A "Hollow Earth" theory posits that the planet Earth has a hollow interior and, possibly, a habitable inner surface. At this time, scientists do not have enough evidence to support either theories of Iron Core or Hollow Earth Theories in-fact , people have only gone as far as 2000 ft below the Earths outer layer and no devise to photograph into the inner Earth has ever been created. Adventure literature made Hollow Earth popular, and it was a popular feature of many fantasy and science fiction works as it was to complex for early scientists to understand and has been dismissed as a conspiracy theory. However, the hypothesis of a Hollow Earth has long been contradicted by geodetic evidence. Scientist are still not sure nore can prove with current technology that planet formation dose not form with an outer shell and an inner Sun or Energy source that is located in center of the Planet and has at the center of that energy source a form of Black Hole. Till this day Scientist are still searching for a way to prove Both theories, one day we will understand the true nature of our Earth and it's construct. Adjectives: Terrestrial, Terran, Telluric, Tellurian, Earthly Atmosphere Surface pressure: 101. ... In mathematics, theory is used informally to refer to a body of knowledge about mathematics. ... Smaug in his lair: an illustration for the fantasy The Hobbit Fantasy is a genre of art that uses magic and other supernatural forms as a primary element of plot, theme, or setting. ... Science fiction is a form of speculative fiction principally dealing with the impact of imagined science and technology, or both, upon society and persons as individuals. ... A conspiracy theory attempts to attribute the ultimate cause of an event or chain of events (usually political, social, or historical events), or the concealment of such causes from public knowledge, to a secret, and often deceptive plot by a covert alliance of powerful or influential people or organizations. ... This article or section should include material from Erdmessung. ... The eight planets and three dwarf planets of the Solar System. ... Simulated view of a black hole in front of the Milky Way. ...

Hollow Earth claims

Conventional hollow Earths

Early history

In ancient times, the idea of subterranean realms seemed arguable, and became intertwined with the concept of "places" such as the Greek Hades, the Nordic svartalfheim, the Jewish Sheol, and the Christian Hell. Hades, Greek god of the underworld, enthroned, with his bird-headed staff, on a red-figure Apulian vase made in the 4th century BC. For other uses, see Hades (disambiguation). ... Norse or Scandinavian mythology comprises the pre-Christian religion, beliefs and legends of the Scandinavian people, including those who settled on Iceland, where the written sources for Norse mythology were assembled. ... In Norse mythology, Svartalfheim was the land of the black elves, or svartalfer (the light elves lived in Álfheim). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... In Hebrew, Sheol (שאול, Shol) is the abode of the dead, the underworld, the common grave of mankind or pit.[1] In the Hebrew Bible, it is a comfortless place beneath the earth, beyond gates, where both the bad and the good, slave and king, pious and wicked must go... Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament. ... Medieval illustration of Hell in the Hortus deliciarum manuscript of Herrad of Landsberg (about 1180) Hell, according to many religious beliefs, is an afterlife of suffering where the wicked or unrighteous dead are punished. ...

Edmund Halley's theory.

Leonhard Euler's purported hollow-Earth thought-experiment, featuring openings at the poles, with an internal star.

Edmund Halley in 1692 (Philosophical Transactions of Royal Society of London) put forth the idea of Earth consisting of a hollow shell about 500 miles (800 km) thick, two inner concentric shells and an innermost core, about the diameters of the planets Venus, Mars, and Mercury. Atmospheres separate these shells, and each shell has its own magnetic poles. The spheres rotate at different speeds. Halley proposed this scheme in order to explain anomalous compass readings. He envisaged the atmosphere inside as luminous (and possibly inhabited) and speculated that escaping gas caused the Aurora Borealis. Edmund Halleys Hollow Earth Theory. ... Edmund Halleys Hollow Earth Theory. ... Edmond Halley. ... Leonhard Eulers purported Hollow Earth thought experiment. ... Leonhard Eulers purported Hollow Earth thought experiment. ... Leonhard Euler (pronounced Oiler; IPA ) (April 15, 1707 – September 18 [O.S. September 7] 1783) was a pioneering Swiss mathematician and physicist, who spent most of his life in Russia and Germany. ... Edmond Halley. ... Atmosphere is the general name for a layer of gases that may surround a material body of sufficient mass. ... Luminosity has different meanings in several different fields of science. ... Aurora borealis Polar aurorae are optical phenomena characterized by colorful displays of light in the night sky. ...

Some have claimed Leonhard Euler also proposed a hollow-Earth idea, getting rid of multiple shells and postulating an interior sun 600 miles (1000 km) across to provide light to advanced inner-Earth civilization. The source of this claim seems to be de Camp and Ley's Lands Beyond, but the authors provide no references. However in his Letters to a German princess^[1] Euler describes a thought experiment involving a patently solid Earth. Leonhard Euler (pronounced Oiler; IPA ) (April 15, 1707 – September 18 [O.S. September 7] 1783) was a pioneering Swiss mathematician and physicist, who spent most of his life in Russia and Germany. ... Lands Beyond by L. Sprague de Camp and Willy Ley, Rinehart, 1952 Lands Beyond is a 1952 study of geographical myths by L. Sprague de Camp and Willy Ley, first published by Rinehart. ... In philosophy, physics, and other fields, a thought experiment (from the German Gedankenexperiment) is an attempt to solve a problem using the power of human imagination. ...

De Camp and Ley also claim that Sir John Leslie expanded on Euler's idea, suggesting two central suns named Pluto and Proserpine (this was unrelated to the dwarf planet Pluto, which was discovered and named some time later). Leslie did propose a hollow Earth in his 1829 Elements of Natural Philosophy (pp. 449-453), but does not mention interior suns. Sir John Randolph Leslie (September 24, 1885), third baronet, was an Irish diplomat and writer, took the name Shane. ... Adjectives: Plutonian Atmosphere Surface pressure: 0. ...

