Jews being loaded onto trains at Umschlagplatz, Warsaw. The site today is preserved as a Polish national monument

The Holocaust trains were railway transports run by German Nazis and their collaborators to forcibly deport interned Jews and other victims of the Holocaust to the Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Jews loading onto trains at the Umschlagplatz In the Holocaust, the Umschlagplatz (German literally meaning change-place) in the Warsaw Ghetto was where Jews gathered for deportation to the Treblinka extermination camp. ... For other uses, see Warsaw (disambiguation) and Warszawa (disambiguation). ... This is the top-level page of WikiProject trains Rail tracks Rail transport refers to the land transport of passengers and goods along railways or railroads. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... During World War II Nazi Germany occupied all or parts of the following non-tripartite countries: Poland, Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands, France, Yugoslavia, Greece, the Soviet Union, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Egypt and Italy. ... Deportation is the expelling of someone from a country. ... Languages Historical Jewish languages Hebrew, Yiddish, Ladino, others Liturgical languages: Hebrew and Aramaic Predominant spoken languages: The vernacular language of the home nation in the Diaspora, significantly including English, Hebrew, Yiddish, and Russian Religions Judaism Related ethnic groups Arabs and other Semitic groups For the Jewish religion, see Judaism. ... “Shoah” redirects here. ... National Socialism redirects here. ... It has been suggested that Internment be merged into this article or section. ... Extermination camps were two types of facilities that Nazi Germany built during World War II for the systematic killing of millions of people in what has become known as the Holocaust. ...

Modern historians suggested that without the mass transportation of the railways, the scale of the Final Solution would not have been possible.^[1] A taxi serving as a bus Public transport comprises all transport systems in which the passengers do not travel in their own vehicles. ... This article is about the term with respect to the Jewish Question in World War II. For other uses, see Final Solution (disambiguation). ...

Pre-war

Following the unsuccessful Évian Conference, in late 1938 at the invitation of a friend in the British Embassy in Prague, Czechoslovakia, 30 year old clerk to the London Stock Exchange Nicholas Winton visited one of the rapidly expanding refugee camps for those fleeing the Nazis. At the Embassy's request, he set up an office at a dining room table in his hotel in Wenceslas Square, where he arranged train transport for children to Britain. On return to London, the British Government agreed to the shipment of the children on the conditions were that Winton had to pay the cost of the transport (arranged via Czech travel agency Cedok), pay a £50 bond, and arrange a foster family - at the time when few of the affected families could afford the cost. The Évian Conference was convened at the initiative of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt in July, 1938 to discuss the problem of Jewish refugees. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Prague (disambiguation). ... The Source by Greyworld, in the new LSE building Paternoster Square. ... Sir Nicholas Winton MBE (born May 19, 1909) is a Briton who organized the rescue of 669 Jewish Czech children from their doomed fate in the Nazi death camps prior to the outbreak of World War II in an operation known as the Czech Kindertransport. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... The United Kingdom is a unitary state and a democratic constitutional monarchy. ... Foster care is a system by which a certified, stand-in parent(s) cares for minor children or young people who have been removed from their biological parents or other custodial adults by state authority. ...

In 18 months, Winterton managed to arrange for 669 children to get out on eight trains, Prague to London (a small group of 15 were flown out via Sweden). The ninth and biggest train was to leave Prague on 3 September 1939 - the day Britain entered World War II. The train never left the station, and none of the 250 children on board was seen again. During the war, 15,000 Czech children were killed.^[2] For other uses, see Prague (disambiguation). ... is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

The role of the railway in the Final Solution

Entrance, or so-called "death gate," to Auschwitz II-Birkenau, the extermination camp, in 2006.

Within various phases of the Holocaust, the trains were used differently: Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (3264x2448, 3232 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Auschwitz concentration camp User:Underneath-it-All/Sandbox Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (3264x2448, 3232 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Auschwitz concentration camp User:Underneath-it-All/Sandbox Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

• After economic discrimination and separation, trains were used to concentrate the populations, either in ghettos, or - more often - to transport them to forced labour or concentration camps
• After concentration within ghettos, to transport the inmates to death camps

The scale of the extermination of the Jews was therefore only dependent on two factors: For other uses, see Ghetto (disambiguation). ... Unfree labour is a generic or collective term for forms of work, especially in modern or early modern history, in which adults and/or children are employed without wages, or for a minimal wage. ...

• The volume of the death camps to murder Jews and process bodies
• The capacity of the railways to transport Jews from the ghettos to the death camps

The most modern accurate numbers on the scale of the Final Solution still rely today partly on shipping records of the German railways.^[3]

The advantage of using trains

To implement the Final Solution, the Nazis needed an efficient system for mass extermination. Although trains took valuable track space away, they sped up the scale and duration over which the extermination needed to take place. The enclosed nature of the railway wagons used also reduced the number and skill of troops required to transport the Jews, and allowed the Nazis to build and operate more efficient death camps to a larger scale, rather than wasting valuable production resources on bullets. Many of the Jews killed were from Eastern Europe where there were many trains that had already transported military goods to the Russian front, and would have been empty on their return back to Germany were it not for the human cargo bound for the Holocaust.

There is "no word about those who committed the crimes," Hans-Rüdiger Minow, a spokesman for the Train of Commemoration, told The Jerusalem Post. He said 200,000 train employees were involved in the deportations and "10,000 to 20,000 were responsible for mass murders," but were never prosecuted.

Scale of the need for mass transportation

On 20 January 1942, after the Wannsee conference, the Nazis began to murder the Jews in large numbers. The mobile extermination squads were already conducting mass shootings of Jews in the areas of the occupied Soviet territories since 1941, and now Jews were either deported to then-empty ghettos like Riga, or to the death camps of Operation Reinhard: Treblinka, Belzec and Sobibór. is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Wannsee Conference was a meeting of senior officials of the Nazi German regime, held in the Berlin suburb of Wannsee on 20 January 1942. ... A member of Einsatzgruppe D is just about to shoot a Jewish man kneeling before a filled mass grave in Vinnitsa, Ukraine, in 1942. ... Soviet redirects here. ... For other uses, see 1941 (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Riga (disambiguation). ... Operation Reinhard (Aktion Reinhard, Einsatz Reinhard, Aktion Reinhardt or Einsatz Reinhardt in German) was the code name given to the Nazi plan to murder Polish Jews in the former General Government and rob their possessions. ... Treblinka is a small village in the Mazowieckie voivodship (province) of Poland. ... Belzec was the first of the Nazi German extermination camps created for implementing Operation Reinhard during the Holocaust. ... Sobibór was a Nazi extermination camp that was part of Operation Reinhard. ...

