History of Việt Nam

Paleolithic Age Homo erectus migration (600,000 BC) Homo sapiens migration (200,000 BC) Gigantopithecus (100,000 BC) Sơn Vi Culture (20,000–12,000 BC) Mesolithic Age Hòa Bình Culture (12,000–10,000 BC) Neolithic Age Bắc Sơn Culture (10,000–8,000 BC) Quỳnh Văn Culture (8,000–6,000 BC) Đa Bút Culture (6,000–5,000 BC) Bronze Age Phùng Nguyên Culture (5,000–4,000 BC) Đồng Đậu Culture (4,000–2,500 BC) Gò Mun Culture (2,500–2,000 BC) Iron Age Đông Sơn Culture (2,000 BC–200 AD) Sa Huỳnh Culture (1,000 BC–200 AD) Óc Eo Culture (1–630) Hồng Bàng Dynasty (3079–258 BC) Kinh Dương Vương Lạc Long Quân Hùng Vương (2897–258 BC) Introduction of Buddhism (4th century BC) An Dương Vương and Thục Dynasty (257–207 BCE) Triệu Dynasty (207–111 BCE) First Northern domination (111 BCE–39) Trưng Sisters' Rebellion Kingdom of Funan (1–627) Second Northern domination (39–544) Lady Triệu's Rebellion Kingdom of Champa (192–1832) Anterior Lý Dynasty and Triệu Việt Vương (544–602) Third Northern domination (602–905) Mai Hắc Đế Phùng Hưng Arrival of Islam (7th century) Autonomy (905–938) Khúc Family Dương Đình Nghệ Kiều Công Tiễn Ngô Dynasty (938–967) First Battle of Bạch Đằng (938) The upheavals of Twelve warlords Đinh Dynasty (968–980) Prior Lê Dynasty (980–1009) Second Battle of Bạch Đằng (981) Lý Dynasty (1009–1225) Trần Dynasty (1225–1400) Third Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288) Chế Bồng Nga Hồ Dynasty (1400–1407) Fourth Northern domination (1407–1427) Later Trần Dynasty Lam Sơn Rebellion Later Lê Dynasty (1428–1788) Early Lê (1428–1527) Southern and Northern Dynasties (1533–1592) Restored Lê (1533–1788) Mạc Dynasty (1527–1692) Trịnh– Nguyễn War (1627–1673) Enter of Roman Catholicism (16th century) Tây Sơn Dynasty (1778–1802) Nguyễn Dynasty (1802–1945) Union of Indochina (1887–1940) World War I (1914–1918) and World War II (1939–1945) Participated in WWI (1916–1917) Axis invasion in WWII (1940) Việt Minh Front Empire of Việt Nam (1945) August Revolution Declaration of Independence (1945) Indochina Wars (1945–1975) Democratic Republic of Việt Nam State of Việt Nam Demilitarized Zone Partition of Việt Nam Republic of Việt Nam Fall of Sài Gòn Republic of South Việt Nam Socialist Republic of Việt Nam (from 1976) Boat people COMECON (1978) First Vietnamese astronomer and first Asian in space (1980) Period of Reforms (since 1986) Đổi mới (mid-1980s) Economy (1986–) Human rights abuses List of Vietnamese monarchs Northern and southern Việt Nam [edit]

