Encyclopedia > Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece
When the topic of homosexuality in the militaries of Ancient Greece is discussed, the Sacred Band of Thebes is usually considered as the prime example of how the Ancient Greeks used homoerotic or homosexual relationships between soldiers in a troop to boost the fighting spirit of their militaries. These bonds, perhaps somewhat inspired by episodes from Greek mythology, such as the heroic relationship between Achilles and Patroclus in the Iliad by Homer, were thought to boost morale as well as bravery. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Queer studies is the study of issues relating to sexual orientation and gender identity. ...
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Gender often refers to the distinctions between males and females in common usage. ...
Homosexuality refers to sexual interaction and / or romantic attraction between individuals of the same sex. ...
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The Sacred Band of Thebes (ancient Greek: ΙεÏός Λόχος τών Θηβών; ἱεÏὸς λόχος hieròs lókhos) was a troop of picked soldiers, numbering 150 pederastic couples, which formed the elite force of the Theban army in late-classical Greece. ...
The Temple to Athena, the Parthenon Ancient Greece is a period in Greek history that lasted for around three thousand years. ...
Homosexuality is a sexual orientation characterized by esthetic attraction, romantic love, or sexual desire exclusively for another of the same sex. ...
Since its coinage, the word homosexuality has acquired multiple meanings. ...
The bust of Zeus found at Otricoli (Sala Rotonda, Museo Pio-Clementino, Vatican) Greek mythology is the telling of stories created by the ancient Greeks, concerning their gods and heroes, the nature of the world and their own cult and ritual practices. ...
The Wrath of Achilles, by François-Léon Benouville (1821–1859) (Musée Fabre) In Greek mythology, Achilles (also Akhilleus or Achilleus) (Ancient Greek: ) was a hero of the Trojan War, the central character and greatest warrior of Homers Iliad, which takes for its theme, not the War...
A cup depicting Achilles bandaging Patroklos arm, by the Sosias Painter. ...
It has been suggested that Deception of Zeus be merged into this article or section. ...
Homer (Greek: , Hómēros) was an early Greek poet and aoidos (rhapsode) traditionally credited with the composition of the Iliad and the Odyssey. ...
Introduction
Both modern scholars and classic Greeks have taken Homer’s Iliad as a model for Hellenic society. Although Homer himself does not explicitly describe a sexual relationship between any two men within his work, many ancient Greeks intrepreted the relationship of Achilles and Patroclus as being homoerotic, because the pair emphasized themselves together over their tribe, and because of Achilles’ intense reaction to Patroclus’ death. The Hellenistic period of Greek history was the period between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the annexation of the Greek peninsula and islands by Rome in 146 BC. Although the establishment of Roman rule did not break the continuity of Hellenistic society and culture, which...
Homer (Greek: , Hómēros) was an early Greek poet and aoidos (rhapsode) traditionally credited with the composition of the Iliad and the Odyssey. ...
It has been suggested that Deception of Zeus be merged into this article or section. ...
The Hellenistic period of Greek history was the period between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the annexation of the Greek peninsula and islands by Rome in 146 BC. Although the establishment of Roman rule did not break the continuity of Hellenistic society and culture, which...
Homer (Greek: , Hómēros) was an early Greek poet and aoidos (rhapsode) traditionally credited with the composition of the Iliad and the Odyssey. ...
An intimate relationship is a interpersonal relationship where there is a great deal of physical or emotional intimacy. ...
The Wrath of Achilles, by François-Léon Benouville (1821–1859) (Musée Fabre) In Greek mythology, Achilles (also Akhilleus or Achilleus) (Ancient Greek: ) was a hero of the Trojan War, the central character and greatest warrior of Homers Iliad, which takes for its theme, not the War...
A cup depicting Achilles bandaging Patroklos arm, by the Sosias Painter. ...
Homosexuality is a sexual orientation characterized by esthetic attraction, romantic love, or sexual desire exclusively for another of the same sex. ...
The Wrath of Achilles, by François-Léon Benouville (1821–1859) (Musée Fabre) In Greek mythology, Achilles (also Akhilleus or Achilleus) (Ancient Greek: ) was a hero of the Trojan War, the central character and greatest warrior of Homers Iliad, which takes for its theme, not the War...