At Wannsee, the SS estimated that the "Final Solution" would ultimately annihilate 11 million European Jews; Nazi planners envisioned the inclusion of Jews living in neutral or non-occupied countries such as Ireland, Sweden, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. Deportations on this scale required the co-ordination of numerous German government ministries and state organisations, including the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA), the Transport Ministry, and the Foreign Office. The RSHA coordinated and directed the deportations; the Transport Ministry organised train schedules; and the Foreign Office negotiated with German-allied states about handing over their Jews.^[4]

Jews from Germany and German-occupied Europe were deported by rail to the extermination camps in occupied Poland, where they were systematically murdered. The Nazis disguised the Final Solution by referring to these deportations as "resettlement to the east." The victims were told they were being taken to labour camps, but in reality, from 1942, deportation for most Jews meant transit to extermination camps. During a telephone conversation in late 1942, Hitler’s private secretary Martin Bormann admonished Heinrich Himmler, who was informing him that 50,000 Jews were already exterminated in a concentration camp in Poland. Bormann screamed: "They were not exterminated, only evacuated, evacuated, evacuated!", and slammed down the phone. The General Government (in full General government for the occupied Polish areas, in German Generalgouvernement für die besetzten polnischen Gebiete) was the name given by Germany to the governing authority in Poland after its occupation by the Wehrmacht in September and October 1939. ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Martin Bormann Martin Bormann (June 17, 1900 - c. ... Himmler redirects here. ...

The journey

"Selection" on the Judenrampe, May/June 1944. To be sent to the right meant assignment to a work detail; to the left, the gas chambers. This image shows the arrival of Hungarian Jews from Carpatho-Ruthenia, many of them from the Berehov ghetto; the image was taken by Ernst Hofmann or Bernhard Walter of the SS. The main entrance, or "death gate," is visible in the background. Courtesy of Yad Vashem.^[5]

The first trains operated on 16 October 1941, transporting Jews from central Germany to ghettos in the east.^[6] Selection of Jews at the Birkenau Ramp, 1944 Image was downloaded from The Auschwitz Album. ... Selection of Jews at the Birkenau Ramp, 1944 Image was downloaded from The Auschwitz Album. ... For other uses, see Gas chamber (disambiguation). ... // Carpathian Ruthenia, aka Transcarpathian Ruthenia, Subcarpathian Rus, Subcarpathia (Ukrainian: Karpats’ka Rus’; Slovak and Czech: Podkarpatská Rus; Hungarian: Kárpátalja; Romanian: Transcarpatia) is a small region of Central Europe, now mostly in western Ukraines Zakarpattia Oblast (Ukrainian: Zakarpats’ka oblast’) and easternmost Slovakia (largely in Prešov kraj... Berehove (Ukrainian: ; Hungarian: ; Rusyn: ; Romanian: ; Russian: , translit. ... The Hall of Names containing books of all those who perished in the Holocaust. ... is the 289th day of the year (290th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1941 (disambiguation). ...

The trains consisted of formations of either third class passenger carriages,^[7] but mainly freight cars of cattle cars - the later were packed, according to SS regulations, with 50, but sometimes up to 150 occupants.^[8] No food or water was provided, while the freight cars were only provided with a bucket latrine. A small barred window provided irregular ventilation, which sometimes resulted in deaths from either suffocation or the exposure to the elements. A railroad car (or, more briefly, car), also known as an item of rolling stock in British parlance, is a vehicle on a railroad or railway that is not a locomotive - one that provides another purpose than purely haulage, although some types of car are powered. ... A car, often a train car or semi trailer, used to transport cattle. ... Male Latrine. ...

Sometimes the Germans did not have enough cars to make it worth their while to do a major shipment of Jews to the camps, so the victims were stuck in a switching yard – "standing room only" – sometimes for days. At other times, the trains had to wait for more important military trains to pass.^[9] An average transport took about four and a half days. The longest transport of the war, from Corfu, took 18 days. When the train got to the camps and the doors were opened, everyone was already dead.^[10] The armed guards shot anyone trying to escape. Due to cramped conditions, many deportees died in transit. To avoid contamination between loads, at times the floor of the freight cars had a layer of quick lime which burned the feet of the human cargo. This article is about the Greek island Kerkyra known in English as Corfu or Corcyra. ... Calcium oxide (CaO), commonly known as lime or quicklime, is a widely used chemical compound. ...

Once alighted, the remaining passengers were split into two groups. The old, the young, the sick, and the infirm were sent immediately to be killed, initially in gassing vans and later in the gas chambers. The rest were to put to work, frequently in the harshest conditions which included the burial of victims in mass graves.^[11]

The calculations

Typical freight steam locomotive used by ReichBahn

Powered mainly by efficient freight steam locomotives, the trains were kept to a maximum of 55 freight cars. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixels Full resolution (2560 × 1920 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixels Full resolution (2560 × 1920 pixel, file size: 1. ... A railroad car (or, more briefly, car), also known as an item of rolling stock in British parlance, is a vehicle on a railroad or railway that is not a locomotive - one that provides another purpose than purely haulage, although some types of car are powered. ...

The standard accommodation was a 10 metre long cattle freight wagon, although third class passenger carriages were also used where the SS wanted to keep up the "resettlement to work in the East" myth, particularly in Holland and Belgium. A car, often a train car or semi trailer, used to transport cattle. ... Restored passenger cars on display at the Mid-Continent Railway Museum in North Freedom, WI. A passenger car is a piece of railroad rolling stock that is designed to carry passengers. ...

The standard SS manual covered such trains, suggesting a resultant loading ration per train of:

50 people in a freight car X 50 cars = 2,500 people in each train.

Since normally the trains were loaded to 150 to 200% capacity, this results in the following:

100 people in a freight car X 50 cars = 5,000 people in each train

Of the estimated 6 million Jews exterminated during the Second World War, 2 million were murdered immediately by the second-rank military and political police, and mobile death squadrons of the Einsatzgruppen. A member of Einsatzgruppe D is just about to shoot a Jewish man kneeling before a filled mass grave in Vinnitsa, Ukraine, in 1942. ...