19th century

In 1818, John Cleves Symmes, Jr. suggested that the Earth consisted of a hollow shell about 800 miles (1,300 km) thick, with openings about 1400 miles (2,300 km) across at both poles with 4 inner shells each open at the poles. Symmes became the most famous of the early Hollow Earth proponents. He actually proposed making an expedition to the North Pole hole, thanks to efforts of one of his followers, James McBride, but the new President of the United States, Andrew Jackson (in office 1829 - 1837), halted the attempt. Symmes died in 1829. John Cleves Symmes (1779 - May 1829) was born in New Jersey to Timothy Symmes. ... For other uses, see North Pole (disambiguation). ... James McBride (1788 – 1859) was a prominent pioneer statesman in Butler County, Ohio. ... For other uses, see Andrew Jackson (disambiguation). ...

However, another follower, Jeremiah Reynolds, also delivered lectures on the "Hollow Earth" and also argued for an expedition. Eventually he would drop talk about a hollow Earth after the death of Symmes. Reynolds went on an expedition to Antarctica himself but missed joining the Great U.S. Exploring Expedition of 1838 - 1842, even though that venture was a result of his agitation. He did not participate because he had offended too many in his call for such a trip. Jeremiah N. Reynolds (1799-1858), also known as J.N. Reynolds, was an American newspaper editor, lecturer, explorer, author became an influential advocate for scientific expeditions. ... The United States Exploring Expedition was an exploring and surveying expedition of the Pacific Ocean (the Southern Seas) conducted by the United States Navy from 1838-1842. ...

Symmes himself never wrote a book of his ideas but others did. McBride wrote Symmes' Theory of Concentric Spheres in 1826. It appears that Reynolds has an article that appeared as a separate booklet in 1827: Remarks of Symmes' Theory Which Appeared in the American Quarterly Review. In 1868, a professor W.F. Lyons published The Hollow Globe which put forth a Symmes-like Hollow Earth theory, but didn't mention Symmes. Symmes's son Americus then published The Symmes' Theory of Concentric Spheres to set the record straight.

Recent history

An early twentieth-century proponent of a hollow Earth, William Reed, wrote Phantom of the Poles in 1906. He propounded the idea of a hollow Earth, but without interior shells or inner suns. The Phantom of the Poles is a book written by William Reed, and published in 1906. ...

Later came Marshall Gardner who wrote A Journey to the Earth's Interior in 1913 and then an expanded edition in 1920. He placed an interior sun in the hollow Earth. He even built a working model of the hollow Earth and patented it (#1096102). Gardner made no mention of Reed, but did take Symmes to task for his ideas.

Other writers have proposed that "ascended masters" of esoteric wisdom inhabit subterranean caverns or a hollow Earth. Antarctica, the North Pole, Tibet, Peru, and Mount Shasta in California, USA, have all had their advocates as the locations of entrances to a subterranean realm referred to as Agarttha, with some even advancing the theory that UFOs have their homeland in these places. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Tibet (older spelling Thibet; Tibetan: བོད་; Wylie: Bod; Lhasa dialect IPA: [; Simplified and Traditional Chinese: 西藏, Hanyu Pinyin: XÄ«zàng; also referred to as 藏区 (Simplified Chinese), 藏區 (Traditional Chinese), ZàngqÅ« (Hanyu Pinyin), see Name section below) is a plateau region in Central Asia and the indigenous home to the Tibetan people. ... Mount Shasta, a 14,179-foot (4,322 m)[1] stratovolcano, is the second-highest peak in the Cascade Range and the fifth highest peak in California. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Area  Ranked 3rd  - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 770 miles (1,240 km)  - % water 4. ... Agartha (sometimes Agartta, Agarttha or other phonetic spelling) is a legendary city that is said to reside in Earths core. ... An unidentified flying object, or UFO, is any real or apparent flying object which cannot be identified by the observer and which remains unidentified after investigation. ...

A book allegedly by a Dr Raymond Bernard which appeared in 1969, The Hollow Earth, exemplifies this idea. The book rehashes Reed and Gardner's ideas and totally ignores Symmes. Bernard also adds his own ideas: UFOs come from the interior, the Ring Nebula proves the existence of hollow worlds, etc. An article by Martin Gardner revealed that Walter Siegmeister used the pseudonym `Bernard', but only with Walter Kafton-Minkel's Subterranean Worlds: 100,000 years of dragons, dwarfs, the dead, lost races & UFOs from inside the Earth in 1989 did the full story of Bernard/Siegmeister emerge. Martin Gardner (b. ...

The pages of the science fiction pulp magazine Amazing Stories promoted one such idea from 1945 to 1949 as "the Shaver Mystery". The magazine's editor, Ray Palmer, ran a series of stories by Richard Sharpe Shaver supposedly claimed as factual, though presented in the context of fiction. Shaver claimed that a superior pre-historic race had built a honeycomb of caves in the Earth, and that their degenerate descendants, known as "Dero", live there still, using the fantastic machines abandoned by the ancient races to torment those of us living on the surface. As one characteristic of this torment, Shaver described "voices" that purportedly came from no explainable source. Thousands of readers wrote to affirm that they, too, had heard the fiendish voices from inside the Earth. Science fiction is a form of speculative fiction principally dealing with the impact of imagined science and technology, or both, upon society and persons as individuals. ... Flynns Detective Fiction from 1941. ... Amazing Stories magazine, sometimes retitled Amazing Science Fiction, began in April 1926, becoming the first science fiction magazine and one of the pioneers of science fiction in the United States. ... Raymond A. Palmer (1910-1977) was the influential editor of Amazing Stories from 1938 through 1949, when he left publisher Ziff-Davis to form his own company. ... The June 1947 issue of Amazing Stories featuring the Shaver Mystery Richard Sharpe Shaver (b. ...