The term Hoabinhian was first used by French archaeologists working in northern Vietnam to describe Holocene period archaeological assemblages excavated from rock shelters. It has become a common term to describe stone artefact assemblages in Southeast Asia that contain flaked cobble artefacts. The term was originally used to refer to a specific ethnic group, restricted to a limited time period with a distinctive subsistence economy and technology. More recent work (e.g. Shoocongdej 2000) uses the term to refer to artefacts and assemblages with certain formal characteristics. Tây SÆ¡n Dynasty (1778–1802) Nguyá»…n Dynasty (1802–1945) French Indochina (1887–1954) Empire of Vietnam (1945) Indochina Wars (1945–1975) Democratic Republic of Vietnam State of Vietnam Republic of Vietnam Republic of South Vietnam Socialist Republic of Vietnam (from 1976) List of Vietnamese monarchs The History... Blank map of Vietnamese provinces. ... The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic (Greek παλαιός paleos=old and λίθος lithos=stone or the Old Stone Age) was the first period in the development of human technology of the Stone Age. ... Binomial name †Homo erectus (Dubois, 1892) Synonyms † Pithecanthropus erectus † Sinanthropus pekinensis † Javanthropus soloensis † Meganthropus paleojavanicus Homo erectus (Latin: upright man) is an extinct species of the genus Homo. ... Homo sapiens (Latin: wise man) is the scientific name for the human species. ... Species Gigantopithecus blacki Gigantopithecus bilaspurensis Gigantopithecus was a genus of ape that existed from as long ago as 5 million years ago and as recently as 100 thousand years ago in what is today the countries of China and India. ... The Mesolithic (Greek mesos=middle and lithos=stone or the Middle Stone Age[1]) was a period in the development of human technology between the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods of the Stone Age. ... The Neolithic, (Greek neos=new, lithos=stone, or New Stone Age) is traditionally the last part of the stone age. ... The Bronze Age is a period in a civilizations development when the most advanced metalworking has developed the techniques of smelting copper from natural outcroppings and alloys it to cast bronze. ... Iron Age Axe found on Gotland This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age, for the mythological Iron Age see Iron Age (mythology). ... The Dong Son culture is a prehistoric Bronze age culture that was centered at the Red River Valley of Vietnam. ... The Sa Huynh culture (1000 BC - 200) was an archaeological culture in central and southern Vietnam. ... Categories: Possible copyright violations ... 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Nam Việt or Nanyue (Chinese: 南越; pinyin: ) was an ancient kingdom that consisted much of modern northern Vietnam and the Chinese provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi. ... Procession commemorating the TrÆ°ng Sisters in early 20th century The TrÆ°ng Sisters, known in Vietnamese as Hai Bà TrÆ°ng (the two TrÆ°ng ladies), are two 1st century women regarded as national heroines of Vietnam after they successfully repelled Chinese invasions for three years. ... Tây SÆ¡n Dynasty (1778–1802) Nguyá»…n Dynasty (1802–1945) French Indochina (1887–1954) Empire of Vietnam (1945) Indochina Wars (1945–1975) Democratic Republic of Vietnam State of Vietnam Republic of Vietnam Republic of South Vietnam Socialist Republic of Vietnam (from 1976) List of Vietnamese monarchs Funan (Old... Second Chinese dominiation of Vietnam saw strengthen control on the region. ... Image:Trieuau3. ... South East Asia circa 1100 C.E. Champa territory in green. ... Lý Nam Đế (Lý, The Southern Emperor) was originally Lý Bí or Lý Bôn (October 17, 503 - April 13, 548, Traditional Chinese: 李賁, pinyin: Lǐ BÄ“n) is debateably considered the first emperor of Vietnam and the founder of the Early Lý (or Li/Lee) Dynasty (544 - 603) and ruled from... Triệu Việt VÆ°Æ¡ng (548-570) Triệu Quang Phục was recognized by Emperor Lý Nam Đế as the best lieutenant and general in the army. ... Third Chinese domination of Vietnam saw two Chinese imperial dynasty rule over Chinese controlled region of Chiaozhou. ... Adherance to Islam in Vietnam is primarily associated with the Cham ethnic minority, although there is also a minimal Muslim population of ethnic Vietnamese in the southwest (Mekong Delta) of the country. ... Khuc family was a session of leaders whom challenge Chinese rule over Vietnam. ... Duong Dinh Nghe (937-938) was the Chinese administrator of Giao Chi in around 930 AD. He was a skillful, talented general under Khuc Hao, descendant of the Khuc family dynasty who wrestled Chinese control for 3 generations barely a dozen of years ago. ... Around the year 930 AD, as Ngô Quyen (吳權) rose to power, northern Vietnam was a province and vassal state of China and was referred to as Giao Chi (交趾). Every year the governor/administrator of Giao Chi had to pay tribute and give offerings to China. ... At the Battle of Bach Dang river in 938 the Vietnamese forces, led by Ngo Quyen, defeated the Chinese invaders and put an end to Chinese imperial domination of the Vietnamese. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... // Đinh Bo Linhs childhood Đinh Bo Linhs father was Đinh Cong Tru, a mandarin under the reigns of Ngô Quyen (939-944) and Ngô Xuong Van (950-954). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... 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Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Phan Bá»™i Châu (Chữ nôm 潘佩珠 1867-1940) was a pioneer of Vietnamese twentieth century nationalism. ... Combatants Imperial Japanese Army, Japan French Army, France Commanders Lt. ... The Viet Minh (abbreviated from Việt Nam ộc Lập ồng Minh Hội, League for the Independence of Vietnam) was formed by Ho Ngoc Lam and Nguyen Hai Than in 1941 to seek independence for Vietnam from France. ... Flag of the Empire of Vietnam The Empire of Vietnam (Vietnamese: Đế quốc Việt Nam, 越南帝國) was a short-lived puppet state of the Empire of Japan governing the whole of Vietnam between March 11 and August 23, 1945. ... 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Northern Vietnam and Southern Vietnam are two general regions within Vietnam. ... The Holocene epoch is a geological period that extends from the present day back to about 10,000 radiocarbon years, approximately 11,430 ± 130 calendar years BP (between 9560 and 9300 BC). ... An assemblage is an archaeological term meaning a group of different artefacts found in association with one another, that is, in the same context. ... The rocky side of a mountain creek near Orosí, Costa Rica. ... In archaeology, an artifact or artefact is any object made or modified by a human culture, and often one later recovered by some archaeological endeavor. ... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... Cobble is a geologic term for a rock or rock fragment with a grain size with dimensions between 64–256 mm (2. ... An ethnic group is a group of people who identify with one another, or are so identified by others, on the basis of a boundary that distinguishes them from other groups. ... Media:Example. ... By the mid 20th century humans had achieved a mastery of technology sufficient to leave the surface of the Earth for the first time and explore space. ... In archaeology, an artifact or artefact is any object made or modified by a human culture, and often one later recovered by some archaeological endeavor. ...