In total, over 1,600 trains were organised by the German Transport Ministry, and logged mainly by the Polish state railway company due to the majority of death camps being located in Poland.^[12] Between 1941 until December of 1944, the official date of closing of the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex, the transport/arrival timetable was of 1.5 trains per day: For other uses, see 1941 (disambiguation). ... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

50 freight cars X 50 prisoners per freight car X 1.5 trains/day X 1,066 days = 4,000,000 prisoners

On 20 January 1943, Himmler sent a letter to Reich Minister of Transport: "need your help and support. If I am to wind things up quickly, I MUST HAVE MORE TRAINS."^[13] is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Heinrich Himmler Heinrich Himmler (October 7, 1900 - May 23, 1945) was the commander of the German Schutzstaffel and one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany. ...

Payment

Most of the Jews were forced to pay for their own transportation, particularly where passenger carriages were used. This payment came in the form of direct money paid to the SS, in light of the "resettlement to work in the East" myth. Charged in the ghettos for accommodation, the Jews paid for a full one-way ticket, while children under 10-12 years of age paid half price. Those who were running out of money in the ghetto were shipped to the East first, while those with some supplies of gold and cash were shipped last.

The SS also paid the German Transport Authority to pay the German Railways to transport Jews. The Reichsbahn was paid the equivalent of a third class train ticket for every prisoner transported to the their final destination: The Deutsche Reichsbahn (DR, literally German Imperial Railway) was the name of the German national railway created from the railways of the individual states of the German Empire following the end of World War I. It was founded in 1920 as the Deutsche Reichseisenbahnen when the Weimar Republic (formally Deutsches...

0.5 pfennig X 8,000,000 prisoners X 600 km (pro media of voyage length) = 240 million Reichmarks

The Reichsbahn pocketed both this money and their share, after the SS fees, of the money paid by the transported. User(s) Germany Subunit 1/100 Reichspfennig Symbol RM Reichspfennig Rpf. ...

Variations per country

The characteristics of organized concentration and transportation of victims of the Holocaust varied by country. There are many famous Holocaust survivors who survived the Nazi genocides in Europe and went on to achievements of great fame and notability. ... This is a list of victims of Nazism who were noted for their achievements. ... This is a list of people who helped Jewish people and others to escape from the Nazi Holocaust during World War II, often called rescuers. The list is not exhaustive, concentrating on famous cases, or people who saved the lives of many potential victims. ... Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Gay bashing Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action Racial... Book cover The Destruction of the European Jews is a three-volume work published in 1961 by historian Raul Hilberg. ... Functionalism versus intentionalism is a historiographical debate about the origins of the Holocaust as well as most aspects of the Third Reich, such as foreign policy. ...

Belgium

When Germany annexed Austria in the Anschluss in March 1938, and following the unsuccessful Évian Conference of June 1938, Belgium had in excess of 30,000 refugees within its borders. The government ordered the Belgian Embassy in Vienna to stop issuing entry visas and draw up lists of "suspect Belgians and foreigners."^[14] German troops march into Austria on 12 March 1938. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Évian Conference was convened at the initiative of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt in July, 1938 to discuss the problem of Jewish refugees. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Vienna (disambiguation). ...

When German troops invaded Belgium on 10 May 1940, the Belgian authorities rounded up the “unpatriotic” subjects, including Flemish-Nationalists, Communists, and non-Belgian citizens, most of them Jewish refugees from Germany and Poland. Theses people were transported to France on so-called "phantom trains" the records for which were destroyed, but it is known that at least 3,000 were arrested under the plot in Antwerp alone. A phantom train on which Joris van Severen, leader of the pro-Belgian Fascist party was among 79 people deported is well recorded, as 21 people were killed by French soldiers at Abbeville.^[15] is the 130th day of the year (131st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... In the course of history, Jewish populations have been expelled or ostracised by various local authorities and have sought asylum from Anti-Semitism numerous times. ... For other uses, see Antwerp (disambiguation). ... Collégiale St Vulfran Beffroi Abbeville is a city in the Picardie région, in the north of France. ...

Of the people deported on "phantom trains," most including the Belgian Jews were released by the Wehrmacht, the only Jews released by the Nazi German Army. 3,537 Jews holding German and Austrian passports were kept imprisoned at location, and were transported to Auschwitz for processing. In July 1940 General Eggert Reeder the head of the Wehrmacht in Brussels, had Robert de Foy the head of the Belgian secret police, arrested for the deportations. The SS ordered that De Foy released, in that he had fully co-operated with Heinrich Himmler before the War. The straight-armed Balkenkreuz, a stylized version of the Iron Cross, the emblem of the Wehrmacht. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Robert de Foy was the pre-War head of the Belgian State Security Service, who served the Nazis during their occupation of Belgium, and got his job back after the liberation. ... Himmler redirects here. ...

Original boxcar used for transport to concentration camps
Memorial Fort van Breendonk

After implementation of the Final Solution in Belgium, between August 1942 and July 1944, 28 trains transported more than 25,000 Jewish deportees to Auschwitz via the concentration camp at Mechelen, chosen because it was the hub of the Belgian railway system.^[16] Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 675 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2196 × 1952 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 675 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2196 × 1952 pixel, file size: 1. ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Mechelen: Grote Markt square, with St. ...

After the War, De Foy resumed his position as head of the Belgian secret police. While the records about the persecution of the Antwerp Jews are intact, the documents about French-speaking cities with large Jewish communities including Charleroi and Liège, were claimed to have been purposely destroyed, even into the early 2000s.^[17][18] Charleroi (Walloon: TchÃ¥lerwè) is the first city and municipality of Wallonia in population. ... Liege or Liège has several meanings: A liege is the person or entity to which one has pledged allegiance. ... This article is about the decade of 2000-2009. ...

Bulgaria

On 22 February 1943 the Bulgarian government agreed to allow the Germans to deport 11,000 Jews. Overcrowding conditions existed in the 20 trains that transported them over four days, requiring each train to stop daily to dump the bodies of those who died during the past day.^[19] is the 53rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Czech Republic

Jews were interned and shipped from Theresienstadt, mainly to Birkenau. Fortress plan, 1869 Terezín (German: Theresienstadt) is name of former military fortress and garrison town in Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic. ...