Fantastic stories (supposedly believed as factual within fringe circles) have also circulated that Adolf Hitler and some of his followers escaped to hollow lands within the Earth after World War II via an entrance in Antarctica. (See also Hitler's supposed adherence to concave hollow-Earth ideas, below.) Hitler redirects here. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

In 2001 the Australian father-and-son team Kevin and Matthew Taylor self-published the book The Land of No Horizon (direct link National Library of Australia ISBN 0-646-41057-1). Among other things it proposes an expanding and hollow Earth (as well as other planetary bodies) which eventually reached equilibrium. The book also looks at a range of topics including but not limited to evolution, human physiology, impact craters and other geology in light of such a hollow Earth. Self-publishing is the publishing of books or other media by those who have written them. ... National Library of Australia National Library of Australia as viewed from Lake Burley Griffin The National Library of Australia is located in Canberra, Australia. ... This article is about evolution in biology. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Tycho crater on Earths moon. ... This article includes a list of works cited but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ...

Kevin and Matthew Taylor's view of a hollow planet envisages a hollow globe with a small (depending on planet size) central sun ignited by radiation from the inner surface. They use this view both to explain Earth's magnetic field (replacing the dynamo theory) and the origin and ignition of stars. The cause of Earths magnetic field (the surface magnetic field) is not known for certain, but is possibly explained by dynamo theory. ... The Dynamo theory proposes a mechanism by which a celestial body such as the Earth generates a magnetic field. ... STAR is an acronym for: Organizations Society of Ticket Agents and Retailers], the self-regulatory body for the entertainment ticket industry in the UK. Society for Telescopy, Astronomy, and Radio, a non-profit New Jersey astronomy club. ...

Some writers have proposed building megastructures that have some similarities to a hollow Earth -- see Dyson sphere, Globus Cassus. In science fiction and speculative (or exploratory) engineering, a megastructure is an enormous self-supporting artificial construct. ... A cut-away diagram of an idealized Dyson shell — a variant on Dysons original concept — 1 AU in radius A Dyson sphere (or shell as it appeared in the original paper) is a hypothetical megastructure. ... A top and side view of the Globus Cassus Globus Cassus is a utopian project for the transformation of Planet Earth into a much bigger, hollow, artificial world with an ecosphere on its inner surface. ...

Concave hollow Earths

Example of a concave hollow Earth. Humans live on the interior; with the universe in the center.

Instead of saying that humans live on the outside surface of a hollow planet, sometimes called a "convex" hollow-Earth theory, some have claimed that our universe itself lies in the interior of a hollow world, calling this a "concave" hollow-Earth theory. The surface of the Earth, according to such a view, might resemble the interior shell of a Dyson sphere. Generally, scientists have taken neither type of speculation seriously. Example of a Concave Hollow Earth. ... Example of a Concave Hollow Earth. ... A cut-away diagram of an idealized Dyson shell — a variant on Dysons original concept — 1 AU in radius A Dyson sphere (or shell as it appeared in the original paper) is a hypothetical megastructure. ...

Cyrus Teed, an eccentric doctor from upstate New York, proposed such a concave hollow Earth in 1869, calling his scheme "Cellular Cosmogony". Teed founded a cult called the Koreshan Unity based on this notion, which he called Koreshanity. The main colony survives as a preserved Florida state historic site, at Estero, but all of Teed's followers have now died. Teed's followers claimed to have experimentally verified the concavity of the Earth's curvature, through surveys of the Florida coastline making use of "rectilineator" equipment. Cyrus Reed Teed (October 18, 1839 - December 22, 1908), was an eclectic physician who was the creator of a unique Hollow Earth theory and founder of the Koreshan Unity. ... kb This article does not discuss cult in its original sense of religious practice; for that usage see Cult (religious practice). ... Koreshan Unity is the communal utopia formed by Cyrus Teed, who took the name Koresh, the Hebrew version of his name Cyrus. ... Koreshanity is the set of religious/scientific beliefs put forth by Cyrus Teed. ... Official language(s) English Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Largest metro area Miami Area  Ranked 22nd  - Total 65,795[1] sq mi (170,304[1] km²)  - Width 361 miles (582 km)  - Length 447 miles (721 km)  - % water 17. ... Estero is a census-designated place located in Lee County, Florida. ...

Several twentieth-century German writers, including Peter Bender, Johannes Lang, Karl Neupert, and Fritz Braun, published works advocating the hollow Earth theory, or Hohlweltlehre. Stories have even been circulated, although apparently without historical documentation, that Hitler was influenced by concave hollow-Earth ideas and sent an expedition in an unsuccessful attempt to spy on the British fleet by aiming cameras up into the sky (Wagner, 1999).

At least one contemporary proponent of a concave hollow Earth theory has developed adjustments to the laws of physics that take into account gravitation, optics, and so forth. The Egyptian mathematician Mostafa Abdelkader authored several scholarly papers working out a detailed mapping of the concave Earth model. See M. Abdelkader, "A Geocosmos: Mapping Outer Space Into a Hollow Earth," 6 Speculations in Science & Technology 81-89 (1983). Abstracts of two of Abdelkader's papers also appeared in Notices of the American Mathematical Society, (Oct. 1981 and Feb. 1982). In one chapter of his book On the Wild Side (1992), Martin Gardner discusses the hollow Earth model articulated by Abdelkader. According to Gardner, this theory posits that light rays travel in circular paths, and slow as they approach the center of the spherical star-filled cavern. No energy can reach the center of the cavern, which corresponds to no point a finite distance away from Earth in the widely accepted scientific cosmology. A drill, Gardner says, would lengthen as it traveled away from the cavern and eventually pass through the "point at infinity" corresponding to the center of the Earth in the widely accepted scientific cosmology. Supposedly no experiment can distinguish between the two cosmologies. Martin Gardner notes that "most mathematicians believe that an inside-out universe, with properly adjusted physical laws, is empirically irrefutable". However, Gardner rejects the concave hollow Earth theory, not as disproven, but instead entirely on the basis of Occam's Razor. Mostafa A. Abdelkader is a mathematician from Alexandria, Egypt, who has propounded a concave hollow Earth theory and has developed adjustments to the laws of physics that take into account gravitation, optics, and other physical phenomena. ... William of Ockham Occams razor (also spelled Ockhams razor) is a principle attributed to the 14th-century English logician and Franciscan friar William of Ockham. ...