History of definitions

In 1927 Colani published some details of her nine excavations on northern Vietnamese province of Hòa Bình. As a result of her work the First Congress of Prehistorians of the Far East in 1932 agreed to define the Hoabinhian as The term archaeological excavation has a double meaning. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...

a culture composed of implements that are in general flaked with somewhat varied types of primitive workmanship. It is characterised by tools often worked only on one face, by hammerstones, by implements of sub-triangular section, by discs, short axes and almond shaped artefacts, with an appreciable number of bone tools (Matthews 1966).

Despite the general terms of the definition, Colani’s Hoabinhian is an elaborate typology as indicated by the 82 artefacts from Sao Dong that Colani classified into 28 types (Matthews 1966). The original typology is so complicated that most Hoabinhian sites are identified simply by the presence of sumatraliths (White & Gorman 1979). The chronology of Hoabinhian artefacts was assumed to be Holocene because of the extant fauna found in the assemblages and the absence of extinct fauna by Colani and others working before the availability of radiocarbon dating methods in the 1950s. Grays Anatomy illustration of a human femur. ... The word typology literally means the study of types. ... Type has historically had the following uses: In biology, a type is the specimen or specimens upon which an original species description is based. ... Image:Sumatralith. ... Fauna is a collective term for animal life. ... // Prepleistocene extinctions A large number of historical orders are extinct, for example dinosaurs, pterosaurs and ammonites. ... Radiocarbon dating is a radiometric dating method that uses the naturally occurring isotope carbon-14 (14C) to determine the age of carbonaceous materials up to about 60,000 years[1]. Raw, i. ...