A cup depicting Achilles bandaging Patroklos arm, by the Sosias Painter. ...
The relationships described by other writers typically took the form of pederasty, with more egalitarian relationships being rarer. Pederastic courtship scene Athenian black-figure amphora, 5th c. ...
Egalitarianism is the moral doctrine that equality ought to prevail among some group along some dimension. ...
 Illustrative bas-relief of Greek warrior accompanied by his charioteer - a typical pederastic role. From the pediment of a kouros statue, ca. 490 BCE. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
The great kouros of Samos, the largest surviving kouros in Greece (Samos Archaeological Museum) A kouros (plural kouroi) is a statue of a male youth, dating from the Archaic Period of Greek sculpture (about 650 BC to about 500 BC). ...
Greek city-states Homosexuality among males in the militaries and warriors of ancient Greek city-states were documented by many historians throughout the ages. However the importance of them in establishing military formations varied. The relationships themselves were widespread as remarks of Philip II of Macedon's recorded by Plutarch demonstrates: The word male has the following meanings: In biology, it refers to one half of a heterogamous reproduction system, where the female is the other half. ...
History studies the past in human terms. ...
Philip II of Macedon: victory medal (niketerion) struck in Tarsus, 2nd c. ...
Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: ΠλοÏταÏχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ...
- "It is not only the most warlike peoples, the Boeotians, Spartans, and Cretans, who are the most susceptible to this kind of love but also the greatest heroes of old: Meleager, Achilles, Aristomenes, Cimon, and Epaminondas."
Boeotia or Beotia (//, (Greek Βοιωτια; see also list of traditional Greek place names) was the central area of ancient Greece. ...
This article needs cleanup. ...
For the famous World War II battle, see: Battle of Crete For other uses, see Crete (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the mythological figure, for the Macedonian king see Meleager (king). ...
The Wrath of Achilles, by François-Léon Benouville (1821–1859) (Musée Fabre) In Greek mythology, Achilles (also Akhilleus or Achilleus) (Ancient Greek: ) was a hero of the Trojan War, the central character and greatest warrior of Homers Iliad, which takes for its theme, not the War...
Aristomenes was a mythical king of Messenia, celebrated for his struggle with the Spartans, and his resistance to them on Mount Ira for 11 years. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
For information about the modern board game of the same name, see Epaminondas (game). ...
Philosophical discourses Many philosophers wrote on the subject of homosexuality in the military as well as warriors. The philosopher Socrates about to take poison hemlock as ordered by the court. ...
Plato on the strength of male sexual bonds in this case being used to overthrow a tyrant in Athens: For other uses, see Plato (disambiguation). ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
Athens (Greek: Αθήνα - AthÃna) is the largest city and capital of Greece, located in the Attica periphery of Southern Greece. ...
- "Our own tyrants learned this lesson through bitter experience, when the love between Aristogiton and Harmodius grew so strong that it shattered their power. Wherever, therefore, it has been established that it is shameful to be involved in sexual relationships with men, this is due to evil on the part of the rulers, and to cowardice in the part of the governed."
Phaedrus on the power of male sexual relationships to improve bravery in the military: This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
Statue of Harmodius and Aristogeiton, Naples. ...
Statue of Harmodius and Aristogeiton, Naples. ...
Phaedrus, ¹ (15 B.C. – AD 50), Roman fabulist, was by birth a Macedonian and lived in the reigns of Augustus, Tiberius, Gaius and Claudius. ...
- "... he would prefer to die many deaths: while as for leaving the one he loves in a lurch, or not succoring him in peril, no man is such a craven that the influence of Love cannot inspire him with a courage that makes him equal to the bravest born"
Xenophon while not criticizing the relationships themselves ridiculed militaries that made them the sole basis of unit formation: Xenophon, Greek historian Xenophon (In Greek , c. ...
- "they sleep with their loved ones, yet stations them next to themselves in battle ... with them (Eleians, Thebans) it’s a custom, with us a disgrace ... placing your loved one next to you seems to be a sign of distrust ... The Spartans ... make our loved ones such models of perfection that even if stationed with foreigners rather than with their lovers they are ashamed to desert their companion."