In a trivial sense, of course, one can always define a coordinate transformation such that the interior of the Earth becomes "exterior" and the exterior becomes "interior". (For example, in spherical coordinates, let radius r go to R²/r where R is the Earth's radius.) Such transformations would require corresponding changes to the forms of physical laws; the consensus suggests that such theories tend towards sophistry. This article describes some of the common coordinate systems that appear in elementary mathematics. ... Sophism (gr. ...

Gravity and a Hollow Earth

Someone on the inside of a putative hollow Earth would not experience an outward pull and could not stand on the inner surface; rather, the theory of gravity implies that a person on the inside would be nearly weightless. This was first shown by Newton, whose shell theorem mathematically predicts a gravitational force of zero everywhere inside a spherically symmetric hollow shell of matter, regardless of the shell's thickness. A tiny gravitational force would arise from the fact that the Earth does not have a perfectly symmetrical spherical shape, and also from tidal forces due to masses such as the Moon which do not form part of the spherical shell. The centrifugal force from the Earth's rotation would also pull a person outwards, but even at the equator this is only 1/300 of ordinary Earth gravity. Gravity is a force of attraction that acts between bodies that have mass. ... Astronauts on the International Space Station display an example of weightlessness. ... Sir Isaac Newton, (4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727) [ OS: 25 December 1642 – 20 March 1727][1] was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, and alchemist, regarded by many as the greatest figure in the history of science. ... In Newtonian physics, the shell theorem states that the gravity due to a uniform spherical shell is zero on an object inside the shell, and acts on an object outside the shell as if the entire mass of the shell were at its center. ... Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 after breaking up under the influence of Jupiters tidal forces. ... Centrifugal force (from Latin centrum center and fugere to flee) is a term which may refer to two different forces which are related to rotation. ... World map showing the equator in red In tourist areas, the equator is often marked on the sides of roads The equator marked as it crosses Ilhéu das Rolas, in São Tomé and Príncipe. ...

Also, if the Earth were largely hollow but made of the same materials, it would have much less mass than what is actually observed (from, e.g., the strength of gravity at the outer surface).

Hollow Earths in fiction

Literature

• In Ludvig Holberg's 1741 novel Nicolai Klimii iter subterraneum, Nicolai Klim falls through a cave whilst spelunking and spends several years living on both a smaller globe within and the inside of the outer shell.
• Jacques Casanova's 1788 Icosaméron is a 5-volume, 1,800-page story of a brother and sister who fall into the Earth and discover the subterranean utopia of the Mégamicres, a race of multi-colored, hermaphroditic dwarves.
• An early science-fiction work called Symzonia: A Voyage of Discovery by a "Captain Adam Seaborn" appeared in print in 1823. It obviously reflected the ideas of John Cleves Symmes, Jr. and some have claimed Symmes as the real author. One recent reprint of the work gives Symmes as the author. Others disagree. Some researchers say it deliberately satirized Symmes's ideas, and think they have identified the author as an early American author named Nathanial Ames who wrote other works, including one that might have served as the inspiration of Moby Dick (see Lang, Hans-Joachim and Benjamin Lease. "The Authorship of Symzonia: The Case for Nathanial Ames" New England Quarterly, June 1975, page 241-252).
• Edgar Allan Poe used the idea in his 1838 novel The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket. He also touches on it in MS. Found in a Bottle and The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall.
• Jules Verne, who did not often stray far from the bounds of scientific plausibility in his works, used the idea of a hollow Earth in his 1864 novel, A Journey to the Center of the Earth.
• James De Mille's novel A Strange Manuscript Found in a Copper Cylinder (1888) is a Victorian satire of the inverted society within the hollow Earth.
• Willis George Emerson's science-fiction novel (1908) recounts the adventures of one Olaf Jansen who traveled into the interior, found an advanced civilization, and then left it. Some people regard The Smoky God as non-fiction.
• Edgar Rice Burroughs wrote adventure stories set in the inner world of Pellucidar (including, at one point, a visit from his character Tarzan). Although the inner surface of the Earth has an absolutely smaller area than the outer, Burroughs's Pellucidar has oceans on the outer surface corresponding to continents on the inner surface and vice-versa, and therefore the inner world actually has a greater total land area than the outer. It is inhabited by primitive humans and creatures extinct on the outer surface, including the Mahars, pterodactyl-like creatures with psychic powers. Pellucidar has a central miniature sun which never sets, so that its human inhabitants have never developed the notion of time.
• The Russian geologist Vladimir Obruchev uses the concept of the hollow Earth in his popular scientific novel Plutonia to take the reader through various geological epochs.
• The Cthulhu Mythos stories of H. P. Lovecraft (et al.) feature as a common theme a subterranean gateway or labyrinth that serves as the home of various Great Old Ones.
• Nehwon, the setting of Fritz Leiber's stories about Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser, is a concave hollow world, a bubble in the universal sea. The story "Trapped in the Sea of Stars" explains this setting.
• A Hollow Earth featured in the children's "Choose Your Own Adventure" novel The Underground Kingdom (1983).
• In Richard A. Lupoff's novel Circumpolar! (1984), the Earth is donut-shaped, and Amelia Earhart, Charles Lindbergh, and various famous aviation pilots must fly through the middle of the planet in order to win an air race.
• Umberto Eco's thriller Foucault's Pendulum (1988) features dubious characters who dream of an absolute power stemming from telluric currents, which they believe to be possibly related to the hollow nature of the Earth, and supposedly known to the Templars.
• Rudy Rucker's novel The Hollow Earth appeared in 1990, and features Edgar Allan Poe and his ideas.
• The novel Indiana Jones and the Hollow Earth by Max McCoy (1997) expands on the legend of an advanced civilization dwelling in the Earth's interior.
• Eoin Colfer's Artemis Fowl series of novels has a population of fairies living inside the Earth, under the mantle.
• The short story "Black as the Pit, From Pole to Pole" by Howard Waldrop and Steven Utley continues the journey of Frankenstein's creature through a hollow earth similar to Edmund Halley's model, blending the works of H. P. Lovecraft and Edgar Allan Poe, the theories of John Cleves Symmes, Jr. and Melville's Moby Dick.
• Weird NJ Issue #27
• The sixth book in the Chronicles of Narnia series, The Silver Chair, features a group of near-humans living under the ground in Narnia.
• The science fiction novel Inhabited Island by Russian authors Arkady and Boris Strugatsky describes a fictional planet Saraksh, which is believed by its inhabitants to be a hollow cave in an endless solid space.
• The Third Eye by Lobsang T. Rampa mentions contact with advanced beings living in the center of the earth.