Problems with Colani's typology were exposed by Matthews (1964) who analysed metric and technological attributes of unifacially flaked cobble artefacts from Hoabinhian levels at Sai Yok Rockshelter, Kanchanaburi Province, west-central Thailand. His aim was to determine if Hoabinhian artefact types described by Colani could be defined as clusters of constantly recurring attributes such as length, width, thickness, mass, length-width ratio and cortex amount and distribution. Matthews found that Hoabinhian types did not really exist and instead Hoabinhian artefacts reflect a continuous range of shapes and sizes. Sai Yok may refer to Sai Yok district, Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand Sai Yok National Park Sai Yok Noi waterfall Sai Yok Yai waterfall Sai Yok rock shelter, an archaeological site Category: ... Kanchanaburi (Thai กาญจนบุรี) is the largest of the central provinces (changwat) of Thailand. ... For other uses of this word, see Length (disambiguation). ... In general English usage, length (symbol: l) is but one particular instance of distance – an objects length is how long the object is – but in the physical sciences and engineering, the word length is in some contexts used synonymously with distance. Height is vertical distance; width (or... Graph theory is a growth area in mathematical research, and has a large specialized vocabulary. ... Unsolved problems in physics: What causes anything to have mass? The U.S. National Prototype Kilogram, which currently serves as the primary standard for measuring mass in the U.S. Mass is the property of a physical object that quantifies the amount of matter and energy it is equivalent to. ... A ratio is a quantity that denotes the proportional amount or magnitude of one quantity relative to another. ... Look up cortex in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Following his archaeological excavation and surveys in Mae Hong Son Province, northwest Thailand, Chester Gorman (1970) proposed a more detailed definition as follows Mae Hong Son (Thai แม่ฮ่องสอน) (also Mae Hong Sorn) is one of the northern provinces (changwat) of Thailand, and at the same time the westernmost. ... Chester F. Gorman (March 11, 1938 - June 7, 1981) was an American anthropologist and archaeologist. ...

1. A generally unifacial flaked tool tradition made primarily on water rounded pebbles and large flakes detached from these pebbles
2. Core tools ("Sumatraliths") made by complete flaking on one side of a pebble and grinding stones also made on rounded pebbles, usually in association with iron oxide
3. A high incidence of utilized flakes (identified from edge-damage characteristics)
4. Fairly similar assemblages of food remains including remains of extant shellfish, fish, and small-medium-sized mammals
5. A cultural and ecological orientation to the use of rockshelters generally occurring near fresh water streams in an upland karstic topography (though Hoabinhian shell middens do indicate at least one other ecological orientation)
6. Edge-grinding and cord-marked ceramics occurring (though perhaps as intrusive elements), individually or together, in the upper layers of Hoabinhian deposits

Gorman's work included a number of radiocarbon dates that confirmed the Holocene age of the Hoabinhian. Flake can be: fish flake, a platform made from dried timber where fish (predominantly cod-fish) can be cured in the sun. ... Sea wave polishing pebbles into rounded corners Pebbles For other uses, see Pebble (disambiguation). ... In archaeology, a lithic core is a distinctive artifact that results from the practice of lithic reduction. ... Image:Sumatralith. ... Iron oxide pigment There are a number of iron oxides: Iron oxides Iron(II) oxide or ferrous oxide (FeO) The black-coloured powder in particular can cause explosions as it readily ignites. ... Cooked mussels Shellfish is a term used to describe shelled molluscs and crustaceans used as food. ... A giant grouper at the Georgia Aquarium Fish are aquatic vertebrates that are typically cold-blooded; covered with scales, and equipped with two sets of paired fins and several unpaired fins. ... Subclasses Subclass Allotheria* Order Docodonta (extinct) Order Multituberculata (extinct) Order Palaeoryctoides (extinct) Order Triconodonta (extinct) Order Volaticotheria (extinct) Subclass Prototheria Order Monotremata Subclass Theria Infraclass Trituberculata (extinct) Infraclass Metatheria Infraclass Eutheria Mammals are a class of vertebrate animals characterized by the production of milk in females for the nourishment of... STREAMS is the Unix System V networking architecture. ... Karst topography occurs when a landscape is marked by underground drainage patterns. ... A midden, or kitchen midden, is a dump for domestic waste. ... Unfired green ware pottery on a traditional drying rack at Conner Prairie living history museum. ...