Thebes (Θῆβαι Thívai) is a city in Greece, situated to the north of the Cithaeron range, which divides Boeotia from Attica, and on the southern edge of the Boeotian plain. ...
Sparta (Doric: SpártÄ, Attic: SpártÄ“) is a city in southern Greece. ...
Social aspects The majority of these relationships took place within the social institution of pederasty. Pederasty was seen as an effective means of population control, education, and crime reduction. A typical pederastic relationship was between a young male aged 13 to 20 and an adult. However the Greeks strongly condemned the use of children as soldiers and constricted military pederasty to young males of at least age 16. (See Pederasty) Image File history File links Achilles_Patroclus_Berlin_F2278. ...
Image File history File links Achilles_Patroclus_Berlin_F2278. ...
The Wrath of Achilles, by François-Léon Benouville (1821–1859) (Musée Fabre) In Greek mythology, Achilles (also Akhilleus or Achilleus) (Ancient Greek: ) was a hero of the Trojan War, the central character and greatest warrior of Homers Iliad, which takes for its theme, not the War...
A cup depicting Achilles bandaging Patroklos arm, by the Sosias Painter. ...
The penis (plural penises, penes) is an external male sexual organ. ...
Homosexuality refers to sexual interaction and / or romantic attraction between individuals of the same sex. ...
The term pederasty or paederasty embraces a wide range of erotic practices between adult and adolescents, generally between males. ...
Population control is the practice of limiting population increase, usually by reducing the birth rate. ...
Crime is the current Good Article Collaboration of the week! Please help to improve this article to the highest of standards. ...
The term pederasty or paederasty embraces a wide range of erotic practices between adult and adolescents, generally between males. ...
The term pederasty or paederasty embraces a wide range of erotic practices between adult and adolescents, generally between males. ...
Military pederasty was encouraged as a means to improve troop morale, bravery, and overall fighting. Originally the Greeks based unit formation upon tribal lines following the lead of Nestor recorded by Homer. However later this idea was rebuked by Pammenes according to Plutarch: The term pederasty or paederasty embraces a wide range of erotic practices between adult and adolescents, generally between males. ...
http://www. ...
The word may have one of the following meanings. ...
Homer (Greek: , Hómēros) was an early Greek poet and aoidos (rhapsode) traditionally credited with the composition of the Iliad and the Odyssey. ...
Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: ΠλοÏταÏχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ...
- "Homer's Nestor was not well skilled in ordering an army when he advised the Greeks to rank tribe and tribe ... he should have joined lovers and their beloved. For men of the same tribe little value one another when dangers press; but a band cemented by friendship grounded upon love is never to be broken."
Eventually the Greek city-states joined Pammenes' views on the most effective order of unit formation. The practice soon proliferated. Often city-states that had originally frowned upon the idea reversed opinions on the basis of experiences. One such example took place during the Lelantine War between the Eretrians and the Chalcidians. In a decisive battle the Chalcidians called for the aid of a warrior named Cleomachus. Cleomachus answered their request and brought his lover along with him. He charged against the Eretians and brought the Chalcidians to victory at the cost of his own life. It was said he was inspired with love during the battle. Afterwards the Chalcidians erected a tomb for him in their marketplace and reversed their negative view of the practice and began to honor it. Aristotle attributed a popular local song to the event: Homer (Greek: , Hómēros) was an early Greek poet and aoidos (rhapsode) traditionally credited with the composition of the Iliad and the Odyssey. ...
The word may have one of the following meanings. ...
A city-state is a region controlled exclusively by a city. ...
The Lelantine War was a long battle between Eretria and Chalcis at the end of the 8th century BC. Eretria was defeated, losing a sum of land in Boeotia. ...
This is an article about the Greek city of Eretria. ...
Coordinates 38°28′ N 23°36′ E Country Greece Periphery Central Greece Prefecture Euboea Population 53,584 source (2001) Area 30. ...
Coordinates 38°28′ N 23°36′ E Country Greece Periphery Central Greece Prefecture Euboea Population 53,584 source (2001) Area 30. ...
