NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Homo (genus)

Homo is the genus that includes modern humans and their close relatives. The genus is estimated to be about 2.5 million years old, evolving from Australopithecine ancestors with the appearance of Homo habilis. Appearance of Homo coincides with the first evidence of stone tools (the Oldowan industry), and thus by definition with the beginning of the Lower Paleolithic. In biology, extant taxon is commonly used in discussions of living and fossil species. ... For other uses, see Genus (disambiguation). ... The Cro-Magnons form the earliest known European examples of Homo sapiens, the species to which modern humans belong. ... This term australopithecine refers to two very closely related hominin genera: Australopithecus Paranthropus When used alone, the term refers to both genera together. ... Ancient stone tools A stone tool is, in the most general sense, any tool made of stone. ... Oldowan is an anthropological designation for an industry of stone tools used by prehistoric hominids in the very early Paleolithic. ... The Lower Paleolithic (or Lower Palaeolithic) is the earliest subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age. ...

All species except Homo sapiens (modern humans) are extinct. Homo neanderthalensis, traditionally considered the last surviving relative, died out 24,000 years ago, while a recent discovery suggests that another species, Homo floresiensis, may have lived as recently as 12,000 years ago. Given the large number of morphological similarities exhibited, Homo is closely related to several extinct hominin genera, most notably Kenyanthropus, Paranthropus and Australopithecus. As of 2007, no taxon is universally accepted as the origin of the radiation of Homo. Kenyanthropus is a possible hominid genus acording to some paleoanthropologists. ... Species â€ Paranthropus aethiopicus â€ Paranthropus boisei â€ Paranthropus robustus The robust australopithecines, members of the extinct hominin genus Paranthropus (Greek para beside, Greek anthropos human), were bipedal hominins that probably descended from the gracile australopithecine hominins (Australopithecus). ... For the song by Modest Mouse, see Sad Sappy Sucker. ... A taxon (plural taxa), or taxonomic unit, is a grouping of organisms (named or unnamed). ...

Naming

The word homo is Latin, in the original sense of "human being", or "person". The word "human" itself is from Latin humanus, an adjective cognate to homo, both thought to derive from a Proto-Indo-European word reconstructed as*dhǵhem- "earth"^[1]. Cf. Hebrew adam, meaning "human", cognate to adamah, meaning "ground". (And cf. Latin humus, meaning "soil" and Slavic земля meaning "land, earth".) For other uses, see Latins and Latin (disambiguation). ... This article is about modern humans. ... The Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) is the hypothetical common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, spoken by the Proto-Indo-Europeans. ... Look up Adam in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Species

Comparative table of Homo species

Species

Lived when (Ma)

Lived where

Adult height

Adult mass

Brain volume (cm³)

Fossil record

Discovery / publication of name

H. habilis

2.2 – 1.6

Africa

1.0–1.5 m (3.3–4.9 ft)

33–55 kg (73–120 lb)

660

many

1960/1964

H. erectus

1.4 – 0.2

Africa, Eurasia (Java, China, Caucasus)

1.8 m (5.9 ft)

60 kg (130 lb)

850 (early) – 1100 (late)

many

1891/1892

H. rudolfensis

1.9

Kenya

1 skull

1972/1986

H. georgicus

1.8

Republic of Georgia

600

few

1999/2002

H. ergaster

1.9 – 1.4

E. and S. Africa

1.9 m (6.2 ft)

700–850

many

1975

H. antecessor

1.2 – 0.8

Spain

1.75 m (5.7 ft)

90 kg (200 lb)

1000

2 sites

1997

H. cepranensis

0.9 – 0.8?

Italy

1000

1 skull cap

1994/2003

H. heidelbergensis

0.6 – 0.35

Europe, Africa, China

1.8 m (5.9 ft)

60 kg (130 lb)

1100–1400

many

1908

H. neanderthalensis

0.35 – 0.03

Europe, W. Asia

1.6 m (5.2 ft)

55–70 kg (120–150 lb) (heavily built)

1200–1700

many

(1829)/1864

H. rhodesiensis

0.3 – 0.12

Zambia

1300

very few

1921

H. sapiens sapiens

0.2 – present

worldwide

1.4–1.9 m (4.6–6.2 ft)

50–100 kg (110–220 lb)

1000–1850

still living

—/1758

H. sapiens idaltu

0.16 – 0.15

Ethiopia

1450

3 craniums

1997/2003

H. floresiensis

0.10 – 0.012

Indonesia

1.0 m (3.3 ft)

25 kg (55 lb)