The term was redefined in 1994 by archaeologists attending a conference held in Hanoi. At this conference Vietnamese archaeologists presented evidence of Hoabinhian artefacts dating to 17,000 years before the present. A vote was held where is was agreed that [1] Archaeology or sometimes in American English archeology (from the Greek words αρχαίος = ancient and λόγος = word/speech) is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains, including architecture, artefacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes. ... Hanoi (Vietnamese: Hà Ná»™i, Hán Tá»±: 河内)  , estimated population 3,145,300(2005), is the capital of Vietnam. ... Voting is a method of decision making wherein a group such as a meeting or an electorate attempts to gauge its opinion—usually as a final step following discussions or debates. ...

1. The concept of the Hoabinhian should be kept
2. The best concept for "Hoabinhian" was an industry rather than a culture or technocomplex
3. The chronology of the Hoabinhian industry dates is from "late-to-terminal Pleistocene to early-to-mid Holocene"
4. The term "Sumatralith" should be retained
5. The Hoabinhian Industry should be referred to as a "cobble" rather that a "pebble" tool industry
6. The Hoabinhian should not be referred to as a "Mesolithic" phenomenon

Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning to cultivate), generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activity significance. ... The Pleistocene epoch (IPA: ) is part of the geologic timescale. ... The Mesolithic (Greek mesos=middle and lithos=stone or the Middle Stone Age[1]) was a period in the development of human technology between the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods of the Stone Age. ...

Geographical distribution

Since the term was first used to describe assemblages from sites in Vietnam, many sites throughout mainland and island Southeast Asia have also been described as having Hoabinhian components. The apparent concentration of more than 120 Hoabinhian sites in Vietnam reflects intense research activities in this area rather the location of a centre of the prehistoric Hoabinhian activity. Archaeological sites in Sumatra, Thailand, Laos, Myanmar and Cambodia have been identified as Hoabinhian, although the quality and quantity of descriptions vary and the relative significance of the Hoabinhian component at these sites can be difficult to determine. Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470,000 km²) and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two larger islands, Borneo and New Guinea, are partially in Indonesia). ...

Beyond this core area some archaeologists argue that there are isolated inventories of stone artefacts displaying Hoabinhian elements in Nepal, South China, Taiwan and Australia (Moser 2001).