Coordinates 38°28′ N 23°36′ E Country Greece Periphery Central Greece Prefecture Euboea Population 53,584 source (2001) Area 30. ...
Coordinates 38°28′ N 23°36′ E Country Greece Periphery Central Greece Prefecture Euboea Population 53,584 source (2001) Area 30. ...
A marketplace is the space, actual or metaphorical, in which a market operates. ...
Aristotle (Greek: Aristotélēs) (384 BC – March 7, 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. ...
A song is a relatively short musical composition. ...
- "Ye lads of grace and sprung from worthy stock
- Grudge not to bravemen converse with your beauty
- In cities of Chalcis, Love, looser of limbs
- Thrives side by side with courage"
The importance of these relationships in military formation was not without controversy. According to Xenophon, the Spartans abhorred the thought of using the relationships as the basis of unit formation for placing too much significance on sexuality rather than talent. This was due to their founder Lycurgus who attacked lusts on physical beauty regarding it as shameful. Xenophon asserted that in some city-states the lovers would not even have conversations with one another. He said this type of behavior was horrible because it was entirely based on physical attractions: Xenophon, Greek historian Xenophon (In Greek , c. ...
This article needs cleanup. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
In Ancient Greece and/or Greek mythology, the name Lycurgus/Lykurgus can refer to: An alternate name for Lycomedes. ...
Xenophon, Greek historian Xenophon (In Greek , c. ...
- "If as was evident it was not an attachment to the soul, but a yearning solely towards the body, Lycurgus stamped this thing as foul."
Nonetheless city states that employed the practice in determining military formation enjoyed some success. The Thebans had one such regiment as the core of their entire army. They attributed this group called the Sacred Band of Thebes for making Thebes the most powerful city-state for a generation until its fall to Philip II of Macedon. Philip II of Macedon was so impressed with their bravery during the battle he erected a monument that still stands today on their gravesite. He also gave a harsh criticism of the Spartan views of the band: In Ancient Greece and/or Greek mythology, the name Lycurgus/Lykurgus can refer to: An alternate name for Lycomedes. ...
Thebes (Θῆβαι Thívai) is a city in Greece, situated to the north of the Cithaeron range, which divides Boeotia from Attica, and on the southern edge of the Boeotian plain. ...
The Sacred Band of Thebes (ancient Greek: ΙεÏός Λόχος τών Θηβών; ἱεÏὸς λόχος hieròs lókhos) was a troop of picked soldiers, numbering 150 pederastic couples, which formed the elite force of the Theban army in late-classical Greece. ...
Philip II of Macedon: victory medal (niketerion) struck in Tarsus, 2nd c. ...
Philip II of Macedon: victory medal (niketerion) struck in Tarsus, 2nd c. ...
Sparta (Doric: SpártÄ, Attic: SpártÄ“) is a city in southern Greece. ...
- "Perish miserably they who think that these men did or suffered aught disgraceful."
Many prominent Greek military figures enjoyed such relationships. Epaminondas was considered the greatest warrior-statesmen of ancient Greece by many, including the Roman historian Diodorus Siculus. He had two male lovers: Asopichus and Caphisodorus, the latter died with him at Mantineia in battle. They were buried together, something usually reserved for a husband and wife in Greek society. Another pair of warrior-lovers — Aristogiton and Harmodius — credited with the downfall of tyranny in Athens and the rise of democracy became the emblem of the city. Historians have noted the prevalence of them portrayed in Athenian art comparing the figure of the two erected with daggers striking a tyrant to the Statue of Liberty.[citation needed] For information about the modern board game of the same name, see Epaminondas (game). ...
Area under Roman control Roman Republic Roman Empire Western Empire Eastern Empire Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a city-state founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ...
Diodorus Siculus (c. ...
Mantinea – Greek: Mαντινεία Mantineia, modern romanizations: Mantinia, Mandineia or Mandinia; and for a time Antigonia (Greek: Αντιγόνεια) also transliterated as Antigonea and Antigoneia – is a city in Arcadia in the central Peloponnese that was the site of two significant battles in Classical Greek history. ...