The last train left Theresienstadt for Birkenau on 28 October 1944 with 2,038 Jews, of which 1,589 were immediately gassed.^[20] Birkenau closed its gas chambers on 7 November 1944. is the 301st day of the year (302nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 311th day of the year (312th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

France

SNCF under the Vichy Government played its part in the Final Solution, however reluctantly. In total, the Vichy government helped in the deportation of 76,000 Jews, although this number varies depending on the account, to German extermination camps; only 2,500 survived the war.^[21] SNCF (Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Français) (French National Railway Company) is a French public enterprise. ... Vichy France (French: now called Régime de Vichy or Vichy; called itself at the time État Français, or French State) was the French state of 1940-1944 which was a puppet government under Nazi influence, as opposed to the Free French Forces, based first in London and later in Algiers. ...

During the 16 July 1942 rafle du Vel'd'Hiv ("Vel'd'Hiv round-up"), French police officers and SNCF officials rounded up 12,884 Jews (including 4,051 children which the Gestapo hadn't asked for), and imprisoned them in the Winter Velodrome in unhygienic conditions, from which they were led to Drancy internment camp, run by Alois Brunner,^[22] and French constabulary police, and then to Birkenau. is the 197th day of the year (198th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Rafle du VeldHiv (short in French for the Vélodrome dhivers raid) is the name for the July 16, 1942 raid during which Vichy French police forces arrested 12 884 Jews — including 4, 051 children which the Gestapo had not asked for — 5 802 women... Vélodrome dhiver (Winter Velodrome; shortened to VeldHiv) was a sports facility in Paris. ... Drancy deportation camp was an infamous temporary prison camp in the city of Drancy, north of Paris, France used to hold Jews who were later deported to the extermination camps. ... Alois Brunner, born April 8, 1912 in Nádkút, Hungary (now: Rohrbrunn, Burgenland, Austria), reports of death contested, is an alleged Austrian Nazi war criminal who was Adolf Eichmanns assistant, who called him his best man. ...

During the January 1943 Battle of Marseille, the French police controlled the identity of 40,000 people, and sent 2,000 inhabitants of Marseille to Birkenau.^[23] Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Battle of Marseille took place in the Old Port of Marseille, under the Vichy regime, on 22, 23 and 24 January 1943. ... An identity document, or also called a piece of identification (ID), is a document designed to verify aspects of a persons identity. ...

Drancy served as the transport hub for the Paris area, where by February 3, 1944 the 67th train had left for Birkenau.^[24]; Vittel served the northeast. By 23 June 1943 50,000 Jews had been be deported from France, an apparently slow pace not to the satisfaction of the Germans.^[25] The last train from France left Drancy on 31 July 1944 with over 300 children.^[26] Drancy is a commune in the northeastern suburbs of Paris, France. ... Vittel is a commune of the Vosges département, in France. ... is the 174th day of the year (175th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 212th day of the year (213th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Greece

After the German occupation, an internment camp was set up in Athens to transport Jews to another internment camp at Salonika, which served as the collection point for Jews from the Greek Islands. This article is about the capital of Greece. ... The White Tower The Arch of Galerius Map showing the Thessaloníki prefecture Thessaloníki (Θεσσαλονίκη) is the second-largest city of Greece and is the principal city and the capital of the Greek region of Macedonia. ... This is a list of some of the 3000 islands of Greece: Chrysi Crete Dia Euboea Gavdos Koufonisi Ydra The Cyclades Amorgos Anafi Andros Antiparos Anydro Delos Donoussa Folegandros Gyaros Ios Irakleia Kea Keros Kimolos Kithnos Makronisos Milos Mykonos (Mikonos) Naxos Paros Pholegandros Santorini (also called Thira) Serifos Sifnos Sikinos...

In total, between March and August 1943, over 40,000 Jews were deported from Greece to Auschwitz-Birkenau.^[27] Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Hungary

Hungary resisted the deportation of Hungarian Jews to Germany, but did deport 100,000 Jews in former Romanian territory of Transylvania,^[28] and Jews from occupied Yugoslavia. This article is about the region in Romania. ... Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija in the Latin alphabet, Југославија in Cyrillic; English: South Slavia, or literary The Land of South Slavs) describes three political entities that existed one at a time on the Balkan Peninsula in Europe, during most of the 20th century. ...

After Hitler launched Operation Margarethe in March 1944, the discussions between him and Admiral Horthy came to a quick conclusion. On 29 April 1944 the first deportation to Birkenau took place, and the second on 30 April of 2,000 Jews. To allay fears of the remaining population estimated at 762,000, the SS has the deported write postcards to their family back home.^[29] During World War II, the Germans planned two Operations Margarethe. ... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Horthy redirects here. ... is the 119th day of the year (120th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 120th day of the year (121st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

On 25 May, German representative General Edmund Veesenmayer reported that 138,870 Jews had been deported in the past 10 days; on 31 May he reported that 60,000 more had been deported in the last six days, while the total for the past 16 days stood at 204,312.^[30] is the 145th day of the year (146th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 151st day of the year (152nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

On 8 July 1944 due to international pressure by the Pope, King of Sweden and the Red Cross (all of whom had recently learned the extent of the Hungarian tragedy), the deportation of the Hungarian Jews stopped. In 70 days, 437,000 Hungarian Jews were deported - around 6,250 per day.^[31] is the 189th day of the year (190th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Pope (disambiguation). ... Sweden is a constitutional monarchy with a representative democracy based on a parliamentary system. ... The Anarchist Black Cross was originally called the Anarchist Red Cross. The band Redd Kross was originally called Red Cross. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

In October 1944, following the coup detat that again put a fascist Government in control, 50,000 of the remaining Jews were forced on a death march to Germany, digging anti-tank ditches on the roads westwards. A further 25,000 were saved in an "international ghetto" under Swiss protection engineered by Charles Lutz and Raoul Wallenberg. When the Soviet Army liberated Budapest on 17 January 1945, only 120,000 of Hungarian Jews survived.^[32] Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... A coup détat (pronounced /ku deta/), or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, usually done by a small group that just replaces the top power figures. ... For the use of this term in the software development industry, see death march (software development). ... Raoul Gustav Wallenberg (August 4, 1912 – July 16, 1947?)[1][2][3] was a Swedish humanitarian sent to Budapest, Hungary under diplomatic cover to rescue Jews from the Holocaust. ... is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ...

