scene. ... Frank Jao is prominent Vietnamese-Chinese American or Hoa in Southern California. ... A Vietnamese American is a resident of the United States who is of ethnic Vietnamese descent. ... // Little Saigon is a name given to any of several overseas Vietnamese immigrant and descendant communities outside Vietnam, usually in the United States. ... Cities in Orange County Orange County is a county in Southern California, United States. ... Ray Lui Leung-Wai, also called Ray Liu, (December 22, 1956) is a Hong Kong actor and came to fame with the aclaimed TV series The Bund. ...

See also

• Overseas Chinese
• List of ethnic groups in Vietnam
• San Diu

Languages various Religions Predominantly Taoism, Mahayana Buddhism, traditional Chinese religions, and atheism. ... Vietnam is a multi-ethnic country with over fifty distinct groups. ... The San Diu (also known as San Deo, Trai, Trai Dat and Man Quan Coc) are an ethnic group in North Vietnam. ...

References

External links

• Chinese Affairs Department of Ho Chi Minh City - in Vietnamese, English, and Chinese