Statue of Harmodius and Aristogeiton, Naples. ...
Statue of Harmodius and Aristogeiton, Naples. ...
This page is about the religious concept of Tyranny. ...
For other uses, see Athens (disambiguation). ...
The Bath, a painting by Mary Cassatt (1844-1926). ...
Liberty Enlightening the World (French: La liberté éclairant le monde), known more commonly as the Statue of Liberty (Statue de la Liberté), is a colossal statue given to the United States by France in 1886, standing at Liberty Island, in the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor...
Historical and religious aspects - "Boeotians, where a man and boy are intimately united by a bond like that of wedlock." - Xenophon
- "As for Heracles it would be difficult to list all of his lovers, they are so numerous ... Iolaus was beloved by him, to this very day lovers worship and honor Iolaus, exchanging vows and pledges with their beloved at his tomb." - Plutarch
Xenophon, Greek historian Xenophon (In Greek , c. ...
Hercules, a Roman bronze (Louvre Museum) For other uses, see Heracles (disambiguation). ...
In Greek mythology, Iolaus (Greek: ΄Ιόλαος) was a son of Iphicles and thus a nephew of Heracles. ...
In Greek mythology, Iolaus (Greek: ΄Ιόλαος) was a son of Iphicles and thus a nephew of Heracles. ...
Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: ΠλοÏταÏχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ...
Examples
Warriors
 Male lovers Aristogiton and Harmodius. 447 BCE Notable ancient Greek warriors who may have had same-sex love relationships: Harmodius and Aristogeiton File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Harmodius and Aristogeiton File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Centuries: 6th century BC - 5th century BC - 4th century BC Decades: 490s BC 480s BC 470s BC 460s BC 450s BC - 440s BC - 430s BC 420s BC 410s BC 400s BC 390s BC Years: 452 BC 451 BC 450 BC 449 BC 448 BC - 447 BC - 446 BC 445 BC...
Aristomenes was a mythical king of Messenia, celebrated for his struggle with the Spartans, and his resistance to them on Mount Ira for 11 years. ...
The term prince, from the Latin root princeps, is used for a member of the highest ranks of the aristocracy or the nobility. ...
Messinia Messinia (also spelled Messenia) is a district in the Peloponnesus, a region of Greece. ...
Arcadians can be either of: the residents ofArcadia,Greece in the Peloponnesus Arcadians, a [[computer game]yay!!!!] by Acornsoft for the BBC Micro and Acorn Electron See also Arcadia (disambiguation). ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Delian League (Athenian Empire), right before the Peloponnesian War in 431 BC. Corcyra was not part of the League The Delian League was an association of Greek city-states in the 5th century BC. It was led by Athens. ...
Athens (Greek: Αθήνα - AthÃna) is the largest city and capital of Greece, located in the Attica periphery of Southern Greece. ...
The multinational Combined Task Force One Five Zero (CTF-150) The British Grand Fleet, the supreme naval force of World War I A rare occurrence of a 5-country multinational fleet, during Operation Enduring Freedom in the Oman Sea. ...
The Greco-Persian Wars or Persian Wars were a series of conflicts between the Greek world and the Persian Empire that started about 500 BC and lasted until 448 BC. The term can also refer to the continual warfare of the Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire against the Parthians and...
For information about the modern board game of the same name, see Epaminondas (game). ...
Combatants Thebes, Arcadia and Boeotia League Sparta, Elis, and Mantinea league Commanders Epaminondas†Agesilaus II Strength Casualties {{{notes}}} The Battle of Mantinea was fought in 362 BC between the Thebans, led by Epaminondas and supported by the Arcadians and the Boeotians, and the Spartans, led by King Agesilaus II and...
Coordinates 38°28′ N 23°36′ E Country Greece Periphery Central Greece Prefecture Euboea Population 53,584 source (2001) Area 30. ...
Theron can mean:- Charlize Theron is a South African actress. ...
Map showing Thessaly periphery in Greece Thessaly (Θεσσαλια; modern Greek ThessalÃa; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is one of the 13 peripheries of Greece, and is further sub-divided into 4 prefectures. ...