This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... See also: 1740 in literature, other events of 1741, 1742 in literature, list of years in literature. ... Giacomo Casanova “Casanova” redirects here. ... See also: 1787 in literature, other events of 1788, 1789 in literature, list of years in literature. ... See also: 1822 in literature, other events of 1823, 1824 in literature, list of years in literature. ... John Cleves Symmes (1779 - May 1829) was born in New Jersey to Timothy Symmes. ... Edgar Allan Poe (January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American poet, short story writer, editor, critic and one of the leaders of the American Romantic Movement. ... See also: 1837 in literature, other events of 1838, 1839 in literature, list of years in literature. ... The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket is Edgar Allan Poes only complete novel, published in 1838. ... MS. Found in a Bottle is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe, first published in the Baltimore Saturday Visiter in 1833. ... The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall (1835) is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe published in the June 1835 issue of the monthly magazine Southern Literary Messenger, and intended by Poe to be a hoax. ... Jules Gabriel Verne (February 8, 1828–March 24, 1905) was a French author who pioneered the science-fiction genre. ... See also: 1863 in literature, other events of 1864, 1865 in literature, list of years in literature. ... For other uses, see Journey to the Center of the Earth (disambiguation). ... ‹The template below has been proposed for deletion. ... A Strange Manuscript Found in a Copper Cylinder is the most popular book by James De Mille. ... See also: 1887 in literature, other events of 1888, 1889 in literature, list of years in literature. ... Queen Victoria (shown here on the morning of her Ascension to the Throne, 20 June 1837) gave her name to the historic era The Victorian era of the United Kingdom marked the height of the British Industrial Revolution and the apex of the British Empire. ... 1867 edition of the satirical magazine Punch, a British satirical magazine, ground-breaking on popular literature satire. ... Willis Emerson (1856 - 1918) was a writer. ... See also: 1907 in literature, other events of 1908, 1909 in literature, list of years in literature. ... The Smoky God is a book by Willis George Emerson, which presents itself as a true account of the Norwegian sailor Olaf Jansen and explains how Jansens sloop sailed through an entrance to the Earths interior at the North Pole. ... Edgar Rice Burroughs Edgar Rice Burroughs (September 1, 1875 – March 19, 1950) was an American author, best known for his creation of the jungle hero Tarzan, although he also produced works in many genres. ... Pellucidar is a fictional Hollow Earth milieu invented by Tarzan creator Edgar Rice Burroughs for a series of action adventure stories. ... James H. Pierce and Joan Burroughs Pierce starred in the 1932-34 Tarzan radio series 1964 Edition of Tarzan of the Apes Tarzan, a fictional character created by Edgar Rice Burroughs, first appeared in the 1912 novel Tarzan of the Apes, and then in twenty-three sequels. ... Parapsychology฿ is a field of study concerned with the investigation of evidence for paranormal events such as psychokinesis, clairvoyance, and telepathy,[1]. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, parapsychology is the study of [...] any of several types of events that cannot be accounted for by natural law or knowledge apparently acquired... Vladimir Obruchev. ... Cthulhu and Rlyeh Cthulhu Mythos is the term coined by the writer August Derleth to describe the shared elements, characters, settings, and themes in the works of H. P. Lovecraft and associated horror fiction writers. ... Howard Phillips Lovecraft (August 20, 1890 – March 15, 1937) was an American author of fantasy, horror and science fiction. ... Gateway has several meanings. ... A Roman mosaic picturing Theseus and the Minotaur. ... A Great Old One is a type of fictional deity in the Cthulhu Mythos based in the stories of HP Lovecraft. ... Nehwon is the fictional country created by Fritz Lieber in which his heroes, Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser adventure. ... Fritz Reuter Leiber Jr. ... Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser are two seminal sword-and-sorcery heroes created by Fritz Leiber (1910–1992). ... The Cave of Time, the first Choose Your Own Adventure book. ... See also: 1982 in literature, other events of 1983, 1984 in literature, list of years in literature. ... Richard Allen Lupoff was born on February 21, 1935. ... See also: 1983 in literature, other events of 1984, 1985 in literature, list of years in literature. ... Umberto Eco (born January 5, 1932) is an Italian medievalist, semiotician, philosopher and novelist, best known for his novel The Name of the Rose (Il nome della rosa) and his many essays. ... Foucaults Pendulum (original title: Il pendolo di Foucault) is a novel by Italian novelist and philosopher Umberto Eco. ... See also: 1987 in literature, other events of 1988, 1989 in literature, list of years in literature. ... A telluric current is an electric current in the Earth (both land and sea). ... The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon (Latin: Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Solomonici), popularly known as the Knights Templar or the Order of the Temple, were the first and among the most famous of the Christian military orders. ... Rudolf Rucker, Fall 2005. ... See also: 1989 in literature, other events of 1990, 1991 in literature, list of years in literature. ... Edgar Allan Poe has appeared in popular culture as a character in books, films and comics. ... See also: 1996 in literature, other events of 1997, 1998 in literature, list of years in literature. ... Eoin Colfer (pronounced Owen, IPA: )(born May 14, 1965) is an Irish author. ... The term Artemis Fowl may refer to several things. ... by Sophie Anderson For other uses, see Fairy (disambiguation). ... Earth cutaway from core to exosphere. ... Howard Waldrop (born September 15, 1946) in Houston, Mississippi, and got his degree from the University of Texas. ... Steven Utley (b. ... This article is about the 1818 novel. ... Edgar Allan Poe (January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American poet, short story writer, editor, critic and one of the leaders of the American Romantic Movement. ... Cover of Weird NJ. Weird NJ (WNJ) is a semiannual magazine that chronicles local legends, ghost stories, folklore and anything considered weird in the U.S. state of New Jersey. ... The Chronicles of Narnia is a series of seven fantasy novels for children written by C. S. Lewis. ... Inhabited Island (a. ... ... Saraksh is a fictional planet described in Inhabited Island (Обитаемый остров) by Strugatsky brothers. ... The Third Eye, published in 1956, is a book written by a British man, Cyril Hoskins, who claimed that he had been possessed by the spirit of a Tibetan monk named Tuesday Lobsang Rampa. ...