400

7 individuals

2003/2004

Species status of Homo rudolfensis, H. ergaster, H. georgicus, H. antecessor, H. cepranensis, H. rhodesiensis and H. floresiensis remains under debate. H. heidelbergensis and H. neanderthalensis are closely related to each other and have been considered to be subspecies of H. sapiens, but analysis of mitochondrial DNA from Homo neanderthalensis fossils shows that H. neanderthalensis is genetically closer to chimpanzees than H. sapiens is, thereby suggesting that H. sapiens is the more derived of the two.^[2] for more information see Human evolution Annum is a Latin noun meaning year. ... Cranial capacity is a measure of the volume of the interior of the cranium (also called the braincase or brainpan) of those vertebrates who have both a cranium and a brain. ... For the 2007 comedy film, see Homo Erectus (film). ... Binomial name â€ Homo cepranensis Mallegni et al, 2003 Homo cepranensis is a proposed name for a hominin species discovered in 1994 known from only one skull cap. ... For other uses, see Neanderthal (disambiguation). ... Homo rhodesiensis (AKA Rhodesian Man, or Broken Hill Skull) is a homo species resembling Homo neandertalis, but whose remains were found in Africa. ... This article is about modern humans. ... This article is about the zoological term. ... Mitochondrial DNA (some captions in German) Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is the DNA located in organelles called mitochondria. ... For the history of humans on Earth, see History of the world. ...

References

A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ...

External links

Part of the series on Human evolution

Hominini

Sahelanthropus tchadensis • Orrorin tugenensis • Ardipithecus • Kenyanthropus platyops The Wikimedia Commons (also called Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ... Wikispecies is a wiki-based online project supported by the Wikimedia Foundation that aims to create a comprehensive free content catalogue of all species (including animalia, plantae, fungi, bacteria, archaea, and protista). ... Wikibooks logo Wikibooks, previously called Wikimedia Free Textbook Project and Wikimedia-Textbooks, is a wiki for the creation of books. ... For the history of humans on Earth, see History of the world. ... Genera Subtribe Panina Pan (chimpanzees) Subtribe Hominina Homo (humans) â€ Paranthropus â€ Australopithecus â€ Sahelanthropus â€ Orrorin â€ Ardipithecus â€ Kenyanthropus For an explanation of very similar terms see Hominid Hominini is the tribe of Homininae that only includes humans (Homo), chimpanzees (Pan), and their extinct ancestors. ... Binomial name Brunet et al, 2002 Sahelanthropus tchadensis is a fossil ape, thought to have lived approximately 7 million years ago. ... Binomial name â€ Orrorin tugenensis Senut et al, 2001 Orrorin tugenensis is considered as the second oldest possible hominin ancestor related to modern humans (other than Sahelanthropus tchadensis) and is the only species classified in genus Orrorin. ... Species â€ Ardipithecus kadabba â€ Ardipithecus ramidus Ardipithecus is a very early hominin genus (subfamily Homininae). ... Binomial name Leakey et al. ...

Australopithecines

Australopithecus: A. anamensis • A. afarensis • A. bahrelghazali • A. africanus • A. garhi
Paranthropus: P. aethiopicus • P. boisei • P. robustus This term australopithecine refers to two very closely related hominin genera: Australopithecus Paranthropus When used alone, the term refers to both genera together. ... For the song by Modest Mouse, see Sad Sappy Sucker. ... Binomial name â€ Australopithecus anamensis Leakey et al, 1995 Australopithecus anamensis is a fossil species of Australopithecus. ... Binomial name Johanson & White, 1978 Australopithecus afarensis is an extinct hominid which lived between 3. ... Binomial name Australopithecus bahrelghazali Brunet et al. ... Binomial name Dart, 1925 [1] Australopithecus africanus was an early hominid, an australopithecine, who lived between 2-3 million years ago in the Pliocene. ... Binomial name â€ Australopithecus garhi Asfaw et al, 1997 Australopithecus garhi is a gracile australopithecine species whose fossils were discovered in 1996 by a research team led by Ethiopian paleontologist Berhane Asfaw and including Tim White, an American paleontologist researcher. ... Species â€ Paranthropus aethiopicus â€ Paranthropus boisei â€ Paranthropus robustus The robust australopithecines, members of the extinct hominin genus Paranthropus (Greek para beside, Greek anthropos human), were bipedal hominins that probably descended from the gracile australopithecine hominins (Australopithecus). ... Binomial name â€ Paranthropus aethiopicus (Olson, 1985) Paranthropus aethiopicus is an extinct species of Paranthropus. ... Binomial name â€ Paranthropus boisei (Mary Leakey, 1959) Paranthropus boisei (originally called Zinjanthropus boisei and then Australopithecus boisei until recently) was an early hominid and described as the largest of the Paranthropus species. ... Binomial name Paranthropus robustus Broom, 1938 Paranthropus robustus was originally discovered in Southern Africa in 1938. ...

