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Encyclopedia > Hollow cathode lamp

A hollow cathode lamp (HCL) is type of lamp used in physics and chemistry as a spectral line source and as a frequency tuner for light sources such as lasers. A black hole concept drawing by NASA. Physics (from the Greek, φυσικός (physikos), natural, and φύσις (physis), nature) is the science of the natural world dealing with the fundamental constituents of the universe, the forces they exert on one another, and the results produced by these forces. ... Chemistry (derived from the Arabic word kimia, alchemy, where al is Arabic for the) is the science that deals with the properties of organic and inorganic substances and their interactions with other organic and inorganic substances. ... A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from an excess or deficiency of photons in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies. ... Sine waves of various frequencies; the lower waves have higher frequencies than those above. ... In music, tuning is the process of producing or preparing to produce a certain pitch in relation to another, usually at the unison but often at some other interval. ... For alternative meanings see laser (disambiguation). ...

Basic diagram of a hollow cathode lamp.
Basic diagram of a hollow cathode lamp.

An HCL usually consists of a glass tube containing a cathode made of the material of interest, an anode, and a buffer gas (usually a noble gas). A large voltage across the anode and cathode will cause the buffer gas to ionize, creating a plasma. These ions will then be accelerated into the cathode, sputtering off atoms from the cathode. These atoms will in turn be excited by collisions with other atoms/particles in the plasma. As these excited atoms decay to lower states, they will emit photons, which can then be detected and a spectrum can be determined. This article refers to the material. ... Diagram of a copper cathode in a Daniells cell. ... Diagram of a zinc anode in a Daniells cell. ... A gas is one of the four main phases of matter (after solid and liquid, and followed by plasma), that subsequently appear as a solid material is subjected to increasingly higher temperatures. ... The noble gases are the chemical elements in group 18 (old-style Group 0) of the periodic table. ... This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. ... ... A Plasma lamp, illustrating some of the more complex phenomena of a plasma, including filamentation In physics and chemistry, a plasma is an ionized gas, and is usually considered to be a distinct phase of matter. ... Sputtering is a physical process whereby atoms in a solid target material are ejected into the gas phase due to bombardment of the material by energetic ions. ... Excitation is the amount of energy (energy in a general sense, not energy as defined in physics) that something or someone has. ... // Physical collision Dynamics Deflection happens when an object hits a plane surface In physics, collision means the action of bodies striking or coming together (touching). ... In physics, the photon (from Greek φως phos, meaning light) is the quantum of the electromagnetic field, for instance light. ...


An HCL can also be used to tune light sources by making use of the opto-galvanic effect, which is a result of direct or indirect photoionization. By shining the light source into the HCL, one can excite or even eject electrons (directly photoionize) in the atoms inside the lamp, so long as the light source includes frequencies corresponding to the right atomic transitions. Indirect photoionization can then occur when electron collisions with the excited atom eject an atomic electron. Photoionisation is a physical process in which a photon strikes an atom, ion or molecule, resulting in the ejection of an electron. ... Properties The electron is a fundamental subatomic particle that carries a negative electric charge. ...

  1. A + gamma rightarrow A^*
  2. A^* + e rightarrow A^+ + 2e

The newly created ions cause an increase in the current across the cathode/anode and a resulting change in the voltage, which can then be measured . By tweeking your light source, you can then tune it to a specific transition frequency by looking for a resonance on the data plot of your signal vs. source tweaking parameter. In physics, resonance is the tendency of a system to absorb more energy when the frequency of the oscillations matches the systems natural frequency of vibration (its resonant frequency) than it does at other frequencies. ...

Sources of light / lighting:

Natural/prehistoric light sources: Prism splitting light Light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength that is visible to the eye (visible light) or, in a technical or scientific context, electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength. ... Architect lamps Dark lighting in a concert hall allow laser effects to be visible In the 2005 Classical Spectacular performance, a state-of-the-art lighting system was used to accompany the music Lighting refers to the devices or techniques used for illumination, usually referring to artificial light sources such...