Italy

Benito Mussolini resisted the deportation of Italian Jews to Germany. After the Allied landings on mainland Italy, and the 8 September 1943 Armistice with Italy, the Germans occupied northern Italy and shipped 8,000 Jews to Birkenau via mainly Austria, and also possibly via neutral Switzerland. Mussolini redirects here. ... is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Armistice with Italy is an armistice that occurred on September 8, 1943, during World War II. It was signed by Italy and the Allied armed forces, who were occupying the southern half of the country at the time. ...

Between September 1943 and April 1944, at least 23,000 Italian soldiers were deported to work as slaves in German industry, while over 10,000 partisans were captured and deported during the same period to Birkenau. By 1944 there were over half a million Italians working for the Nazi war machine.^[33] Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Netherlands

In the Netherlands, Jews were concentrated in Amsterdam ghettos, before being moved for “re-settlement in the East” to Westerbork, a transit camp in the north-east of near the German border. Deportees from Amsterdam Muiderpoort station were unaware of their final destination or fate, as postcards were often thrown from moving trains.^[34] For other uses, see Amsterdam (disambiguation). ... This article is about the concentration camp. ...

Between July 1942 and September 1944, almost every Tuesday a train left for the concentration camps Auschwitz-Birkenau, Sobibór, Bergen-Belsen and Theresienstadt. In the period from 1942 to 1945, a total of 107,000 people passed through the camp on a total of 93 outgoing trains: about 60,000 to Auschwitz and over 34,000 to Sobibor.^[35] Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Sobibór was a Nazi extermination camp that was part of Operation Reinhard. ... Fortress plan, 1869 Terezín (German: Theresienstadt) is name of former military fortress and garrison town in Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ...

Only 5,200 of the deportees survived, most of them in Theresienstadt or Bergen-Belsen, or liberated in Westerbork.^[36] On 29 September 2005, Nederlandse Spoorwegen apologised for its role in the deportation of Jews.^[37] Location of the concentration camp in the Czech Republic Gate Concentration camp Theresienstadt was a concentration camp set up by the Gestapo in the fortress and garrison city Terezín (German name Theresienstadt), located in what is now the Czech Republic. ... Bergen-Belsen, sometimes referred to as just Belsen, was a German concentration camp in the Nazi era. ... is the 272nd day of the year (273rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Nederlandse Spoorwegen or NS (Dutch railways) is the main public transport railway company in the Netherlands. ...

Poland

The Höfle Telegram lists the number of arrivals to the Aktion Reinhard Camps through 1942 (1,274,166)

Deportation from the Łódź Ghetto to Chełmno

Most of the Jews were transported by road to concentration camps, until the opening of the full five gas chambers at Auschwitz. The numerous train movements, both originating inside and outside Poland and terminating at the various death camps, were tracked by the Polish railway company PKP Hollerith department, at 22 Pawia Street in Kraków. Using IBM supplied card reading machines and railway software, they made up 95% of IBM's Polish business.^[38] Image File history File links Hoefletelegram. ... Image File history File links Hoefletelegram. ... Image File history File links Deportation_to_Chelmno. ... Image File history File links Deportation_to_Chelmno. ... CheÅ‚mno (older English: ; German: ) is a town in northern Poland with 22,000 inhabitants (1995) and the historical capital of CheÅ‚mno Land (Culmerland). ... Majdanek - crematorium Extermination camp (German Vernichtungslager) was the term applied to a group of camps set up by Nazi Germany during World War II for the express purpose of killing the Jews of Europe, although members of some other groups whom the Nazis wished to exterminate, such as Roma (Gypsies... EP09 with InterCity train Polskie Koleje PaÅ„stwowe (Polish State Railways, PKP) SA is a dominative company in PKP Group. ... For other uses, see Krakow (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see IBM (disambiguation) and Big Blue. ...

The Warsaw Ghetto was created by the Nazis on 16 November 1940; eventually over 450,000 people cramped in an area meant for about 60,000. Shipments to the camps under Operation Reinhard were from the station at Umschlagplatz started on 22 July 1942 through to 12 September.^[39] Monument to the Ghetto Heroes in Warsaw The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of the Jewish ghettos established by Nazi Germany in Warsaw, former capital of Poland in the General Government during the Holocaust in World War II. Between 1941 and 1943, starvation, disease and deportations to concentration camps and... is the 320th day of the year (321st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Operation Reinhard (Aktion Reinhard, Einsatz Reinhard, Aktion Reinhardt or Einsatz Reinhardt in German) was the code name given to the Nazi plan to murder Polish Jews in the former General Government and rob their possessions. ... Jews loading onto trains at the Umschlagplatz In the Holocaust, the Umschlagplatz (German literally meaning change-place) in the Warsaw Ghetto was where Jews gathered for deportation to the Treblinka extermination camp. ... is the 203rd day of the year (204th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 255th day of the year (256th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

The Nazi record of Operation Reinhard lists the total number of killed, most of whom were transported by train, as follows:

The Höfle Telegram lists the number of arrivals to the camps through 1942 as 1,274,166, while the total killed is estimated at 2 million. Panorama of Lublin form Trynitarska Tower Coordinates: , Country Voivodeship Powiat city county Gmina Lublin Established before 12th century City Rights 1317 Government  - Mayor Adam Wasilewski Area  - City 147. ... “Lvov” redirects here. ... The Hofle Telegram. ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

On 18 August 1943, the last train ever to be sent to Treblinka camp left Białystok ghetto - all survivors were sent to the gas chambers, after which the camp closed down.^[40] is the 230th day of the year (231st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Coordinates: , Country Voivodeship Powiat city county Gmina BiaÅ‚ystok Established 14th century City Rights 1692 Government  - Mayor Tadeusz Truskolaski Area  - City 102 km² (39. ...