Other cultural references

• In the Tiny Toon Adventures episode "Journey to the Center of Acme Acres", a series of earthquakes shake up the city, causing Plucky and Hamton to fall into a crater in the ground. They fall for hours before finally reaching the center, which is hollow. They are shaken back and forth as a result of the momentum from falling, before stopping and floating in mid-air at the dead center of the world.

• The Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game's Mystara campaign setting included a Hollow World expansion, which served as a nature preserve of sorts, where gods placed extinct creatures and civilizations.

• In the Myst franchise, D'ni is situated in a cavern inside the earth.

• The comics series Les Terres Creuses by Belgian comics writers Luc and François Schuiten features several hollow-Earth settings.

• The comic book series BPRD by Mike Mignola, creator of Hellboy, did a collection called "Hollow Earth", where the team journeys into great caverns inside the Earth inhabited by Hyperborean people and fantastic machines, some emblazoned with a swastica. At the center is the city of the creatures and their leader.

• The Transformers: Cybertron cartoon series features a character, Professor Lucy Suzuki, who believes in the Hollow Earth Theory.

• The video game Terranigma for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System features both a hollow Earth and a normal Earth.

• The PC Adventure game "Torin's Passage" features a depiction of a hollow Earth (though technically the fictional planet is called "Strata") similar to the one described by Edmund Halley, with the surface world (called "The Lands Above" in the game) being the largest, while the worlds within it (four, known collectively as "The Lands Below") become progressively smaller as the player, "Torin" descends into them from The Lands Above.

• The band Bal-Sagoth has, on their new album The Chthonic Chronicles, a song about the hollow Earth called "Invocations Beyond the Outer-World Night".

• The 2004 Japanese horror movie Marebito (稀人), directed by Takashi Shimizu, also references hollow Earth theory and the netherworld or subterranean realms.

• In the 1970s, comic-book artist Mike Grell produced the comic-book Warlord, about a pilot who finds himself in Skartaris, a sword-and-sorcery world reached through an opening at the North Pole. First believed to be the hollow interior of the Earth, Skartaris was later revealed to be a parallel dimension. In the third season of the animated series Justice League Unlimited, the episode "Chaos at the Earth's Core" takes place within Skartaris.

• The Marvel Universe features several underground empires ruled by villains like the Mole Man or Tyranus. A race of mutant survivors from ancient Lemuria known as Deviants also live underground.

• In Mage: The Ascension, the Hollow Earth exists as an alternate reality (or "horizon realm") that mages and especially the Sons of Ether faction can visit, but virtually all ways of accessing without magic have ceased to exist in the modern age because people no longer believe the Earth could be hollow.

• The video game Final Fantasy IV for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (Released as "Final Fantasy II" in the United States) features a subterranean world that is inhabited by dwarves.

• The webcomic, Overcompensating also references hollow earth theories in this August 2006 strip^[2].

• The console Strategy/RPG series Super Robot Wars features a Hollow Earth world named LaGais.

• A Dyson sphere is a hypothetical shell constructed around a star. The Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Relics" features such a structure.

• Also, in the Marvel Universe, there is a "lost world" within Antarctica called the Savage Land, home to Ka-Zar, which is full of forests, mountains, rivers, and strange beings just as in the descriptions of many of the voyagers in search of the entrance to the hollow planet.

• The planet Naboo in Star Wars has a "hollow core", but it is filled with water.

• In the Star Trek: The Original Series episode "For the World Is Hollow and I Have Touched the Sky", there is a hollow, artifically created, planet-shaped spaceship whose inhabitants falsely believe that they are living on the surface of a planet.

• One adventure of Alan Moore's Pulp-style hero Tom Strong involved a gateway into the Hollow Earth in the arctic where Nazis had fled after World War Two only to be devoured by its inhabitants. Much of the story is spent discussing many of the varying Hollow Earth concepts mentioned above. (Tom Strong's Terrific Tales #1)

• The Spider Riders series of books and anime take place in the "Inner World" of Arachna.