Bioluminescence | Celestial objects | Lightning Bioluminescence is the production and emission of light by a living organism as the result of a chemical reaction during which chemical energy is converted to light energy. ... See also Lists of astronomical objects Category: ... Lightning over Pentagon City in Arlington County, Virginia Lightning is a powerful natural electrostatic discharge produced during a thunderstorm. ...

Compact Fluorescent Lightbulb Image File history File links Download high resolution version (311x649, 278 KB) Summary I made this from an existing Public Domain JPEG. Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

Combustion-based light sources: Combustion or burning is a chemical process, an exothermic reaction between a substance (the fuel) and a gas (the oxidizer), usually O2, to release heat. ...

Acetylene/Carbide lamps | Candles | Davy lamps | Fire | Gas lighting | Kerosene lamps | Lanterns | Limelights | Oil lamps | Rushlights Carbide lamps (acetylene lamps) are simple lamps that produce and burn acetylene by reacting calcium carbide with water. ... A lit candle. ... The Davy lamp is a safety lamp devised in 1815 by Humphry Davy. ... It has been suggested that flame be merged into this article or section. ... Gas lighting is the process of burning piped natural gas or coal gas for illumination. ... A kerosene lamp, widely known in Britain as a paraffin lamp, is any type of lighting device which uses kerosene (paraffin) as a fuel. ... Stone lantern A lantern is a portable lighting device used to illuminate broad areas. ... Limelight is a type of stage lighting once used in theatres and music halls. ... Antique bronze oil lamp with Christian symbol (replica) An oil lamp is a device used for lighting or for preserving a flame that is fueled by animal, vegetable or mineral oil. ... A Rushlight is a type of candle formed using the dried pith of the rush plant as its wick. ...

Direct chemical light sources:

Chemoluminescence (Lightsticks) Lightsticks Chemoluminescence (sometimes chemiluminescence) is the emission of light (luminescence) as the result of a chemical reaction. ... Three types of lightsticks in five colours A lightstick, also called a glowstick, is a transparent plastic tube which contains chemical fluids held apart in two compartments. ...

Nuclear light sources: In nuclear physics, a nuclear reaction is a process in which two nuclei or nuclear particles collide, to produce products different to the initial products. ...

Betalights/Trasers | Radium paint | Cherenkov radiation A betalight is an artificial light source powered by the radioactive decay of tritium (H3) gas. ... Traser is the generic name for glass tubes with a phosphor layer in them and Tritium (a Hydrogen isotope) gas inside the tube. ... General Name, Symbol, Number radium, Ra, 88 Chemical series alkaline earth metals Group, Period, Block 2, 7, s Appearance silvery white metallic Atomic mass (226) g/mol Electron configuration [Rn] 7s2 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 2 Physical properties Phase solid Density (near r. ... Cherenkov radiation glowing in the core of a TRIGA reactor Cherenkov radiation (also spelled Cerenkov or sometimes ÄŒerenkov) is electromagnetic radiation emitted when a charged particle passes through an insulator at a speed greater than that of light in the medium. ...

Electric light sources: Lightning strikes during a night-time thunderstorm. ...

Arc lamps | Incandescent light bulbs | Fluorescent lamps The 300,000-watt Plasma Arc Lamp in the Infrared Processing Center (IPC) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory An arc lamp is a device that produces light by the sparking (or arcing, from voltaic arc or electric arc) of a high current between two carbon rod electrodes. ... An incandescent light bulb and its glowing filament. ... A compact fluorescent lamp with an integrated electronic ballast A fluorescent lamp is a type of lamp that uses electricity to excite mercury vapor in argon or neon gas, resulting in a plasma that produces short-wave ultraviolet light. ...

High-intensity discharge light sources: High-intensity discharge (HID) lamps include the types of electrical lights: mercury vapor, metal halide, high-pressure sodium and less common, xenon short-arc lamps. ...