The Hoabinhian and plant domestication

Gorman (1971) claimed that Spirit Cave included remains of Prunus (almond), Terminalia, Areca (betel), Vicia (broadbean) or Phaseolus, Pisum (pea) or Raphia Lagenaria (bottle gourd), Trapa (Chinese water chestnut), Piper (pepper), Madhuca (butternut), Canarium, Aleurites (candle nut), and Cucumis (a cucumber type) in layers dating to c. 9800-8500 BP. None of the recovered specimens differed from their wild phenotypes. He suggested that these may have been used as foods, condiments, stimulants, for lighting and that the leguminous plants in particular 'point to a very early use of domesticated plants' (Gorman 1969:672). He later wrote (1971:311) that 'Whether they are definitely early cultigens (see Yen n.d.:12) remains to be established... What is important, and what we can say definitely, is that the remains indicate the early, quite sophisticated use of particular species which are still culturally important in Southeast Asia.' Spirit Cave (Thai: ) is a archaeologic site in Pangmapha district, Mae Hong Son Province, northwest Thailand. ... Binomial name Prunus dulcis (Mill. ... Binomial name Piper betle L. The Betel (Piper betle) is a spice whose leaves have medicinal properties. ... Binomial name Vicia faba L. Vicia faba, the broad bean, fava bean, faba bean, horse bean, field bean or tic bean is a species of bean (Fabaceae) native to north Africa and southwest Asia, and extensively cultivated elsewhere. ... Binomial name Pisum sativum L. A pea is the small, edible round green bean which grows in a pod on the leguminous vine Pisum sativum, or in some cases to the immature pods. ... The calabash (Lagenaria siceraria) is a vine-based plant that produces a fruit that resembles either a bottle, utencil, or pipe. ... Species Castanea alnifolia - Bush Chinkapin* Castanea crenata - Japanese Chestnut Castanea dentata - American Chestnut Castanea henryi - Henrys Chestnut Castanea mollissima - Chinese Chestnut Castanea ozarkensis - Ozark Chinkapin Castanea pumila - Allegheny Chinkapin Castanea sativa - Sweet Chestnut Castanea seguinii - Seguins Chestnut * treated as a synonym of by many authors Chestnut (Castanea), including... Look up Piper in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Binomial name Juglans cinerea L. The Butternut (Juglans cinerea), also occasionally known as the White Walnut, is a species of walnut native to the eastern United States and southeast Canada, from southern Quebec west to Minnesota, south to northern Alabama and southwest to northern Arkansas. ... Binomial name Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. ... Binomial name Cucumis sativus L. The cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is a widely cultivated plant in the gourd family Cucurbitaceae, which includes squash, and in the same genus as the muskmelon. ... Individuals in the mollusk species Donax variabilis show diverse coloration and patterning in their phenotypes. ... Salt, sugar and pepper are the most essential condiments in Western cuisine. ... Stimulants are drugs that temporarily increase alertness and wakefulness. ... Varieties of soybean seeds, a popular legume Pea pods A legume is a plant in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae), or a fruit of these plants. ... Dogs and sheep were among the first animals to be domesticated. ... Cultigen is the name for organisms, especially cultivated plants like the edible banana, not known to have a wild or uncultivated counterpart in nature. ...

In 1972 W.G. Solheim, as the director of the project of which Spirit Cave was part, published an article in Scientific American discussing the finds from Spirit Cave. While Solheim noted that the specimens may 'merely be wild species gathered from the surrounding countryside', he claimed that the inhabitants at Spirit Cave had 'an advanced knowledge of horticulture'. Solheim's chronological chart suggests that 'incipient agriculture' began at about 20,000 B.C. in southeast Asia. He also suggests that ceramic technology was invented at 13,000 B.C. although Spirit Cave does not have ceramics until after 6800 B.C. Scientific American is a popular-science magazine, published (first weekly and later monthly) since August 28, 1845, making it the oldest continuously published magazine in the United States. ... Concern has been expressed that this article or section is missing information about: horticulture as used in anthropology, a label for agriculture as used in small-scale societies. ... For the novel by Michael Crichton, see Timeline (novel). ...

Although Solheim concludes that his reconstruction is 'largely hypothetical', his overstatement of the results of Gorman's excavation has led to inflated claims of Hoabinhian agriculture. These claims have detracted from the significance of Spirit Cave as a site with well-preserved evidence of human subsistence and palaeoenvironmental conditions during the Hoabinhian. A hypothesis (= assumption in ancient Greek) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. ... This article is about a figure of speech. ... The following is a list of subsistence techniques: Hunting and Gathering, also known as Foraging freeganism involves gathering of discarded food in the context of an urban environment gleaning involves the gathering of food that traditional farmers have left behind in their fields Cultivation Horticulture - plant cultivation, based on the...

References

• Colani M. (1927) L'âge de la pierre dans la province de Hoa Binh. Mémoires du Service Géologique de l'Indochine 13

• Flannery, KV. (1973) The origins of agriculture. Annual Review of Anthropology 2: 271-310

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See also

• Synoptic table of the principal old world prehistoric cultures