Humans and Proto-humans

Homo: H. habilis • H. rudolfensis • H. georgicus • H. ergaster • H. erectus (H. e. lantianensis • H. e. palaeojavanicus • H. e. pekinensis • H. e. nankinensis • H. e. wushanensis • H. e. yuanmouensis • H. e. soloensis) • H. cepranensis • H. antecessor • H. heidelbergensis • H. neanderthalensis • H. rhodesiensis • H. floresiensis • Archaic Homo sapiens • Anatomically modern humans (H. s. idaltu • H. s. sapiens) For the 2007 comedy film, see Homo Erectus (film). ... Trinomial name Homo erectus lantianensis (J.K.Woo, 1964) The Lantian Man, Homo erectus lantianensis, initially Sinanthropus lantianensis, (and sometimes Lantien Man) refers to an ancestral human whose discovery in 1963 was first described by J.K.Woo in 1964. ... Trinomial name â€ Homo erectus palaeojavanicus? Meganthropus is a name commonly given to several large jaw and skull fragments from Sangiran, Central Java. ... Trinomial name Homo erectus pekinensis (Black, 1927) Peking Man (sometimes now called Beijing Man), also called Sinanthropus pekinensis (currently Homo erectus pekinensis), is an example of Homo erectus. ... Trinomial name Homo erectus yuanmouensis Yuanmou Man (å…ƒè°‹äºº), Homo erectus yuanmouensis, refers to an ancestral human whose remnants, two teeth, were discovered on May 1, 1965 near Danawu Village in Yuanmou County, Yunnan, China. ... Binomial name â€ Homo cepranensis Mallegni et al, 2003 Homo cepranensis is a proposed name for a hominin species discovered in 1994 known from only one skull cap. ... For other uses, see Neanderthal (disambiguation). ... Homo rhodesiensis (AKA Rhodesian Man, or Broken Hill Skull) is a homo species resembling Homo neandertalis, but whose remains were found in Africa. ... The term Archaic Homo sapiens refers generally to the earliest members of the species Homo sapiens, which consisted of the Neanderthals of Europe and the Middle East, the Neanderthal-like hominids of Africa and Asia, and the immediate ancestors of all these hominids. ... The Cro-Magnons form the earliest known European examples of Homo sapiens, the species to which modern humans belong. ... This article is about modern humans. ...

Topics: Timeline of human evolution • List of human evolution fossils • Human evolutionary genetics

Models: Recent African origin• Multiregional evolution

Ape-related articles

Ape study

Ape language · Ape Trust · Dian Fossey · Birutė Galdikas · Jane Goodall · Chimpanzee genome project · Human genome project

Legal status

Personhood · Research ban · Declaration · Kinshasa Declaration · Great Ape Project · Survival Project

See also

Bushmeat · Ape extinction · List of notable apes · List of fictional apes · Human evolution · Mythic humanoids · Hominid · Planet of the Apes