Statue of Harmodius and Aristogeiton, Naples. ...
Statue of Harmodius and Aristogeiton, Naples. ...
The speakers platform in the Pnyx, the meeting ground of the assembly where all the great political struggles of Athens were fought during the Golden Age. Here Athenian statesmen stood to speak, such as Pericles and Aristides in the 5th century BC and Demosthenes and Aeschines in the 4th...
Pelopidas (d. ...
This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
The Sacred Band of Thebes (ancient Greek: ΙεÏός Λόχος τών Θηβών; ἱεÏὸς λόχος hieròs lókhos) was a troop of picked soldiers, numbering 150 pederastic couples, which formed the elite force of the Theban army in late-classical Greece. ...
For information about the modern board game of the same name, see Epaminondas (game). ...
Boeotia or Beotia (//, (Greek Βοιωτια; see also list of traditional Greek place names) was the central area of ancient Greece. ...
Sparta (Doric: SpártÄ, Attic: SpártÄ“) is a city in southern Greece. ...
Gorgidas was a Theban military leader of the Sacred Band of Thebes, an elite corps of paired Theban homosexual lovers. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
This article is about the mythological figure, for the Macedonian king see Meleager (king). ...
Infantry of the Royal Irish Rifles during the Battle of the Somme in World War I. Infantry are soldiers who fight primarily on foot with small arms in organized military units, though they may be transported to the battlefield by horses, ships, automobiles, skis, or other means. ...
For other uses, see Alexander (disambiguation). ...
Alexander the Great (Greek: ,[1] Megas Alexandros; July 356 BC–June 11, 323 BC), also known as Alexander III, king of Macedon (336–323 BC), was one of the most successful military commanders in history. ...
Macedons regions and towns Macedon or Macedonia (from Greek ; see also List of traditional Greek place names) was the name of an ancient kingdom in the northern-most part of ancient Greece, bordering the kingdom of Epirus on the west and the region of Thrace to the east[1...
A monarch (see sovereignty) is a type of ruler or head of state. ...
The Persian Empire was a series of historical empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the old Persian homeland, and beyond in Western Asia, Central Asia and the Caucasus. ...
The Stone Lion of Hamedan is said to have been erected by Alexander The Great, upon the death of Hephaestion. ...
For other uses, see Alexander (disambiguation). ...
Philip II of Macedon: victory medal (niketerion) struck in Tarsus, 2nd c. ...
A monarch (see sovereignty) is a type of ruler or head of state. ...
Mythology Ancient Greek mythological heroes in love with each other: The Wrath of Achilles, by François-Léon Benouville (1821–1859) (Musée Fabre) In Greek mythology, Achilles (also Akhilleus or Achilleus) (Ancient Greek: ) was a hero of the Trojan War, the central character and greatest warrior of Homers Iliad, which takes for its theme, not the War...
A cup depicting Achilles bandaging Patroklos arm, by the Sosias Painter. ...
Hercules, a Roman bronze (Louvre Museum) For other uses, see Heracles (disambiguation). ...
In Greek mythology, Iolaus (Greek: ΄Ιόλαος) was a son of Iphicles and thus a nephew of Heracles. ...
Historians Ancient historians who recorded details of homosexuality present in the militaries of Greece: Aristotle (Greek: Aristotélēs) (384 BC – March 7, 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. ...
For other uses, see Plato (disambiguation). ...
Phaedrus, ¹ (15 B.C. – AD 50), Roman fabulist, was by birth a Macedonian and lived in the reigns of Augustus, Tiberius, Gaius and Claudius. ...
Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: ΠλοÏταÏχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ...
Athenaeus (ca. ...
Sketch of Aristophanes Aristophanes (Greek: , ca. ...
Xenophon, Greek historian Xenophon (In Greek , c. ...
References - Gay Warriors, by Burg, B. R., et al.; New York: New York University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-8147-9886-1
- Homosexuality and Civilization, by Crompton, Louis, et al.; Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-674-01197-X
- Percy, William A. Pederasty and Pedagogy in Archaic Greece, Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1996.
External links - Pederasty and Pedagogy In Archaic Greece
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