From 7 August 1944 the Nazis liquidated 68,000 Jews of the Łódź Ghetto, by then the largest remaining gathering of Jews in all of Europe. They were told by the SS that they were to be resettled; instead, over the next 23 days they were sent to Birkenau by train at the rate of 2,500 per day, with some of the crippled selected by Dr. Josef Mengele for his medical experiments.^[41] is the 219th day of the year (220th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Motto: Ex navicula navis (From a boat, a ship) Coordinates: , Country Voivodeship Powiat city county Gmina Łódź City Rights 1423 Government  - Mayor Jerzy Kropiwnicki Area  - City 293. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Josef Mengele (March 16, 1911– February 7, 1979) was a German SS officer and a physician in the German Nazi concentration camp Auschwitz-Birkenau. ...

Romania

Romania had the third largest Jewish population in Europe after Russia and Poland, and antisemitic feelings ran high in pre-War Romania, based partly on Christian beliefs as well as modern politics stemming from King Carol II. When he was forced to resign, the Government headed by Ion Antonescu introduced draconian anti-Jewish legislation, which was openly inspired by the Nazi Nuremberg Laws. During 1941 and 1942, thirty-two antisemitic laws, thirty-one decree-laws, and seventeen government resolutions were passed and decreed. This resulted in many Jews leaving for Palestine by ship in Autumn 1940.^[42] Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Relation to other religions Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Christianity Portal This box:      Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament. ... Carol II of Romania, (15 October 1893 – 4 April 1953) reigned as King of Romania from June 8, 1930 until September 6, 1940. ... Office Prime Minister, Conducător of Romania Term of office from September 4, 1940 until August 23, 1944 Profession Soldier, politician Political party none, formally allied with the Iron Guard Spouse Rasela Mendel Date of birth June 15, 1882 Place of birth PiteÅŸti, Romania Date of death June 1... The Nuremberg Laws (German: Nürnberger Gesetze) of 1935 were denaturalization laws passed in Nazi Germany. ... For other uses, see 1941 (disambiguation). ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

As a result of Romania having to give up territories to the Soviet Union, Hungary and Bulgaria in summer 1940, Jews in the new border regions were rounded up in concentration camps for transportation to the interior regions. Jewish population was mainly concentated to the east of the River Prut. 800,000 of them died in Transnistria; 206,958 in Bessarabia; and 69,144 in Bukovina.^[43] These Jewish populations were shipped to both Auschwitz as well as Belzec, where in September, 1942 two trains from Kolomea in Galicia arrived: the first with 4,769 Jews in 50 freight wagons; the second with 8,205 Jews packed at a ratio of 167 people per car, with 2,000 on board all already dead.^[44] Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Prut river (also known as Pruth) is 950 km long, originating in the Carpathian Mountains in Ukraine and flowing southeast to join the Danube river near Reni, east of Galaţi. ... Romania controlled (August 19 1941 - January 29 1944) the whole Transnistrian region between Dniester, Bug rivers and Black Sea coast. ... 1927 map of Bessarabia from Charles Upson Clarks book Bessarabia (Basarabia in Romanian, Бесарабія in Ukrainian, Бессарабия in Russian, Бесарабия in Bulgarian, Besarabya in Turkish) is a historical term for the geographic entity in Eastern Europe bounded by the Dniester River on the East and the Prut River on the West. ... Bukovina (Ukrainian: , Bukovyna; Romanian: Bucovina; German and Polish: Bukowina; see also other languages) is a historical region on the northern slopes of the northeastern Carpathian Mountains and the adjoining plains. ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Kolomyia (Ukrainian: , Polish: KoÅ‚omyja, Russian: ) is a town and a raion centre in Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast in Ukraine, at the Prut River. ... For other uses, see Galicia. ...

As a result of the Iaşi pogrom on 25 June 1941 in which 900 Jews were killed, train shipments were increased to Călăraşi in the south where estimated 420,000 Jews died, as well as to Auschwitz.^[45] In addition, 26,000 Roma people were deported to Nazi death camps.^[46][47] The IaÅŸi pogrom of June 27, 1941 was one of the most violent pogroms in Jewish history, launched by governmental forces in the Romanian city of IaÅŸi against its Jewish population, resulting in the brutal mass-murder of at least 13,266[1] Jews, according to Romanian authorities. ... is the 176th day of the year (177th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1941 (disambiguation). ... CălăraÅŸi, the capital of Calarasi County is situated in SE of Romania(44. ... Languages Romany, languages of native region Religions Romanipen, combined with assimilations from local religions Related ethnic groups South Asians (Desi) This article is about the Indo-Aryan ethnic group. ...

Scandinavia

In October 1942, 770 Norwegian Jews were deported by boat to Hamburg and onwards by train to Auschwitz. The Danish resistance, on hearing a similar measure was to be attempted by the SS in Denmark, assisted in a mass rescue of the Danish Jews to neutral Sweden.^[48] Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Hamburg (disambiguation). ... The Danish Resistance Movement was an underground insurgency movement to resist the German occupation of Denmark during World War II. Due to the unusually lenient terms given to Denmark by the Nazi occupation authority, the movement was slower to develop effective tactics on a wide scale than in some other... The rescue of the Danish Jews occurred during Denmarks occupation by Nazi Germany during World War II. When German authorities in Denmark ordered that Danish Jews be arrested and deported to Germany in October 1943, many Danes and Swedes took part in a collective effort to evacuate the roughly...

Slovakia

On 9 September 1941, the parliament of "independent" Slovakia - a Nazi puppet state - ratified the Jewish Codex, a series of laws and regulations that stripped Slovakia's 80,000 Jews of their civil rights and all means of economic survival. The fascist Slovak leadership was so impatient to get rid of Jews that it paid the Nazis DM 500 in exchange for each expelled Jew and a promise that the deportees would never return to Slovakia. The decision by Slovakia to initiate and pay for the expulsion was unprecedented among the satellite states of Nazi Germany. They paid 40 millions RM to the SS. is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1941 (disambiguation). ...

Switzerland

Entrance to the St. Gotthard Tunnel

Although the Germans shipped most supplies to Italy through the Austrian Brenner Pass, based on the German-Italian-Swiss treaty of 1909 (to be denounced within ten years, by Article 374 of the 1919 Versailles Treaty),^[49] Switzerland was forced to allow Nazi Germany to ship certain non-strategic goods (specifically the treaty excluded soldiers and armaments) through the St. Gotthard Tunnel. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 462 pixels Full resolution (3100 × 1792 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 462 pixels Full resolution (3100 × 1792 pixel, file size: 1. ... The first Gotthard Tunnel, a 15 km long railway tunnel, connects Göschenen and Airolo. ... The Brenner Pass (Italian Passo del Brennero) is a mountain pass that creates a link through the Tyrolean Alps along the current border between the nations of Austria and Italy, one of the principal passes of the Alps. ... Year 1909 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Woodrow Wilson with the American Peace Commissioners The Treaty of Versailles of 1919 is the peace treaty created as a result of six months of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 which put an official end to World War I between the Allies and Central Powers. ... The first Gotthard Tunnel, a 15 km long railway tunnel, connects Göschenen and Airolo. ...