This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The following charts give a brief overview of several notable primate fossil finds relating to human evolution. ... Human evolutionary genetics studies how one human genome differs from the other, the evolutionary past that gave rise to it, and its current effects. ... Map of early human migrations according to mitochondrial population genetics In paleoanthropology, the recent single-origin hypothesis (RSOH, or Out-of-Africa model, or Replacement Hypothesis), also Recent African Origin (RAO) is one of two accounts of the origin of anatomically modern humans, Homo sapiens. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Genera Subfamily Ponginae Pongo - Orangutans Gigantopithecus (extinct) Sivapithecus (extinct) Subfamily Homininae Gorilla - Gorillas Pan - Chimpanzees Homo - Humans Paranthropus (extinct) Australopithecus (extinct) Sahelanthropus (extinct) Ardipithecus (extinct) Kenyanthropus (extinct) Pierolapithecus (extinct) (tentative) The Hominids (Hominidae) are a biological family which includes humans, extinct species of humanlike creatures and the other great apes... Phyla Subkingdom Parazoa Porifera (sponges) Subkingdom Agnotozoa Placozoa Orthonectida Rhombozoa Subkingdom Metazoa Radiata Cnidaria Ctenophora - Comb jellies Bilateria Protostomia Acoelomorpha Platyhelminthes - Flatworms Nemertina - Ribbon worms Gastrotricha Gnathostomulida - Jawed worms Micrognathozoa Rotifera - Rotifers Acanthocephala Priapulida Kinorhyncha Loricifera Entoprocta Nematoda - Roundworms Nematomorpha - Horsehair worms Cycliophora Mollusca - Mollusks Sipuncula - Peanut worms Annelida - Segmented... Typical Classes Subphylum Urochordata - Tunicates Ascidiacea Thaliacea Larvacea Subphylum Cephalochordata - Lancelets Subphylum Myxini - Hagfishes Subphylum Vertebrata - Vertebrates Petromyzontida - Lampreys Placodermi (extinct) Chondrichthyes - Cartilaginous fishes Acanthodii (extinct) Actinopterygii - Ray-finned fishes Actinistia - Coelacanths Dipnoi - Lungfishes Amphibia - Amphibians Reptilia - Reptiles Aves - Birds Mammalia - Mammals Chordates (phylum Chordata) include the vertebrates, together with... Orders Subclass Monotremata Monotremata Subclass Marsupialia Didelphimorphia Paucituberculata Microbiotheria Dasyuromorphia Peramelemorphia Notoryctemorphia Diprotodontia Subclass Placentalia Xenarthra Dermoptera Desmostylia Scandentia Primates Rodentia Lagomorpha Insectivora Chiroptera Pholidota Carnivora Perissodactyla Artiodactyla Cetacea Afrosoricida Macroscelidea Tubulidentata Hyracoidea Proboscidea Sirenia The mammals are the class of vertebrate animals primarily characterized by the presence of mammary... For the ecclesiastical use of this term, see primate (religion) Families 13, See classification A primate is any member of the biological order Primates, the group that contains all lemurs, monkeys, and apes, including humans. ... Families Tarsiidae Cebidae Aotidae Pitheciidae Atelidae Cercopithecidae Hylobatidae Hominidae The haplorrhines, the dry-nosed primates (the Greek name means simple-nosed), are members of the Haplorrhini clade: the prosimian tarsiers and all of the true simians (the monkeys and the apes, including humans). ... This article is about the primate. ... This article is about the primate. ... Binomial name Pongo pygmaeus (Linnaeus, 1760) The Bornean Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) is a species of orangutan native to the island of Borneo. ... Binomial name Lesson, 1827 The Sumatran Orangutan (Pongo abelii) is the rarer of the two species of orangutans. ... For other uses, see Gorilla (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Gorilla gorilla Savage, 1847 Subspecies G. g. ... Binomial name Gorilla beringei Matschie, 1903 Subspecies G. b. ... Type species Simia troglodytes Blumenbach, 1775 distribution of Species Pan troglodytes Pan paniscus Chimpanzee, often shortened to chimp, is the common name for the two extant species of apes in the genus Pan. ... Binomial name (Blumenbach, 1775) distribution of Common Chimpanzee. ... For other uses, see Bonobo (disambiguation). ... This article is about modern humans. ... This article is about the biological superfamily. ... Research into non-human great ape language has involved teaching gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans to communicate with human beings and with each other using sign language, physical tokens, and lexigrams; see Yerkish. ... The Great Ape Trust is a 200-acre ape sanctuary and language study in Des Moines, Iowa that houses orangutans and bonobos. ... Dian Fossey (January 16, 1932, San Francisco, California â€“ December 26, 1985, Virunga Mountains, Rwanda) was an American zoologist who completed an extended study of eight gorilla groups. ... Dr BirutÃ© Marija Filomena Galdikas, OC Ph. ... Dame Jane Goodall, DBE, PhD, (born 3 April 1934 as Valerie Jane Morris Goodall) is an English UN Messenger of Peace, primatologist, ethologist, and anthropologist. ... The Chimpanzee Genome Project is an effort to determine the DNA sequence of the genome of the closest living human relatives. ... The Human Genome Project (HGP) is an international scientific research project. ... Families 15, See classification A primate is any member of the biological order Primates, the group that contains all the species commonly related to the lemurs, monkeys, and apes, with the latter category including humans. ... Advocates of Great Ape personhood consider common chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans (the hominid apes) to be persons. ... A Great Ape research ban, or severe restrictions on the use of non-human great apes in research, is currently in place in the Netherlands, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Germany and Japan, and has been proposed in Austria. ... The Great Ape Project, founded by Italian philosopher Paola Cavalieri and Australian philosopher Peter Singer, is campaigning to have the United Nations endorse a Declaration on Great Apes. ... This article or section is missing references or citation of sources. ... The logo of The Great Ape Project, which aims to expand moral equality to great apes, and to foster greater understanding of them by humans. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Ape extinction, particularly great ape extinction, is one of the most widely held biodiversity concerns. ... This is a list of apes of encyclopedic interest. ... This is a list of fictional apes (Bonobos, Chimpanzees, Gorillas, Orangutans, and Gibbons) and other non-human higher primates. ... For the history of humans on Earth, see History of the world. ... Mythic humanoids are mythic creatures that are human-like, half-human, or fictional apes. ... This article is about the book. ...

Contents

Species

References

External links