This does not cite any references or sources. ... An earthquake is the result from the sudden release of stored energy in the Earths crust that creates seismic waves. ... Plucky Duck Plucky Duck is a fictional anthropomorphic green duck who appeared in the 1990s animated series Tiny Toon Adventures. ... Hamton Hamton J. Pig (usually just called Hamton) is a fictional anthropomorphic pig from the 1990s animated series Tiny Toon Adventures. ... Dungeons & Dragons (abbreviated as D&D or DnD) is a fantasy role-playing game (RPG) currently published by Wizards of the Coast. ... The 1990s Mystara Logo Mystara is a campaign setting for the Dungeons & Dragons role playing game. ... Created in 1990 by TSR, Inc. ... Myst (or MYST) is a graphic adventure computer game designed and directed by the brothers Robyn and Rand Miller. ... This article is about the race of people. ... François Schuiten (born 26 April 1956) is a Belgian comics artist. ... The Bureau of Paranormal Research and Defense or the B.P.R.D. is an organization in the Dark Horse Comics universe charged with protecting America and the world from the occult, paranormal and supernatural. ... Hellboy is a fictional Dark Horse Comics character created by Mike Mignola. ... Terranigma or Tenchi Souzou , Creation of Heaven and Earth) in Japan, is a 1995 action role-playing game for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System developed by Quintet and published by Enix. ... The SNES controller The Super Nintendo Entertainment System, also known as Super Nintendo, Super NES or SNES (pronounced either as a word or initials), is a 16-bit video game console released by Nintendo in North America, Brazil, Europe, and Australia. ... Bal-Sagoth are a Symphonic Black Metal band from Yorkshire, England. ... The Chthonic Chronicles is Bal-Sagoths sixth album, the first in five years since 2001s Atlantis Ascendant. ... Marebito (稀人 marebito) is a 2004 Japanese Horror movie directed by Takashi Shimizu, the director of Ju-on: The Grudge. ... Takashi Shimizu (清水崇 Shimizu Takashi, born 27 July 1972 in Maebashi City, Gunma Prefecture, Japan) is a Japanese film director, most famous for the Ju-on series of horror films. ... Mike Grell (born 1947) is a comic book writer and artist. ... The Warlord was a sword and sorcery comic book published by DC Comics from 1976 - 1989. ... Skartaris is a fictional Hollow Earth milieu invented by comic book writer/artist Mike Grell for his sword and sorcery comic book Warlord, published from 1976-1989. ... This article is about a fantasy sub-genre. ... Justice League Unlimited (or JLU) is the name of an American animated television series that was produced by and aired on Cartoon Network. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... The Mole Man is a fictional supervillain in the Marvel Comics universe. ... In Roman religion Lemuria is the Feast of the Lemures, during which the unwholesome and malevolent spectres of the restless dead (lemures) were propitiated. ... The Deviants are a fictional race of superhumans in the Marvel Comics universe. ... Mage: The Ascension is a role-playing game based in the World of Darkness, and is published by White Wolf Game Studio. ... The Sons of Ether are one of nine Traditions of mages in the game Mage: The Ascension. ... Final Fantasy IV ) is a console role-playing game developed and published by Square Co. ... The SNES controller The Super Nintendo Entertainment System, also known as Super Nintendo, Super NES or SNES (pronounced either as a word or initials), is a 16-bit video game console released by Nintendo in North America, Brazil, Europe, and Australia. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... Overcompensating is a journal webcomic created by Jeff Rowland. ... Super Robot Wars: Alpha Gaiden, one of many SRW games released by Banpresto in Japan. ... A cut-away diagram of an idealized Dyson shell — a variant on Dysons original concept — 1 AU in radius A Dyson sphere (or shell as it appeared in the original paper) is a hypothetical megastructure. ... The title as it appeared in most episodes opening credits. ... The Savage Land is a hidden prehistoric land within the fictional Marvel Comics Universe. ... Ka-Zar (pronounced KAY-sar) is the name of two jungle-dwelling fictional characters, both published by Marvel Comics. ... Naboo is a fictitious planet in the fictional Star Wars universe with a mostly green terrain and which is the homeworld of two societies: the Gungans who dwell in underwater cities and the humans who live in colonies on the surface. ... This article is about the series. ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ... The starship Enterprise as it appeared on Star Trek Star Trek is a culturally significant science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry in the 1960s. ... For the World is Hollow and I Have Touched the Sky is a third season episode of Star Trek: The Original Series. ... Alan Moore (born November 18, 1953, in Northampton) is an English writer most famous for his influential work in comics, including the acclaimed graphic novels Watchmen, V for Vendetta and From Hell. ... Tom Strong was a bi-monthly comic book created by writer Alan Moore and artist Chris Sprouse published by Americas Best Comics, an imprint of DC Comics Wildstorm division. ... Spider Riders , Spider Riders ~the Heroes of Oracle~) started as a series of science fiction novels first published in December 2004, published by Newmarket Press which are authored by Tedd Anasti, Patsy Cameron-Anasti, and Stephen D. Sullivan (books 2-3). ...

Hollow Moon

An allied theory regarded The Moon as being hollow, with the interior having a breathable atmosphere - which allowed various SF writers to postulate Lunar life, including intelligent life, despite scientific observation that the Lunar surface is airless. For other moons in the solar system see natural satellite. ...

The most well-known example is H.G. Wells's book The First Men in The Moon and the films made on the basis of it. The idea recurs in various other writings such as Edgar Rice Burroughs' The Moon Maid and The Moon Men (1925), and The Lomokome Papers, Herman Wouk's less known single venture into Science Fiction (1947)^[3]. H. G. Wells at the door of his house at Sandgate Herbert George Wells (September 21, 1866 - August 13, 1946) was an English writer best known for his science fiction novels such as The War of the Worlds and The Time Machine. ... The First Men in the Moon is a 1901 science fiction novel by the British author H. G. Wells. ... Edgar Rice Burroughs Edgar Rice Burroughs (September 1, 1875 – March 19, 1950) was an American author, best known for his creation of the jungle hero Tarzan, although he also produced works in many genres. ... Herman Wouk (May 27, 1915 —) is a bestselling American author with a number of notable novels to his credit, including The Caine Mutiny, The Winds of War, and War and Remembrance. ...