There exists substantial evidence that these shipments included Italian forced labour workers and possibly shipments of Jews in 1944, during the Nazi occupation of northern Italy, when a German train passed through Switzerland every 10 minutes. The need for the tunnel was complicated by the British Royal Air Force having bombed and disrupted services through the Brenner Pass, as well as a heavy snowfall in the winter of 1944/45.^[50] Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... RAF redirects here. ...

Of 43 trains that could be tracked down by the 1996 Bergier Commission, 39 went via Austria (Brenner, Tarvisio), one via France (Ventimiglia - Nice). The commission could not find any evidence that the other three passed through Switzerland. It is possible that the train could have been carrying dissidents back from concentration camps. Started in 1944, some repatriation trains went through Switzerland officially, organised by the Red Cross.^[51][52] Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... The Bergier Commission in Bern was formed by the Swiss government on 12 December 1966. ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tarvisio Tarvisio (German and Friulian: Tarvis, Slovenian: Trbiž) is a town in Italy located in the northeastern part of the region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia in the province of Udine, at the border both to Austria and Slovenia, in the Val Canale. ... The campanile of the cathedral rises above Ventimiglia. ... This article is about the French city. ... A dissident is a person who actively opposes the established order. ... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Anarchist Black Cross was originally called the Anarchist Red Cross. The band Redd Kross was originally called Red Cross. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

1944 onwards

After the Soviet Army began making severe inroads into the Nazi land war gains in the East, and the Allies landed in Normandy in June, the number of trains and transported persons began to vary greatly. For other uses, see Normandy (disambiguation). ...

By November 1944, with the closure of Birkenau and the advance of the Soviet Army, the death trains had ceased. Death Marches also had the advantage of being able to use the forced labor to build defences. Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Kastner train

In April 1944, for reasons that are still disputed, Nazi officials under the direction of SS officer Adolf Eichmann offered to sell the Zionist Aid and Rescue Committee (Vaada), of which Hungarian journalist and lawyer Rudolph Kastner was the de facto leader, exit visas for 600 Jews who held Palestinian immigration certificates, ^[53] in exchange for 6.5 million pengő (RM 4,000,000 or $1,600,000). ^[54] Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Otto Adolf Eichmann (known as Adolf Eichmann; March 19, 1906 – June 1, 1962) was a high-ranking Nazi and SS Obersturmbannführer (equivalent to Lieutenant Colonel). ... This article is about Zionism as a movement, not the History of Israel. ... For the Union of Orthodox Rabbis Vaad Hatzalah, see Vaad Hatzalah. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... Flag The approximate borders of the British Mandate circa 1922. ... ISO 4217 Code HUP User(s) Hungary Subunit 1/100 fillér (defunct) Symbol P Banknotes 10 000, 100 000, 1 million, 10 million, 100 million, 1000 million milpengÅ‘; 10 000, 100 000, 1 million, 10 million, 100 million b. ...

The negotiations between the SS and the Vaada were expanded to include more Jews, and the Vaada compiled a list of ten categories of Jews they wanted to rescue, a list that included Orthodox Jews, Zionists, prominent Jews, orphans, refugees, Revisionists, and "paying persons." ^[54] The list also controversially included 388 people from Kastner's home town of Cluj. Map of Romania showing Cluj_Napoca Cluj_Napoca (Hungarian: Kolozsvár, German: Klausenburg, Latin: Claudiopolis), the seat of Cluj county, is one of the most important academic, cultural and industrial centers in Romania. ...

Eventually the Kastner train transported 1,684 Jews from Nazi-controlled Hungary to Switzerland,^[53] in exchange for 6.5 million pengő (RM 4,000,000 or $1,600,000). ^{[54][55] [56] [57]} Although Kastner was later criticised for putting his own family on the train, Hansi Brand, a member of the Vaada, testified at Eichmann's trial in Jerusalem in 1961 that Kastner had included his family to reassure the other passengers that the train was safe, and was not destined, as they feared, for Auschwitz.^[58] Rudolf Kastner The Kastner train, or Kastner transport, refers to a trainload of 1,684 Jews who escaped from Nazi-controlled Hungary in 1944. ... ISO 4217 Code HUP User(s) Hungary Subunit 1/100 fillér (defunct) Symbol P Banknotes 10 000, 100 000, 1 million, 10 million, 100 million, 1000 million milpengÅ‘; 10 000, 100 000, 1 million, 10 million, 100 million b. ... Joel Brand Joel Brand (1907 – 1964) was a Hungarian Jew who played a prominent role in trying to save the Hungarian Jewish community from deportation to the German death camp at Auschwitz during the Holocaust. ... For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). ... Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

1945

As the Soviet and Allied Armies made their final pushes, the Nazis transported some of the concentration camp survivors, either to other camps located further inside the collapsing Third Reich, or to border areas where they believed they could negotiate the release of captured Nazi Prisoners of War in return for "Exchange Jews" or those that were born outside the Nazi occupied territories. Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ...

Many of the inmates were transported via the infamous Death Marches, but among other transports three trains left Bergen-Belsen in April 1945 bound for Theresienstadt - all were liberated.^[59] Dachau concentration-camp inmates on a death march through a German village in April 1945. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... Fortress plan, 1869 Terezín (German: Theresienstadt) is name of former military fortress and garrison town in Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic. ...

The last recorded train is the one used to transport the women of the Flossenbürg March, where for three days in March 1945 the remaining survivors were crammed into cattle cars to await further transport. Only 200 of the original 1000 women survived the entire trip to Bergen-Belsen.^[60] Flossenbürg concentration camp was a German prison built in 1938 at Flossenbürg, in the Oberpfalz region of Bavaria. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ...