Ceramic Discharge Metal Halide lamps | HMI lamps | Mercury-vapor lamps | Metal halide lamps | Sodium vapor lamps | Xenon arc lamps Ceramic Discharge Metal Halide lamps are a relativly new source of light that is a variation of the Mercury-vapor lamp. ... Hydrargyrum Medium-Arc Iodide, frequently called just HMI is a mercury-halide discharge short arc lamp with a color temperature of approximately 5600K. The name is derived from Hydrargyrum, an archaic term for mercury while Iodide indicates that iodine is the halogen used to form the active compound. ... A Mercury-vapor lamp is a gas discharge lamp which uses mercury in an excited state to produce light. ... Metal halide lamps are similar to mercury vapor lamps, but instead of just mercury, they also contain sodium/scandium iodide and sometimes metals in the rare earth period combined with halogens in the halogen group of the periodic table. ... A sodium vapor lamp is a gas discharge lamp which uses sodium in an excited state to produce light. ... Xenon arc lamps are a source of artificial light. ...

Other electric light sources:

Blacklight lamps |Electroluminescent (EL) lamps | Globar | Hollow cathode lamp | Inductive lighting | Lasers | Discrete LEDs/Solid State Lighting (LEDs) | Neon and argon lamps | Nernst lamp | Sulfur lamp | Xenon flash lamps | Yablochkov candles Note: Ultraviolet is also the name of a 1998 UK television miniseries about vampires. ... Electroluminescence (EL) is an optical phenomenon and electrical phenomenon where a material emits light in response to an electric current passed through it, or to a strong electric field. ... A Globar is a silicon carbide bar of 5 to 10 mm width and 20 to 50 mm length which is electrically heated up to 1800 to 3000 degrees Fahrenheit (equivalent to 982 to 1649 degrees Celsius or 1255 to 1922 Kelvin) with a downstream variable interference filter. ... In contrast with all other electrical lamps that use electrical connections through the lamp envelope to transfer power to the lamp, in electrodeless lamps the power needed to generate light is transferred from the outside of the lamp envelope by means of (electro)magnetic fields. ... The range of sizes in which lasers exist is immense, extending from microscopic diode lasers (top) to football field sized neodymium glass lasers (bottom) used for inertial confinement fusion. ... Three LEDs of different colors. ... Solid State Lighting (SSL) refers to a type of lighting that utilizes light-emitting diodes (LED), organic light-emitting diodes (OLED), or light-emitting polymers as sources of illumination rather than filaments or gasses. ... Lighting neon lamp, two 220/230 volt and 110 V neon lamps and a screwdriver with neon lamp inside A neon lamp is a gas discharge lamp containing neon gas (or in types with different colors also other noble gas) at low pressure. ... Nernst lamp, complete, model B with cloche, DC-lamp 0,5 amp, 95 Volt, by courtesy of Landesmuseum für Technik und Arbeit in Mannheim, Germany, (Engl. ... In contrast with all other electrical lamps that use electrical connections through the lamp envelope to transfer power to the lamp, in electrodeless lamps the power needed to generate light is transferred from the outside of the lamp envelope by means of (electro)magnetic fields. ... Xenon flash lamp being fired. ... A Yablochkov candle (sometimes electric candle) is a type of electric carbon arc lamp, invented in 1876 by Pavel Yablochkov. ...


  Results from FactBites:
 
oil lamp: Information From Answers.com (400 words)
An oil lamp is a device used for lighting or for preserving a flame that is fueled by animal, vegetable or mineral oil.
In ancient Greece and Rome, lamps were fueled by olive oil; in ancient India, by ghee; in ancient Persia, by petroleum that was found oozing freely from the ground.
Olive oil lamps continued in wide use in countries around the Mediterranean Sea well into the 19th century, with the lamps being mass produced out of metal (most commonly brass or bronze), but otherwise little changed in design from lamps of some 2,000 years earlier.
  More results at FactBites »


 

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