That Hideous Strength by C.S. Lewis takes place on Earth, but an important part of its background is the hollow Moon, known by its inhabitants as "Sulva", in whose caverns a titanic struggle between the forces of Good and Evil is taking place. That Hideous Strength is a 1945 novel by C. S. Lewis, the final book in Lewiss theological science fiction Space Trilogy. ... Clive Staples Lewis (November 29, 1898 – November 22, 1963), commonly referred to as C. S. Lewis, was an author and scholar. ...

This sub-genre seems to have died out following the actual Moon landing in 1969.

References

1. ^ [1] p. 178 at Google Books
2. ^ wigu.com/overcompensating
3. ^ see Wouk - Lomokome Papers at epinions.com

See also

This article belongs in one or more categories. ... Brinsley Le Poer Trench (September 18, 1911–May 18, 1995) was 8th Earl of Clancarty (an earldom in the Peerage of Ireland) as well as a prominent ufologist. ... Cyrus Reed Teed (October 18, 1839 - December 22, 1908), was an eclectic physician who was the creator of a unique Hollow Earth theory and founder of the Koreshan Unity. ... A cut-away diagram of an idealized Dyson shell — a variant on Dysons original concept — 1 AU in radius A Dyson sphere (or shell as it appeared in the original paper) is a hypothetical megastructure. ... Movements of the continents as the Earth expands. ... 15th century adaptation of a T-O map. ... John Cleves Symmes (1779 - May 1829) was born in New Jersey to Timothy Symmes. ... Nazi mysticism is a quasi-religious undercurrent of Nazism; it denotes the mixture of Nazism with occultism, esotericism, cryptohistory, and/or the paranormal — especially in the traditions of Germanic mysticism. ... Neal Adams (born June 6, 1941, Governors Island, Manhattan, New York City) is an American comic book and commercial artist best known for his highly naturalistic style of illustration. ... New Swabia (German: Neuschwabenland or Neu-Schwabenland) is a section of the continent Antarctica between 20°E and 10°W (overlapping a portion of Norways claim zone Queen Maud Land), which was claimed by Nazi Germany between 19 January 1939 and 8 May 1945. ... A subgenre in fiction which mostly focus on subterranean myths, magic, mysteries, legends, horrors, sci-fi and occultism and so on. ... Earth cutaway from core to exosphere. ... An unidentified flying object, or UFO, is any real or apparent flying object which cannot be identified by the observer and which remains unidentified after investigation. ... The Coming Race (original title), also reprinted as Vril: The Power of the Coming Race is a novel published in 1870 by Edward Bulwer-Lytton. ... The Hollow moon theory is a debunked theory that suggests that the moon is a large hollow sphere. ...

Bibliography

• Seaborn, Captain Adam. Symzonia; Voyage of Discovery. J. Seymour, 1820.
• Kafton-Minkel, Walter. Subterranean Worlds. Loompanics Unlimited, 1989.
• Standish, David. Hollow Earth. Da Capo Press, 2006.

External links

• Umberto Eco. "Outlandish theories: Kings of the (hollow) world", The International Herald Tribune, July 21, 2006.  Review of Paul Collins' book Banvard's Folly, which includes a chapter on Symmes.
• Griffin, Duane A.; Hollow and Habitable Within: Symmes's Theory of Earth's Internal Structure and Polar Geography - a scholarly article on Symmes's theory
• At the Earth's Core, by Edgar Rice Burroughs
• The Cellular Cosmogony, by Koresh: full text of Cyrus Teed's book about the inside-out Earth at www.sacred-texts.com
• The Phantom of the Poles, by William Reed: full text at www.sacred-texts.com
• Hollow Earths: page illustrating several hollow-Earth proposals with diagrams
• Stephen Wagner, Nazis and the Hollow Earth, Paranormal.About.com (11 January 1999): (thinly sourced) discussion of rumors about the Nazis and hollow Earth ideas.
• Koreshan State Historic Site, official web page.
• Unofficial Koreshan State Historic Site, unofficial web page.
• American Communal Utopias and The Koreshan Unity: A Bibliography Brief overview and great bibliography of works, if slightly dated.
• Turning the Universe Inside-Out: Ulysses Grant Morrow's Naples Experiment Examination of the Naples Experiment, and why it failed, but also covers the major hollow Earth theories and Koreshan beliefs.
• The Smoky God, by Willis George Emerson. Complete novel
• Voyage to our Hollow Earth, Journey to the North Pole and Beyond - 24 day Trip, June 26, 2006 - July 19, 2006. Expedition aboard the nuclear-powered Russian icebreaker Yamal
• The Hollow Earth - from The UnMuseum
• Hollow Earth Insider, "a dedicated worldwide group of Insiders researching, not only the Hollow Earth/Subterranean Mysteries, but also reports on the UFO/Alien connection and other mysteries, the New World Order and other conspiracies"
• The Expanding Hollow Earth Theory - a book by proponents of a hollow-Earth theory.
• The Hollow Earth Theory, "A band inspired by the theory"
• List of Some Hollow Earth books in Print at amazon.com
• Phoenix Science Foundation, organization supporting an expedition

Umberto Eco (born January 5, 1932) is an Italian medievalist, semiotician, philosopher and novelist, best known for his novel The Name of the Rose (Il nome della rosa) and his many essays. ... The International Herald Tribune (or IHT) is fully owned by the New York Times, which along with its own staff journalists and news agencies supplies it with news and features. ... Paul Collins is an American writer (born 1969, Pennsylvania), best known for his work with McSweeneys and The Believer, as editor of the Collins Library imprint for McSweeneys Books, and for his appearances on National Public Radios Weekend Edition Saturday with Scott Simon. ... January 11 is the 11th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar). ... June 26 is the 177th day of the year (178th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... July 19 is the 200th day (201st in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 165 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... Yamal may refer to: Yamal Peninsula, a peninsula in Asia Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, a federal subject of Russia Yamal Airlines, an airline based in Salekhard, Russia Yamal (icebreaker), a nuclear-powered Arktika-class Russian icebreaker Yamal (satellite), a communication DBS satellite. ...

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