The Gold train

With the Soviet Army about 100 miles away from Hungary, on March 7, 1944 Hitler launched Operation Margarethe—the invasion of Hungary. The fascist government of Hungary issued a decree against the Jewish population, ordering them to "deposit" their gems, their golden jewels ornamented with gems, and all valuables made of gold, with the authorities. The jewels and other valuables of 800,000 Hungarian Jews were seized by the fascist government. is the 66th day of the year (67th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... During World War II, the Germans planned two Operations Margarethe. ...

With the approach of Soviet and Allied forces, the government of Ferenc Szálasi had these valuables laden on a train consisting of 44 cars. This train was seized in May 1945 by U.S. occupation troops in Austria. The Hungarian escort pushed the train into the tunnel near Boeckstein, while the Americans took possession at the railway station of Werfen, where they found that the train also contained other valuables, e.g. oriental carpets, silver, furs, etc. While unloading the train to store the valuables, two lorries were seized in the French sector. Ferenc Szálasi Ferenc Szálasi (January 6, 1897-March 12, 1946) was a Fascist and the Prime Minister of Hungary during the final days of Hungarys participation in World War II. Born the son of a soldier in Kassa, Szálasi followed in his fathers footsteps and... Werfen is a town about 50 km south of Salzburg in Austria. ...

The goods were stored in two locations in Salzburg, with the valuables in one location and paintings in another. After goods were given to furnish American families locating to Europe, the remainder were repatriated for sale in America, where, in June 1948 they were sold at Parke-Bernet Galleries in New York. To date, of the scheduled 1,176 paintings on the gold train originally stored by the US Army, only one has been repatriated.^[61] On 30 September 2005 the US Government reached agreement with the representatives of the Hungarian Jewish community to pay $25.5 million in compensation, with an additional $500k for the preservation of documents associated with the Gold Train, and to declassify any remaining documents related to the Gold Train.^[62] This article is about the capital of the Austrian state of Salzburg. ... Year 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the state. ... is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Modern-day legacy

There are still signs of the mass transportation system employed by the Nazis in the "Final Solution," as well well as controversies surrounding the history.

In Poland, the arrival point at Auschwitz is well preserved, although ceremonially cut-off from the main railway system.^[63] In 1988 at the Umschlagplatz national monument, a stone sculpture resembling an open freight car was created by architect Hanna Szmalenberg and sculptor Wladyslaw Klamerus. Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ...

In the Netherlands, Nederlandse Spoorwegen used its 29 September 2005, apology for its role in the "Final Solution" to launch an equal opportunities and anti-Discrimination policy, in part to be monitored by the Dutch council of Jews.^[64] Nederlandse Spoorwegen or NS (Dutch railways) is the main public transport railway company in the Netherlands. ... is the 272nd day of the year (273rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In Germany, Federal Transport Minister Wolfgang Tiefensee proposed an exhibition by artist Jan Philipp Reemtsma on the railways' role in the deportation of 11,000 Jewish children to their deaths in Nazi concentration and extermination camps during World War II. The exhibit would travel around the country to various train stations. It was initially opposed by Hartmut Mehdorn, the head of Deutsche Bahn, because he considered the topic too serious for the proposed venue. However, it opened on January 23, 2008, a date that coincides with the anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz in 1945. ^[65] Wolfgang Tiefensee (born January 4, 1955 in Gera) is a German SPD politician. ... Hartmut Mehdorn was born on 31 July 1942. ...

Railway companies involved

• Deutsche Bahn
• NMBS/SNCB
• Nederlandse Spoorwegen^[66]
• SNCF^[67]
• CFR, Caile Ferate Romane

Germanys main train operator, the Deutsche Bahn AG (German Railway Corporation, also known as DB or DBAG) provides passenger and freight service via federally owned tracks. ... NMBS/SNCB trains in Antwerp-Central The NMBS (Dutch: Nationale Maatschappij der Belgische Spoorwegen) or SNCB (French: Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Belges, not to be confused with SNCF) is the Belgian national railway operator. ... Nederlandse Spoorwegen or NS (Dutch railways) is the main public transport railway company in the Netherlands. ... SNCF (Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Français) (French National Railway Company) is a French public enterprise. ... CFR can refer to: Code of Federal Regulations of the United States. ...

See also

• Final Solution
• Holocaust

This article is about the term with respect to the Jewish Question in World War II. For other uses, see Final Solution (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Holocaust (disambiguation) and Shoah (disambiguation). ...

References

• Dawidowitz, Lucy - "The War Against the Jews." Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, United States of America, 1975
• Hilberg, Raul - The Destruction of the European Jews Pub: New York: Holmes and Meier, 1985
• Kranzler, David - "The Man Who Stopped the Trains to Auschwitz - George Mantello, El Salvador, and Switzerland's Finest Hour", Syracuse University Press. Winner of the 1998 Egit Prize (Histadrut) for the Best Manuscript on the Holocaust
• Luba Krugman Gurdus, Luba - "Death Train: A Personal Account of a Holocaust Survivor " Pub: Unites States Holocaust ISBN 0896040925
• The trains of the Holocaust, A simple German logisistic problem, article by Hedi Enghelberg, 1997, www.enghelberg.com, www.engpublishing.com

Notes

is the 197th day of the year (198th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 290th day of the year (291st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... LEsprit frappeur (French for ghost or poltergeist), is a French publishing house, specialized in low-cost books. ... The Paris massacre of 1961 was an incident in Paris, France, in which on October 17 the French police attacked an unarmed demonstration of Algerians, who demanded independence for their homeland from French colonial rule. ... Maurice Papon (September 3, 1910 – February 17, 2007) was a former official of the French Vichy government who collaborated with Nazi Germany in World War II and was in charge of the Paris police during the Paris massacre of 1961. ... Alois Brunner, born April 8, 1912 in Nádkút, Hungary (now: Rohrbrunn, Burgenland, Austria), reports of death contested, is an alleged Austrian Nazi war criminal who was Adolf Eichmanns assistant, who called him his best man. ... Dr. Raul Hilberg Raul Hilberg (June 2, 1926 - August 4, 2007 in Williston, Vermont) was one of the best-known and most distinguished of Holocaust historians. ... Book cover The Destruction of the European Jews is a three-volume work published in 1961 by historian Raul Hilberg. ...

External links

• Holocaust Trains | Article
• Photo slide show of the Holocaust, showing deportation trains
• The Hungarian Gold Train
• Deportations